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1
Minin, Oleg. "Russian Artists in the United States." Experiment 20, no. 1 (October 27, 2014): 229–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211730x-12341264.
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Charting Nicholas Remisoff’s artistic legacy during his California period, this essay explores his contributions to the cultural landscape of the state and emphasizes his work on live stage productions in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the early 1930s and 1940s. Delineating the critical reception of Remisoff’s work in opera, ballet and theatre in these cities, this essay also highlights the artist’s interactions and key collaborations with other Russian and European émigré artists and reflects on the nature of Remisoff’s particular affinity with Southern California.
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Stangl, Paul. "San Francisco Slaughterhouses and American Proto-zoning." Journal of Planning History 18, no. 4 (March 14, 2019): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513219825756.
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Historians generally attribute the title of first municipal proto-zoning ordinance in the United States to a restriction on the locations of Chinese Laundries from Modesto, California, in 1885. Yet, a similar location restriction on slaughterhouses was approved in San Francisco in 1852 and revised in ensuing decades through political contestation and legal challenges. One of these cases, Ex parte Shrader, set an important legal precedent for later Chinese laundry cases and the transition from land use districting for nuisance control to land use districting as an exercise of the police power, an essential step for modern zoning.
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Spoth, Thomas, Dyab Khazem, and Gregory I. Orsolini. "New Carquinez Bridge, Northeast of San Francisco, California: Technological Design Advancements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1740, no. 1 (January 2000): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1740-06.
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The new Carquinez Strait Bridge, northeast of San Francisco, California, will be the first major suspension bridge to be constructed in the United States since the second Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Maryland in 1973. It will replace an existing steel cantilever truss bridge, built in 1927, that was found to be seismically inadequate. The new bridge consists of an orthotropic closed steel box girder superstructure, two main cables 512 mm (20 1/8 in.) in diameter, reinforced concrete towers, and gravity anchorages. The design has set a new standard in modern suspension bridge design in the United States, particularly with respect to seismic safety. Some of the key elements of the design that are discussed are the global design loading criteria for long-span suspension bridges, the design of allowable stresses in main cable wire, the state-of-the-art design detailing of critical welded connections, the finite-element analysis approach for the box girder to determine the actual plate stresses and stress concentrations, and the design of the reinforced concrete tower leg sections for enhanced ductile seismic performance.
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Sullivan, Brooke, and Sinjini Mitra. "Community Issues in American Metropolitan Cities." Journal of Cases on Information Technology 16, no. 1 (January 2014): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2014010103.
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The city of San Francisco in California has 826,000 residents and is growing slowly compared to other large cities in the western United States, facing concerns such as an aging population and flight of families to nearby suburbs. This case study investigates the social and demographic factors that are causing this phenomenon based on data that were collected by San Francisco's city controller's office in its annual survey to residents. By using data analytics, we can predict which residents are likely to move away, and this help us infer which factors of city life and city services contribute to a resident's decision to leave the city. Results of this research indicate that factors like public transportation services, public schools, and personal finances are significant in this regard, which can potentially help the city of San Francisco to prioritize its resources in order to better retain its locals.
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Vanderhoof, Melanie, Barbara A. Holzman, and Chris Rogers. "Predicting the Distribution of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium), San Francisco Bay Area, California." Invasive Plant Science and Management 2, no. 3 (July 2009): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-09-005.1.
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AbstractPerennial pepperweed is an invasive plant species that occurs throughout the western United States. This study develops a predictive model for perennial pepperweed distribution for the San Francisco Bay Area, based on spatial variables. Distribution data were developed by mapping perennial pepperweed along the shoreline of the South San Francisco Bay, using geographic positioning system units. Spatial relationships between its distribution and spatial variables were tested using binomial logistic regression. Predictive models were mapped using geographic information systems (GIS), and high risk areas within the San Francisco Bay Area were identified. Perennial pepperweed was found to occur within marsh habitats with full tidal action and near open water. This study demonstrates that habitat variables from widely available GIS layers can be used to predict distribution patterns for perennial pepperweed. The model results were compared to land ownership within the study area to demonstrate a management application of the model.
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Irwin, Amos, Ehsan Jozaghi, Ricky N. Bluthenthal, and Alex H. Kral. "A Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Potential Supervised Injection Facility in San Francisco, California, USA." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 164–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042616679829.
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Supervised injection facilities (SIFs) have been shown to reduce infection, prevent overdose deaths, and increase treatment uptake. The United States is in the midst of an opioid epidemic, yet no sanctioned SIF currently operates in the United States. We estimate the economic costs and benefits of establishing a potential SIF in San Francisco using mathematical models that combine local public health data with previous research on the effects of existing SIFs. We consider potential savings from five outcomes: averted HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, reduced skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), averted overdose deaths, and increased medication-assisted treatment (MAT) uptake. We find that each dollar spent on a SIF would generate US$2.33 in savings, for total annual net savings of US$3.5 million for a single 13-booth SIF. Our analysis suggests that a SIF in San Francisco would not only be a cost-effective intervention but also a significant boost to the public health system.
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Fraser, Hannah, Claudia Vellozzi, Thomas J. Hoerger, Jennifer L. Evans, Alex H. Kral, Jennifer Havens, April M. Young, et al. "Scaling Up Hepatitis C Prevention and Treatment Interventions for Achieving Elimination in the United States: A Rural and Urban Comparison." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 8 (May 31, 2019): 1539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz097.
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Abstract In the United States, hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission is rising among people who inject drugs (PWID). Many regions have insufficient prevention intervention coverage. Using modeling, we investigated the impact of scaling up prevention and treatment interventions on HCV transmission among PWID in Perry County, Kentucky, and San Francisco, California, where HCV seroprevalence among PWID is >50%. A greater proportion of PWID access medication-assisted treatment (MAT) or syringe service programs (SSP) in urban San Francisco (established community) than in rural Perry County (young, expanding community). We modeled the proportion of HCV-infected PWID needing HCV treatment annually to reduce HCV incidence by 90% by 2030, with and without MAT scale-up (50% coverage, both settings) and SSP scale-up (Perry County only) from 2017. With current MAT and SSP coverage during 2017–2030, HCV incidence would increase in Perry County (from 21.3 to 22.6 per 100 person-years) and decrease in San Francisco (from 12.9 to 11.9 per 100 person-years). With concurrent MAT and SSP scale-up, 5% per year of HCV-infected PWID would need HCV treatment in Perry County to achieve incidence targets—13% per year without MAT and SSP scale-up. In San Francisco, a similar proportion would need HCV treatment (10% per year) irrespective of MAT scale-up. Reaching the same impact by 2025 would require increases in treatment rates of 45%–82%. Achievable provision of HCV treatment, alongside MAT and SSP scale-up (Perry County) and MAT scale-up (San Francisco), could reduce HCV incidence.
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Fisher, A. J., J. M. DiTomaso, T. R. Gordon, B. J. Aegerter, and D. R. Ayres. "Salt Marsh Claviceps purpurea in Native and Invaded Spartina Marshes in Northern California." Plant Disease 91, no. 4 (April 2007): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-4-0380.
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The fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea (subgroup G3) has a worldwide distribution on salt marsh Spartina spp. In Northern California (United States), native Spartina foliosa sustains high rates of infection by G3 C. purpurea in marshes north of the San Francisco Estuary. Invasive populations of S. alterniflora and S. alterniflora × foliosa hybrids are virtually disease free in the same estuary, although S. alterniflora is host to G3 C. purpurea in its native range (Atlantic Coast of the United States). Greenhouse inoculation experiments showed no differences in susceptibility among S. foliosa, S. alterniflora, and Spartina hybrids. Under field conditions, S. foliosa sustained a higher incidence of disease in coastal marshes than in marshes within the bay. This geographic effect may be attributable to environmental differences between the coast and the bay proper, with the former being more conducive to infection by C. purpurea. Seed set of S. foliosa spikelets was 40 to 70% lower on infected than on uninfected inflorescences, but seed germination was not affected. The C. purpurea epidemic on S. foliosa on the coast north of the San Francisco Estuary further reduces the meager competitive ability of this declining native plant species.
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Carabez, Rebecca, Grace J. Yoo, Ted Fang, Kelvin P. Quan, Janet Zola, and Richard So. "Curbing the Hepatitis B Epidemic in Asian American Communities." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v11i3.1538.
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Background. In the United States, more than 50% of the 1.2 million living with hepatitis B infection are Asian Americans (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). In the city of San Francisco, Asian Americans make up 33% of the population and the city itself has the highest rate of liver cancer in the nation (United States Census Bureau, 2010, California Cancer Registry, 2011). In 2007, to address the risk of hepatitis B and liver cancer, the San Francisco Hep B Free Campaign (SFHBF) drew together a comprehensive coalition of key leaders and organizations from media, health care, government, community and business sectors within and beyond the Asian American community. Methods. Based on 13 key informant interviews with stakeholders, this paper explores how SFHBF incorporated local city hospitals as coalition partners to increase knowledge and screening of hepatitis B among Asian Americans throughout San Francisco. Results. Key findings include the various steps needed to involve hospitals including 1) Identify mission and key stakeholders, 2) Create collaborations among hospitals; 3) Identify benefits to hospitals. Implications. This research makes a unique contribution to the literature on engaging hospitals in community health partnerships. The findings have implications for other public health initiatives that are seeking to engage and involve hospitals as partners and collaborators.
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Littlefield, Douglas R. "Transportation and the Environment." California History 94, no. 3 (2017): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2017.94.3.37.
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Some histories of California describe nineteenth-century efforts to reclaim the extensive swamplands and shallow lakes in the southern part of California's San Joaquin Valley – then the largest natural wetlands habitat west of the Mississippi River – as a herculean venture to tame a boggy wilderness and turn the region into an agricultural paradise. Yet an 1850s proposition for draining those marshes and lakes primarily was a scheme to improve the state's transportation. Swampland reclamation was a secondary goal. Transport around the time of statehood in 1850 was severely lacking in California. Only a handful of steamboats plied a few of the state's larger rivers, and compared to the eastern United States, roads and railroads were nearly non-existent. Few of these modes of transportation reached into the isolated San Joaquin Valley. As a result, in 1857 the California legislature granted an exclusive franchise to the Tulare Canal and Land Company (sometimes known as the Montgomery franchise, after two of the firm's founders). The company's purpose was to connect navigable canals from the southern San Joaquin Valley to the San Joaquin River, which entered from the Sierra Nevada about half way up the valley. That stream, in turn, joined with San Francisco Bay, and thus the canals would open the entire San Joaquin Valley to world-wide commerce. In exchange for building the canals, the Montgomery franchise could collect tolls for twenty years and sell half the drained swamplands (the other half was to be sold by the state). Land sales were contingent upon the Montgomery franchise reclaiming the marshes. Wetlands in the mid-nineteenth century were not viewed as they are today as fragile wildlife habitats but instead as impediments to advancing American ideals and homesteads across the continent. Moreover, marshy areas were seen as major health menaces, with the prevailing view being that swampy regions’ air carried infectious diseases.
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Samberg, Rachael, Richard A. Schneider, Anneliese Taylor, and Michael Wolfe. "What’s behind OA2020? Accelerating the transition to open access with introspection and repurposing funds." College & Research Libraries News 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.79.2.85.
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In 2017, four University of California (UC) campuses took a public stance on accelerating the transition to open access (OA) by endorsing the Open Access 2020 (OA2020) initiative’s Expression of Interest (EOI). OA2020 is an international effort to convert the existing corpus of scholarly journals from subscription-based access to OA. In March 2017, when the first three UC campuses—UC-Berkeley, UC-Davis, and UC-San Francisco—endorsed,1,2 there had been only one U.S. signatory institution (California State University-Northridge, having endorsed in July 2016). Six months later in September 2017, another UC campus, Merced, added its affirmation. As of this writing, these five California universities remain the only OA2020 EOI signatories from the United States.3
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Fetzer, Joel. "Early Chinese-American Society as Portrayed in Chinese Letters of the Ah Louis Family of San Luis Obispo, California, usa早期美国华侨社会：美国加州,圣路易斯-奥比 斯波市-黄安家族的中文信件." Journal of Chinese Overseas 11, no. 2 (October 27, 2015): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341305.
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This research report presents the English-language translations of several hand-written, Chinese-language letters from the overseas-Chinese Ah Louis family of San Luis Obispo, California. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, when these letters were written, this medium-sized town on the Pacific coast between San Francisco and Los Angeles was home to hundreds of Cantonese immigrants. As unofficial “mayor” of San Luis Obispo’s Chinatown, the Guangdong-born Ah Louis interacted with a wide variety of merchants, employees, friends, family members, and officials. These documents discuss commerce in Chinatown, a legal case about local Chumash Indians, migration between China and the United States, family life in rural Guangdong Province, and labor relations in California, providing a near-unique window into ordinary Chinese-American life around the turn of the twentieth century. Extensive footnotes also place the letters in their historical and cultural context.
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Hinnershitz, Stephanie. "Across the Divides: Beyond School, Nation, and the 1965 Immigration Act in the History of Asian American Education." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (November 2020): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.40.
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The importance of education for Asian Americans looking to fight race-based discrimination, create a sense of community, and reclaim and establish an identity is well documented. In 1884, Mary and Joseph Tape, Chinese immigrants living in San Francisco, sued the San Francisco Board of Education and the principal of the Spring Valley Primary School—Jennie Hurley--after Hurley denied their daughter, Mamie, admission because she was “Chinese” (though born in the United States). The Superior Court ruled in favor of the Tapes, but in 1885, the School Board appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of California where justices upheld the lower court's decision. Though Mamie would not be able to attend Spring Valley after the School Board successfully pushed for state-wide school segregation legislation, many “white-only” institutions began to admit Chinese American children after the Tape case.
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Surls, Rachel, Gail Feenstra, Sheila Golden, Ryan Galt, Shermain Hardesty, Claire Napawan, and Cheryl Wilen. "Gearing up to support urban farming in California: Preliminary results of a needs assessment." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000052.
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AbstractAccording to the United States Census, California is the most urban state in the nation. Although there are many outstanding examples of urban farms in California, in general, urban agriculture (UA) has been slower to gain momentum here than in some other states with large urban populations. Over the past several years, urban agriculture's popularity in California has begun to escalate, with strong emerging interest in San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, San Diego, Los Angeles and other metropolitan communities. One challenge for urban farmers and municipal decision makers engaged with UA in California has been limited availability of relevant information and technical assistance. A new project team at the University of California Cooperative Extension, part of the Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) is working to develop web-based educational resources that will be grounded in a needs assessment that is currently underway. The needs assessment includes a literature review, an internal survey of UC ANR personnel, and community clientele interviews. This paper will report on preliminary findings and analyses of the needs assessment, particularly how UC ANR personnel are engaged with UA, and what tools they think would best serve urban farmers. We suggest implications for those involved with UA, such as personnel of land-grant universities, local governments and non-profits seeking to address the needs of urban farmers in an environment of constrained resources.
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Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Rebecca L. Starr. "Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area." English Today 26, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000155.
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The concept of immigrant generation is complex. Americans use the ordinal designations first-, second-, third-, even ‘1.5’-generation to refer to individuals' varying relationship to their family's moment of immigration. But these terms are much more fluid in practice than the rigidity of the numbers implies, and the nature of that fluidity is changing over time. Furthermore, different waves of immigration mean different experiences of generation identity; a first-generation immigrant in the 1880s entered an American community that was drastically different than the one a first-generation immigrant enters today.One example of these shifts in the meaning of immigrant generation is among Asian Americans across the country, particularly those in California. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between language and immigrant generation with respect to Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, the region of the United States with the longest history of Chinese immigration and settlement. We focus in particular on the pronunciation of English, drawing on data collected in the Bay Area from 2008–2009 to argue that Chinese cultural and linguistic practices are gaining currency in the wider community. Our discussion looks at the experiences of third and higher immigrant generations, especially as they interact with more recent waves of immigrants, and the resulting dominance of Chinese and other Asian identities across the Bay Area. The layered and rapidly shifting Chinese American experience suggests potential future directions for the study of other immigrant communities in the United States.
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Perry, Cynthia L., Eduardo A. Fierro, Hassan Sedarat, and Roger E. Scholl. "Seismic Upgrade in San Francisco Using Energy Dissipation Devices." Earthquake Spectra 9, no. 3 (August 1993): 559–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585730.
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For the first time in the United States, earthquake energy dissipation devices have been used for the seismic upgrade of a building located in San Francisco, California. The devices used are Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS) elements which consist of 50 ksi steel plates which deform plastically during severe earthquakes to dissipate energy. The ADAS elements were used in conjunction with steel chevron braces as part of the seismic upgrade of a 2-story nonductile concrete frame structure built in 1967. The building suffered both structural and nonstructural damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and appeared to be a life safety hazard for a major earthquake. The ADAS upgrade scheme was selected over other more conventional schemes, in part, because the design seismic force could be limited to the capacity of the existing foundation system. The paper provides a case study and summarizes the seismic evaluation and upgrade design, the linear and nonlinear analyses performed, modeling assumptions, unique design details, the permit approval process, and final construction. In addition, comparisons are presented showing shear forces and displacements for the original building and the final design with chevron braces and ADAS elements.
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Auerswald, Colette L., Jessica S. Lin, and Andrea Parriott. "Six-year mortality in a street-recruited cohort of homeless youth in San Francisco, California." PeerJ 4 (April 14, 2016): e1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1909.
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Objectives.The mortality rate of a street-recruited homeless youth cohort in the United States has not yet been reported. We examined the six-year mortality rate for a cohort of street youth recruited from San Francisco street venues in 2004.Methods.Using data collected from a longitudinal, venue-based sample of street youth 15–24 years of age, we calculated age, race, and gender-adjusted mortality rates.Results.Of a sample of 218 participants, 11 died from enrollment in 2004 to December 31, 2010. The majority of deaths were due to suicide and/or substance abuse. The death rate was 9.6 deaths per hundred thousand person-years. The age, race and gender-adjusted standardized mortality ratio was 10.6 (95% CI [5.3–18.9]). Gender specific SMRs were 16.1 (95% CI [3.3–47.1]) for females and 9.4 (95% CI [4.0–18.4]) for males.Conclusions.Street-recruited homeless youth in San Francisco experience a mortality rate in excess of ten times that of the state’s general youth population. Services and programs, particularly housing, mental health and substance abuse interventions, are urgently needed to prevent premature mortality in this vulnerable population.
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Fox, P., P. H. Hutton, D. J. Howes, A. J. Draper, and L. Sears. "Reconstructing the natural hydrology of the San Francisco Bay-Delta watershed." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2015): 3847–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-3847-2015.
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Abstract. The San Francisco Estuary, composed of San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, is the largest estuary along the Pacific coast of the United States. The tributary watersheds of California's Central Valley are the principal sources of freshwater flow into the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. The Delta serves as one of the principal hubs of California's water system, which delivers 45% of the water used statewide to 25 million residents and 16 000 km2 of farmland. The development of California, from small-scale human settlements that co-existed with an environment rich in native vegetation to the eighth largest economy in the world was facilitated by reconfiguring the state's water resources to serve new uses: agriculture, industry, and a burgeoning population. The redistribution of water from native vegetation to other uses was accompanied by significant declines in native aquatic species that rely on the San Francisco Bay-Delta system. These declines have been attributed to a variety of causes, including reduction in the amount of freshwater reaching the San Francisco Bay-Delta watershed (Delta outflow); decreased sediment loads; increased nutrient loads; changes in nutrient stoichiometry; contaminants; introduced species; habitat degradation and loss; and shifts in the ocean–atmosphere system, among others. Among these stressors, only the volume of Delta outflow has been regulated in an effort to address the decline in aquatic species. As native species evolved under natural landscape conditions, prior to European settlement in the mid-18th century, we evaluated the impact of landscape changes on the amount of Delta outflow. We reconstructed the natural landscape and used water balances to estimate the long-term annual average Delta outflow that would have occurred under natural landscape conditions if the climate from 1922 to 2009 were to repeat. These outflows are referred to as "natural" Delta outflows and are the first reported estimate of natural Delta outflow. We then compared these "natural" Delta outflows with current Delta outflows for the same climate and the existing landscape, including its re-engineered system of reservoirs, canals, aqueducts and pumping plants. This analysis shows that the long-term, annual average Delta outflow under natural landscape conditions is equal to current Delta outflow because the amount of water currently used by farms, cities, and others is about equal to the amount of water formerly used by native vegetation. The development of water resources in California's Central Valley transferred water formerly used by native vegetation to new beneficial uses without reducing the long-term annual average supply to the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. Thus, it is unlikely that reductions in annual average Delta outflow have caused the decline in native freshwater aquatic species.
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Tourneur, Jean-Claude. "Factors affecting the egg-laying pattern of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in three climatologically different zones of North America." Canadian Entomologist 150, no. 4 (May 23, 2018): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.24.
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AbstractEgg-laying patterns of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), from three climatologically different areas; Montréal, Québec, Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and San Francisco, California, United States of America; were compared in laboratory. Three different egg-laying patterns were observed. Among the biotic parameters studied; previtellogenic follicular atresia, number of oocytes per ovariole at imaginal moult, female life expectancy, and ovarian activity explained female successful responses to local weather conditions. Follicular atresia, combined with a low number of oocytes, impeded oviposition in a low percentage of females from Montréal. It also impedes the production of a third brood in the Vancouver population, and of a fourth brood in the San Francisco population. Both female life expectancy and length of ovarian activity also had a significant impact on the oviposition pattern in the three climatic regions. Under the cold temperate climate of the Montréal area, only one brood was produced due to the short period of female fertility. Longer period of fertility and life expectancy enabled females to produce two broods in the milder temperate climate of Vancouver, and three broods in the San Francisco climate. Our results strongly suggest an exaptation enabling the native European populations of F. auricularia to adapt successfully in North America.
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Joseph, David B. "Section on Urology: Report of the Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, 1995." Pediatrics 98, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.1.108.
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The Section on Urology conducted its annual Scientific Meeting at the American Academy of Pediatrics Meeting in San Francisco, California, on October 14 through 18, 1995. Two-hundred eighty-three abstracts were submitted with 157 (55%) accepted for presentation. Eighty percent of the abstracts were contributed from the United States or Canada and 20% were received from other foreign institutions. Stuart B. Bauer, MD, from Boston, Massachusetts, presided over the meeting as chairperson of the Section on Urology. The annual John K. Lattimer Lecture was an update on pediatric renal transplantation presented by Oscar Salvatierra, Jr. MD, Professor of Surgery, Urology and Pediatrics; and Director of the Pediatric Renal Transplantation Program, Stanford University (Palo Alto, California). The American Urological Association lectureship was given by Robert L. Chevalier, MD, Professor and Vice Chairman, Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology of the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, Virginia). He discussed developmental renal physiology in the premature, low birth weight infant. The panel discussed urologic and gynecologic needs of the disabled female and was developed in cooperation with the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. The panel was chaired by Richard C. Rink, MD, from Indianapolis, Indiana and members included Dr Rink, S. Jean Emans, MD, and Mark R. Laufer, MD, from Boston, Massachusetts, and David Muram, MD, from Memphis, Tennessee. This article will summarize papers of interest to the general pediatrician. ANTENATAL HYDRONEPHROSIS Antenatal hydronephrosis continues to be a perplexing problem for the pediatric urologist. The role of fetal intervention for obstructive uropathy re mains controversial.
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Giffen, William J., Elizabet Haro, Mark R. Lehto, and Jason D. Papastavrou. "Use and Misuse of Smoke Detectors in Residential Areas." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1211.
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This study examined the use and misuse of home smoke detectors in three cities in the United States: Dayton, Ohio, Union City, New Jersey, and San Francisco, California. A sample of 300 households, 100 in each city, were reached in telephone interviews which were concluded with a request to test the smoke detector. For the sample, 86% had a smoke detector, and 73% of those smoke detectors were working. Neither the presence of children or whether the smoke detector was preinstalled or purchased and installed by the homeowner were associated with the likelihood of owning a smoke detector or its operating condition. However, ownership varied between cities; 98% of respondents owned detectors in Dayton, OH compared to 72% in San Francisco, CA. Belief that smoke detectors were in good operating condition was strongly correlated with their actual state. Whether the detector was maintained in-house and the interaction between city and whether it was purchased by the resident were also significantly related to whether a smoke detector was working.
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Fisher, Rebecca, Mark Tang, Tin Le, Deanna Yee, and Karissa White. "Accelerating beyond Early Adopters to Achieve Equitable and Widespread Electric Vehicle Use in the San Francisco Bay Area." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010003.
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The San Francisco Bay Area (Bay Area) leads the United States and California in the rate of electric vehicle (EV) adoption. However, EVs only represent 3% of vehicles driving on Bay Area roads. Widespread EV adoption requires that all Bay Area residents participate in the EV revolution regardless of demographics or geography. Equitable access to EVs will ensure that all Bay Area residents benefit from improved air quality, lower fuel and maintenance costs, and a better driving experience. Below, we delve into the unique EV market in the Bay Area and present information and insights from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s (Air District) EV programs.
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Zawadzki, David, Jeffrey D. Stieb, and Stewart McGee. "CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISPERSANT USE: TANK VESSEL PUERTO RICAN INCIDENT1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-341.
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ABSTRACT The tank vessel Puerto Rican broke into two sections on November 3, 1984, following explosions and fires which had begun three days earlier. Approximately 30,000 barrels of lube oil and lube oil additives were released 32 miles west-southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California. After careful consideration of the possible effects on the environment of the application of dispersants, the U.S. Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinator requested and received authorization from the Regional Response Team to use Corexit 9527 for chemically dispersing the spilled oil. This was the first authorized use of dispersants on a major oil spill in the United States.
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Wood, Warren C. "S. An-Sky’s The Dybbuk and the Process of Jewish American Identity in 1920s San Francisco." California History 99, no. 2 (2022): 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.2.32.
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In October 1928, an amateur troupe at San Francisco’s Temple Emanu-El performed the most famous play of Yiddish theater, The Dybbuk by S. An-sky (or Ansky). This production, only the third English-language staging of the play in the United States, was a signal event in the evolution of Jewish American identity in California and across the West. The players were a mix of elite San Francisco Jews of Western European descent and recent immigrants from Eastern Europe steeped in Yiddishkait, an approach to Jewish life that sought to transform and fortify the commonplace language and culture of Eastern European Jewry into a growing range of artistic, literary, intellectual, and social movements. The director, Nachum Zemach, had worldwide renown as an artist in Yiddish theater. The backers of the production had intended to bring about a revitalization of Jewish life in the city and the unification of a Jewish community splintered along lines of class, regional origin, and religious practice. Instead, the performance of the play became a catalyst for legitimizing the ongoing process of creating and recreating American Jewish identity out of a variety of cultural, social, and religious practices.
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Schwarz, Lara, Anna Dimitrova, Rosana Aguilera, Rupa Basu, Alexander Gershunov, and Tarik Benmarhnia. "Smoke and COVID-19 case fatality ratios during California wildfires." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 014054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4538.
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Abstract Recent evidence has shown an association between wildfire smoke and COVID-19 cases and deaths. The San Francisco Bay Area, in California (USA), experienced two major concurrent public health threats in 2020: the COVID-19 pandemic and dense smoke emitted by wildfires. This provides a unprecedented context to unravel the role of acute air pollution exposure on COVID-19 severity. A smoke product provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Hazard Mapping System was used to identify counties exposed to heavy smoke in summer and fall of 2020. Daily COVID-19 cases and deaths for the United States were downloaded at the County-level from the CDC COVID Data Tracker. Synthetic control methods were used to estimate the causal effect of the wildfire smoke on daily COVID-19 case fatality ratios (CFRs), adjusting for population mobility. Evidence of an impact of wildfire smoke on COVID-19 CFRs was observed, with precise estimates in Alameda and San Francisco. Up to 58 (95% CI: 29, 87) additional deaths for every 1000 COVID-19 incident daily cases attributable to wildfire smoke was estimated in Alameda in early September. Findings indicated that extreme weather events such as wildfires smoke can drive increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, highlighting the need to further study these colliding crises. Understanding the environmental drivers of COVID-19 mortality can be used to protect vulnerable populations from these potentially concomitant public health threats.
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Brady, Kathleen A., Deborah S. Storm, Azita Naghdi, Toni Frederick, Jessica Fridge, and Mary Jo Hoyt. "Perinatal HIV Exposure Surveillance and Reporting in the United States, 2014." Public Health Reports 132, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354916681477.
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Objective: We sought to describe the current status of perinatal HIV exposure surveillance (PHES) activities and regulations in the United States and to make recommendations to strengthen PHES. Methods: In 2014, we sent an online survey to health departments in the 50 states, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and 6 cities and counties (Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California). We analyzed responses from 56 of the 59 (95%) jurisdictions. Results: Thirty-three of 56 jurisdictions (59%) reported conducting PHES and following infants to determine their infection status. Of the 33 jurisdictions performing PHES, 28 (85%) linked maternal and infant data, but only 12 (36%) determined the HIV care status of postpartum women. Themes of respondents’ recommendations for strengthening PHES centered on updating laws and regulations to support PHES, reporting all HIV test results and linking vital records with PHES data to identify and follow HIV-exposed infants, communicating with health care providers to improve reporting, training staff, and getting help from experienced jurisdictions to implement PHES. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that data on perinatal exposure collected through the current system are inadequate to comprehensively monitor and prevent perinatal HIV exposure and transmission. Comprehensive PHES data collection and reporting are needed to sustain the progress that has been made toward lowering perinatal HIV transmission rates. We propose that minimum standards be established for perinatal HIV exposure reporting to improve the completeness, quality, and efficiency of PHES in the United States.
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Abdelmonem, M., T. Yu, J. Scot, R. Bandak, V. Davis, V. Javaherchian, G. Hatten, and M. Gines. "A Rare Case of Babesia microti in San Francisco East Bay." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.282.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective Babesia microti, a zoonotic intraerythrocytic parasite, is the primary etiological agent of human Babesiosis in the United States. Human infections range from subclinical illness to severe disease resulting in death, with symptoms being related to host immune status. Despite advances in our understanding and management of B. microti, the incidence of infection in the United States has increased. Therefore, research focused on eradicating disease and optimizing clinical management is essential. Here we review this remarkable organism, with emphasis on the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of human disease. Methods A 71-year-old Asian man presented to the emergency department in our San Francisco East Bay community hospital in July 2019 with complaints of high fever and chills for the last five days. The patient is a resident of Taiwan. He was visiting his daughter in New Jersey where he worked in her garden. He came to California to visit his son when he noted feelings of excessive tiredness, muscle aches, and headache. He also described a decrease in appetite and nausea with vomiting and diarrhea. Results His chest x-ray showed increased diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrate. He has a history of coronary artery disease post stent placement in 2011 and history of benign prostatic hypertrophy post transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) On physical exam, He was febrile (103.1°F) and scleral icterus was identified. Laboratory workup revealed findings suggestive of hemolysis including increased LDH (401 U/L) and increased unconjugated bilirubin (1.7 mg/dL), critically low platelets and white blood cells of (32 and 2.9), while hemoglobin & hematocrit values in the normal range (13. g/dL & 36.8%, respectively). Elevated liver enzymes were also noted; AST 72 U/L and ALT 59 U/L. Upon examination of the blood smear, Malaria -like organisms were detected, and Maltese cross forms were also visible in the red blood cells. Those findings were also seen using Giemsa stain and were confirmed at the Alameda county lab. PCR was also positive for Babesia microti. Investigation for concurrent infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi was negative. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of timely and effective collaboration between the laboratory staff and clinicians.
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Augustine-Adams, Kif. "Marriage and Mestizaje, Chinese and Mexican: Constitutional Interpretation and Resistance in Sonora, 1921–1935." Law and History Review 29, no. 2 (May 2011): 419–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248011000034.
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On a hopeful September day in 1912, Gim Pon, a twenty-five year old Chinese man from Canton, boarded the steamship Siberia in Hong Kong harbor to sail west across the Pacific. The Siberia docked briefly in San Francisco, but Gim Pon's destination, and that of seven fellow Chinese travelers, was not California but the northern Mexican state of Sonora. In the early twentieth century, thousands of men like Gim Pon immigrated to Mexico, boosting the Chinese population there from slightly over 1,000 in 1895 to more than 24,000 in the mid-1920s. Sonora, which hugs Arizona at the United States/Mexico border, was a popular destination, and hosted the largest Chinese population of any Mexican state through the 1920s. Once in Sonora, Gim Pon adapted to life in Mexico: he changed his name to Francisco Gim, learned Spanish, and became naturalized as a Mexican citizen on February 27, 1920. Most importantly, he formed a family with Julia Delgado.
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Camposeco, Jeronimo, and Allan Burns. "Working Alongside each other for 30 Years: Jeronimo Camposeco, Allan Burns and Maya Communities in Florida." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.1.y2xh47743842rx0v.
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Although the Maya Diaspora is often seen as the result of the Civil War in Guatemala during the 1980s, small numbers of Maya were becoming experienced travelers to El Norte from the 1970s. I was a teacher at the Acatec Parochial School of San Miguel starting in 1960, and the people in that area had great economic problems from unproductive lands. Much of the land was stony and the fields were located on the slopes of the mountains, therefore people went to look for temporary work in the lowland plantations. Many people ventured to the nearby cities: Comitan and Comalapa, Chiapas, Mexico, to get clothes, hats, shoes, food and drinks to sell in their villages. One of them, Juan Diego from San Rafael, in one of his trips in early 1970, met a Mexican who told him about economic opportunities in the United States. Afterward they decided to go to Los Angeles, California. Later on, he helped his friend Jose Francisco Aguirre (Chepe) from San Miguel to come to Los Angeles.
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Keeley, Annika T. H., Alexander K. Fremier, Pascale A. L. Goertler, Patrick R. Huber, Anna M. Sturrock, Samuel M. Bashevkin, Blake A. Barbaree, et al. "Governing Ecological Connectivity in Cross-Scale Dependent Systems." BioScience 72, no. 4 (January 25, 2022): 372–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab140.
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Abstract Ecosystem management and governance of cross-scale dependent systems require integrating knowledge about ecological connectivity in its multiple forms and scales. Although scientists, managers, and policymakers are increasingly recognizing the importance of connectivity, governmental organizations may not be currently equipped to manage ecosystems with strong cross-boundary dependencies. Managing the different aspects of connectivity requires building social connectivity to increase the flow of information, as well as the capacity to coordinate planning, funding, and actions among both formal and informal governance bodies. We use estuaries in particular the San Francisco Estuary, in California, in the United States, as examples of cross-scale dependent systems affected by many intertwined aspects of connectivity. We describe the different types of estuarine connectivity observed in both natural and human-affected states and discuss the human dimensions of restoring beneficial physical and ecological processes. Finally, we provide recommendations for policy, practice, and research on how to restore functional connectivity to estuaries.
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Witte, W., C. Braulke, and B. Strommenger. "Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST8 ("USA300") in an HIV-positive patient in Cologne, Germany, February 2008." Eurosurveillance 13, no. 13 (March 27, 2008): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/ese.13.13.08080-en.
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The first cases of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) were reported in 1996 in Minnesota, United States (US) and were deep-seated skin and soft tissue infections and a few cases of necrotising pneumonia, mainly in children and among the Native American population [1]. A few years later, a large outbreak of CA-MRSA infections was reported in the men who have sex with men (MSM) community in California, predominantly among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients; data on sexual transmission was not available [2]. A recent report on the spread of CA-MRSA, mainly due to the widely disseminated strain ""USA300"", in numerous MSM in San Francisco and in one patient in Boston suggested sexual transmission [3], but initiated critical reviews concerning the transmission route and the corresponding public health message [4,5].
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Gomez, Anu Manchikanti, Stephanie Arteaga, Jennet Arcara, Alli Cuentos, Marna Armstead, Renee Mehra, Rachel G. Logan, Andrea V. Jackson, and Cassondra J. Marshall. "“My 9 to 5 Job Is Birth Work”: A Case Study of Two Compensation Approaches for Community Doula Care." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 10817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010817.
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With the increased policy emphasis on promoting doula care to advance birth equity in the United States, there is a vital need to identify sustainable and equitable approaches for compensation of community doulas, who serve clients experiencing the greatest barriers to optimal pregnancy-related outcomes. This case study explores two different approaches for compensating doulas (contractor versus hourly employment with benefits) utilized by SisterWeb San Francisco Community Doula Network in San Francisco, California. We conducted qualitative interviews with SisterWeb doulas in 2020 and 2021 and organizational leaders in 2020. Overall, leaders and doulas reported that the contractor approach, in which doulas were paid a flat fee per client, did not adequately compensate doulas, who regularly attend trainings and provide additional support for their clients (e.g., referrals to promote housing and food security). Additionally, this approach did not provide doulas with healthcare benefits, which was especially concerning during the COVID-19 pandemic. As hourly, benefited employees, doulas experienced a greater sense of financial security and wellbeing from receiving consistent pay, compensation for all time worked, and benefits such as health insurance and sick leave, allowing some to dedicate themselves to birth work. Our study suggests that efforts to promote community doula care must integrate structural solutions to provide appropriate compensation and benefits to doulas, simultaneously advancing birth equity and equitable labor conditions for community doulas.
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Solomon, Paul A., Dena Vallano, Melissa Lunden, Brian LaFranchi, Charles L. Blanchard, and Stephanie L. Shaw. "Mobile-platform measurement of air pollutant concentrations in California: performance assessment, statistical methods for evaluating spatial variations, and spatial representativeness." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 3277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3277-2020.
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Abstract. Mobile-platform measurements provide new opportunities for characterizing spatial variations in air pollution within urban areas, identifying emission sources, and enhancing knowledge of atmospheric processes. The Aclima, Inc., mobile measurement and data acquisition platform was used to equip four Google Street View cars with research-grade instruments, two of which were available for the duration of this study. On-road measurements of air quality were made during a series of sampling campaigns between May 2016 and September 2017 at high (i.e., 1 s) temporal and spatial resolution at several California locations: Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the northern San Joaquin Valley (including nonurban roads and the cities of Tracy, Stockton, Manteca, Merced, Modesto, and Turlock). The results demonstrate that the approach is effective for quantifying spatial variations in air pollutant concentrations over measurement periods as short as 2 weeks. Measurement accuracy and precision are evaluated using results of weekly performance checks and periodic audits conducted through the sampler inlets, which show that research instruments located within stationary vehicles are capable of reliably measuring nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), black carbon (BC), and particle number (PN) concentration, with bias and precision ranging from < 10 % for gases to < 25 % for BC and PN at 1 s time resolution. The quality of the mobile measurements in the ambient environment is examined by comparisons with data from an adjacent (< 9 m) stationary regulatory air quality monitoring site and by paired collocated vehicle comparisons, both stationary and driving. The mobile measurements indicate that United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) classifications of two Los Angeles stationary regulatory monitors' scales of representation are appropriate. Paired time-synchronous mobile measurements are used to characterize the spatial scales of concentration variations when vehicles were separated by < 1 to 10 km. A data analysis approach is developed to characterize spatial variations while limiting the confounding influence of diurnal variability. The approach is illustrated using data from San Francisco, revealing 1 km scale differences in mean NO2 and O3 concentrations up to 117 % and 46 %, respectively, of mean values during a 2-week sampling period. In San Francisco and Los Angeles, spatial variations up to factors of 6 to 8 occur at sampling scales of 100–300 m, corresponding to 1 min averages.
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Scheuer, Tara, Tanya Libby, Chris Van Beneden, James Watt, Arthur Reingold, Mirasol Apostol, and Duc Vugia. "LB9. Rising High Rate of Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infections Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness in San Francisco, 2010–2017." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy229.2183.
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Abstract Background Rates of invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) disease in the United States have risen since 2014; reasons remain unclear. Outbreaks of iGAS infection among persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) and persons who inject drugs in Europe, Canada, and the United States have been described. Using active, population-based surveillance data from California’s Emerging Infections Program, we describe incidence trends and characteristics of iGAS infection among PEH and persons not experiencing homelessness (PNEH) in San Francisco (SF) County during 2010–2017. Methods We defined an iGAS case as infection with GAS isolated from a normally sterile site (e.g., blood) in an SF resident. We calculated annual iGAS disease incidence rates (cases per 100,000 population) for PEH and PNEH using denominators from SF’s Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing and the State of California Department of Finance. Demographic, clinical, and exposure characteristics of PEH and PNEH were compared by chi-square or t-test. Results We identified 673 iGAS cases in SF during 2010–2017. Among these, 34% (229/673) were among PEH. Annual iGAS incidence among PEH rose from ~300 (2010–2014) to 547 (95% CI: 379–714) per 100,000 in 2017 (P < 0.001, Cochran-Armitage trend test); rates peaked at 758 (95% CI: 561–955) in 2016. Annual iGAS incidence in PNEH rose from a mean of 5 in 2010–2013 to 9.3 (95% CI: 7.3–11.4) per 100,000 in 2017 (P < 0.001). Annual iGAS incidence in PEH was 42–72 times that in PNEH. PEH with iGAS infections were significantly younger and more likely to be male, white, and uninsured or enrolled in Medicaid (P < 0.05 for each) compared with PNEH with iGAS disease. Case fatality ratios, ICU admission, infection type, and length of hospital stay did not differ significantly. Smoking, current injection drug use, current alcohol abuse, and AIDS diagnosis were significantly more common among PEH with iGAS. Obesity, diabetes, and cancer were significantly more common among PNEH with iGAS. Conclusion In San Francisco, iGAS rates among both PEH and PNEH have risen significantly. Incidence of iGAS is strikingly higher in PEH than in PNEH and exposures differed between PEH and PNEH with iGAS. This information could inform development of disease control and prevention strategies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Fu, JY. "Major institutions conducting researches on complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: University of Texas and University of California, San Francisco." Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2008): 1321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20081224.
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Karczewski, Daniel. "Belief–Geopolitics–Borderland: Central European Borderlands of Russia: Report on a Panel at the 2019 ASEEES Convention, San Francisco, California, United States." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 47, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.492.
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Miranda-Moreno, Luis F., Thomas Nosal, Robert J. Schneider, and Frank Proulx. "Classification of Bicycle Traffic Patterns in Five North American Cities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2339, no. 1 (January 2013): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2339-08.
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This study used a unique database of long-term bicycle counts from 38 locations in five North American cities and along the Route Verte in Quebec, Canada, to analyze bicycle ridership patterns. The cities in the study were Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Ontario; and Vancouver, British Columbia, in Canada and Portland, Oregon, and San Francisco, California, in the United States. Count data showed that the bicycle volume patterns at each location could be classified as utilitarian, mixed utilitarian, mixed recreational, and recreational. Study locations classified by these categories were found to have consistent hourly and weekly traffic patterns across cities, despite considerable differences between the cities in their weather, size, and urban form. Seasonal patterns across the four categories and in the cities also were identified. Expansion factors for each classification are presented by hour and day of the week. Monthly expansion factors are presented for each city. Finally, traffic volume characteristics are presented for comparison purposes.
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Shepherd, Lois, and Margaret Foster Riley. "In Plain Sight: A Solution to a Fundamental Challenge in Human Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 970–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00725.x.
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The physician-researcher conflict of interest, a long-standing and widely recognized ethical challenge of clinical research, has thus far eluded satisfactory solution. The conflict is fairly straightforward. Medical research and medical therapy are distinct pursuits; the former is aimed at producing generalizable knowledge for the benefit of future patients, whereas the latter is aimed at addressing the individualized medical needs of a particular patient. When the physician-researcher combines these pursuits, he or she serves two masters and cannot — no matter how well-intentioned — avoid the risk of compromising the duties owed in one of the professional roles assumed. Because of the necessary rigidity of a research protocol, the more demanding of the two masters is frequently the research.The problem of the physician-researcher conflict has been evident since the first attempts to regulate human research in the United States. Otto E. Guttentag, a physician at the University of California School of Medicine in San Francisco, addressed the conflict in a 1953 Science magazine article.
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Pierre-Louis, Francois. "Earthquakes, Nongovernmental Organizations, and Governance in Haiti." Journal of Black Studies 42, no. 2 (March 2011): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934710395389.
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On January 12, 2010, the Haitian people suffered the most dramatic and unimaginable catastrophe in the Caribbean in recent times. More than 222,570 citizens perished as a result of a 7.0 earthquake, and over 1.3 million are currently homeless. The city of San Francisco, in California, United States, had a similar earthquake in the 1990s, and fewer than 100 people were killed. Chile a few months ago had an earthquake that was far stronger than Haiti’s, but fewer than 1,000 people were killed. So why did a 7.0 earthquake on the Richter scale cause so much destruction in Haiti? In this article, the author argues that the historical boycott of Haiti’s government in the 19th and 20th centuries by the international community, the constant internal struggle among the members of the elite for the control of state power, and the weakening of state structures through the creation of nongovernmental organizations have weakened the government’s capacity to deal with major catastrophe and meet the needs of its citizens.
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Saha, Poulomi. "Conspiracy Rises Again." Qui Parle 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10418385-7861837.
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Abstract This essay takes up conspiracy as a discursive, political, and philosophical concept. By tracing the ideological and textual kinship between anticolonialism in India and Ireland and radicalism in the United States, it illuminates transcolonial circuits of a curiously shared revolutionary project. Rather than simply offer a historical account of those interconnections, it theorizes a practice of reading revolutionary violence as perpetual, repetitive haunting, a politics of the undead. It argues for a historiographical live burial by which violences of the past reappear to disrupt the imperial promise of futurity and continuity. From the 1916 “Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial” in San Francisco, during which members of the Ghadr Party—consisting of diasporic Indian students at the University of California, Berkeley, and Punjabi farmers in the Central Valley—were accused of conspiring with German diplomats to arm anticolonial revolt in British India, this essay tracks forms of radical sympathy that emerge, flourish, and stutter in an era of ethnonationalist constriction.
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Harris, Orlando O., Stella Aguinaga Bialous, Ulrike Muench, Susan Chapman, and Carol Dawson-Rose. "Climate Change, Public Health, Health Policy, and Nurses Training." American Journal of Public Health 112, S3 (June 2022): S321—S327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306826.
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There are few educational programs in the United States that have a primary focus on preparing nurses to engage in all levels of public health, health policy, and climate change. The United Nations sustainability development goals (SDG) and the Future of Nursing 2020–2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity (2021) report underscored the importance of key stakeholders, including nurses, engaging in advocacy and policy to promote health equity. We discuss the role of nursing at the intersection of public health, policy, climate change, and the SDG. We also discuss the history and merger of the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing public health and health policy specialties, a significant innovation in our effort to promote health equity. We provide a brief overview of the redesigning of our curriculum that meets the needs of today’s learners by including content on climate change, data analytics, and racial, social, and environmental justice. Finally, we emphasize the need to train the next cadre of nurses interested in careers in public health and health policy for us to meet the challenges facing our communities. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S3):S321–S327. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306826 )
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Dillon, Richard H., and John D. Gordan. "Authorized by No Law: The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 and the United States Circuit Court for the Districts of California." Western Historical Quarterly 19, no. 4 (November 1988): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968348.
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Daniels, Kimberly M., Emily Yang Yu, Rebecca G. Maine, Yin Heng, Li Yang, Bing Shi, D. Scott Corlew, William Y. Hoffman, and George A. Gregory. "Palatal Fistula Risk after Primary Palatoplasty." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 6 (February 22, 2018): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/16-007.
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Background: Humanitarian surgical organizations provide palatoplasties for patients without access to surgical care. Few organizations have evaluated the outcomes of these trips. This study evaluates the palatal fistula rate in patients from two cohorts in rural China and one in the United States. Methods: This study compared the odds of fistula formation among three cohorts whose palates were repaired between 2005 and 2009. One cohort included 97 Chinese patients operated on by teams from the United States and Canada under the auspices of Resurge International. They were compared to cohorts at Huaxi Stomatology Hospital and the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Age, fistula presence, and Veau class were compared among cohorts using Chi-square tests. Logistic regression was used to analyze predictors of fistula formation. Results: The fistula risk was 35.4% in patients treated by humanitarian teams, 12.8% at Huaxi University Hospital and 2.5% at UCSF ( P < 0.001). Age and Veau class were associated with fistula formation (Age P = 0.0015; Veau P < 0.001). ReSurge and Huaxi patients had 20.2 and 5.6 times the odds of developing a fistula, respectively, compared to UCSF patients ( P < 0.01, both). A multivariable model controlling for surgical group, age, and gender showed an association between Veau class and the odds of fistula formation. Conclusions: Chinese children undergoing palatoplasty by international teams had higher odds of palatal fistula than children treated by Chinese surgeons in established institutions and children treated in the United States. More research is required to identify factors affecting complication rates in low-resource environments.
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Hu, Lei, Stephen A. Montzka, Ben R. Miller, Arlyn E. Andrews, John B. Miller, Scott J. Lehman, Colm Sweeney, et al. "Continued emissions of carbon tetrachloride from the United States nearly two decades after its phaseout for dispersive uses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 11 (February 29, 2016): 2880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522284113.
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National-scale emissions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) are derived based on inverse modeling of atmospheric observations at multiple sites across the United States from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s flask air sampling network. We estimate an annual average US emission of 4.0 (2.0–6.5) Gg CCl4 y−1 during 2008–2012, which is almost two orders of magnitude larger than reported to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) (mean of 0.06 Gg y−1) but only 8% (3–22%) of global CCl4 emissions during these years. Emissive regions identified by the observations and consistently shown in all inversion results include the Gulf Coast states, the San Francisco Bay Area in California, and the Denver area in Colorado. Both the observation-derived emissions and the US EPA TRI identified Texas and Louisiana as the largest contributors, accounting for one- to two-thirds of the US national total CCl4 emission during 2008–2012. These results are qualitatively consistent with multiple aircraft and ship surveys conducted in earlier years, which suggested significant enhancements in atmospheric mole fractions measured near Houston and surrounding areas. Furthermore, the emission distribution derived for CCl4 throughout the United States is more consistent with the distribution of industrial activities included in the TRI than with the distribution of other potential CCl4 sources such as uncapped landfills or activities related to population density (e.g., use of chlorine-containing bleach).
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Jessup, Eric, and Ryan Herrington. "Estimating the Impact of Seasonal Truck Shortages on the Movement of Time-Sensitive, Perishable Products." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1906, no. 1 (January 2005): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190600110.
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This research focuses on the frequent and persistent problem of truck shortages for time-sensitive, perishable produce shipment out of the Pacific Northwest. Washington State is the number one apple-producing state in the United States, accounting for more than 2.7 million tons of apples per year valued in excess of $1 billion. However, without timely and accessible transportation to move the product from production to the consumer's table, the value to apple producers and the state's economy diminishes rapidly. This research aims to identify and quantify the change in total transportation cost that occurs as a result of seasonal truck shortages and associated rate increases and to provide an avenue for evaluating changes in specific destination markets, modal changes, and market competitiveness. A cost-minimizing optimization model is used to represent apple shipments from 29 producing supply points to 16 domestic markets and three international export markets over four seasons for two modes (truck and rail). Total transportation costs increase nearly $12 million as a result of truck shortages, from $245.6 million without shortages to $257.5 million under the current seasonal situation. Overall (across all seasons), the export markets of Nogales, Arizona; McAllen, Texas; and the Port of Seattle, Washington, are most affected by the truck shortages, followed by domestic markets near Seattle and San Francisco, California. The large markets of New York City, New York, and Los Angeles, California also experience relatively large increases in transportation cost per ton mile.
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Coates, Peter S., Michael L. Casazza, Brian J. Halstead, and Joseph P. Fleskes. "Relative Value of Managed Wetlands and Tidal Marshlands for Wintering Northern Pintails." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102011-jfwm-062.
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Abstract Northern pintail Anas acuta (hereafter pintail) populations have declined substantially throughout the western United States since the 1970s, largely as a result of converting wetlands to cropland. Managed wetlands have been developed throughout the San Francisco Bay estuaries to provide wildlife habitat, particularly for waterfowl. Many of these areas were historically tidal baylands, and plans are underway to remove dikes and restore tidal action. The relationship between tidal baylands and waterfowl populations is poorly understood. Our objective was to provide information on selection and avoidance of managed and tidal marshland by pintails. During 1991–1993 and 1998–2000, we radiomarked and relocated 330 female pintails (relocations, n = 11,574) at Suisun Marsh, California, the largest brackish water estuary within San Francisco Bay, to estimate resource selection functions during the nonbreeding months (winter). Using a distance-based modeling approach, we calculated selection functions for different ecological communities (e.g., tidal baylands) and investigated variation explained by time of day (day or night hours) to account for differences in pintail behavior (i.e., foraging vs. roosting). We found strong evidence for selection of managed wetlands. Pintails also avoided tidal marshes and bays and channels. We did not detect differences in selection function between day and night hours for managed wetlands, but the degree of avoidance of other habitats varied by time of day. We also found that areas subjected to tidal action did not influence the selection of immediately adjacent managed wetlands. In areas where tidal marsh is restored, improving habitat conditions in adjacent wetlands would likely increase local carrying capacities and offset the loss of wetland area.
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Trujillo, Dillon, Caitlin Turner, Victory Le, Erin C. Wilson, and Sean Arayasirikul. "Digital HIV Care Navigation for Young People Living With HIV in San Francisco, California: Feasibility and Acceptability Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): e16838. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16838.
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Background HIV continues to be a public health challenge adversely affecting youth and young adults, as they are the fastest-growing group of new HIV infections in the United States and the group with the poorest health outcomes among those living with HIV. HIV prevention science has turned to mobile health as a novel approach to reach and engage young people living with HIV (YPLWH) experiencing barriers to HIV care. Objective This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a text message–based HIV care navigation intervention for YPLWH in San Francisco. Health eNavigation is a 6-month text message–based HIV care navigation where YPLWH are connected to their own HIV care navigator through text messaging to improve engagement in HIV primary care. Digital HIV care navigation included delivery of the following through SMS text messaging: (1) HIV care navigation, (2) health promotion and education, (3) motivational interviewing, and (4) social support. Methods We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of a text message–based HIV care navigation intervention among YPLWH. We assessed feasibility using quantitative data for the overall sample (N=120) to describe participant text messaging activity during the intervention. Acceptability was assessed through semistructured, in-depth interviews with a subsample of 16 participants 12 months after enrollment. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using grounded theory. Results Overall, the text message–based HIV care navigation intervention was feasible and acceptable. The majority of participants exhibited medium or high levels of engagement (50/120 [41.7%] and 26/120 [21.7%], respectively). Of the majority of participants who were newly diagnosed with HIV, 63% (24/38) had medium to high engagement. Similarly, among those who were not newly diagnosed, 63% (52/82) had medium to high engagement. The majority of participants found that the intervention added value to their lives and improved their engagement in HIV care, medication adherence, and viral suppression. Conclusions Text message–based HIV care navigation is a potentially powerful tool that may help bridge the gaps for linkage and retention and improve overall engagement in HIV care for many YPLWH. Our results indicate that participation in text message–based HIV care navigation is both feasible and acceptable across pervasive structural barriers that would otherwise hinder intervention engagement.
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Khan, Nickalus R., Clinton J. Thompson, Douglas R. Taylor, Garrett T. Venable, R. Matthew Wham, L. Madison Michael, and Paul Klimo. "An analysis of publication productivity for 1225 academic neurosurgeons and 99 departments in the United States." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 3 (March 2014): 746–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.11.jns131708.
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Object Bibliometrics is defined as the study of statistical and mathematical methods used to quantitatively analyze scientific literature. The application of bibliometrics in neurosurgery is in its infancy. The authors calculate a number of publication productivity measures for almost all academic neurosurgeons and departments within the US. Methods The h-index, g-index, m-quotient, and contemporary h-index (hc-index) were calculated for 1225 academic neurosurgeons in 99 (of 101) programs listed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in January 2013. Three currently available citation databases were used: Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Bibliometric profiles were created for each surgeon. Comparisons based on academic rank (that is, chairperson, professor, associate, assistant, and instructor), sex, and subspecialties were performed. Departments were ranked based on the summation of individual faculty h-indices. Calculations were carried out from January to February 2013. Results The median h-index, g-index, hc-index, and m-quotient were 11, 20, 8, and 0.62, respectively. All indices demonstrated a positive relationship with increasing academic rank (p < 0.001). The median h-index was 11 for males (n = 1144) and 8 for females (n = 81). The h-index, g-index and hc-index significantly varied by sex (p < 0.001). However, when corrected for academic rank, this difference was no longer significant. There was no difference in the m-quotient by sex. Neurosurgeons with subspecialties in functional/epilepsy, peripheral nerve, radiosurgery, neuro-oncology/skull base, and vascular have the highest median h-indices; general, pediatric, and spine neurosurgeons have the lowest median h-indices. By summing the manually calculated Scopus h-indices of all individuals within a department, the top 5 programs for publication productivity are University of California, San Francisco; Barrow Neurological Institute; Johns Hopkins University; University of Pittsburgh; and University of California, Los Angeles. Conclusions This study represents the most detailed publication analysis of academic neurosurgeons and their programs to date. The results for the metrics presented should be viewed as benchmarks for comparison purposes. It is our hope that organized neurosurgery will adopt and continue to refine bibliometric profiling of individuals and departments.
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Zhai, Xiao, Jin Cui, Jie Shao, Qijin Wang, Xiao Chen, Xianzhao Wei, Xiaoyi Zhou, Ziqiang Chen, Yushu Bai, and Ming Li. "Global research trends in spinal ultrasound: a systematic bibliometric analysis." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e015317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015317.
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BackgroundIn recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of ultrasound technology in the evaluation of spinal and paraspinal regions.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate trends in spinal ultrasound research from 1994 to 2015 and compare the contributions of such research from different countries and authors.Study designBibliometric analysis.SettingPublications related to spinal ultrasound from 1994 to 2015 were retrieved from the Web of Science database.MethodsExcel 2013, GraphPad Prism 5, and VOSviewer were used to summarise bibliometric features, including the number of publications, citation frequency, H-index, and country contributions and hotspots (keywords of popular scientific fields).ResultsA total of 3859 papers were included. The global inflection point (the point in time when the publication growth rate moved from positive to negative) came in 2010. The United States contributed the largest percentage of articles (1041; 26.9%), with the most citations (19 848) and the highest H-index (61). The journalsOsteoporosis InternationalandSpinehad the highest publication number. The University of Toronto and the University of California, San Francisco were the most contributive institutions. Studies could be divided into three clusters: surgery, osteoporosis, and others. The keywords ‘adolescent idiopathic scoliosis’ and ‘anaesthesia’ were the latest hotspots, appearing around 2012.ConclusionSpinal ultrasound literature has grown continuously over the last 22 years, with the rate slowing down after 2010. The United States was the largest contributor in this field. Recent studies on topics related to ‘adolescent idiopathic scoliosis’ and ‘anaesthesia’ were relatively new and should be closely followed in spinal ultrasound research.
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Shaheen, Susan A., and Caroline J. Rodier. "Travel Effects of a Suburban Commuter Carsharing Service." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700121.
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Since 1998, carsharing organizations in the United States have experienced exponential membership growth, but to date there have been only a few evaluations of their effects on travel. Using the results of focus groups, interviews, and surveys, this paper examines the change in travel among members of CarLink–-a carsharing model in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, with explicit links to transit and suburban employment–-after approximately 1 year of participation. The demographic and attitudinal analyses of CarLink members indicated that the typical member ( a) was more likely than an average Bay Area resident to be highly educated, in an upper income bracket, and professionally employed and ( b) displayed sensitivity to congestion, willingness to try new experiences, and environmental concern. Some of the more important commuter travel effects of the CarLink programs included an increase in rail transit use by 23 percentage points in CarLink I and II; a reduction in driving without passengers by 44 and 23 percentage points in CarLink I and II, respectively; a reduction in average vehicle miles traveled by 23 mi in CarLink II and by 18 mi in CarLink I; an increase in travel time and a reduction in travel stress; a reduction in vehicle ownership by almost 6% in CarLink II; and reduced parking demand at participating train stations and among member businesses. The CarLink travel results are compared with those of neighborhood carsharing models in the United States and Europe.