Academic literature on the topic 'San Andres Island'

The catastrophic slope failures and landslides that occur in the final stages of lateral collapses of volcanoes destroy much of the evidence for precursory deformation and the early stages of the collapses concerned. Aborted or incomplete collapse structures, although rare, are rich sources of information on these stages of development of catastrophic collapses. The San Andres fault system, on the volcanic island of El Hierro, is a relatively young (between about 545 and about 261–176 ka old) but inactive lateral collapse structure. It appears to represent an aborted giant landslide. It is developed along the flank of a steep-sided volcanic rift zone, and is bounded by a discrete strike-slip fault zone at the up-rift end, closest to the centre of the island. This geometry differs markedly from that of collapse structures on stratovolcanoes but bears some similarities to that of active fault systems on Hawaii. Although the fault system has undergone little erosion, cataclasites which formed close to the palaeosurface are well exposed. These cataclasites are amongst the first fault rocks to be described from volcano lateral collapse structures and include the only pseudotachylytes to have been identified in such structures to date. Their development at unusually shallow depths is attributed to large movements on the fault in a single event, the inferred aborted landslide, and a lack of pressurized pore water. The absence of pressurized fluids in the slumping block may have caused the San Andres fault system to cease moving, rather than develop into a giant volcanic landslide. The recognition that the San Andres fault system is inactive greatly reduces the estimated volcanic hazard associated with El Hierro. However, the lack of evidence for precursory deformation prior to the aborted landslide event is disturbing as it implies that giant lateral collapses can occur on steep-sided oceanic islands with little warning.

During the first half of 2016, the “Niño” Phenomenon reached severe conditions in San Andres Island, Colombia. On April 2, people, mostly the Raizals, an ethnic minority group, and people from poor neighborhoods started 11 road protests asking for water. The water crisis affected, differentially, more than 14.000 people. The institutional response focused on distributing free water trucking during dry periods, increasing the water frequency, and incrementing water production. This study analyzed the crisis response and explored, in the short term, whether there was a change in access to water. In August 2016 were conducted 34 semi-structured interviews and 45 in November 2018. Findings suggest that crisis response used a conservative philosophy embedded in a technocratic perspective; as a result, it isstill limited water access in the way it was before the crisis. This study contributes to the understanding of the factors that influence crisis response.

<p>Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de <em>Anagyrus kamali </em>Moursi y <em>Gyranusoidea indica </em>Shafee, Alam y Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoides de la cochinilla rosada del hibisco (CRH), <em>Maconellicoccus hirsutus </em>(Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) en la Isla de San Andrés, Colombia. Se proveen notas breves para diferenciar las dos especies de parasitoides. </p><p> </p><p><strong>First report of <em>Anagyrus kamali </em>Moursi and <em>Gyranusoidea indica </em>Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the pink hibiscus mealybug <em>Maconellicoccus hirsutus </em>(Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on San Andres Island, Colombia </strong></p><p>Here we report for the first time the presence of <em>Anagyrus kamali </em>Moursi and <em>Gyranusoidea indica </em>Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of the pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM), <em>Maconellicoccus hirsutus </em>(Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on San Andres Island, Colombia. Brief notes are provided to allow differentiation of the two parasitoid species. </p>

Abstract Conservation efforts have allowed American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) populations to recover to the point that dispersal movements are beginning to be documented. The environmental authority of San Andres Island in Colombia reported, for the first time, the arrival of two C. acutus from unknown localities in 2012 and 2018. The former was sacrificed, and the latter was captured and kept in captivity to determining its potential origin. We used wildlife forensics to establish the origin of the animal that arrived in 2018 based on two mitochondrial genes (COI and Cytb). Additionally, five other samples from Tayrona National Natural Park (TNNP), and Salamanca Island Road Park (SIRP) were sequenced for molecular attribution of these populations to the currently described lineages. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses showed that the American crocodile found in San Andrés belongs to a continental evolutionary lineage endemic to Colombia, showing also a strong genetic similarity with animals from SIRP. Thus, the most likely origin for this individual was not the nearest continental area but somewhere around the central Colombian Caribbean, located ~700 km from the island. We discuss the implication of our findings in the systematics and conservation of the species and the potential of mitochondrial DNA analysis to identify such migrants.

Two species of Actus, A. conoidus and A. salvadoricus, are recorded, described and illustrated for the first time from Vietnam. Actus conoidus was collected from Bach Long Vi Island, Quang Ninh Province; its measurements and features corresponded well with the type population from Manipur, India. Actus salvadoricus was found in the Na Hang preservation area, Tuyen Quang Province; its measurements and morphological features corresponded well with the type population from Ilopango, San Andres, Sonsonate and El Recreo, El Salvador, as well as those from Okinawa, Japan. Citation: Vu Thi Thanh Tam, 2017. Occurrence of the genus Actus (Mononchida: Mylonchulidae) in Vietnam. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(3): 264-269. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.9269. *Corresponding author: vtam7572@yahoo.com Received 2 March 2017, accepted 20 August 2017

To determine the coral reef morpho-functional structure of San Andrés, regarding functional benthic diversity and fish (Lutjanidae), we evaluated the condition of the coral structure on the leeward side of the island, which is an area impacted by tourism, through diving and fishing. Three sampling sites were evaluated during two years recording the distribution of benthic organisms, environmental variables and Snappers density (Lutjanidae). A low density of Lutjanus jocu and Ocyurus chrysurus was found, with a high density of juveniles of L. apodus and L. mahogoni, which showed a preference for reefs with submassive and brain corals. Algae especially Macroalgae and octocorals were those with the greatest coverage in the reefs, followed by inert substrates, while corals were epresented by species with a wide distribution such as Agaricia agaricites and Porites astreoides. Octocorals correlated negatively with stony corals and that the most widespread fragile corals were the finger. We concluded that there is a higher density of mainly juvenile snappers where there is a greater variety of coral morpho-functional groups, and not necessarily in sites with greater coral coverage. Also, adult snappers were associated with octocoral zones. This shows that morpho-functional diversity is a crucial factor in the permanence of snappers.

This thesis illustrates how native populations exert a crucial ecological role through deliberate strategies in order to conserve and preserve marine and coastal ecosystems. The investigation identifies political and judicial practices of the Creole people that have contributed to care of ecosystems placed in the Caribbean Archipelago of San Andrés. To this regard, this study considers how the agency of Creole people has influenced the environmental structuring of islands and seas during 20th and 21st centuries. The result is an improved comprehension, through critical analysis of cultural and judicial discourses, of the current ecological state of the Archipelago.

Proponemos en este trabajo contribuir a esa reflexión universal, presentando una categoría de ciudad que se funda rodeada de mar. <Islas> ubicadas en un lugar geográfico específico y parte de una unidad territorial reconocible. La ciudad insular es un aporte a esa reflexión sobre la ciudad, retomando el conocimiento previo, fruto del estudio exhaustivo de pequeñas islas. Expertos en disciplinas afines al urbanismo nos han prestado conceptos, teorías e ideas sobre lo que significa habitar una isla; hemos querido visibilizar estos aportes en la construcción de una categoría urbanística, que sobretodo reflexiona en la condición insular. Proponemos por primera vez materializar este concepto de ciudad insular en un espacio real y posible centrando nuestra observación en pequeños espacios insulares, ubicados en la Islas de la Bahía de Honduras y en el Archipiélago de San Andrés y providencia- Colombia; espacios insulares que se comprenden fácilmente como ciudades; otras, simplemente como islas. Utilizamos el dibujo interpretativo como un recurso básico en la comprensión de los elementos que componen el territorio, leer y releer aspectos invisibles a la primera impresión; pero a medida nos adentramos en sus espacios, intersticios y lugares del territorio insular, nos enseña su belleza, la contundencia de sus singularidades y sobretodo su identidad. En el primer capítulo presentamos el marco de la investigación. Resaltamos la vigencia de sus problemáticas y expresamos la urgencia de comprender las pautas que puede aportar la ciudad insular, en la atención a problemas de mayor escala en ciudades de vocación turística, localizadas en zonas del litoral, en frentes de mar, deltas o cerca a cuerpos de agua. En el segundo capítulo presentamos una visión panorámica, brevemente explicamos el proceso de especialización y espacialización de algunos modelos económicos en la subregión del Caribe Occidental. Cada uno de ellos caracteriza y categoriza la participación de las islas de este estudio y nos permite entender algunas consecuencias del proceso de periferización de las pequeñas islas del Caribe Occidental. En el tercer capítulo trabajamos el concepto de ciudad insular en un ejercicio deductivo, a partir de la interpretación del territorio y sus componentespara esclarecer cada uno de los posibles elementos territoriales y urbanísticos que estructuran funciones, el orden territorial, puntos de contacto hacia el exterior, elementos naturales estructurales; incorporando paulatinamente los conceptos esenciales para que una isla pueda pertenecer a la categoría de ciudad insular. Utilizamos el método de análisis comparativo entre los dos conjuntos insulares para identificar las posibles características que explicarían un posible “modelo de ciudad insular”, revisando temas como las infraestructuras de conexión, las estructuras de movilidad, el agua y su disponibilidad, la topografía, las cuencas hidrográficas y algunos de sus problemas medioambientales comunes.Finalmente intentamos descubrir una primera imagen de ese modelo implícito a partir del reconocimiento de elementos comunes entre las cinco islas estudiadas en la escala territorial, dejando de esta manera abierto el debate para sopesar esta forma de aproximación a las bases y componentes mínimos en la organización y gestión de territorios insulares. En el cuarto capítulo examinamos algunas piezas seleccionadas en el análisis de la escala territorial, con la intención de estudiar en detalle la ocupación actual del territorio litoral anfibio. En el quinto capítulo buscamos reafirmar elementos de la identidad de la ciudad insular, ya en una escala más próxima al lugary al objeto arquitectónico. Intentamos esclarecer algunos los rasgos de la identidad del territorio teniendo en cuenta que esta identidad ha sido edificada sobre la base de influencias culturales provenientes de Europa, África y Centroamérica.<br>In this study we propose to contribute to a universal reflection, presenting a category of the city which is founded surrounded by the sea. <Islands> which are located in a specific geographical location and are part of a recognized territorial unit. The term insular city contributes to this reflection about the city, reconsidering the previous knowledge, which is fruit of the exhaustive study on small islands. Experts in disciplines affined to urbanism, such as the geography, the sociology or even the literature; have all lent concepts, theories and ideas about what it means to inhabit an island; we wanted to visualize these contributions in the construction of an urban category, that most importantly reflects upon the insular condition. We propose to materialize this concept of insular city in a real, possible space and center our observations on small insular spaces, that in some cases are easily considered to be cities; others, simply as islands. We use the interpretive drawing as a basic resource in the comprehension of the elements that comprise the territory, training ourselves to reed and re-read invisible aspects of the first impression; while at the same time entering into its spaces, interstices, and insular territorial spaces, allowing them to teach us about its beauty, the powerfulness of its singularities and most importantly, its identity. In the first chapter we present the outline of the research. We explain the academic motivation and the practices used to obtain them, as a relevant topic of research. We highlight the validity of its problems and we express the urgency of understanding the guidelines that can contribute to the insular city, in addressing the problems on a larger scale in cities with a touristic vocation, located in costal zones, sea fronts, deltas or bodies of water. In the second chapter we present a panoramic vision, in which we briefly explain the process of specialization and spacialization of some economic models in the Occidental Caribbean sub-region. Every one of them characterizes and categorizes the participation of the islands in this study and allows us to understand some consequences in the process of peripheralization of the small Occidental Caribbean islands. In the third chapter we work on the concept of the insular city basing ourselves on a deductive exercise, starting from the interpretation of the territory and its components, along with the idea of clarifying every single possible territorial and urban element that gives structure to functions, the territorial order, points of contact with the exterior, natural structural elements; gradually incorporating the essential concepts so that an island can belong to the insular city category. We will use the comparative analysis method in the two insular sets to identify the characteristics that could explain a possible “insular city model,” reviewing topics such as the connecting infrastructures, mobility structures, water and its availability, typography, hydrographic basins and its common environmental problems. Finally try to discover a first image of this implicit model beginning with recognizing the common elements between the five studied islands in the territorial scale, leaving in this manner an open debate for comparing the form of approximation to the basics and minimum components in the organization and the management of insular territories. In the fourth chapter we examine some selected pieces in the analysis of the territorial scale, with the intention of studying in detail the current occupation of the territory amphibian coast (litoral anfibio).In the fifth chapter we look to reaffirm concepts already studied in other disciplines and within architecture. We try to clarify some of the identity traits of the territory of the studied islands, keeping in mind that this identity has been built upon basic cultural influences emerging from Europe, Africa and Central America.

Jean de Valette was a Knight of St John who had led slave raids in the days when the Hospitallers were based on Rhodes. Several years after the evacuation of Rhodes, whose capitulation he had witnessed, he was appointed governor of Tripoli, granted to the Knights along with Malta; then in 1541 his galley, the San Giovanni, had an altercation with Turkish pirates, and he was captured and put to work as a galley slave at the ripe age (for those times) of forty-seven. He survived the humiliation for a year, until the Knights of Malta and the Turks effected a prisoner exchange. Back in Malta he rose up the hierarchy of the Order; he was known for his occasional bursts of temper, but he was also admired as a brave, imposing figure. He was emerging as a potential leader of the Order just as Turkish power edged ever closer to Malta, and indeed Sicily. In 1546, Turgut, or Dragut, one of the most capable naval commanders in Turkish service, captured Mahdia on the Tunisian coast, though the Spaniards recaptured it in 1550. Turgut clashed with Andrea Doria’s fleet off Jerba, but he escaped just when Doria seemed to have trapped him; he sailed to Malta and Gozo, laying waste the home islands of the Knights, before a victorious assault on Tripoli, lost after over forty years of Christian occupation. The Spaniards attempted to swing the balance back in their favour, and in 1560 they despatched a fleet of about 100 ships (half of them galleys) in the hope of finally capturing Jerba. Andrea Doria was now elderly, and command was entrusted nepotistically to his heir and great-nephew, Gian Andrea Doria, who was unable to impose on his captains the strict discipline that was needed to hold the line in the face of the Turkish naval counter-attack led by Piyale, a talented young admiral of Christian ancestry. It has been claimed that Piyale’s order to hoist sail and run down the Spanish fleet ‘ranks among the great snap decisions in naval history’.

La Torre de San Andrés formó parte de una serie de fortificaciones del siglo XVIII para la defensa de la isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias). Su ubicación estratégica junto a la rambla de San Andrés ha determinado su conservación, provocada por diversas avenidas tormentosas, desde 1706 que se levantara la primera, hasta 1770 en la que se levantaría la tercera y definitiva, y ha llegado hasta nuestros días semicolapsada por la gran avenida de 1895. Este bien cultural ha sido objeto en los últimos años de un debate público entre los vecinos de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, en general, y en particular entre los vecinos del barrio de San Andrés, sobre su uso, tipo de intervención y gestión de la torre. A pesar de las medidas de protección jurídicas aplicadas, actualmente la torre se encuentra en estado de colapso parcial en su sección norte, inscrita dentro de una rotonda de tráfico rodado y aislada del espacio público del núcleo de San Andrés. El enclave ha perdido su relación original con el mar y es evidente su falta de mantenimiento. En este trabajo se analizará el papel de la percepción y la participación social en la gestión de este inmueble y cómo puede determinar su uso y conservación.

Abstract This work addresses the initiative to use consumer-grade Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones, as potential instruments for the evaluation and monitoring of shallow coral reefs in Colombia. This initiative started with the construction of an interdisciplinary team that includes institutions from academia, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, a marine surveying private company, and a German research center. The test was conducted inside the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Old Providence; an island that is located at the Archipelago of San Andrs, Providencia and Santa Catalina, which includes the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve (the third largest true barrier reef in the world). Field data were acquired by using two DJI RPAS: Phantom 4 Pro and Mavic Air, and geo-referenced diving. In this work, we show the potential for using such technologies with a geometrically corrected mosaic of images of Crab Cay, a small cay located inside the MPA. This project is the first of its kind within the Seaflower Reserve and may support technology-based data collection, increasing the quality of information that can be useful to make important decisions regarding ocean space utilization. Additionally, obtained images will be shared for the benefit of local communities, other stakeholders, and visitors, in a manner that opens up science to broader society, promoting outreach activities and educational tool via photos and videos.

Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.