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1

Büntgen, U., W. Tegel, KU Heussner, et al. "Effects of sample size in dendroclimatology." Climate Research 53, no. 3 (2012): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr01107.

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2

Shiffler, Ronald E., and Arthur J. Adams. "A Correction for Biasing Effects of Pilot Sample Size on Sample Size Determination." Journal of Marketing Research 24, no. 3 (1987): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151643.

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3

Shiffler, Ronald E., and Arthur J. Adams. "A Correction for Biasing Effects of Pilot Sample Size on Sample Size Determination." Journal of Marketing Research 24, no. 3 (1987): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400309.

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When a pilot study variance is used to estimate σ2 in the sample size formula, the resulting [Formula: see text] is a random variable. The authors investigate the theoretical behavior of [Formula: see text]. Though [Formula: see text] is more likely to underachieve than overachieve the unbiased n, correction factors to balance the bias are provided.
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4

Barzola-Quiquia, J., J. L. Yao, P. Rödiger, K. Schindler, and P. Esquinazi. "Sample size effects on the transport characteristics of mesoscopic graphite samples." physica status solidi (a) 205, no. 12 (2008): 2924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200824288.

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5

Gong, Jicheng, and Angus J. Wilkinson. "Sample size effects on grain boundary sliding." Scripta Materialia 114 (March 2016): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.11.029.

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6

Weichenthal, Scott, Jill Baumgartner, and James A. Hanley. "Sample Size Estimation for Random-effects Models." Epidemiology 28, no. 6 (2017): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000727.

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7

Fukunaga, K., and R. R. Hayes. "Effects of sample size in classifier design." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 11, no. 8 (1989): 873–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.31448.

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8

Weinberg, Michael C. "Finite sample size effects in transformation kinetics." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 72, no. 2-3 (1985): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(85)90186-3.

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9

Gaston, Kevin J., Rachel M. Quinn, Simon Wood, and Henry R. Arnold. "Measures of geographic range size: the effects of sample size." Ecography 19, no. 3 (1996): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1996.tb00235.x.

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10

Lindemuth, J., J. Krause, and B. Dodrill. "Finite sample size effects on the calibration of vibrating sample magnetometer." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 37, no. 4 (2001): 2752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.951296.

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11

Raudys, Šarūnas. "Trainable fusion rules. II. Small sample-size effects." Neural Networks 19, no. 10 (2006): 1517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2006.01.019.

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12

Schrauf, Robert W., and Julia Sanchez. "Age Effects and Sample Size in Free Listing." Field Methods 22, no. 1 (2010): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x09359747.

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13

Nicholson, James. "The Relative Effects of Sample Size and Proportion." Teaching Statistics 19, no. 2 (1997): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9639.1997.tb00327.x.

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14

Vittinghoff, Eric, and Torsten B. Neilands. "Sample Size for Joint Testing of Indirect Effects." Prevention Science 16, no. 8 (2014): 1128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-014-0528-5.

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15

Smith, A. B. "Feel the power: sample size and meaningful effects." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 56, no. 8 (2018): 650–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.07.008.

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16

Arroyo, M., D. Muir Wood, P. D. Greening, L. Medina, and J. Rio. "Effects of sample size on bender-based axial G0measurements." Géotechnique 56, no. 1 (2006): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.1.39.

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17

Wu, J. H., W. Y. Tsai, J. C. Huang, C. H. Hsieh, and Guan-Rong Huang. "Sample size and orientation effects of single crystal aluminum." Materials Science and Engineering: A 662 (April 2016): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.076.

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18

Zhong, J. Q., A. T. Fragoso, A. J. Wells, and J. S. Wettlaufer. "Finite-sample-size effects on convection in mushy layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 704 (July 2, 2012): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.219.

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AbstractWe report theoretical and experimental investigations of the flow instability responsible for mushy-layer convection with chimneys, drainage channels devoid of solid, during steady-state solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride. Under certain growth conditions a state of steady mushy-layer growth with no flow is unstable to the onset of convection, resulting in the formation of chimneys. We present regime diagrams to quantify the state of the flow as a function of the initial liquid concentration, the porous-medium Rayleigh number, and the sample width. For a given liquid concentration, increasing both the porous-medium Rayleigh number and the sample width drove a transition from a weakly convecting chimney free state to a state of mushy-layer convection with fully developed chimneys. Increasing the concentration ratio stabilized the system and suppressed the formation of chimneys. As the initial liquid concentration increased, onset of convection and formation of chimneys occurred at larger values of the porous-medium Rayleigh number, but the critical cell widths for chimney formation are far less sensitive to the liquid concentration. At the highest liquid concentration, the mushy-layer mode of convection did not occur in the experiment. The formation of multiple chimneys and the morphological transitions between these states are discussed. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of a previous theoretical analysis of finite amplitude convection with chimneys, with a single value of the mushy-layer permeability consistent with the liquid concentrations considered in this study.
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19

Kino, Naoki, and Takayasu Ueno. "Investigation of sample size effects in impedance tube measurements." Applied Acoustics 68, no. 11-12 (2007): 1485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.07.006.

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20

Leberg, P. L. "Estimating allelic richness: Effects of sample size and bottlenecks." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 11 (2008): 2445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01612.x.

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21

Seaman, D. Erran, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Brian J. Kernohan, Gary C. Brundige, Kenneth J. Raedeke, and Robert A. Gitzen. "Effects of Sample Size on Kernel Home Range Estimates." Journal of Wildlife Management 63, no. 2 (1999): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802664.

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22

McClymont, Juliet, Russell Savage, Todd C. Pataky, Robin Crompton, James Charles, and Karl T. Bates. "Intra-subject sample size effects in plantar pressure analyses." PeerJ 9 (June 24, 2021): e11660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11660.

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Background Recent work using large datasets (>500 records per subject) has demonstrated seemingly high levels of step-to-step variation in peak plantar pressure within human individuals during walking. One intuitive consequence of this variation is that smaller sample sizes (e.g., 10 steps per subject) may be quantitatively and qualitatively inaccurate and fail to capture the variance in plantar pressure of individuals seen in larger data sets. However, this remains quantitatively unexplored reflecting a lack of detailed investigation of intra-subject sample size effects in plantar pressure analysis. Methods Here we explore the sensitivity of various plantar pressure metrics to intra-subject sample size (number of steps per subject) using a random subsampling analysis. We randomly and incrementally subsample large data sets (>500 steps per subject) to compare variability in three metric types at sample sizes of 5–400 records: (1) overall whole-record mean and maximum pressure; (2) single-pixel values from five locations across the foot; and (3) the sum of pixel-level variability (measured by mean square error, MSE) from the whole plantar surface. Results Our results indicate that the central tendency of whole-record mean and maximum pressure within and across subjects show only minor sensitivity to sample size >200 steps. However, <200 steps, and particularly <50 steps, the range of overall mean and maximum pressure values yielded by our subsampling analysis increased considerably resulting in potential qualitative error in analyses of pressure changes with speed within-subjects and in comparisons of relative pressure magnitudes across subjects at a given speed. Our analysis revealed considerable variability in the absolute and relative response of the single pixel centroids of five regions to random subsampling. As the number of steps analysed decreased, the absolute value ranges were highest in the areas of highest pressure (medial forefoot and hallux), while the largest relative changes were seen in areas of lower pressure (the midfoot). Our pixel-level measure of variability by MSE across the whole-foot was highly sensitive to our manipulation of sample size, such that the range in MSE was exponentially larger in smaller subsamples. Random subsampling showed that the range in pixel-level MSE only came within 5% of the overall sample size in subsamples of >400 steps. The range in pixel-level MSE at low subsamples (<50) was 25–75% higher than that of the full datasets of >500 pressure records per subject. Overall, therefore, we demonstrate a high probability that the very small sample sizes (n < 20 records), which are routinely used in human and animal studies, capture a relatively low proportion of variance evident in larger plantar pressure data set, and thus may not accurately reflect the true population mean.
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23

Adamson, Coreen, T. Mary Foster, and James S. A. McEwan. "Delayed matching to sample: the effects of sample-set size on human performance." Behavioural Processes 49, no. 3 (2000): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00087-5.

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24

Gavin, William J., and Lisa Giles. "Sample Size Effects on Temporal Reliability of Language Sample Measures of Preschool Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 6 (1996): 1258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1258.

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25

Norouzian, Reza. "SAMPLE SIZE PLANNING IN QUANTITATIVE L2 RESEARCH." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 4 (2020): 849–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000017.

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AbstractResearchers are traditionally advised to plan for their required sample size such that achieving a sufficient level of statistical power is ensured (Cohen, 1988). While this method helps distinguishing statistically significant effects from the nonsignificant ones, it does not help achieving the higher goal of accurately estimating the actual size of those effects in an intended study. Adopting an open-science approach, this article presents an alternative approach, accuracy in effect size estimation (AESE), to sample size planning that ensures that researchers obtain adequately narrow confidence intervals (CI) for their effect sizes of interest thereby ensuring accuracy in estimating the actual size of those effects. Specifically, I (a) compare the underpinnings of power-analytic and AESE methods, (b) provide a practical definition of narrow CIs, (c) apply the AESE method to various research studies from L2 literature, and (d) offer several flexible R programs to implement the methods discussed in this article.
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26

Marandel, Florianne, Grégory Charrier, Jean‐Baptiste Lamy, Sabrina Le Cam, Pascal Lorance, and Verena M. Trenkel. "Estimating effective population size using RADseq: Effects of SNP selection and sample size." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 4 (2020): 1929–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6016.

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27

Slack, K. V., L. J. Tilley, and S. S. Kennelly. "Mesh-size effects on drift sample composition as determined with a triple net sampler." Hydrobiologia 209, no. 3 (1991): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00015344.

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28

Stockwell, David R. B., and A. Townsend Peterson. "Effects of sample size on accuracy of species distribution models." Ecological Modelling 148, no. 1 (2002): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(01)00388-x.

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29

CARDELLO, ARMAND V., and RONALD A. SEGARS. "EFFECTS OF SAMPLE SIZE AND PRIOR MASTICATION ON TEXTURE JUDGMENTS." Journal of Sensory Studies 4, no. 1 (1989): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459x.1989.tb00454.x.

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30

Van der Noordaa, J. T. "Minimizing sample shape and size effects in all purpose magnetometers." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 1 (2009): 015102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3053418.

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31

Cunningham, Tina D., and Robert E. Johnson. "Design effects for sample size computation in three-level designs." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 25, no. 2 (2012): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280212460443.

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32

Fleger, Y., B. Kalisky, A. Shaulov та Y. Yeshurun. "Effects of sample size on magnetic properties of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ". Journal of Applied Physics 97, № 10 (2005): 10B304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1851883.

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33

Van Overwalle, Frank. "Acquisition of dispositional attributions: effects of sample size and covariation." European Journal of Social Psychology 33, no. 4 (2003): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.160.

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34

Rinaldi, A., P. Peralta, C. Friesen, and K. Sieradzki. "Sample-size effects in the yield behavior of nanocrystalline nickel." Acta Materialia 56, no. 3 (2008): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.044.

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35

Shriner, J. F., and G. E. Mitchell. "Small sample size effects in statistical analyses of eigenvalue distributions." Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 342, no. 1 (1992): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01294488.

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36

Hjort, Jan, and Mathieu Marmion. "Effects of sample size on the accuracy of geomorphological models." Geomorphology 102, no. 3-4 (2008): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.006.

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37

Dowell, F. E. "Sample Size Effects on Measuring Grade and Dollar Value of Farmers' Stock Peanuts1." Peanut Science 19, no. 2 (1992): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-19-2-15.

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Abstract Multiple samples of two sizes from 40 trailers of farmers' stock peanuts were inspected to determine sample size effects on measuring grade factors and dollar value. Grade factors and dollar value were measured using the current sample size (IX) and in a sample double the current size (2X). The 2X sample variances for determining sound mature kernels, sound splits, other kernels, damaged kernels, foreign material, loose shelled kernels, and load value were significantly lower than the IX sample variances in only 8 or less of the 40 trailers. Average dollar values indicate measurement errors caused by equipment and human errors when cleaning samples, determining kernel size, and determining damaged kernels may be increasing as sample size increases. At least 24% of the total error can be attributed to equipment and human error. The grade factors with the smallest percentage of total error attributable to equipment and human error will benefit most by increasing sample size. Thus, dollar value, sound mature kernel, foreign material and damaged kernel measurements will benefit most by increasing sample size; whereas, loose shelled kernels, sound split and other kernel measurements will benefit most by improving equipment and procedures.
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38

Kaufmann, Martina, and Tilmann Betsch. "Origins of the Sample-Size Effect in Explicit Evaluative Judgment." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 5 (2009): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.344.

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This research considers situations in which individuals explicitly form attitude judgments toward a target object after considering a sample of information. Previous research shows sample-size effects under such conditions: Increasing sample size can produce more extreme judgments. Commonly, these effects are attributed to summative processes in information integration. Alternatively, this research proposes that sample size affects perceived reliability of information, which in turn affects the extremity of the subsequent judgment. Three experiments were conducted to empirically substantiate this alternative account. Experiment 1 provides evidence that participants perceive larger samples as more reliable than smaller samples. Experiment 2 demonstrates that perceived reliability mediates the sample-size effect on judgments. Experiment 3 shows that other variables, such as variability, which lowers the perceived reliability, attenuate sample-size effects. The results are explained with reference to the value account model of attitude formation, stating that implicit and explicit modes of attitude formation are guided by different principles of information integration.
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39

Lawson, Chris A., and Anna V. Fisher. "It’s in the sample: The effects of sample size and sample diversity on the breadth of inductive generalization." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 110, no. 4 (2011): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.07.001.

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40

Luo, Jia, and BJ Fox. "A Review of the Mantel Test in Dietary Studies: Effect of Sample Size and Inequality of Sample Sizes." Wildlife Research 23, no. 3 (1996): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960267.

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The Mantel test has been widely used in many areas of research in biological science since its publication in 1967 and is particularly well suited to use in dietary studies. It is a non-parametric test that has been suggested as appropriate for comparisons when sample sizes are small. The methodology is reviewed, benefits to be gained are examined, and effects of features that have considerable impact (sample-size dependence and sensitivity to inequality of sample size) are considered.
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41

Blair, R. Clifford, and James J. Higgins. "A Comparison of the Power of the Paired Samples Rank Transform Statistic to that of Wilcoxon’s Signed Ranks Statistic." Journal of Educational Statistics 10, no. 4 (1985): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986010004368.

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This study was concerned with the effects of reliability of observations, sample size, magnitudes of treatment effects, and the shape of the sampled population on the relative power of the paired samples rank transform statistic and Wilcoxon’s signed ranks statistic. It was found that factors favoring the Wilcoxon statistic were high reliability of observations, moderate to large sample sizes, and small treatment effects. Factors favoring the rank transform statistic were low reliability of observations, small sample size, and moderate to large treatment effects. It was also noted that the Wilcoxon statistic appeared to maintain the power advantage under normal theory assumptions.
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42

LIANG, WEIZHONG, GUOGANG ZHAO, LINZHI WU, HONGJUN YU, MING LI, and LIN ZHANG. "SAMPLE-SIZE EFFECTS ON THE COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR OF A Ni-BASED AMORPHOUS ALLOY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (2009): 1324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209060890.

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Ni 42 Cu 5 Ti 20 Zr 21.5 Al 8 Si 3.5 bulk metallic glasses rods with diameters of 1 mm and 3 mm, were prepared by arc melting of composing elements in a Ti -gettered argon atmosphere. The compressive deformation and fracture behavior of the amorphous alloy samples with different size were investigated by testing machine and scanning electron microscope. The compressive stress-strain curves of 1 mm and 3 mm samples exhibited 4.5% and 0% plastic strain, while the compressive fracture strength for 1 mm and 3 mm rod is 4691 MPa and 2631 MPa, respectively. The compressive fracture surface of different size sample consisted of shear zone and non-shear one. Typical vein patterns with some melting drops can be seen on the shear region of 1 mm rod, while fish-bone shape patterns can be observed on 3 mm specimen surface. Some interesting different spacing periodic ripples existed on the non-shear zone of 1 and 3 mm rods. On the side surface of 1 mm sample, high density of shear bands was observed. The skip of shear bands can be seen on 1 mm sample surface. The mechanisms of the effect of sample size on fracture strength and plasticity of the Ni -based amorphous alloy are discussed.
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43

Bae, Jinsoo. "Effects of the Reference Sample Size on the Performance of the Two-Sample Rank Detector." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 40, no. 8 (2015): 1515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2015.40.8.1515.

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44

Li, Yilin, and Changqing Ding. "Effects of Sample Size, Sample Accuracy and Environmental Variables on Predictive Performance of MaxEnt Model." Polish Journal of Ecology 64, no. 3 (2016): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15052249pje2016.64.3.001.

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45

Buckley, W. T., J. Huang, and M. A. Monreal. "Ethanol emission seed vigour test for canola: minimal effects from variations in incubation conditions, sample size and seed moisture content." Seed Science and Technology 41, no. 2 (2013): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2013.41.2.09.

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46

Koch, Carl F. "Prediction of sample size effects on the measured temporal and geographic distribution patterns of species." Paleobiology 13, no. 1 (1987): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300008617.

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Few paleontological studies of species distribution in time and space have adequately considered the effects of sample size. Most species occur very infrequently, and therefore sample size effects may be large relative to the faunal patterns reported. Examination of 10 carefully compiled large data sets (each more than 1,000 occurrences) reveals that the species-occurrence frequency distribution of each fits the log series distribution well and therefore sample size effects can be predicted. Results show that, if the materials used in assembling a large data set are resampled, as many as 25% of the species will not be found a second time even if both samples are of the same size. If the two samples are of unequal size, then the larger sample may have as many as 70% unique species and the smaller sample no unique species. The implications of these values are important to studies of species richness, origination, and extinction patterns, and biogeographic phenomena such as endemism or province boundaries. I provide graphs showing the predicted sample size effects for a range of data set size, species richness, and relative data size. For data sets that do not fit the log series distribution well, I provide example calculations and equations which are usable without a large computer. If these graphs or equations are not used, then I suggest that species which occur infrequently be eliminated from consideration. Studies in which sample size effects are not considered should include sample size information in sufficient detail that other workers might make their own evaluation of observed faunal patterns.
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47

Puszkarski, H., J. C. S. Lévy, and M. Krawczyk. "Size Effects in Dynamics of Dipolar Planar Nanosystems." Solid State Phenomena 99-100 (July 2004): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.99-100.223.

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The equations of motion are derived for a magnetic planar system with dipolar interactions taken into account. Magnetostatic waves propagating perpendicularly to the sample surface and dipolar field static and dynamic components are calculated for the case when saturating field is applied perpendicularly to the sample surface. The corresponding frequency spectra and mode profiles are computed numerically with emphasis laid on size effects. It is established that two lowest-frequency modes are surface-localized modes. These modes preserve their surface-localized character with growing sample dimensions.
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48

Jaki, Thomas, Minjung Kim, Andrea Lamont, et al. "The Effects of Sample Size on the Estimation of Regression Mixture Models." Educational and Psychological Measurement 79, no. 2 (2018): 358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164418791673.

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Regression mixture models are a statistical approach used for estimating heterogeneity in effects. This study investigates the impact of sample size on regression mixture’s ability to produce “stable” results. Monte Carlo simulations and analysis of resamples from an application data set were used to illustrate the types of problems that may occur with small samples in real data sets. The results suggest that (a) when class separation is low, very large sample sizes may be needed to obtain stable results; (b) it may often be necessary to consider a preponderance of evidence in latent class enumeration; (c) regression mixtures with ordinal outcomes result in even more instability; and (d) with small samples, it is possible to obtain spurious results without any clear indication of there being a problem.
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49

McCollum, Jeanette A., and Tweety J. Yates. "Segment size and sample size: Effects on a rating scale measure of parent-child interaction." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90665-7.

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50

Hunt, John B., and Peter G. Hill. "Tephrological implications of beam size?sample-size effects in electron microprobe analysis of glass shards." Journal of Quaternary Science 16, no. 2 (2001): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.571.

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