Journal articles on the topic 'San Francisco de Mostazal (Chile)'

Diaporthe spp. are important plant pathogens causing wood cankers, blight, dieback, and fruit rot in a wide range of hosts. During surveys conducted during the 2013 and 2014 seasons, a postharvest rot in Hayward kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) was observed in Chile. In order to identify the species of Diaporthe associated with this fruit rot, symptomatic fruit were collected from seven kiwifruit packinghouses located between San Francisco de Mostazal and Curicó (central Chile). Twenty-four isolates of Diaporthe spp. were identified from infected fruit based on morphological and cultural characters and analyses of nucleotides sequences of three loci, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequences of the β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. The Diaporthe spp. identified were Diaporthe ambigua, D. australafricana, D. novem, and D. rudis. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that Chilean isolates were grouped in separate clades with their correspondent ex-types species. All species of Diaporthe were pathogenic on wounded kiwifruit after 30 days at 0°C under normal and controlled-atmosphere (2% O2 and 5% CO2) storage and they were sensitive to benomyl, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole fungicides. D. ambigua isolates were the most virulent based on the lesion length measured in inoculated Hayward and Jintao kiwifruit. These findings confirm D. ambigua, D. australafricana, D. novem, and D. rudis as the causal agents of kiwifruit rot during cold storage in Chile. The specie D. actinidiae, a common of Diaporthe sp. found associated with kiwifruit rot, was not identified in the present study.

In autumn 2013, fruit of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) cvs. Angelino and Black Kat developed an unusual brown and soft rot after 2 months in cold storage (0°C) on nearly 1% of the fruit. Fruit showed small, circular, light brown spots that eventually destroyed the entire fruit. Small sporodochia appeared on the fruit surface. Fruit was harvested from orchards located near San Francisco de Mostazal (33°59′ S, 70°41′ W), Chile. Small pieces of diseased tissue were selected from margins of lesions of surface disinfected (96% ethanol) fruit (n = 7) and placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for 5 days at 20°C. Light brown colonies with even margins and concentric rings of spores were obtained. The conidia of five isolates were one-celled, hyaline, lemon-shaped, (min. 10.7) 14.9 ± 1.5 (max. 18.6) × (min. 8.1) 9.4 ± 0.8 (max. 10.8) μm (n = 30), and borne in branched monilioid chains. This fungus was identified as Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey (1). Identification was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region using ITS1 and ITS4 primers (3). BLAST analysis of Chilean plum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. KF148610 and KF148611) were 99 to 100% identical to isolates of M. fructicola originating from the United States (DQ314727 and HQ846966, respectively) and 100% identical to the first Chilean isolate (JN001480) found in nectarines originating from California at the supermarkets in Santiago in June 2009. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reproducing brown rot symptoms on mature wounded Japanese plums cv. Angelino (n = 8) inoculated with 10 μl of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) or with a mycelium plug (5-mm diameter). After 2 days in humid chambers (>80% relative humidity) at 25°C, all inoculated fruit developed brown rot symptoms with necrotic lesion means of 15.8 and 21.5 mm in diameter in fruit inoculated with conidia and mycelium, respectively. Non-inoculated control fruit remained healthy. Re-isolations were performed on PDA and the presence of M. fructicola was morphologically confirmed in 100% of the symptomatic fruits. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of M. fructicola causing brown rot in stored Japanese plums in Chile after its first interception in 2009 in Chile, suggesting that this pathogen has been established in the field. Currently, M. fructicola is a quarantine organism under official control, restricted to Prunus orchards between Santiago and Nancagua in central Chile (2). References: (1) EPPO. EPPO Bull. 39:337, 2009. (2) Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, SAG, Ministerio de Agricultura, Gobierno de Chile. www.sag.cl , accessed 15 November 2013. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, NY, 1990.

En el marco de los 800 años de la celebración del encuentro de San Francisco y el Sultán, convocado por la Orden Franciscana, el presente artículo pretende indagar sobre la concepción de la imagen del moro en la sociedad colonial y, particularmente reflejados en la serie de 54 cuadros de la vida de san Francisco del Museo de Arte Colonial de San Francisco, Santiago de Chile, confeccionada en el siglo XVII en un taller del Cuzco y cuyo destino fue el Convento homónimo para la formación y contemplación de los religiosos, que nos permite descubrir su representación. El moro representa el signo del individuo o del territorio pagano, en acción o contexto de violencia, pero capaz de la conversión. Estos aspectos son comunes a los prejuicios traídos por los colonizadores, marcados por la larga lucha en la península contra ellos y las políticas de expulsión de esta comunidad desde España. El arte colonial, a su vez, fue un ejercicio de diálogo cultural que adaptó la cultura hispánica a la realidad del nuevo mundo, y, por tanto, permitió la lectura del moro trasladada a las dificultades y éxitos de la evangelización y a la violencia ejercida por los conquistadores.

The objective of this study is to identify the meaning attributed to the healthy Life Program, implemented by the Ministry of Education, students of the College San Francisco de Asis de Lautaro. Three types of encoding were used: open, axial and theoretical coding. The sample consists of a group of ten students from the third to sixth basic year of the College San Francisco de Asis, who participated in the Healthy Life program. The focal group was used for data collection, as it was appropriate for the achievement of the objectives. As for the results, the study allowed to reveal that students feel discriminated against being selected to participate. However, they do recognize the importance of having a healthy life and feeling good about themselves. You can see that there is a conscience on the part of the participants when talking about the program, there being a concern for the personal well- being.

La expansión del agronegocio de exportación en Latinoamérica ha ido acompañado de una creciente femeinización de la fuerza de trabajo. No obstante, las mujeres han sido incorporadas en condiciones poco favorables, ocupando empleos de baja calificación, bajos ingresos y temporales. El presente artículo propone investigar la precariedad de las condiciones de trabajo y de vida de las mujeres que trabajan como asalariadas en el sector de exportación de uva en el Valle San Francisco (Brasil) y en el Valle de Elqui/Limarí (Chile), proponiendo un análisis que integra tanto la esfera de la producción como de la reproducción. Esto con la finalidad de identificar las interconexiones existentes entre ambos ámbitos así como los principales mecanismos de extracción de plusvalor y de externalización de los costos a los hogares, implementados por las empresas.

El presente artículo analiza la evolución de la normativa del Plan Regulador Comunal de Santiago, Chile, y cómo este ha incidido en la conservación del patrimonio construido en torno a cuatro monumentos históricos de la época colonial: la Iglesia y Claustro de San Francisco, el Palacio de La Moneda, la Casa Colorada y el Museo de Arte Precolombino. Los resultados revelan que los cambios normativos han influido de distintas maneras. En el caso de La Moneda se definió un entorno construido que se ha conservado hasta el día de hoy, mientras el entorno de la Casa Colorada se ha ido transformando a largo de tiempo, generando una discordancia en relación a la altura máxima permitida. Finalmente, se discute el potencial de las normas urbanísticas en aportar a la conservación del patrimonio urbano y al desarrollo sustentable del centro histórico de la ciudad.

On January 12, 2010, the Haitian people suffered the most dramatic and unimaginable catastrophe in the Caribbean in recent times. More than 222,570 citizens perished as a result of a 7.0 earthquake, and over 1.3 million are currently homeless. The city of San Francisco, in California, United States, had a similar earthquake in the 1990s, and fewer than 100 people were killed. Chile a few months ago had an earthquake that was far stronger than Haiti’s, but fewer than 1,000 people were killed. So why did a 7.0 earthquake on the Richter scale cause so much destruction in Haiti? In this article, the author argues that the historical boycott of Haiti’s government in the 19th and 20th centuries by the international community, the constant internal struggle among the members of the elite for the control of state power, and the weakening of state structures through the creation of nongovernmental organizations have weakened the government’s capacity to deal with major catastrophe and meet the needs of its citizens.

En este trabajo se plantea el análisis de la energía producida por turbinas de viento, que son dispositivos diseñados para el aprovechamiento de la velocidad del viento, y la energía cinética que esta causa cuando impacta en unos álabes dispuesto para este fin. El movimiento provocado es aprovechado para la obtención de energía. Este tipo de sistemas es altamente utilizado, ya que una turbina puede generar entre 5kW hasta 10KW. En este trabajo se analiza el diseño, construcción, y aplicaciones más significativas en la vida doméstica, para el aprovechamiento de energía limpia y la reducción de energías convencionales. Setoman en cuenta trabajos científicos relevantes que brindan un aporte significativo a esta temática de estudio. Palabras Clave: Turbinas eólicas, energía, electricidad. Referencias [1]I. Montalvo y J. Cabezas, «Diseño de Prototipo de Aerogenerador con almacenamiento de energía, monitoreado por un sistema SCADA,» Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 2011. [2]E. B, «¿Qué países son los mayores productores de energía eólica?,» elBoletin, p. 1, 12 octubre 2017. [3]Departamento de Energía de EE.UU, «Sistemas Eólicos Pequeños para Generación de Electricidad,» 2007. [4]K. Molina, D. Ortega, M. Martinez, W. Pinto-Hernández y O. A. E. González, «Modelado de la interacción fluido estructura (FSI) para el diseño de una turbina eólica HAWT,» 2018. [5]H. Rudnick Van de Wyngard, «Evolución de Costos ERNC,» Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 2012. [6]D. A. Maldonado Rivera y D. X. De Jerónimo Toromoreno, «Ubicación de un Parque de Energía Eólica en la Costa Ecuatoriana,» Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, 2008. [7]B. Miranda, «Coca Codo Sinclair: los problemas de la multimillonaria represa que China construyó en Ecuador, » BBC NEWS, 25 febrero 2019. [8]L. G. Carrasco Sanzana y M. A. Mardones Sepúlveda, «Estudio de instalación de un Aerogenerador en el Colegio Concepción Pedro de Valdivia,» Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, 2015. [9]A. F. Ugalde Vázquez, «Prohibido Olvidar,» El Mercurio, Cuenca, 2021. [10]Instituto nacional de estadística y censos, «Información ambiental en hogares,» Ecuador, 2012. [11]SectorElectricidad, «¿Cómo funcionan las turbinas eólicas?,» Sector Electricidad, 2017. [12]Popular Mechanics, «¿Cómo funcionan los aerogeneradores?,» World Energy Trade, 2019.

Comité EditorialDr. Richard Iván RamírezAnormalizaUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIrramireza@unemi.edu.ecMilagro, Ecuador Dr. Vicenc FernándezUniversidad Politécnica de Cataluñavicenc.fernandez@upc.eduBarcelona, España Dr. Ahmed YanguiField Crop Regional Research Centerahmed.yangui@yahoo.frBeja, Tunisia Dra. Mayra D’Armas RegnaultUniversidad Politécnica Antonio José deSucre, UNEXPOmdarmas@unexpo.edu.vePuerto Ordaz, Venezuela Dr. Thiago Duarte PimentelUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Forathiagodpimentel@gmail.comMinas Gerais, Brazil Dr. Rodrigo Romo MuñozUniversidad del Bio-Biorromo@ubiobio.clConcepción, Chile Dr. Ángel Barrasa NotarioUniversidad de Zaragozaabarrasa@unizar.esZaragoza, España Dr. David Benavides CuevasUniversidad de Sevillabenavides@us.esSevilla, España Máster Ángela Laguna CaicedoUniversidad Tecnológica de Panamáangela.laguna@utp.ac.paPanamá, Panamá Dr. Simón Pérez MartínezUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIsimonpm2006@gmail.comMilagro, Ecuador Dr. Amr R. A. RadwanUniversidad de El Cairoamrradwan2010@yahoo.com El Cairo,Egipto Dr. Fernando Guilherme TenórioEscuela Brasileira de Administración Públicay de Empresas de la Fundación GetulioVargasfernando.tenorio@fgv.brRío de Janeiro, Brazil Dra. Carmen HernándezDomínguezUniversidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMIcarmen.hernandez.dominguez@gmail.comMilagro, Ecuador Dr. Iván EsparragozaUniversidad de Pensilvaniaiee1@psu.eduFiladelfia, USA Máster Alexandra AnormalizaDirector Affinity Group Field Support Centerat NYC Department of Educationaanorma@schools.nyc.gov New York, USA Dr. Mario Pérez-MontoroGutiérrezUniversidad de Barcelonaperez-montoro@ub.eduBarcelona, España Dr. Humberto R. Álvarez A.Universidad Tecnológica de Panamáhumberto.alvarez@utp.ac.paPanamá, Panamá Dra. Beatriz CarvajalUniversidad Centro Occidental “LisandroAlvarado”, UCLAbecar777@yahoo.esBarquisimeto, Venezuela Dr. Islam HassounehPalestine Polytechnic University (PPU).islamh@ppu.eduHebrón, Palestina Comité de Evaluadores ExternosMáster Pepita Alarcón ParraMáster en Planificación, Evaluación yAcreditación en la Educación SuperiorDocente investigadoraEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazopepita.alarcon@espoch.edu.ecRiobamba, Ecuador Dra. Gina Álvarez ReyesMáster en Administración AmbientalJefe Laboratorio Análisis del AguaEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazogalvarez101@yahoo.esRiobamba, Ecuador Máster Guido Asencio GallardoMBA © Latinoamericano,Magíster © en Ciencias SocialesAcadémico del Departamento deCiencias Administrativas y EconómicasUniversidad de Los Lagosguido.asencio@gmail.comOsorno, Chile Máster Fernando Molina GranjaMáster en Informática AplicadaMáster en Educación a DistanciaDocente investigador Facultad deIngenieríaUniversidad Nacional de Chimborazo,UNACHfemolinag@yahoo.esRiobamba, Ecuador Máster Carlos Montalvo PatiñoMáster en Educación SuperiorAcademic Consultantcarlosmontalvo2000@yahoo.comGuayaquil, Ecuador Máster Javier Ortiz RojasMáster en Sistemas de InformaciónGerencialDocente investigadorUniversidad Politécnica Salesianajortiz@ups.edu.ecQuito, Ecuador Máster Washington Padilla AriasMáster en Gerencia de SistemasDocente investigadorUniversidad Politécnica Salesianawpadillaa@ups.edu.ecQuito, Ecuador Dr. Oscar Parada GutiérrezDoctor en Ciencias EconómicasDocente investigadorEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazoospg2012@gmail.comRiobamba, Ecuador Máster Ninfa Pilozo SalavarríaMáster en Desarrollo EducativoEx revisora de estiloExperta en Lenguaje y Comunicaciónnpilozos@hotmail.comMilagro, Ecuador Máster Diego Ramiro BarbaBayasMáster en Gerencia de Proyectos deEcoturismoEscuela Superior Politécnica delChimborazod_barba@espoch.edu.ecRiobamba, Ecuador Máster Segundo Camino MogroMáster en EconomíaInvestigador EconómicoEspecializado en economía industrial,productividad y competenciasegundo.camino@gmail.comGuayaquil, Ecuador Máster Tania Crespo VacaMáster en Docencia y Gerencia enEducación SuperiorEnglish teachertcrespo2@hotmail.comGuayaquil, Ecuador Dr. Amilkar Puris CáceresDoctor en Ciencias TécnicasDocente investigadorUniversidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedoapuris@uteq.edu.ecQuevedo, Ecuador Dra. Gisela Quintero ChacónDoctora en Ciencias PedagógicasDocente InvestigadoraUniversidad Nacional de EducaciónGisela.quintero@unae.edu.ecAzoguez, Ecuador Máster Carmita Ramírez CalixtoMagister en Educación y Gerencia SuperiorDocente investigadoraUniversidad de Guayaquilcarmita.ramirezc@ug.edu.ecGuayaquil, Ecuador Máster Luis Fernando SolórzanoÁlavaMáster Salud PúblicaMáster en MicrobiologíaDocente investigadorUniversidad de Guayaquilluis.solorzanoa@ug.edu.ecGuayaquil, Ecuador Máster Leyla Nury VelardePinargotteMáster en Comunicación y DesarrolloDocente investigadoraUniversidad San Francisco de Quitoleylanury@hotmail.comQuito, Ecuador Máster Fernando Veloz NavarreteMáster en Dirección de EmpresasDocente investigadorEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazoferveloz@yahoo.esRiobamba, Ecuador Máster Manuel GonzálezGonzálezMáster en VirologíaDirector TécnicoFomento y Transferencia del ConocimientoInstituto Nacional de Investigaciónen Salud Pública, INSPImgonzales@inspi.gob.ecGuayaquil, Ecuador Máster Betzabé Maldonado MeraMáster en Gestión de OrganizacionesUniversidad de las Fuerzas Armadasbrmaldonado@espe.edu.ecQuito, Ecuador Dr. Marek Michalski MichalskaDoctor en EconomíaUniversidad San Francisco de Quitommichalski@usfq.edu.ecQuito, Ecuador Dr. Víctor H. Villao ReyesEspecialista en CirugíaDirector Hospital San CarlosDocente Facultad de Medicina UEESvvillao@isc.com.ecGuayaquil, Ecuador Máster Jimena Viteri OjedaMáster en Informática AplicadaDocente-InvestigadoraEscuela Superior Politécnica deChimborazojcviteri@espoch.edu.ecRiobamba, Ecuador Máster Scandra Mora SaadoMáster en Ingeniería IndustrialUniversidad Nacional ExperimentalPolitécnicasmora@unexpo.edu.vePuerto Ordaz, Venezuela Dr. Edgar Alexander PiñeroDoctor en Administración y Dirección deEmpresasUniversidad Experimental de Guayanaalexanderpinero12@gmail.comPuerto Ordaz, Venezuela

Purpose – This paper aims to propose the concept of resilience as a way of aligning these disciplines. Theories of recovery planning and urban design theories have a common interest in providing for the health and safety of urban communities. However, the requirements of safe refuge and recovery after a disturbance, such as an earthquake, are sometimes at odds with theories of urbanism. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses the data from two case studies: the earthquake and fire of 1906 in San Francisco and the Chile earthquake of 2010. It uses a set of resilience attributes already embedded in the discourse of urban theory to evaluate each city’s built environment and the way people have adapted to that built environment to recover following an earthquake. Findings – The findings suggests that resilience attributes, when considered interdependently, can potentially assist in the design of resilient cities which have an enhanced capacity to recover following an earthquake. Originality/value – They also suggest that the key to the successful integration of recovery planning and urban design lies in a shift of thinking that sees resilience as a framework for the design of cities that not only contributes significantly to the quality of everyday urban life but also can be adapted as essential life support and an agent of recovery in the event of an earthquake.

Carmen Alicia Hernández GómezLicenciada en Biología - Universidad PedagógicaNacional. Especialización Educación Ambiental -Universidad El Bosque. Magister Medio Ambientey Desarrollo - Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Docente y Secretaria de Educación DistritalIDEA - UN.Fabio Vladimir Sánchez CalderónGeógrafo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Ph.D.en Historia Universidad de los Andes. ProfesorUniversidad del Rosario y Universidad de CienciasAplicadas - UDCA.Faiber Ignacio RobayoIngeniero Electrónico, Universidad Surcolombiana.Maestría en Automatización Industrial, Universidadde Ibagué. Docente, Universidad Surcolombiana,Neiva (Huila).Francisco Herrera TapiaLicenciatura en Ciencias Políticas y AdministraciónPública. Maestría en Ciencias Sociales con Especialidaden Desarrollo Municipal. Doctorado enCiencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales. InvestigadorInstituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias yRurales.John Jairo Arévalo HernándezIngeniero Agrícola - M.Sc. Universidad Nacionalde Colombia. Docente Universidad Surcolombiana,Neiva (Huila).José Luis Martínez HenándezQuímico Farmacéutico Biólogo, Universidad Autónomade Coahuila. Maestría en Biotecnología, UniversidadAutónoma de Coahuila. Doctorado enCiencias Técnicas (bioprocesos) Ins. Sup. Poli. JoséA. Echeverría, Cuba. Catedrático investigador -Coordinador de la Oficina de Innovación y CapacitaciónTecnológica, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas dela Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila.José Santiago ArrietaIngeniero Electricista - Universidad Tecnológica dePereira. Cursando Maestría en Ingeniería Eléctrica- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Analistade proyectos. ISA - INTERCOLOMBIA. UniversidadTecnológica de Pereira.Juan Carlos González CortésMaestría en Conservación y Manejo de recursos Naturales,Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás deHidalgo. Profesor e investigador Asociado, UniversidadMichoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.Julián Estrada ÁlvarezMédico Veterinario y Zootecnista, Universidad deCaldas. Magister Producción Animal, PontificiaUniversidad Católica de Chile. Doctor en CienciasAgrarias, Universidad de Caldas. Docente Investigador,Universidad de Caldas.Leidy Patricia Quintero MoraIngeniero Biotecnológico. Universidad Francisco dePaula Santander. Estudiante de Mestrado, Universidadde São Paulo.Mauricio Esteban PintoAbogado (Universidad de Mendoza). Diplomadoen Estudios Avanzados en Propiedades Públicas yMedio Ambiente (Universidad de Zaragoza).Máster en Derecho Ambiental (Universidad Internacionalde Andalucía). Doctor en Derecho(Universidad de Zaragoza). Profesor Adjunto DedicaciónSemiexclusiva. Director del Departamentode Economía, Política y Administración Rural(FCA-UNCuyo), Jefe Departamento Jurídico(DGI). Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias - UniversidadNacional de Cuyo, Departamento General deIrrigación (Mendoza-Argentina).Néstor Julián Pulido SuárezMédico veterinario zootecnista: universidad pedagógicay tecnológica de Colombia. Diplomadoen docencia e investigación universitaria: universidadpedagógica y tecnológica de Colombia.Magister en ciencias Veterinarias en curso: universidadpedagógica y tecnológica de Colombia.Profesional de apoyo del laboratorio de nutriciónanimal de la Universidad pedagógica y tecnológicade Colombia.Suzana Reis EvangelistaLicenciatura - Universidade Federal de Lavras(UFLA). Maestría - Universidade Estadual deCampinas (Unicamp). Doctorado - UniversidadeFederal de Lavras (UFLA). Posdoctorando en Departamentode Biología, Setor de MicrobiologiaAgrícola, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA).Óscar Guido Caicedo CamposanoIngeniero Agrónomo, Universidad Técnica deBabahoyo. Magister en Riego y Drenaje, UniversidadAgraria del Ecuador. Doctorando de AgriculturaSustentable, Universidad Nacional Agraria LaMolina. Profesor de Cultivos Tropicales, Riego yDrenaje, Agrometeorología; Científico acreditadopor la Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia,Tecnología e Innovación del Ecuador. UniversidadTécnica de Babahoyo.Yaneisy García HernándezIngeniero Químico (2000). Instituto Superior PolitécnicoJosé A. Echeverría (ISPJAE). Master enMicrobiología; mención Fermentaciones (2007).Universidad de la Habana (UH). Doctor en CienciasVeterinarias (2011). Universidad Agraria de laHabana (UNAH). Investigador Instituto de CienciaAnimal (ICA). Ministerio de Educación Superior(MES)

ABSTRACT. Annual mean sea level data distributed by PSMSL (Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level) of IAPSO (International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) were analysed in the search for global sea level co-variants and invariants. The correlation coefficient ρ , taken as a measure of collinearity ρc in time series, was shown to depend on the ratio of two variances and then invariant with the inclination β of the regression line yri(ti) = tan(β)xi + α , α the intercept, relative to the Cartesian coordinated axes. Also invariant with the trends βt is the distance i of the discrete data points (xi, yi)i = 1, 2 . . . , n , to the regression straight line previously calculated. The mean over all i was taken as a measure, a coefficient of proximity of each series. Analysis of the two coefficients allowed the definition of a variable F = ρc × whose values, in consequence, are also invariants with the trends βt of the individual series. The same can be said about the F distribution shape, in a plot that allowed the comparison of the F values of all ports round the globe. Ports as of Cananeia (Brazil), San Francisco (USA), Brest (France), Antofagasta (Chile), and Takoradi, from Gana (Africa), occupy very distinct and relatively permanent positions in the plot, which, for longer series, are also invariant with their length in years. Analyses of a plot of ρc and βt showed also that although they are statistically mutually invariants, their values, calculated from PSMSL series, seem to be distributed as covariant variables. All mentioned invariance and co-variance seem related to what appears to be a limit globally imposed on the variability of planetary sea level series from all ports of islands and continents, by the Earth’s gravity field. The study of the induced co-variance between , ρc and the F values, with the trends , may help to unveil the characteristics of the constraints on the planetary relative to sea level series. Keywords: collinearity coefficient, proximity coefficient, PSMSL series, regression line, planetary series, trend invariants. RESUMO. Valores médios anuais de nível do mar distribuídos pelo PSMSL (Serviço Permanente para o Nível do Mar) da IAPSO (Associação Internacional para as Ciências Físicas dos Oceanos) são analisados na procura de invariantes globais do nível do mar. O coeficiente de correlação ρ , admitido como uma medida da colinearidade em séries de tempo ρc, foi mostrado ser dependente da razão de duas variâncias e então invariante com relação à inclinação β da reta de regressão relativa aos eixos coordenados cartesianos. Também invariante com a inclinação β é a distância média dos pontos discretos da série até a reta de regressão. A distância média é tomada como uma medida, como um coeficiente de proximidade dos pontos da série à reta. A análise desses coeficientes ( ρc e ) e sua invariância com relação à rotação do sistema de coordenadas permitiram a definição de uma variável F = ρc × que é também invariante com o sistema e pode ser tomada como uma constante de cada s´erie, que caracteriza cada série do conjunto de séries planetárias e, em consequência a distribuição dos valores F contidos nas series PSMSL. Nessa distribuição os portos de Cananeia (Brasil), São Francisco, (EUA), Brest (França), Antofagasta (Chile) e Takoradi, Ghana (África), ocupam posições bastante particulares, relativamente permanentes e invariantes com o comprimento das séries. Análises das variáveis colinearidade ρc e tendências βt, mostraram também, que embora elas sejam estatisticamente mutuamente invariantes, seus valores calculados a partir das séries PSMSL, são linear e globalmente distribuídos como variáveis covariantes. Isso é interpretado como devido a limites naturais geofisicamente impostos nas séries planetárias. O estudo dessa dependência induzida entre ρc, βt, e F , pode, eventualmente, ajudar a descobrir as características desses vínculos planetários. Palavras-chave: coeficiente de colinearidade, coeficiente de proximidade, séries do PSMSL, reta de regressão, séries planetária, tendências constantes.

A presente discussão não pretende descrever todos os aspectos da dominação externa e como ela foi ou é mantida socialmente<a title="" href="applewebdata://9A6C3769-4A97-46B2-AC6A-9ED0D219A534#_edn1">[i]</a>. Considerada sociologicamente, a América Latina defronta-se com dois grandes problemas. O primeiro é a nova forma de imperialismo e a sua difusão sob a hegemonia de uma superpotência capitalista, os Estados Unidos. O outro consiste em como enfrentar o imperialismo, na época das grandes empresas corporativas e da dominação implacável por parte de uma nação americana, dadas as debilidades econômicas, socioculturais e políticas predominantes, mesmo nos países mais avançados da região. Ambas as questões implicam uma discussão preliminar do assunto geral, já que a docilidade dos interesses privados latino-americanos em relação ao controle externo não constitui tão-somente uma estratagema econômico. Trata-se de um componente dinâmico de uma tradição colonial de subserviência, baseada em fins econômicos, mas também na cegueira nacional, até certo ponto estimulada e controlada a partir de fora.<div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="applewebdata://9A6C3769-4A97-46B2-AC6A-9ED0D219A534#_ednref1">[i]</a>Sobre esse assunto e pata bibliografia básica, ver esp. F. Fernandes, Sociedade de Classes e Subdesenvolvimento, Rio de Janeiro, Zahar Editores, 1968, cap. 11, ps, 21.103, 204-256, e T. Halperin Donghi, Hist6ria Contemporânea da América Latina, Madri, Alianza Editorial, 1969. As seguintes contribuições recentes merecem atenção especial: A. G. Frank, Capitalism and Underdeuelopment in Latin .Amerlca, Nova York, Monthly Review Press, 1967; J. Graciarena, Poder y Clases Sociales en el DesarroIlo de América Latina, Buenos Aires, Editorial Paidós, 1967; C. Furtado, Deueloprnent and Stagna .. tion in Latin América, New Haven, Vale University Press, 1965; F. H. Cardoso e E. Faletto, Depen dencia y Desarrollo en América Latina, México, Sigla Veintiuno Editores SA., 1969; R. Vekernans, Ismael Fuenzalida e outros, M arginalidad en América Latina, Santiago deI Chile, nasxt-Editorial Herder, 1969 (cap. 1); A. Garcia, La Estrutura del Atraso en América Latina, Buenos Aires, Editorial Pleamar, 1969; R. N. Adams, Th e Second Sotoing, San Francisco, Cal., Chandler Publishing COI J 1967.</p></div></div>

Editorial 2015 - EspecialA área de ensino de Bioquímica integra a reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (SBBq) desde 1993. Ao longo dos anos, a área foi se estabelecendo e ganhando força e corpo.A materialização desse trabalho ocorreu com o lançamento, pela SBBq, da Revista de Ensino de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (RBEBBM), em 2001. Em 2012 a revista passou por um processo de reestruturação, ampliando seu escopo e equipe de trabalho, passando a se chamar Revista de Ensino de Bioquímica - REB (Journal of Biochemistry Education).Visando ampliar a divulgação da REB, a SBBq proporcionou, desde 2013, um espaço físico (estande) dentro da área do evento, para inserção de banners, materiais publicitários e espaço para contatar e dialogar com os visitantes.Uma vez que este ano a SBBq sediou a reunião da International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB), o espaço da revista ganhou destaque pela presença de membros do corpo editorial do Brazil, Chile e Uruguai.O evento ocorreu em Foz do Iguaçu, de 24 a 28 de agosto de 2015 (http://www.sbbq.org.br/iubmb2015).Os participantes puderam conversar com parte da equipe da REB, esclarecendo dúvidas, conhecendo novas informações e compartilhando suas experiências, constituindo-se um importante espaço de diálogo sobre Ensino de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular e áreas correlatas.Além disso, muitos membros do corpo editorial, por conta da distância física, puderem se conhecer e trocar experiências.Com relação aos trabalhos apresentados na área de educação, durante o evento, houve dois simpósios, além dos 32 painéis apresentados na área de ensino de Bioquímica (área K).As primeiras apresentações ocorreram no dia 25 de agosto (9:00-11:00), no Simpósio 3 (Science Education “Leopoldo de Meis”), mediada pelo prof. Dr. Wagner Seixas da Silva (UFRJ, Brasil), com a apresentação três simposiastas, com as seguintes apresentações:- The Critical Importance of Science Education for Society, por Bruce Albert (University of California - San Francisco, USA);- The Relevance of Neuroscience in Evaluation of Students in Classroom, por Diogo Onofre de Souza (UFRGS, Brasil);- Replacing Prctical Classes with Experimental Projects, por Paulo S.L. Beirão (UFMG, Brazil). O segundo simpósio (PABMB: Teaching biochemistry in a connected world) ocorreu no dia 26 de agosto (15:30-17:30), mediada pelo professor Dr. Miguel Castanho (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), com a apresentação de quatro simposiastas:- Hands-on inquiry-based biochemistry courses for improving scientific literacy of school teachers and students, por Andrea T. Da Poian (UFRJ, Brasil);- Keeping 3D resources in the web to learn on protein structure, por Raual Herrera (Universidad de Talca, Chile); - How Apps-Embedded Assessment can contribute to learning outcomes mapping, por Eduardo Galembeck (Unicamp, Brasil);- Using "raw" online data derived from global gene expression experiments for posgraduate teaching activities, por Jose Sotelo (Montevideo, Uruguay). Agradecemos aos membros do corpo editorial e aos colaboradores que estiveram presentes no estande da revista, auxiliando nesse importante processo de valorização do ensino: Aos professores Gabriel Gerber Hornink (Unifal-MG), Eduardo Galembeck (Unicamp), Vera Treis Trindade (UFRGS), Leila Maria Beltramini (UFSCar), Wagner Seixas da Silva (UFRJ), Raul Herrera Faúndez (Universidade de Talca-CH), André Amaral Gonçalves Bianco (Unifesp), Adriana Cassina (Universidade de la República-UR); María Noel Alvarez (Universidade de la República-UR). Aos estudantes Frederico José Moreira Baêta (Unifal-MG), Thanuci Silva (Unicamp), Mayara Lustosa de Oliveira (Unicamp), Caeteno Costa (Unicamp), Caroline Dutra Lacerda (UFRJ).AtenciosamenteGabriel G. HorninkUnifal-MGVera Maria T. TrindadeUFRGSBayardo B. TorresUSPEduardo GalembeckUnicamp

Los peligros y puntos críticos de control HACCP se convierte en un requisito fundamental para la apertura de nuevos mercados y oportunidades de exportación de productos alimenticios, se crea directrices para la aplicación de este sistema basado en literatura de organizaciones académicas y de control sanitario, con miras al cumplimiento de disposiciones gubernamentales de buenas prácticas de manufactura que garantizan la producción de alimentos de carácter inocuo. Por ello, el presente estudio pretende determinar si el diseño de un sistema de evaluación basado en las normas HACCP potenciaría la industria alimentaria ecuatoriana. Se utiliza el método cualitativo de Investigación - Acción en conjunto con el propuesto por Food and Drug Administration FDA apartado Principios de HACCP y Directrices de Aplicación para la implementación del sistema HACCP. Se concluye que en el Ecuador en su proceso de cambio de matriz productiva necesita incrementar el número de industrias alimenticias que posean sistemas de gestión de calidad e inocuidad, para ello sirve este trabajo como guía o pauta para la implementación del sistema de Evaluación basado en las HACCP. Palabras Clave: punto crítico de control, HACCP, sistema de evaluación, industria alimentaria. Referencias [1]D. Palacios y P. Reyes, “Cambio de la matriz productiva del Ecuador y su efecto en el comercio exterior,” Dominio las Ciencias, vol. 2, pp. 418–431, 2016. [2]FDA, “National Advisory Committee on microbiological criteria for foods,” United States Food Drug Adm., 2015. [3]OIRSA, “Manual de análisis de peligros y puntos críticos de control - HACCP.” OIRSA, p. 32, 2016. [4]Organización Panamericana de la Salud, “Sistema HACCP.” 2015. [5]J. Anaya y S. Polanco, Innovación y Mejora de Procesos Logísticos, Segunda ed. España: ESIC, 2007. [6]FAO, “Manual sobre la aplicación del Análisis de Peligros y de Puntos Críticos de control (APPCC) en la prevención y control de micotoxinas.” FAO, p. 136, 2015. [7]Instituto Nacional de Normalización, Sistema de análisis de peligros y de puntos críticos de control (HACCP), directrices para su ejecución. Chile, 2011, p. 27. [8]M. Jaramillo, “Desarrollo de un Sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de control ( HACCP ) para garantizar la inocuidad alimentaria en una Industria Molinera de trigo,” Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador- Sede Ambat, 2015. [9]G. y P. Ministerio de Agricultura, “Sistemas de gestión de la calidad en el sector agroalimentario.” Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca - Argentina, Argentina, pp. 87–93, 2016. [10]M. Alvarez, “Procedimientos y programas de seguridad alimentaria: HACCP, GMP Control de calidad del agua, zonificación y sanitización alimentaria en la industria de gelatinas,” Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 2006.

Language skills are essential for early childhood, being able to speak clearly and process speech sounds, understand others, express ideas, and interact with others are the building blocks for a child's development. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of the Inside Outside Circle (IOC) instructional strategies with media images on children's language skills. This research is a quasi-experimental design with a posttest only and using a control group. The sample in this study were children in two kindergartens in the village of Banjar Tegal. Data analysis in this study was carried out by quantitative descriptive methods using t-test analysis techniques. The results of this study in kindergarten students in Banjar Tegal Village show that there is an influence of the IOC learning model with picture media on children's language skills (tcount = 6.28> ttable = 2.00). This shows that language skills achieved by groups of children participating in learning with the IOC model with drawing media are better than groups of children who attend learning without the IOC model. The implication is that further research is expected to develop other aspects of child devel- opment through the IOC model. Keywords: Children Language skills, Image media, Inside-Outside Circle Instructional Strategies Reference: Afrida, Ni., & Mahriza, R. (2019). Visual and Cognitive Media : The Language Acquisition of Children With Dyslexia in Aceh. IJLRES - International Journal on Language , Research and Education Studies, 3(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.30575/2017/IJLRES-2019010409 Al Otaiba, S., & Fuchs, D. (2006). Who are the young children for whom best practices in reading are ineffective? An experimental and longitudinal study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(5), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194060390050401 Asrifan, A. (2015). 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1. Introduction This Special Issue (Part 2) expands upon the theme “Building Local Capacity for Long-term Disaster Resilience” presented in Special Issue Part 1 (JDR Volume 5, Number 2, April 2010) by examining the evolving concept of disaster resilience and providing additional reflections upon various aspects of its meaning. Part 1 provided a mixed set of examples of resiliency efforts, ranging from administrative challenges of integrating resilience into recovery to the analysis of hazard mitigation plans directed toward guiding local capability for developing resiliency. Resilience was broadly defined in the opening editorial of Special Issue Part 1 as “the capacity of a community to: 1) survive a major disaster, 2) retain essential structure and functions, and 3) adapt to post-disaster opportunities for transforming community structure and functions to meet new challenges.” In this editorial essay we first explore in Section 2 the history of resilience and then locate it within current academic and policy debates. Section 3 presents summaries of the papers in this issue. 2. Why is Resilience a Contemporary Theme? There is growing scholarly and policy interest in disaster resilience. In recent years, engineers [1], sociologists [2], geographers [3], economists [4], public policy analysts [5, 6], urban planners [7], hazards researchers [8], governments [9], and international organizations [10] have all contributed to the literature about this concept. Some authors view resilience as a mechanism for mitigating disaster impacts, with framework objectives such as resistance, absorption, and restoration [5]. Others, who focus on resiliency indicators, see it as an early warning system to assess community resiliency status [3, 8]. Recently, it has emerged as a component of social risk management that seeks to minimize social welfare loss from catastrophic disasters [6]. Manyena [11] traces scholarly exploration of resilience as an operational concept back at least five decades. Interest in resilience began in the 1940s with studies of children and trauma in the family and in the 1970s in the ecology literature as a useful framework to examine and measure the impact of assault or trauma on a defined eco-system component [12]. This led to modeling resilience measures for a variety of components within a defined ecosystem, leading to the realization that the systems approach to resiliency is attractive as a cross-disciplinary construct. The ecosystem analogy however, has limits when applied to disaster studies in that, historically, all catastrophic events have changed the place in which they occurred and a “return to normalcy” does not occur. This is true for modern urban societies as well as traditional agrarian societies. The adoption of “The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015” (also known as The Hyogo Declaration) provides a global linkage and follows the United Nations 1990s International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction effort. The 2005 Hyogo Declaration’s definition of resilience is: “The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.” The proposed measurement of resilience in the Hyogo Declaration is determined by “the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase this capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures.” While very broad, this definition contains two key concepts: 1) adaptation, and 2) maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure. While adaptation requires certain capacities, maintaining acceptable levels of functioning and structure requires resources, forethought, and normative action. Some of these attributes are now reflected in the 2010 National Disaster Recovery Framework published by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) [13]. With the emergence of this new thinking on resilience related to disasters, it is now a good time to reflect on the concept and assess what has recently been said in the literature. Bruneau et al. [1] offer an engineering sciences definition for community seismic resilience: “The ability of social units (e.g., organizations, communities) to mitigate hazards, contain the effects of disasters when they occur, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption and mitigate the effects of future earthquakes.” Rose [4] writes that resiliency is the ability of a system to recover from a severe shock. He distinguishes two types of resilience: (1) inherent – ability under normal circumstances and (2) adaptive – ability in crisis situations due to ingenuity or extra effort. By opening up resilience to categorization he provides a pathway to establish multi-disciplinary approaches, something that is presently lacking in practice. Rose is most concerned with business disruption which can take extensive periods of time to correct. In order to make resource decisions that lower overall societal costs (economic, social, governmental and physical), Rose calls for the establishment of measurements that function as resource decision allocation guides. This has been done in part through risk transfer tools such as private insurance. However, it has not been well-adopted by governments in deciding how to allocate mitigation resources. We need to ask why the interest in resilience has grown? Manyena [11] argues that the concept of resilience has gained currency without obtaining clarity of understanding, definition, substance, philosophical dimensions, or applicability to disaster management and sustainable development theory and practice. It is evident that the “emergency management model” does not itself provide sufficient guidance for policymakers since it is too command-and-control-oriented and does not adequately address mitigation and recovery. Also, large disasters are increasingly viewed as major disruptions of the economic and social conditions of a country, state/province, or city. Lowering post-disaster costs (human life, property loss, economic advancement and government disruption) is being taken more seriously by government and civil society. The lessening of costs is not something the traditional “preparedness” stage of emergency management has concerned itself with; this is an existing void in meeting the expanding interests of government and civil society. The concept of resilience helps further clarify the relationship between risk and vulnerability. If risk is defined as “the probability of an event or condition occurring [14]#8221; then it can be reduced through physical, social, governmental, or economic means, thereby reducing the likelihood of damage and loss. Nothing can be done to stop an earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclone, hurricane, or other natural event, but the probability of damage and loss from natural and technological hazards can be addressed through structural and non-structural strategies. Vulnerability is the absence of capacity to resist or absorb a disaster impact. Changes in vulnerability can then be achieved by changes in these capacities. In this regard, Franco and Siembieda describe in this issue how coastal cities in Chile had low resilience and high vulnerability to the tsunami generated by the February 2010 earthquake, whereas modern buildings had high resilience and, therefore, were much less vulnerable to the powerful earthquake. We also see how the framework for policy development can change through differing perspectives. Eisner discusses in this issue how local non-governmental social service agencies are building their resilience capabilities to serve target populations after a disaster occurs, becoming self-renewing social organizations and demonstrating what Leonard and Howett [6] term “social resilience.” All of the contributions to this issue illustrate the lowering of disaster impacts and strengthening of capacity (at the household, community or governmental level) for what Alesch [15] terms “post-event viability” – a term reflecting how well a person, business, community, or government functions after a disaster in addition to what they might do prior to a disaster to lessen its impact. Viability might become the definition of recovery if it can be measured or agreed upon. 3. Contents of This Issue The insights provided by the papers in this issue contribute greater clarity to an understanding of resilience, together with its applicability to disaster management. In these papers we find tools and methods, process strategies, and planning approaches. There are five papers focused on local experiences, three on state (prefecture) experiences, and two on national experiences. The papers in this issue reinforce the concept of resilience as a process, not a product, because it is the sum of many actions. The resiliency outcome is the result of multiple inputs from the level of the individual and, at times, continuing up to the national or international organizational level. Through this exploration we see that the “resiliency” concept accepts that people will come into conflict with natural or anthropogenic hazards. The policy question then becomes how to lower the impact(s) of the conflict through “hard or soft” measures (see the Special Issue Part 1 editorial for a discussion of “hard” vs. “soft” resilience). Local level Go Urakawa and Haruo Hayashi illustrate how post-disaster operations for public utilities can be problematic because many practitioners have no direct experience in such operations, noting that the formats and methods normally used in recovery depend on personal skills and effort. They describe how these problems are addressed by creating manuals on measures for effectively implementing post-disaster operations. They develop a method to extract priority operations using business impact analysis (BIA) and project management based business flow diagrams (BFD). Their article effectively illustrates the practical aspects of strengthening the resiliency of public organizations. Richard Eisner presents the framework used to initiate the development and implementation of a process to create disaster resilience in faith-based and community-based organizations that provide services to vulnerable populations in San Francisco, California. A major project outcome is the Disaster Resilience Standard for Community- and Faith-Based Service Providers. This “standard” has general applicability for use by social service agencies in the public and non-profit sectors. Alejandro Linayo addresses the growing issue of technological risk in cities. He argues for the need to understand an inherent conflict between how we occupy urban space and the technological risks created by hazardous chemicals, radiation, oil and gas, and other hazardous materials storage and movement. The paper points out that information and procedural gaps exist in terms of citizen knowledge (the right to know) and local administrative knowledge (missing expertise). Advances and experience accumulated by the Venezuela Disaster Risk Management Research Center in identifying and integrating technological risk treatment for the city of Merida, Venezuela, are highlighted as a way to move forward. L. Teresa Guevara-Perez presents the case that certain urban zoning requirements in contemporary cities encourage and, in some cases, enforce the use of building configurations that have been long recognized by earthquake engineering as seismically vulnerable. Using Western Europe and the Modernist architectural movement, she develops the historical case for understanding discrepancies between urban zoning regulations and seismic codes that have led to vulnerable modern building configurations, and traces the international dissemination of architectural and urban planning concepts that have generated vulnerability in contemporary cities around the world. Jung Eun Kang, Walter Gillis Peacock, and Rahmawati Husein discuss an assessment protocol for Hazard Mitigation Plans applied to 12 coastal hazard zone plans in the state of Texas in the U.S. The components of these plans are systematically examined in order to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. The authors describe an assessment tool, the plan quality score (PQS), composed of seven primary components (vision statement, planning process, fact basis, goals and objectives, inter-organizational coordination, policies & actions, and implementation), as well as a component quality score (CQS). State (Prefecture) level Charles Real presents the Natural Hazard Zonation Policies for Land Use Planning and Development in California in the U.S. California has established state-level policies that utilize knowledge of where natural hazards are more likely to occur to enhance the effectiveness of land use planning as a tool for risk mitigation. Experience in California demonstrates that a combination of education, outreach, and mutually supporting policies that are linked to state-designated natural hazard zones can form an effective framework for enhancing the role of land use planning in reducing future losses from natural disasters. Norio Maki, Keiko Tamura, and Haruo Hayashi present a method for local government stakeholders involved in pre-disaster plan making to describe performance measures through the formulation of desired outcomes. Through a case study approach, Nara and Kyoto Prefectures’ separate experiences demonstrate how to conduct Strategic Earthquake Disaster Reduction Plans and Action Plans that have deep stakeholder buy-in and outcome measurability. Nara’s plan was prepared from 2,015 stakeholder ideas and Kyoto’s plan was prepared from 1,613 stakeholder ideas. Having a quantitative target for individual objectives ensures the measurability of plan progress. Both jurisdictions have undertaken evaluations of plan outcomes. Sandy Meyer, Eugene Henry, Roy E. Wright and Cynthia A. Palmer present the State of Florida in the U.S. and its experience with pre-disaster planning for post-disaster redevelopment. Drawing upon the lessons learned from the impacts of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, local governments and state leaders in Florida sought to find a way to encourage behavior that would create greater community resiliency in 2006. The paper presents initial efforts to develop a post-disaster redevelopment plan (PDRP), including the experience of a pilot county. National level Bo-Yao Lee provides a national perspective: New Zealand’s approach to emergency management, where all hazard risks are addressed through devolved accountability. This contemporary approach advocates collaboration and coordination, aiming to address all hazard risks through the “4Rs” – reduction, readiness, response, and recovery. Lee presents the impact of the Resource Management Act (1991), the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act (2002), and the Building Act (2004) that comprise the key legislation influencing and promoting integrated management for environment and hazard risk management. Guillermo Franco and William Siembieda provide a field assessment of the February 27, 2010, M8.8 earthquake and tsunami event in Chile. The papers present an initial damage and life-loss review and assessment of seismic building resiliency and the country’s rapid updating of building codes that have undergone continuous improvement over the past 60 years. The country’s land use planning system and its emergency management system are also described. The role of insurance coverage reveals problems in seismic coverage for homeowners. The unique role of the Catholic Church in providing temporary shelter and the central government’s five-point housing recovery plan are presented. A weakness in the government’s emergency management system’s early tsunami response system is noted. Acknowledgements The Editorial Committee extends its sincere appreciation to both the contributors and the JDR staff for their patience and determination in making Part 2 of this special issue possible. Thanks also to the reviewers for their insightful analytic comments and suggestions. Finally, the Committee wishes to again thank Bayete Henderson for his keen and thorough editorial assistance and copy editing support.

A videira ou vinha, pertence à família das Vitaceae, subdivididas nas espécies Parthenocissus quinquefólia e Vitis vinífera, sendo esta última utilizada no cultivo de uvas no mundo. Nos próximos anos o consumo de vinho será maior que sua produção, necessitando que a produção da matéria prima seja otimizada. A tecnologia é a ferramenta preponderante nesse processo, trazendo consigo um manejo eficiente a partir da agricultura de precisão. Com intuito de obter indicadores análogos entre as regiões do Vale do São Francisco no Brasil e Vale do Colchagua no Chile, aprimorando o cultivo. Objetiva-se nesse trabalho, caracterizá-las através da análise de seus elementos agronômicos, topográficos, pedológicos e climáticos. O estudo contou com revisão bibliográfica sobre as duas regiões e coleta de dados agrupados em grupos: 1, 2, 3. Onde se discutiu as carências e vantagens agrícolas existentes nas duas regiões, buscando melhoramento do cultivo. Os fatores estudados culminaram numa análise eficiente e provaram sua importância. A agricultura de precisão coloca à disposição da sociedade seus diversos benefícios de forma sustentável.

We present the results of an archaeoastronomical analysis of structures dating from the Inca and early colonial periods in the Mapocho River basin, Chile. Our purpose is to show possible continuities or ruptures in the creation and management of architectural and natural spaces, particularly those linked to the observation of astronomical phenomena with ceremonial and calendrical significance in the Andean world. We focus on Santiago, where we undertook topographical and horizon survey work at the Main Square, Metropolitan Cathedral, San Francisco Church and Santa Lucía Hill, and evaluate documentary and ethnographic sources. Using models developed in cultural astronomy and landscape archaeology, we found these places were ancient observation spots for the Sun and Moon around the solstices, equinoxes and lunar standstills. Sightlines (ceques) may have connected these places to potentially sacred elements of the environment from a central point located in the Main Square (haukaypata).

La mitología es parte fundamental en las cosmovisiones de la especie humana, en donde se ubican la fundación de los pueblos originarios y su desarrollo evolutivo, en el universo simbólico que condensa sus paradigmas. En ese sentido, el presente artículo es parte de los acápites de los hallazgos del trabajo de tesis titulado “Cosmovisiones locales: tradiciones, costumbres y oralitura en las cofradías izalqueñas” para optar al grado de Licenciado en Antropología por la Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. Por lo consiguiente, uno de los objetivos específicos fue inferir, a través de la oralitura izalqueña, la presencia de mitos fundacionales y de creación presentes en las cofradías indígenas de Izalco en torno al relativismo lingüístico. Dicho proceso de tesis de grado se realizó en el periodo comprendido de marzo a noviembre de 2018, en el casco urbano de la ciudad de Izalco, en donde, a través de las siguientes técnicas del método etnográfco el rapport, la entrevista guiada y no dirigida, se realizó el levantamiento de datos cualitativos en sesiones de trabajo con los mayordomos Alonso García, de la cofradía “Padre Eterno”, y don Lipe Pilia Chile, de la cofradía de San Francisco de Asís, así como con Miguel Ángel Palma Gómez, touroperador izalqueño.

En la actualidad, el mundo vive grandes desafíos en materia de salud pública, pero también de encontrar nuevas fórmulas de desarrollo económico. Los sistemas políticos de naciones diversas tienen el reto de encontrar soluciones sostenibles que cumplan con las expectativas de las naciones (Zamorano Farías, 2010). En el presente número de la revista “Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía”, el lector tendrá acceso a once artículos que profundizan sobre temas que son indispensables para encontrar los mecanismos institucionales que permitan una mejor convivencia social entre los individuos que forman parte de una sociedad plural y también entre las naciones. Corresponden a estudios que se han realizado de manera rigurosa y con una examinación de casos que contribuyen a un necesario debate en la academia actual. Al respecto, resulta importante reflexionar sobre el concepto de una democracia de “calidad” en la que O’Donnell, Vargas y Iazzetta (2004) establecieron que existen algunos elementos esenciales que nos permiten hablar de una democracia con contenido. Este concepto, se compone entre otras cosas, por la celebración de elecciones libres, por una verdadera independencia de los medios de comunicación, por contar con índices aceptables en materia de equidad, por el hecho de que la población tenga acceso a una amplia seguridad social y porque las mayorías y minorías se encuentren representadas. Por esa misma razón, es importante que las instituciones puedan convertirse en un mecanismo eficaz que pueda hacer posible que esos ideales de una democracia de calidad se conviertan en una realidad cotidiana. De acuerdo con un estudio de Tusell (2015), algunos de los factores que se encuentran inherentemente relacionados con la calidad de la democracia son la rendición de cuentas y el estado de derecho. En términos generales, este es uno de los principales conceptos que nos concierne en la presente edición: el funcionamiento correcto de los poderes públicos resulta clave en la consolidación de cualquier régimen democrático y en particular, en el de preservar las libertades fundamentales (Barreda, 2010). En materia de mediación, se cuenta con un estudio cualitativo por parte de Roberto Guerrero Vega, de la Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua, quien propone un modelo de evaluación de la calidad al servicio de mediación en México. Es necesario resaltar que son investigaciones como las de Guerrero Vega, las que contribuyen a fijar las bases de una mejoría en la resolución de controversias, las mismas que contribuyen a generar una mejor convivencia social. Precisamente sobre el tema del bienestar, es que Francisco Gorjón Gómez, de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (México), nos presenta un trabajo que permite corroborar la presencia de la mediación como un instrumento para lograr el bienestar colectivo. En cuanto al análisis jurídico, se presentan las indagaciones de Yahaira Berenice Martínez-Pérez, Brenda Judith Sauceda-Villeda y María Salomé Moreno-Rodríguez de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (México), quienes argumentan a favor de una reforma jurídica que protega a los sectores más vulnerables. Además se cuenta con la participación de Jose Luis Leal Espinosa, de la Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (México), quien también argumenta de manera sólida en torno a la necesidad de concretar mecanismos institucionales que garanticen el derecho a la información. En materia educativa, contamos con las destacadas participaciones de Fabio Orlando Cruz Paez y Oswaldo Vanegas Florez de la Universidad de Cundinamarca (Colombia) y el caso de Fernando Cárdenas Cabello del Centro Universitario CIFE (México), quienes nos exponen sobre el proceso de vigilancia tecnológica y su incidencia en la cultura organizacional de una prestigiada universidad colombiana en el primer caso, mientras que en el segundo se examina la adecuación de la política industrial 4.0 en la transición de un gobierno a otro, basado en el análisis del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. También los investigadores de la Universidad de la Costa, Greys Nuñez Ríos, Kadry García Mendoza, Judith Castillo Martelo y Nevis Niño-Jiménez quienes realizan un estudio sobre una intervención comunitaria de cómo se puede motivar a los ciudadanos a participar en actividades que contribuyan a la paz. En materia geopolítica, esta edición cuenta con dos productos notables: El análisis de la relación de la Alianza del Pacífico, que conforma México, Perú, Chile y Colombia, con la República Popular China, que realiza el investigador de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (México), Flavio Rafael González-Ayala. El lector también puede consultar la investigación interinstitucional de José María Ramos García (El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, México), Carlos Barrachina Lisón (Universidad Anáhuac, México) y Jimmy Emmanuel Ramos (Universidad Autónoma de Baja California), quienes ponderan sobre los retos de la frontera sur de México, en cuanto a su importancia en su relación con Estados Unidos. Por último, la edición cuenta con contribuciones internacionales notables sobre temas actuales y también, de una introspección de la evolución de un partido político que ha sido fundamental para la democracia española: En ellos se encuentra reflejado el compromiso de la revista Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía de difundir proyectos de investigación de temas vigentes, así como aquellos que contienen una oportuna revisión histórica. En lo relacionado al tema se encuentra con una vigencia oportuna, el trabajo de Juan Sebastián Sánchez Gómez (Universidad de los Andes, Colombia) quien expone el caso del estado de excepción decretado en Colombia a partir de la pandemia de coronavirus. En el caso de Borja García-Vázquez (Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León), se realiza un amplio recorrido del Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), desde un año antes de la muerte de Francisco Franco, al año de su primera derrota electoral a nivel nacional, después de detentar el poder por 14 años consecutivos. En síntesis, el fascículo 6(12) cuenta con artículos de investigadores de prestigio, de centros educativos también destacados, que reflexionan de temas fundamentales que refuezan las líneas de investigación vigentes en materia de geopolítica, mediación, estado de derecho y política educativa. Por lo tanto nuestra intención es contribuir al intercambio permanente en materia de investigación de calidad, es por esto que esperamos que los académicos que consulten esta edición puedan encontrar información que les sea de utilidad en sus propias indagaciones.

Tepeapulco, región en perspectiva es un trabajo colectivo coordinado por Manuel Alberto Morales Damián, investigador de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo y fue publicado por la misma casa de estudios en coedición con Plaza y Valdés Editores en el año de 2010. La obra es una muy bien estructurada compilación de nueve artí­culos o capí­tulos, desarrollados por otros tantos investigadores y académicos de la UAEH y, en el caso de Angélica Galicia Gordillo, del Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El texto se encauza puntalmente en el devenir histórico y antropológico del importante municipio hidalguense y su entorno geográfico. Los temas están relacionados con la arqueoastronomí­a, historia social, historia polí­tica, historia del arte, historia de las mentalidades e historia de la religión; las épocas revisadas son la prehispánica, colonial e independiente. El contenido de este gran estudio interdisciplinario es el siguiente: Configuración territorial de Tepeapulco fue realizado por Angélica Galicia Gordillo en el que expone las coordenadas y extensión del poblado que nos ocupa y que significa en español ”Cerro rodeado”. Nos actualiza sobre las instituciones coloniales como las encomiendas, corregimientos y repartimientos para desembocar en las haciendas que eran unidades económicas autosuficientes organizadas en torno a la casa y la iglesia de la hacienda. Nos describe un cuadro muy completo de las haciendas y ranchos de Tepeapulco. Finaliza con la organización polí­tica de las doce intendencias de la Nueva España. Arqueoastronomia prehispánica en Tepeapulco, el calendario de horizonte fue escrito por Sergio Sánchez Vázquez y Ricardo Salinas en el 1 Maestro en Historia, Instituto Nacional de Antropologí­a e Historia, alvaavi@hotmail.com e subraya que la arqueoastronomí­a es un estudio multidisciplinario en el cual participan la astronomí­a, la arqueologí­a, las matemáticas, la etnohistoria, la etnografí­a, la lingüí­stica y la iconografí­a entre otras. La cosmovisión y arquitectura prehispánica tení­an fuertes influencias de los fenómenos naturales cí­clicos y de algunos cuerpos celestes de los cuales para tener registros confiables, se construyeron algunos observatorios como el de Xihuingo con el que perfeccionaron su sistema calendárico. La metodologí­a de Sánchez Vázquez y Salinas consistió en hacer un registro fotográfico digital durante un año para estudiar el comportamiento del sol respecto a ciertos elementos naturales y artificiales, es decir el calendario de horizonte. Entre las deducciones que presenta el artí­culo es la suposición de que el basamento piramidal probablemente se construyó en invierno. En otras palabras, el edificio prehispánico es solsticial. Las viñetas de las 18 fiestas del año en los primeros memoriales fue desarrollado por Gabriel Espinosa Pineda y en él nos aclara que los documentos que fray Bernardino de Sahagún recopiló en Tepeapulco se conocen como Códices Matritenses o Primeros Memoriales; a las imágenes de estos códices se les identifica como viñetas porque están distribuidas entre el texto; se trata de obras pictóricas que desarrollan un discurso independiente sobre las fiestas o veintenas rituales del año. Muchas viñetas destacan el sacrificio de un personificador de la deidad con el fin de hacer renacer a ésta. Entre las ceremonias encontramos la de Atlcahualco, Tozontontli, Toxcatl, Ochpanzitli y catorce fiestas más. El objeto de estudio es la identificación de todos los elementos que intervienen en la composición visual. El autor nos da algunas hipótesis sobre personajes y elementos. Menciona entre otros al singular Caballero Coyote. Nos informa también que el dibujo debe leerse de arriba hacia abajo y en un sentido contrario a las manecillas del reloj. El ayuno de tamales de agua, iconografí­a de la lámina de Atamalcualiztli lo firma Manuel Alberto Morales Damián. Se refiere a una festividad religiosa nativa celebrada cada ocho años que se ha propuesto, se hací­a en honor del nacimiento de Cintéotl-Venus. La deliciosa lectura gira en torno a la lámina de Atamalcualiztli que viene en el folio 254 del códice matritense del Palacio Real de Madrid. Morales nos ofrece algunas reflexiones sobre el lenguaje visual utilizado en la lámina. Debemos enfatizar que el libro que reseñamos está profusamente ilustrado, lo que nos permite cotejar el texto con las imágenes referidas. La lámina es un retrato mestizo, es decir que tiene intercambios, contradicciones y fusiones entre el pensamiento indí­gena y el europeo. La escena representa una danza que se acompaña con cantos que se hace en honor a Tláloc. Los testimonios alimentarios recopilados por fray Bernardino de Sahagún, alimento de dioses y alimento de hombres de Raquel Ofelia Barceló Quintal, en donde nos departe sobre un sistema alimentario antes y después de la llegada de los españoles. Nos dice que el ciclo del maí­z era comparado con el ciclo de vida del hombre. En tanto que a los dioses se les calmaba el apetito con ofrendas de sangre y con olores de alimentos como pulque, tamales, atoles, chocolate y guisos o moles. Los cuatro cultivos básicos eran: maí­z, frijol, calabaza y chile, aunque también aprovecharon otras plantas y algunos animales. Población indí­gena en la jurisdicción de Tepeapulco en el siglo XVI: encomienda, tributo y trabajo, firmado por Francisco Luis Jiménez Abollado y Verenice Cipatli Ramí­rez Calva. En él, los autores nos señalan que hacia el año de 1800 Tepeapulco, Apan y Tlanalapa eran todaví­a pueblos de indios. En la región, debido a sus grandes llanuras, se desarrolló de manera significativa la ganaderí­a, lo que dio paso a la hacienda, la unidad productora y base de la configuración regional donde nació la famosa tienda de raya. Una aproximación al catolicismo popular en Tepeapulco: dos parroquias coincidencias y diferencias es de Rosalba Francisca Ponce Riveros quien en su texto discierne sobre la búsqueda de trascendencia o el sentido de vida que de alguna forma procuran las religiones y que son el puente entre el hombre y lo sagrado. Así­ encontramos dos parroquias en Tepeapulco: La de San Francisco y la de Santa Marí­a de Guadalupe, la primera católica tradicional y la segunda adscrita al Sistema Integral de la Nueva Evangelización. La autora nos explica de manera muy detallada, amena y convincente, las diferencias entre una y otra. La experiencia industrial en la planicie pulquera: continuidades y rupturas de Adriana Gómez Aiza, en donde nos refiere la ubicación geográfica de la Altiplanicie Pulquera que junto al Valle de Tulancingo y la Comarca Minera forman parte de la Cuenca de México. Nos expone razonadamente los motivos y porqués, se eligió al Valle de Irolo como asiento para el complejo industrial de Ciudad Sahagún que en su momento fue un prototipo a nivel nacional e internacional. Aporta, además, una explicación financiera, económica y social de cómo se llegó al estado actual de crisis. De los corredores turí­sticos a los itinerarios culturales: la región de Tepeapulco como modelo de Natalia Moragas Segura. Estupendo trabajo en donde nos señala varios conceptos como el polémico: valor de uso de un bien patrimonial. Dice que si molesta la palabra ”Uso” deberá entonces decirse ”La incorporación del bien dentro de las dinámicas culturales y sociales”. Propone como alternativa del turismo de playa y sol al turismo cultural. Nos sugiere que debe existir una estrecha colaboración entre el órgano nacional y las entidades federativas para lograr el desarrollo sustentado y propone que se debe remodelar el corredor de Tepeapulco y canalizar la inversión local a un turismo familiar y rural, tareas que corresponden entre otros, al gestor cultural. En definitiva, el libro que se comenta es una excelente monografí­a que se disfruta y agradece mucho, porque llena un hueco muy considerable de la historia regional del estado de Hidalgo y que se ha convertido ya, en un texto clásico de consulta obligada.

PREFACEThe articles of this supplement resulted from the 5 th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society held in São Paulo city, Brazil, at the Convention Center of the Transamérica Hotel, from 28 th September to 2 nd of October 1997. The participants of the Round Table Discussions on “Mean Sea Level Changes Along the Brazilian Coast” were Dr. Denizar Blitzkow, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, (POLI-USP), Prof. Dr. Waldenir Veronese Furtado, Institute of Oceanography (IO-USP), Dr. Joseph Harari (IO-USP), Dr. Roberto Teixeira from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and the invited coordinator Prof. Dr. Afrânio Rubens de Mesquita (IO-USP). Soon after the first presentation of the IBGE representative, on the efforts of his Institute regarding sea level matters, it became clear that, apart from a M.Sc. Thesis of Mesquita (1968) and the contributions of Johannenssen (1967), Mesquita et al. (1986) and Mesquita et al. (1994), little was known by the participants, about the history of the primordial sea level measurements along the Brazilian coast, one of the objectives of the meeting. So, following the strong recommendations of the Table participants, a short review on the early Brazilian sea level measurements was planned for a much needed general historical account on the topic. For this purpose, several researchers such as The Commander Frederico Corner Bentes, Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy, Ms. Maria Helena Severo (DHN) and Eng. Jose Antonio dos Santos, National Institute of Ports and Rivers (INPH), long involved with the national sea level measurements were asked to present their views. Promptly, they all provided useful information on the ports and present difficulties with the Brazilian Law relative to the “Terrenos de Marinha” (Sea/Land Limits). Admiral Max Justo Guedes of the General Documentation Service (SDG) of the Brazilian Navy gave an account of the first “Roteiros”– Safe ways to approach the cities (ports) of that time by the sea –, written by the Portuguese navigators in the XVI Century, on the newly found land of “Terra de Santa Cruz”, Brazil’s first given name. Admiral Dr. Alberto Dos Santos Franco (IO-USP/DHN) gave information on the first works on sea level analysis published by the National Observatory (ON) Scientists, Belford Vieira (1928) and Lemos (1928). In a visit to ON, which belongs to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CNPq) and after a thorough discussion on sea level matters in Brazil, Dr. Luiz Muniz Barreto showed the Library Museum, where the Tide Predictor machine, purchased from England, in the beginning of the XX century, is well kept and preserved. Afterwards, Dr. Mauro de Andrade Sousa of ON, sent a photography (Fig. 1) of the Kelvin machine (the same Kelvin of the Absolute Temperature), a tide predictor firstly used in the Country by ON to produce Tide Tables. From 1964 until now, the astronomical prediction of Tides (Tide Tables) for most of the Brazilian ports is produced using computer software and published by the DHN. Before the 5 th International Congress of Geophysics, the Global Observing Sea Level System (GLOSS), a program of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, had already offered a Training Course on sea level matters, in 1993 at IO-USP (IOC. 1999) and, six years later, a Training Workshop was also given at IO-USP in 1999 (IOC. 2000). Several participants of the Portuguese and Spanish speaking countries of the Americas and Africa (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mozambique, Uruguay, Peru, São Tome and Principe and Venezuela) were invited to take part in the Course and Workshop, under the auspices of the IOC. During the Training Course of 1993, Dr. David Pugh, Director of GLOSS, proposed to publish a Newsletter for sea level matters as a FORUM of the involved countries. The Newsletter, after the approval of the IOC Chairman at the time, Dr. Albert Tolkachev, ended up as the Afro America GLOSS News (AAGN). The newsletter had its first Edition published by IO-USP and was paper-printed up to its 4 th Edition. After that, under the registration Number ISSN: 1983-0319, from the CNPq and the new forum of GLOSS, which the Afro-American Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries already had, started to be disseminated only electronically. Currently on its 15 th Edition, the News Letter can be accessed on: www.mares.io.usp.br, Icon Afro America GLOSS News (AAGN),the electronic address of the “Laboratory of Tides and Oceanic Temporal Processes” (MAPTOLAB) of IO-USP, where other contributions on Brazilian sea level, besides the ones given in this Supplement, can also be found. The acronym GLOSS identifies the IOC program, which aims to produce an overall global long-term sea level data set from permanent measuring stations, distributed in ocean islands and all over the continental borders about 500 Km on average apart from each other, covering evenly both Earth hemispheres. The program follows the lines of the Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), a Service established in 1933 by the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO), which, however, has a much stronger and denser sea level data contribution from countries of the Northern Hemisphere. The Service receives and organizes sea level data sent by all countries with maritime borders, members of the United Nations (UN) and freely distributes the data to interested people, on the site http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl. The Permanent Station of Cananeia, Brazil, which has the GLOSS number 194 together with several other permanent stations (San Francisco, USA, Brest, France and many others), belongs to a chosen group of stations (Brazil has 9 GLOSS Stations) prepared to produce real time sea level, accompanied by gravity, GPS and meteorological high quality data measurements, aiming to contribute for a strictly reliable “in situ” data knowledge regarding the Global Earth sea level variability. Following the recommendations of the Round Table for a search of the first historical events, it was found that sea level measurements started in the Brazilian coast in 1781. The year when the Portuguese astronomer Sanches Dorta came to the Southern oceans, interested in studying the attraction between masses, applied to the oceanic tides a fundamental global law discovered by Isaak Newton in the seventeenth century. Nearly a hundred years later the Law was confirmed by Henry Cavendish. Another nearly hundred years passed and a few years after the transfer of the Portuguese Crown from Europe to Brazil, in 1808, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was occupied, in 1831, for the first systematic sea level measurements ever performed on the Brazilian coast. The one year recorded tidal signal, showing a clear semidiurnal tide is kept nowadays in the Library of the Directory of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy. After the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889, systematic sea level measurements at several ports along the coast were organized and established by the Port Authorities precursors of INPH. Sea level analyses based on these measurements were made by Belford Vieira (op. cit.) and Lemos (op. cit.) of the aforementioned National Observatory (ON), and the Institute of the National Council of Research and Technology (CNPq), which gave the knowledge of tides and tidal analysis a valuable boost at that time. For some reason, the measurements of 1831 were included into the Brazilian Federal law No. 9760 of 1946, to serve as the National Reference (NR) for determining the sea/land limits of the “Terrenos de Marinha”, and inadvertently took it as if it were a fixed and permanent level along the years, which is known today to be untrue. Not only for this reason, but also for the fact that the datum, the reference level (RL) in the Port of Rio de Janeiro, to which the measurements of 1831 were referred to, was lost, making the 1946 Law inapplicable nowadays. The recommendations of the Round Table participants seemed to have been providential for the action which was taken, in order to solve these unexpected events. A method for recovering the 1831 limits of high waters, referred by Law 9760, was produced recently and is shown in this supplement. It is also shown the first attempt to identify, on the coast of São Paulo State, from the bathymetry of the marine charts produced by DHN, several details of the bottom of the shelf area. The Paleo Rivers and terraces covered by the most recent de-glaciation period, which started about 20,000 years ago, were computationally uncovered from the charts, showing several paleo entrances of rivers and other sediment features of the shelf around “Ilha Bela”, an island off the coast of S˜ao Sebastião. Another tidal analysis contribution, following the first studies of ON scientists, but now using computer facilities and the Fast Fourier Transform for tidal analysis, developed by Franco and Rock (1971), is also shown in this Supplement. Estimates of Constituents amplitudes as M2 and S2 seem to be decreasing along the years. In two ports of the coast this was effective, as a consequence of tidal energy being transferred from the astronomical Tide Generator Potential (PGM), created basically by the Sun and the Moon, to nonlinear components generated by tidal currents in a process of continuously modifying the beaches, estuarine borders and the shelf area. A study on the generation of nonlinear tidal components, also envisaged by Franco (2009) in his book on tides, seems to be the answer to some basic questions of this field of knowledge. Harari & Camargo (1994) worked along the same lines covering the entire South Eastern Shelf. As for Long Term Sea Level Trends, the sea level series produced by the National Institute of Research for Ports and Rivers (INPH), with the 10 years series obtained by the Geodetic Survey of USA, in various Brazilian ports, together with the sea level series of Cananeia of IO-USP, allowed the first estimation of Brazil’s long term trend, as about 30 cm/cty. A study comparing this value with the global value of sea level variation obtained from the PSMSL data series, shows that among the positively and negatively trended global tidal series, the Brazilian series are well above the mean global trend value of about 18 cm/cty. This result was communicated to IAPSO in the 1987 meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. In another attempt to decipher the long term sea level contents of these series, the correlation values, as a measure of collinearity and proximity values, as well as the distance of the yearly mean data values of sea level to the calculated regression line, are shown to be invariant with rotation of the Cartesian axes in this Supplement. Not following the recommendations of the Round Table but for the completeness of this Preface, these values, estimated from the Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level data, with the Brazilian series included, allowed the definition of a function F, which, being also invariant with axis rotation, seems to measure the sort of characteristic state of variability of each sea level series. The plot of F values against the corresponding trend values of the 60 to 100 year-long PSMSL series is shown in Figure 2. This plot shows positive values of F reaching the 18 cm/cty, in good agreement with the recent International Panel for Climate Changes (IPCC) estimated global value. However, the negative side of the Figure also shows other values of F giving other information, which is enigmatic and is discussed in Mesquita (2004). For the comprehensiveness of this Preface and continuation of the subjects, although not exactly following the discussions of the Round Table, other related topics were developed since the 5th Symposium in 1997, for the extreme sea level events. They were estimated for the port of Cananeia, indicating average values of 2.80 m above mean sea level, which appears to be representative of the entire Brazilian coast and probable to occur within the next hundred years, as shown by Franco et al. (2007). Again for completeness, the topic on the steric and halosteric sea levels has also been talked about a lot after the 1997 reunion. Prospects of further studies on the topic rely on proposed oceanographic annual section measurements on the Southeastern coast, “The Capricorn Section,” aimed at estimating the variability and the long term steric and halosteric sea levels contributions, as expressed in Mesquita (2009). These data and the time series measurements (sea level, GPS, meteorology and gravity), already taken at Cananeia and Ubatuba research Stations, both near the Tropic of Capricorn, should allow to locally estimate the values of almost all basic components of the sea level over the Brazilian Southeastern area and perhaps also of the whole South Atlantic, allowing for quantitative studies on their composition, long term variability and their climatic influence.

In Victorian times, when female travel narratives were read as excursions rather than expeditions, it was common for women authors to preface their travels with an apology. “What this book wants,” begins Mary Kingsley’s Travels in West Africa, “is not a simple preface but an apology, and a very brilliant and convincing one at that” (4). This tendency of the woman writer to depreciate her travel with an acknowledgment of its presumptuousness crafted her apology essentially as an admission of guilt. “Where I have offered my opinions,” Isabella Bird writes in The Englishwoman in America, “I have done so with extreme diffidence, giving impressions rather than conclusions” (2). While Elizabeth Howells has since argued the apologetic preface was in fact an opposing strategy that allowed women writers to assert their authority by averting it, it is certainly telling of the time and genre that a female writer could only defend her work by first excusing it. The personal apology may have emerged as the natural response to social restrictions but it has not been without consequence for female travel. The female position, often constructed as communal, is still problematised in contemporary travel texts. While there has been a traceable shift from apology to affirmation since the first women travellers abandoned their embroidery, it seems some sense of lingering culpability still remains. In many ways, the modern female traveller, like the early lady traveller, is still a displaced woman. She still sets out cautiously, guide book in hand. Often she writes, like the female confessant, in an attempt to recover what Virginia Woolf calls “the lives of the obscure”: those found locked in old diaries, stuffed away in old drawers or simply unrecorded (44). Often she speaks insistently of the abstract things which Kingsley, ironically, wrote so easily and extensively about. She is, however, even when writing from within the confines of her own home, still writing from abroad. Women’s solitary or “unescorted” travel, even in contemporary times, is considered less common in the Western world, with recurrent travel warnings constantly targeted at female travellers. Travelling women are always made aware of the limits of their body and its vulnerabilities. Mary Morris comments on “the fear of rape, for example, whether crossing the Sahara or just crossing a city street at night” (xvii). While a certain degree of danger always exists in travel for men and women alike and while it is inevitable that some of those risks are gender-specific, travel is frequently viewed as far more hazardous for women. Guide books, travel magazines and online advice columns targeted especially at female readers are cramped with words of concern and caution for women travellers. Often, the implicit message that women are too weak and vulnerable to travel is packaged neatly into “a cache of valuable advice” with shocking anecdotes and officious chapters such as “Dealing with Officials”, “Choosing Companions” or “If You Become a Victim” (Swan and Laufer vii). As these warnings are usually levelled at white, middle to upper class women who have the freedom and financing to travel, the question arises as to what is really at risk when women take to the road. It seems the usual dialogue between issues of mobility and issues of safety can be read more complexly as confusions between questions of mobility and morality. As Kristi Siegel explains, “among the various subtexts embedded in these travel warnings is the long-held fear of ‘women on the loose’” (4). According to Karen Lawrence, travel has always entailed a “risky and rewardingly excessive” terrain for women because of the historical link between wandering and promiscuity (240). Paul Hyland has even suggested that the nature of travel itself is “gloriously” promiscuous: “the shifting destination, arrival again and again, the unknown possessed, the quest for an illusory home” (211). This construction of female travel as a desire to wander connotes straying behaviours that are often cast in sexual terms. The identification of these traits in early criminological research, such as 19th century studies of cacogenic families, is often linked to travel in a broad sense. According to Nicolas Hahn’s study, Too Dumb to Know Better, contributors to the image of the “bad” woman frequently cite three traits as characteristic. “First, they have pictured her as irresolute and all too easily lead. Second, they have usually shown her to be promiscuous and a good deal more lascivious than her virtuous sister. Third, they have often emphasised the bad woman’s responsibility for not only her own sins, but those of her mate and descendents as well” (3). Like Eve, who wanders around the edge of the garden, the promiscuous woman has long been said to have a wandering disposition. Interestingly, however, both male and female travel writers have at different times and for dissimilar reasons assumed hermaphroditic identities while travelling. The female traveller, for example, may assume the figure of “the observer” or “the reporter with historical and political awareness”, while the male traveller may feminise his behaviours to confront inevitabilities of confinement and mortality (Fortunati, Monticelli and Ascari 11). Female travellers such as Alexandra David-Neel and Isabelle Eberhardt who ventured out of the home and cross-dressed for safety or success, deliberately and fully appropriated traditional roles of the male sex. Often, this attempt by female wanderers to fulfil their own intentions in cognito evaded their dismissal as wild and unruly women and asserted their power over those duped by their disguise. Those women who did travel openly into the world were often accused of flaunting the gendered norms of female decorum with their “so-called unnatural and inappropriate behaviour” (Siegel 3). The continued harnessing of this cultural taboo by popular media continues to shape contemporary patterns of female travel. In fact, as a result of perceived connections between wandering and danger, the narrative of the woman traveller often emerges as a self-conscious fiction where “the persona who emerges on the page is as much a character as a woman in a novel” (Bassnett 234). This process of self-fictionalising converts the travel writing into a graph of subliminal fears and desires. In Tracks, for example, which is Robyn Davidson’s account of her solitary journey by camel across the Australian desert, Davidson shares with her readers the single, unvarying warning she received from the locals while preparing for her expedition. That was, if she ventured into the desert alone without a guide or male accompaniment, she would be attacked and raped by an Aboriginal man. In her opening pages, Davidson recounts a conversation in the local pub when one of the “kinder regulars” warns her: “You ought to be more careful, girl, you know you’ve been nominated by some of these blokes as the next town rape case” (19). “I felt really frightened for the first time,” Davidson confesses (20). Perhaps no tale better depicts this gendered troubling than the fairytale of Little Red Riding Hood. In the earliest versions of the story, Little Red outwits the Wolf with her own cunning and escapes without harm. By the time the first printed version emerges, however, the story has dramatically changed. Little Red now falls for the guise of the Wolf, and tricked by her captor, is eaten without rescue or escape. Charles Perrault, who is credited with the original publication, explains the moral at the end of the tale, leaving no doubt to its intended meaning. “From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers, and it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner” (77). Interestingly, in the Grimm Brothers’ version which emerges two centuries later an explicit warning now appears in the tale, in the shape of the mother’s instruction to “walk nicely and quietly, and not run off the path” (144). This new inclusion sanitises the tale and highlights the slippages between issues of mobility and morality. Where Little Red once set out with no instruction not to wander, she is now told plainly to stay on the path; not for her own safety but for implied matters of virtue. If Little Red strays while travelling alone she risks losing her virginity and, of course, her virtue (Siegel 55). Essentially, this is what is at stake when Little Red wanders; not that she will get lost in the woods and be unable to find her way, but that in straying from the path and purposefully disobeying her mother, she will no longer be “a dear little girl” (Grimm 144). In the Grimms’ version, Red Riding Hood herself critically reflects on her trespassing from the safe space of the village to the dangerous world of the forest and makes a concluding statement that demonstrates she has learnt her lesson. “As long as I live, I will never by myself leave the path, to run into the wood, when my mother has forbidden me to do so” (149). Red’s message to her female readers is representative of the social world’s message to its women travellers. “We are easily distracted and disobedient, we are not safe alone in the woods (travelling off the beaten path); we are fairly stupid; we get ourselves into trouble; and we need to be rescued by a man” (Siegel 56). As Siegel explains, even Angela Carter’s Red Riding Hood, who bursts out laughing when the Wolf says “all the better to eat you with” for “she knew she was nobody’s meat” (219), still shocks readers when she uses her virginity to take power over the voracious Wolf. In Carter’s world “children do not stay young for long,” and Little Red, who has her knife and is “afraid of nothing”, is certainly no exception (215). Yet in the end, when Red seduces the Wolf and falls asleep between his paws, there is still a sense this is a twist ending. As Siegel explains, “even given the background Carter provides in the story’s beginning, the scene startles. We knew the girl was strong, independent, and armed. However, the pattern of woman-alone-travelling-alone-helpless-alone-victim is so embedded in our consciousness we are caught off guard” (57). In Roald Dahl’s revolting rhyme, Little Red is also awarded agency, not through sexual prerogative, but through the enactment of traits often considered synonymous with male bravado: quick thinking, wit and cunning. After the wolf devours Grandmamma, Red pulls a pistol from her underpants and shoots him dead. “The small girl smiles. One eyelid flickers. She whips a pistol from her knickers. She aims it at the creature’s head and bang bang bang, she shoots him dead” (lines 48—51). In the weeks that follow Red’s triumph she even takes a trophy, substituting her red cloak for a “furry wolfskin coat” (line 57). While Dahl subverts female stereotypes through Red’s decisive action and immediacy, there is still a sense, perhaps heightened by the rhyming couplets, that we are not to take the shooting seriously. Instead, Red’s girrrl-power is an imagined celebration; it is something comical to be mused over, but its shock value lies in its impossibility; it is not at all believable. While the sexual overtones of the tale have become more explicit in contemporary film adaptations such as David Slade’s Hard Candy and Catherine Hardwicke’s Red Riding Hood, the question that arises is what is really at threat, or more specifically who is threatened, when women travel off the well-ordered path of duty. As this problematic continues to surface in discussions of the genre, other more nuanced readings have also distorted the purpose and practice of women’s travel. Some psychoanalytical theorists, for example, have adopted Freud’s notion of travel as an escape from the family, particularly the father figure. In his essay A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis, Freud explains how his own longing to travel was “a wish to escape from that pressure, like the force which drives so many adolescent children to run away from home” (237). “When one first catches sight of the sea,” Freud writes, “one feels oneself like a hero who has performed deeds of improbable greatness” (237). The inherent gender trouble with such a reading is the suggestion women only move in search of a quixotic male figure, “fleeing from their real or imaginary powerful fathers and searching for an idealised and imaginary ‘loving father’ instead” (Berger 55). This kind of thinking reduces the identities of modern women to fragile, unfinished selves, whose investment in travel is always linked to recovering or resisting a male self. Such readings neglect the unique history of women’s travel writing as they dismiss differences in the male and female practice and forget that “travel itself is a thoroughly gendered category” (Holland and Huggan 111). Freud’s experience of travel, for example, his description of feeling like a “hero” who has achieved “improbable greatness” is problematised by the female context, since the possibility arises that women may travel with different e/motions and, indeed, motives to their male counterparts. For example, often when a female character does leave home it is to escape an unhappy marriage, recover from a broken heart or search for new love. Elizabeth Gilbert’s best selling travelogue, Eat, Pray, Love (which spent 57 weeks at the number one spot of the New York Times), found its success on the premise of a once happily married woman who, reeling from a contentious divorce, takes off around the world “in search of everything” (1). Since its debut, the novel has been accused of being self-absorbed and sexist, and even branded by the New York Post as “narcissistic New Age reading, curated by Winfrey” (Callahan par 13). Perhaps most interesting for discussions of travel morality, however, is Bitch magazine’s recent article Eat, Pray, Spend, which suggests that the positioning of the memoir as “an Everywoman’s guide to whole, empowered living” typifies a new literature of privilege that excludes “all but the most fortunate among us from participating” (Sanders and Barnes-Brown par 7). Without seeking to limit the novel with separatist generalisations, the freedoms of Elizabeth Gilbert (a wealthy, white American novelist) to leave home and to write about her travels afterwards have not always been the freedoms of all women. As a result of this problematic, many contemporary women mark out alternative patterns of movement when travelling, often moving deliberately in a variety of directions and at varying paces, in an attempt to resist their placelessness in the travel genre and in the mappable world. As Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, speaking of Housekeeping’s Ruthie and Sylvie, explains, “they do not travel ever westward in search of some frontier space, nor do they travel across great spaces. Rather, they circle, they drift, they wander” (199). As a result of this double displacement, women have to work twice as hard to be considered credible travellers, particularly since travel is traditionally a male discursive practice. In this tradition, the male is often constructed as the heroic explorer while the female is mapped as a place on his itinerary. She is a point of conquest, a land to be penetrated, a site to be mapped and plotted, but rarely a travelling equal. Annette Kolodny considers this metaphor of “land-as-woman” (67) in her seminal work, The Lay of the Land, in which she discusses “men’s impulse to alter, penetrate and conquer” unfamiliar space (87). Finally, it often emerges that even when female travel focuses specifically on an individual or collective female experience, it is still read in opposition to the long tradition of travelling men. In their introduction to Amazonian, Dea Birkett and Sara Wheeler maintain the primary difference between male and female travel writers is that “the male species” has not become extinct (vii). The pair, who have theorised widely on New Travel Writing, identify some of the myths and misconceptions of the female genre, often citing their own encounters with androcentrism in the industry. “We have found that even when people are confronted by a real, live woman travel writer, they still get us wrong. In the time allowed for questions after a lecture, we are regularly asked, ‘Was that before you sailed around the world or after?’ even though neither of us has ever done any such thing” (xvii). The obvious bias in such a comment is an archaic view of what qualifies as “good” travel and a preservation of the stereotypes surrounding women’s intentions in leaving home. As Birkett and Wheeler explain, “the inference here is that to qualify as travel writers women must achieve astonishing and record-breaking feats. Either that, or we’re trying to get our hands down some man’s trousers. One of us was once asked by the president of a distinguished geographical institution, ‘What made you go to Chile? Was it a guy?’” (xviii). In light of such comments, there remain traceable difficulties for contemporary female travel. As travel itself is inherently gendered, its practice has often been “defined by men according to the dictates of their experience” (Holland and Huggan 11). As a result, its discourse has traditionally reinforced male prerogatives to wander and female obligations to wait. Even the travel trade itself, an industry that often makes its profits out of preying on fear, continues to shape the way women move through the world. While the female traveller then may no longer preface her work with an explicit apology, there are still signs she is carrying some historical baggage. It is from this site of trouble that new patterns of female travel will continue to emerge, distinguishably and defiantly, towards a much more colourful vista of general misrule. References Bassnett, Susan. “Travel Writing and Gender.” The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, eds. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. 225-40. Berger, Arthur Asa. Deconstructing Travel: Cultural Perspectives on Tourism. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 2004. Bird, Isabella. The Englishwoman in America. London: John Murray, 1856. Birkett, Dea, and Sara Wheeler, eds. 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