Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sanction in the article

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Sanction in the article'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sanction in the article"

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Tikhonova, S. S., and A. I. Kokunov. "MODELS OF ARTICLE SANCTIONS OF THE SPECIAL PART OF CODIFIED CRIMINAL LAW FOR MINOR OFFENCE CRIMES: MODERN LAW-TECNICAL THEORY AND LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 6 (2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-241-247.

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Possible models of article sanctions of the special part of codified criminal law for minor offence crimes w are presented. Sanctions prescribing one main punishment are single. Sanctions prescribing several main punishments are alternative. Single sanctions can theoretically have 3 types: single sanction with imprisonment; single sanction without imprisonment with more lenient punishment; single sanction without imprisonment with more strict punishment. Alternative sanctions can be subdivided on alternative sanction with imprisonment and lowering alternative; alternative sanction with imprisonment and raising alternative. According to principle of criminal law justice crimes of various category should have various sanction models with different qualitative characteristics. On the basis of this adoption, analysis of modern legislative practice and provisions of criminal and legal doctrine recommendations about crime sanctions for minor offence are formulated. According to these recommendations minor offence crimes can be single and have more lenient punishments than imprisonment or alternative without imprisonment with the lowering alternative or with imprisonment and the lowering alternative. At the same time it is necessary to say that single sanction can include only universal type of punishment. Thus, penalty can be used for single sanctions designing of minor offence crimes.
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Redman, Jamie. "The Benefit Sanction: A Correctional Device or a Weapon of Disgust?" Sociological Research Online 25, no. 1 (2019): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780419851132.

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The benefit sanction is a dominant activation policy in Britain’s ‘welfare-to-work’ regime. While policymakers believe in their necessity to correct behaviour, research shows benefit sanctions cause additional harm to Britain’s marginalised groups. Drawing upon a small-scale qualitative study, this article first navigates new territory, mapping the ways stigma emerges from the state – channelled through the benefit sanction – and manifests in the lives of sanctioned claimants. Acknowledging wider evidence, the sanction is then argued to have failed as a correctional device. Rather, taking into account Britain’s current politico-economic climate, the sanction appears as a weapon used to incite negative emotion in an attempt to police the boundaries of the labour market, while frequently abandoning some of the UK’s most vulnerable citizens.
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Silalahi, Enriko, and Akhmad Khisni. "Legal Review Of Malpractice Notary In The Notary’s Deed." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 3 (2018): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i3.3237.

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Article 84 and Article 85 of Law No. 2 year 2014 on the amendments to the Act No. 30 year 2004 concerning Notary Public Official, when a Notary in performs his official duties and is proven to have committed a violation, the Notary may be subjected or sanctioned. The sanction is in the form of civil sanction, administration, and code of ethics of Notary. Besides, if a Notary commits a criminal offense, a criminal sanction may be imposed to him.The purpose of the research was to find out the malpractice of the Notary in the Notary deed, and to find out the role of the Regional Supervisory Board (MPD) in supervising Notaries who carry out malpractice actions.This study used a juridical-normative approach derived from the collection of primary data and secondary data, then they were analyzed by qualitative analysis methods. Data collection techniques used was library studies with qualitative data analysis.The result of the research showed that UUJN does not mention the existence of sanction punishment but a legal action against the violation done by Notary. It invites elements of forgery over intent/negligence in making authentic letter/deed which contains false facts. After administrative sanction/professional code of ethics Notary and civil sanctions, as well as qualified are as a criminal act committed by a Notary. If the notary is proven to have been involved in intentionally committing a crime of forgery of an authentic deed the sanction will be given to him/her.Suggestion to lawmakers to anticipate the different interpretations of the law can be done quickly, so that malpractice Notary will never occur again.Keywords: Sanctions; Notary; Malpractice; Accountability
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Kazimov, Z. I. "Criminal legal sanctions for crimes committed by specific categories of persons." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 10 (December 22, 2020): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.74.10.212-220.

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In the general theory of state and law, a sanction is usually understood as a part of a rule of law that indicates adverse consequences for the offender in the form of coercive influence on him. This idea of a sanction is contradicted by numerous scientific definitions of a criminal legal sanction, which are based on the concept of "sanction of an article of the Special Provisions of the Penal Code", which is repeatedly used in the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. Consideration of the sanction as a part of a criminal legal norm on liability for a certain type of crime allows us to consider it in relation to the composition of the crime, reflected in the disposition of the same criminal legal norm. The Penal Code of the Russian Federation contains legal norms where sanctions have been adjusted to consider the special characteristics of the subject of the crime. These sanctions can be considered as a special group of criminal legal sanctions. Both the disposition (In terms of the characteristics of the subject of the crime) and the sanction of the criminal legal norms are specified in the articles of the General Provisions of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation.
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Tigelaar, Leonieke. "How to Sanction a Breach of Information Duties of the Consumer Rights Directive?" European Review of Private Law 27, Issue 1 (2019): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2019003.

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Traders must provide information to consumers according to the Consumer, Rights Directive in case they conclude a distance contract, an off-premises contract, or a contract in another manner. It is the task of the Member States to sanction breaches of those information duties. This article classifies the information duties on basis of their objective, namely supporting decision-making, enabling storing information, and facilitating the exercise of rights. Subsequently, it addresses the question of how German, English, and Dutch law provide for sanctions in case traders breach those information duties. This article shows that the way breaches are being sanctioned in Germany, England, and the Netherlands, inter alia depends on choices that have been made regarding the legal consequences of unfair commercial practices and the enforcement of consumer law. It further shows that the actual use of sanctions depends on the question: ‘who can apply a sanction and what does this actor has to prove?’
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Utama, I. Made Arya, and I. Nengah Suharta. "The Challenges of Water Pollution: Enforcement of Water Pollution Control." Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 1 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i1.1414.

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Water demand continues to increase, while its availability was increasingly limited due to pollution. Therefore, the issue of legal sanction in the management of water resources was interesting to be examined because of the void of norm related to the sanction of administrative, civil and criminal sanction in Article 87-120 of Act Number 32 of 2009. So, this research was qualified into normative legal research with legal material from result of library research. The type of administrative legal sanctions were more effectively applied to protect water resources from pollution. Administrative Legal Sanction was not implemented through the judges, more easily and quickly implemented in providing protection against water resources, compared with sanctions of Criminal Law and Civil Law.
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Prostoserdov, Mikhail A. "Dynamics of Criminal Law Sanctions." Rossijskoe pravosudie, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2072-909x.2021.12.76-81.

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This article presents the results of a study on the dynamics of criminal sanctions in the current criminal law of the Russian Federation. The author studied the ways of transferring the sanction of the main corpus delicti to the sanction of the qualified corpus delicti. In the course of the study, the author identified some defects in the construction of certain criminal legal sanctions and proposed ways to eliminate these defects.
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Saeed Iranmanesh, M. I., A. Norallah Salehi, and B. Seyyed Abdolmajid Jalaee. "Using Fuzzy Logic Method to Investigate the Effect of Economic Sanctions on Business Cycles in the Islamic Republic of Iran." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2021 (January 29, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8833474.

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One of the main economic issues in Iran is the issue of economic sanctions. These sanctions have been imposed by various institutions and countries around the world in various forms since 1979 against Iran. Economic sanctions have affected large sections of Iran’s economy. Meanwhile, economic sanctions against Iran have had far-reaching effects on trade cycles in Iran. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of economic sanctions on the structure of business cycles in Iran. The sanction index is a tool for studying quantitative sanctions. The opinions of 15 experts in sanctions economics were collected using fuzzy questionnaires. And the sanction index was obtained. The fuzzy logic method in the MATLAB software space calculated the economic sanction index for 1979–2019. The self-regression calculated the effect of economic sanctions on business cycles. There are two scenarios in this article. In scenario 1, sanctions increased inflation, reduced production, and reduced investment. Also, during the embargo period, the recessions are longer. The second scenario of the research shows the economy without sanctions. The results showed that, in these conditions, inflation has less effect on production and investment. And the economy will experience a long period of prosperity without sanctions.
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Putra, Ida Bagus Sudarma. "Community Legal Awareness and Customary Sanction to Prevent Littering: How Penglipuran Village in Bali Makes Efforts?”." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 1 (2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2022.v06.i01.p02.

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Penglipuran is a customary village in Bali that traditionally imposes a customary sanction for villagers who litter waste in the territory of the village in the form of holding a prayascita ceremony. This article aims to analyze the existence of prayascita customary sanctions in Penglipuran Village, the efforts to overcome littering in the village territory, and the implications of such sanctions on the legal awareness of the community. This paper combines a religious based-research in social-humanities and empirical juridical research that analyzes data and legal sources in descriptive, qualitative, and systematic methods. This research revealed that prayascita customary sanction is imposed on anyone who is decided guilty for littering in a village meeting, entails that he/she has to hold a prayascita ceremony that takes place in the village’s catus pata (crossroad). The efforts of Penglipuran Village to tackle littering problems are overseeing and maintaining the sanctity, sustainability, cleanliness, and orderliness of the area of ??the village. The programs and facilities that are implemented to control littering practice in this article can be divided into preventive and repressive measures. In terms of legal awareness, the village community has generally obeyed the customary rules. It is proven by the absence of people who have been imposed prayascita customary sanctions. It may be assessed that village members have a high community legal awareness to sort waste and put it in the rubbish bin. Therefore, the sanction to hold a prayascita ceremony has never happened until now. This indicates that a clean living culture has been well internalized by the community.
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García-Gallego, M. "Prescription of sanctions in the social order after appealing against the sanctioning decision." Finance, Markets and Valuation 5, no. 2 (2019): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46503/xgdy5663.

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This article deals with the problems caused by the expiry of the sanctioning procedure and the prescription of offences and sanctions in the social order. It analyzes those sanctioning procedures initiated ex officio in which, once the proposal for a sanction has been formulated and notified to the administrated party, the latter appeals it and, once the statute of limitations for the infraction and the sanction has expired, the Administration issues an express resolution rejecting the appeal that empowers it to collect the sanction imposed. This way of acting by the Administration, leaving the appeal without a resolution, without executing the sanction and prolonging this situation for years, means that the administered party is submerged in the most absolute legal uncertainty. This article reconsiders this unjust jurisprudential criterion in the light of the new Law 39/2015.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sanction in the article"

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Bacquet-Brehant, Valérie. "L'article 62, alinéa 2 de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958 : contribution à l'étude d'une norme dépourvue de sanction." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020059.

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Notre étude consiste en un commentaire de l'article 62, alinéa 2 de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 qui dispose que " les décisions du Conseil constitutionnel ne sont susceptibles d'aucun recours. Elles s'imposent aux pouvoirs publics et à toutes les autorités administratives et juridictionnelles ". La première partie de l'étude porte sur la délimitation des contours de l'obligation de se soumettre aux décisions du Conseil constitutionnel exprimée par l'article 62, alinéa 2 de la Constitution. Le régime juridique de l'autorité de la chose jugée des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel est défini. En tant que norme dépourvue de sanction, l'article 62, alinéa 2 n'est-il pas une règle de droit inachevée ? La seconde partie reprend les critères de la règle de droit en démontrant que si l'absence de sanction n'annule pas l'obligation, elle constitue un facteur de limitation de l'autorité juridique des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel.
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Rosenberg, Jennifer. "The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14192.

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The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
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Koukezian, Thomas. "Sanction pénale sanction disciplinaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G018.

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Deux thèses s’affrontent concernant les liens qu’entretiennent la sanction pénale et la sanction disciplinaire. Une première conception considère que la sanction disciplinaire est distincte de la sanction pénale. Elle en diffère tellement qu’on ne saurait les rapprocher. L’autre conception, plus actuelle, considère que la sanction disciplinaire est une variété de la sanction pénale, qui la supplée ou la double, et qui obéit, en partie du moins, à des principes communs. La deuxième conception semble évidemment plus en phase avec la réalité. Cependant, cette façon d’entrevoir ces deux matières ne fait point l’unanimité. En considérant la sanction disciplinaire comme une fraction de la sanction pénale, comment entrer dans une telle considération devant le principe d’indépendance qui tient à distance les deux sanctions ? Et, si ce principe tient à distance les deux sanctions, c’est donc qu’il existe un domaine propre à chacune d’elles et une frontière entre ces deux domaines. L’étude consacrée aux sanctions pénales et disciplinaires se propose de tracer une frontière lisible entre ces deux sanctions et de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques peu connues de la sanction disciplinaire
Deux thèses s’affrontent concernant les liens qu’entretiennent la sanction pénale et la sanction disciplinaire. Une première conception considère que la sanction disciplinaire est distincte de la sanction pénale. Elle en diffère tellement qu’on ne saurait les rapprocher. L’autre conception, plus actuelle, considère que la sanction disciplinaire est une variété de la sanction pénale, qui la supplée ou la double, et qui obéit, en partie du moins, à des principes communs. La deuxième conception semble évidemment plus en phase avec la réalité. Cependant, cette façon d’entrevoir ces deux matières ne fait point l’unanimité. En considérant la sanction disciplinaire comme une fraction de la sanction pénale, comment entrer dans une telle considération devant le principe d’indépendance qui tient à distance les deux sanctions ? Et, si ce principe tient à distance les deux sanctions, c’est donc qu’il existe un domaine propre à chacune d’elles et une frontière entre ces deux domaines. L’étude consacrée aux sanctions pénales et disciplinaires se propose de tracer une frontière lisible entre ces deux sanctions et de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques peu connues de la sanction disciplinaire
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Fazeli, Shahrzad. "Restrictions on Trade for Security Reasons : A Legal Analysis of the Scope of Article XXI of the GATT in light of the Ukraine Crisis and the EU Sanctions on the Export of Dual-Use Goods To Russia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-246238.

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Алєксєєва, Н. Ю., та N. Yu Alieksieieva. "Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти правосуддя, що вчиняються свідками, експертами, перекладачами або щодо них: дисертація". Thesis, Інститут держави і права ім. В.М. Корецького, 2017. http://dspace.lvduvs.edu.ua/handle/1234567890/3501.

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Алєксєєва Н. Ю. Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти правосуддя, що вчиняються свідками, експертами, перекладачами або щодо них: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Алєксєєва Наталія Юнівна. – Київ: Інститут держави і права ім. В.М. Корецького, 2017. - 223 с.
Дисертація присвячена дослідженню особливостей кримінальної відповідальності за злочини проти правосуддя, що вчиняються свідками, експертами, перекладачами або щодо них. У роботі розглянуто загальні питання історії становлення відповідальності за ці злочини, відповідальності за них у зарубіжному кримінальному законодавстві, визначення поняття вказаної групи злочинів проти правосуддя у межах загального поняття правосуддя та об’єкта злочину у кримінальному праві. Проаналізовано актуальні проблеми визначення елементів зазначених злочинів шляхом встановлення спільного для всіх цих злочинів проти правосуддя безпосереднього об’єкта (обов’язкового та додаткового), визначення об’єктивної сторони, суб’єкта, який здебільшого є спеціальним, та суб’єктивної сторони. Доведено виправданість встановлення кваліфікуючих ознак за злочини проти правосуддя вказаного виду. Досліджено соціальну обумовленість криміналізації діянь, спрямованих на перешкоджання отримання формальної об’єктивної істини у справі, кримінально-правових санкцій за вказані злочини проти правосуддя та розмежування їх зі суміжними складами злочинів. Сформульовані пропозиції вдосконалення кримінального законодавства України.The dissertation is one of the first in the legal science of Ukraine to carry out a comprehensive study of crimes against justice committed by witnesses, experts, translators or with regard to them. The paper deals with the general questions of the history of establishing responsibility for these crimes, the responsibility for them in foreign criminal law, the definition of the concept of the group of crimes against justice through the prism of the general concept of justice and the object of crime in criminal law. The dissertation analyzes the actual problems of determining the elements of these crimes by establishing a common object for all these crimes against justice (mandatory and additional), determining the objective side, the subject, which in the vast majority is special, and the sub The real side. Proven justification for establishing qualifying attributes for crimes against justice of the specified type. The social conditionality of the criminalization of acts aimed at obstructing the obtaining of formal objective truth in the case, criminal sanctions for the said crimes against justice and their delineation with adjacent offenses are investigated. The proposals on perfection of the criminal legislation of Ukraine are formulated.
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Tzutzuiano, Catherine. "L'effectivité de la sanction pénale." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0093/document.

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La question de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale fait régulièrement débat. La sanction pénale serait, bien souvent, partiellement effective. Il faut dire que selon une acception classiquement répandue, l’effectivité de la sanction pénale correspondrait au taux d’application de la sanction prononcée et au rapport de conformité entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée. Tout écart entre ces deux pôles serait la manifestation d’une situation d’ineffectivité. Cette approche de l’effectivité est réductrice, elle ne permet pas d’appréhender cette notion dans sa globalité. Considérant comme effectif « ce qui produit un effet », l’étude de l’effectivité de la sanction pénale ne peut se limiter à une simple vérification de la correspondance entre la sanction prononcée et la sanction exécutée, elle s’étend à l’appréciation des effets produits par la sanction. L’effectivité, qui est un état, ne peut se confondre avec l’exécution qui correspond à l’ensemble du processus permettant d’y parvenir. Au cœur de la recherche de production des effets de la sanction, l’exécution est alors source de l’effectivité recherchée. Selon toute probabilité, la sanction exécutée produira des effets. Pourtant, sauf à vider de son sens la notion d’effectivité, il n’est pas possible de considérer que tous les effets que la sanction est susceptible de produire relèvent de son effectivité. Seuls les effets conformes à la finalité qui lui est assignée intègrent cette notion. Tout en distinguant l’effectivité de l’efficacité, l’effectivité de la sanction s’appréciera à l’aune des effets qui contribuent au maintien de la paix sociale
The question of the effectiveness of criminal sanction is the cause of great debate. The criminal sanction would be, so often, partially effective. It must be said that according to common thinking, the effectiveness of criminal sanction corresponds to the rate of application of the pronounced sanction and to the relation of conformity between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction. Any difference between these two poles could be seen as the demonstration of a situation of ineffectiveness. This approach of the effectiveness is simplistic, it does not make it possible to apprehend this notion in its entirety. Considering as effective “what produces an effect”, the study of the effectiveness of criminal sanction cannot be limited to simply checking the correspondence between the pronounced sanction and the executed sanction, it extends to the evaluation of the effects produced by the sanction. The effectiveness, which is a state, cannot nevertheless be confused with the execution which corresponds to the whole of the process making it possible to reach that point. At the core of the search for the production of the sanction’s effects, the execution is then the source of the required effectiveness. In all probability, the executed sanction will produce effects. However, unless we empty the notion of effectiveness of its meaning, it is not possible to consider that all of the effects which the sanction is likely to produce concern its effectiveness. Only the effects in conformity with the finality which is assigned to it integrate this notion. While distinguishing the effectiveness from the efficacy, the effectiveness of the sanction will be assessed in light of the effects which contribute to the maintenance of social peace
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Muller, Laurent. "La sanction est-elle éducative ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0141.

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Si la sanction en éducation est un fait, est-elle pour autant légitime ? Partant du principe que le fait ne fait pas droit, même lorsqu’il est soutenu par une longue histoire, notre travail consiste à sonder les raisons qui ont fait de la sanction ce prétendu incontournable pédagogique.Le destin de l'éducateur est-il de sanctionner ? Que l’éducateur entende élever (par expiation ou la responsabilisation), dresser ou contrôler la conduite (par intimidation), sanctionner par principe (par référence à une loi source de toute valeur), l’effet est le même et le cercle logique patent : la sanction est une contrainte tout extérieure qui ne saurait motiver durablement et efficacement le sujet, et qui ne peut convertir qu’à la condition que le sujet sanctionné soit déjà converti. L’appel à une sanction responsabilisante apparaît ainsi incantatoire.Il faut convenir, toutefois, que la sanction discipline la conduite. Mais c’est par une fabrique du sujet qui n’a rien d’innocent ni d’inoffensif : fabrique des corps et des esprits, invention de l’agent d’imputation, de la faute, de la culpabilité, de la volonté libre qui fait de tout être un être-pour-la-sanction, et qui finit, paradoxe, par la rendre indispensable. Le sujet fait par la sanction finit par être fait pour la sanction : la sanction, qui sanctifie la loi et en exhibe l’essence, ne peut qu’être hantée par l’idée d’expiation.Une autre approche éducative, pourtant, est possible : celle qui renonce à l’agent, à la faute, à la culpabilité, et qui prône la transformation discrète et en amont de l’agir. Cette éducation sceptique, qui prend acte de l’incertitude foncière de l’action éducative, propose de faire du tact l’outil préventif du conflit, et du geste restauratif l’instrument de la réparation du lien et de la construction de l’avenir. La véritable autonomie ne s’épuise pas dans le règne figé de la loi, mais appelle son dépassement anomique (au sens de Guyau) dans la création d’un ordre-cosmos pensé comme émergence.Loin, donc, d’être cet incontournable, la sanction pourrait bien apparaître, en éducation, comme un remède pire que le mal qu’elle prétend soigner, en tant qu’elle produit cette homéostasie qu’elle seule peut ensuite entretenir
If punishment is a fact, is it legitimate all the same? Starting from the principle that fact does not law make, even if bolstered by a long-running historical tradition, we shall aim to scrutinize the reasons that turned punishment into a so-called pedagogical staple.Is the teacher fated to punish? Whether he seeks to raise – through atonement or responsibilization –, tame or control behavior through intimidation, scold according to principle – in reference to a law from which all values emanate –, the effect remains the same, and the logic remains patent: punishment is a wholly external constraint which cannot possibly motivate anyone efficiently and durably; it can only function if the punished person has already been indoctrinated. The use of a responsibilizing punishment thus appears to be incantatory.One must admit, however, that punishment channels behavior. And yet this channeling happens through molding the person through a process that is neither innocent nor harmless: the shaping of bodies and minds; the creation of means to blame, to fault, to guilt; the shaping of free will that makes each being exist for the sake of being punished, and therefore paradoxically makes punishment inevitable. The person shaped by punishment ends up being made to be punished: punishment means holding the law as gospel truth and flaunting its essence; therefore the one who punishes can only be obsessed by the idea of atonement.Another conception of education is possible nonetheless: one that abandons the idea of agency, of blame, and guilt, and advocates for a quiet transformation prior to acting. This skeptical transformation – which acknowledges the fundamentally unpredictable nature of education – suggest using tact to prevent conflict along with the act of mending to strengthen the social bond and build the future. Genuine autonomy does not wither under the immutable yoke of the law: it calls for emancipation through anomia (in Guyau’s sense) by creating a cosmic order conceived as emergence.Punishment, then, is far from being a staple of education: it could very well be a cure far worse than the ailing it seeks to cure. Indeed, it creates the homeostasis that it alone can enable further
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Boukhdoud, Bahaa. "La sanction du manquement contractuel." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0111.

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Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la sanction du manquement contractuel. Le cadre de cette recherche est tracé par l'examen comparé de cette notion dans le droit français positif et le droit libanais des obligations. En effet, des relations fortes se présentent entre ces deux systèmes juridiques : longtemps, le droit français a ainsi été une source puissante d'inspiration pour le droit libanais. Notre étude va s'appuyer sur la dynamique suivante : la réparation est généralement présentée par la doctrine majoritaire comme la sanction dominante du manquement contractuel et ceci conformément à la thèse de l'identité de nature au sein de la responsabilité civile, de la responsabilité délictuelle et de la responsabilité contractuelle. Nous tenterons de démontrer que selon nous l'exécution est susceptible d'être entendue comme la sanction naturelle et logique du manquement contractuel et qu'elle ne peut être cantonnée au simple rôle de sanction secondaire du manquement contractuel que lui assigne une certaine doctrine
The subject of this thesis is the study of the sanctions of contractual beach. It is based on the comparative examination of this concept in the positive French and Lebanese Contract Law. Therefore, there are strong relationships between these two legal systems : French law has greatly inspired Lebanese law. our study is also based on the following dynamics ; reparation is generally presented by the main doctrine as the prevailing sanction in case of contractuel breach because as regards civil responsability, the tort and contractual liabilities are of the same nature. Our purpose is to prove that the performance of the contract is likely to be construed as the natural and logical sanction of the contractual breach and cannot be limited to the mere role of a secondary sanction of a contractual breach as assigned by a certain doctrine
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Baldes, Olivia. "La sanction professionnelle en droit pénal des affaires : contribution à une théorie générale de la sanction." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1039.

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Le sujet par son intitulé "la sanction professionnelle en droit pénal des affaires" évoque à chacun l'idée que la sanction professionnelle serait la sanction applicable en droit pénal des affaires. En effet, par correspondance des termes utilisés, on comprend logiquement que le sujet concerne « le droit pénal des affaires » et plus spécifiquement une sanction qui lui serait potentiellement réservée : « la sanction professionnelle ». Or, paradoxalement, les liens entre ces différents termes ne sont pas clairement définis par le Droit. A ce stade, seul un lien intuitif les relie. Notre démarche a alors été de confronter cette inspiration de départ au droit positif et d'en révéler toutes ses particularités. Ainsi, la sanction professionnelle a dû être conceptualisée d'abord par une analyse empirique de la notion que nous avons traduite dans une dualité d'objectif, puis par une analyse théorique de celle-ci révélée dans une unité de fondement. Finalement, l'effort de conceptualisation s'est révélé utile non seulement à celui qui cherche à élaborer une théorie générale de la sanction mais également à celui qui envisage une dépénalisation du droit pénal des affaires
The subject evokes the idea that professional sanction is the sanction applicable tobusiness criminal law. Indeed, in accordance with the terms used, one should logicallyunderstand that the subject concerns “business criminal law” and more specifically a sanction that would potentially apply to it, namely “professional sanction”. Paradoxically, however, the links between the different terms are not clearly defined by law. At this stage, only an intuitive link connects them. Our approach has therefore been to confront this intuition, our starting point, with current law and to expose all its particularities. Thus professional sanction needed first to be conceptualized with an empirical analysis of the notion that we have translated into a dual objective, then with a theoretical analysis revealed in a single base. Eventually, this attempt to conceptualize has proved useful not only to those who try to elaborate a general theory of sanction, but also to those who are studying the possibility of a decriminalization of business criminal law
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Sun, Yushuang. "Sanction Success and Domestic Dissent Groups." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/628.

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Despite the low success rate indicated by scholarly assessments, economic sanctions remain a commonly used foreign policy tool. Why do policymakers often turn to economic sanctions with great hope and enterprise in spite of their unimpressive success record? What determines a sanction outcome? Does the internal political dynamic of target matter in this case? How does it relate to different regime type? Hence this thesis examines the conditional relationship between the presence of domestic political opposition in the target state and sanction success conditional on the regime type by using data covering 763 US-imposed sanctions from 1945 to 2006. The findings suggest authoritarian regimes are more vulnerable to sanctions than their democratic counterparts in the presence of internal dissent groups in most cases. General Strikes are the best strategy to aid sanctions and coerce policy changes in authoritarian regimes. The presence of Guerrilla Warfare has the greatest substantive and statistical impact on sanction success. Consistent and organized internal dissent groups pose treats to the authority by weakening domestic stability or partnering with sender countries to push for policy changes.
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Books on the topic "Sanction in the article"

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Chawaf, Chantal. La sanction. Des femmes, 2004.

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Haig, Brian. Secret sanction. Warner Books, 2002.

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Without sanction. Alyson Publications, 1993.

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Elwood, Roger. Deadly sanction. Word Pub., 1993.

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Haig, Brian. Secret Sanction. Grand Central Publishing, 2002.

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Secret Sanction: Sean Drummond 01. Warner Books, 2002.

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Corby, Gary. The Ionia sanction. Minotaur Books, 2011.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Sanction to slaughter. Jove Books, 1989.

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Dresner, Hal, Clint Eastwood, Daley Robert, and Warren Murphy. The Eiger sanction. Universal, 1998.

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Gerson, Jack. The Whitehall sanction. Crescent, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sanction in the article"

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Bakó, Beáta. "Hungary’s Latest Experiences with Article 2 TEU: The Need for ‘Informed’ EU Sanctions." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_3.

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AbstractThis contribution will concentrate on the Hungarian situation by analysing the generalised practice of targeted legislation and the different causes for legal uncertainty on the constitutional level. The European Parliament initiated an Article 7 TEU sanctioning procedure against Hungary in September 2018 and several infringement proceedings have been launched by the Commission. Unfortunately, these EU responses were not able to grasp the gist of the Hungarian developments. Even the so called Sargentini report of the European Parliament—intended to be a comprehensive analysis of the rule of law deficiencies in Hungary—could not identify the most significant patterns of the Hungarian rule of law decline. This reveals a central shortcoming of EU sanctioning mechanisms employed against ‘backsliding’ Member States: the need for ‘informed’ sanctions. Some recent legislative proposals for measuring the rule of law illustrate, that the need for such informed sanctions has been realised by EU institutions. However, the question of ‘how’ is still unanswered. Taking the case of Hungary as an example, I will finally recommend some aspects to be considered in order to grasp the patterns of ‘systemic’ rule of law decline.
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Sidorina, Tat'yana, and Liana Sitnikova. "Economic sanctions as an instrument of pressure on the Russian economy." In Directions for improving the economic security of the Russian Federation in the context of economic recession and pandemic. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60269170860266.45752546.

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Russia's desire to assert its position in a multipolar world in the context of the current process of globalization of world economic relations against the background of political and economic instability makes the problem of sanctions very urgent. This article presents the essence, types, positive trends and negative consequences of economic sanctions and countermeasures for the Russian economy.
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Eyler, Robert. "To Sanction or Not to Sanction?" In Economic Sanctions. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230610002_1.

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Howard, Jonathan. "Feedback Sanction." In Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93224-8_7.

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Asbury, Neal. "Sanction Fever." In Conscientious Equity. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230114210_8.

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Sam, Khin Moe. "Feedback Sanction." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_23.

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Ezenwajiaku, Josephat C. "Non-State actors, Article 2(4) and the sanctity of State territory." In State Territory and International Law. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429341526-6.

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Eyler, Robert. "Basic Sanction Analysis." In Economic Sanctions. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230610002_2.

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Drury, A. Cooper. "Evaluating Sanction Effectiveness." In Economic Sanctions and Presidential Decisions. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403976956_3.

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Whalen, Christian. "Article 37: Prohibition of Torture, Capital Punishment, and Arbitrary Deprivation of Liberty." In Monitoring State Compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84647-3_31.

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AbstractArticle 37 is inspired by the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). However, it extends the ICCPR’s provisions to the protection of the children by: (1) imposing the prohibition of life imprisonment for children without the possibility of release; (2) demanding that detention of a child shall be used as a measure of last resort and be imposed for the shortest period of time; and (3) providing to children deprived of liberty the right to maintain contacts with their family members. Article 37 imposes a child-centred understanding of its provisions and rights. These rights extend beyond the ambit of child justice administration to all situations where children may be deprived of liberty, including, for example, child protection settings, health care settings, and immigration settings. This chapter analyses Article 37 rights in accordance with four essential attributes, as enumerated in its four constituent paragraphs: (1) the prohibition in paragraph (a) on torture or ill-treatment, specifically ruling out capital punishment and life imprisonment without parole for minors; (2) the prohibition in paragraph (b) of unlawful and arbitrary deprivations of liberty, insisting that such sanctions are a measure of last resort that must only be imposed for the shortest appropriate period; (3) the limitations on the deprivation of liberty, including the core commitment in paragraph (c) to upholding the child’s inherent dignity and right to be treated with humanity in such circumstances; and (4) the right, in paragraph (d), to minimal due process guarantees which must accompany any child’s deprivation of liberty. While youth criminal justice practice varies greatly from state to state, Articles 37 and 40 have emerged as a codification of global standards set out in the Beijing Rules and a summary prompt to the adoption of guidelines and minimum rules for the protection of children deprived of liberty and the prevention of youth crime. Article 37 should therefore be applied consistently with the recent General Comment no. 24 (2019) on Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sanction in the article"

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Arslan, Çetin, and Didar Özdemir. "Crime of Manipulation on Prices." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01220.

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In a regular free market economy, the prices of goods and services occur at the point where the quantities of supply and demand get up with one another. On the other hand, it can be in question the distortion of this equilibration by various purposes and practices. In this case, optimal goods and services cannot be received under optimum conditions. As a conclusion of “ultima ratio” principle in the criminal law, every illegal conduct in this context does not constitute a crime but some fraudulent ones are imposed a sanction. The crimes of “fraud” in articles 157-158, “fraudulent bankruptcy” in article 161, “bid rigging” in article 235, “rigging during the discharge of contractual obligation” in article 236 and “manipulation on prices” in article 237 of Turkish Penal Code are some of the examples which can be given in this context. In this study, “crime of manipulation on prices” which is not dwelled on adequately in the doctrine is examined by featuring the controversial points.
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Arslan, Çetin, and Didar Özdemir. "The Protection of Confidential Business Information by Criminal Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01824.

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The Turkish Penal Code (TPC) no.5237 embodies “the reveal of confidential business information and documents” as a crime. However, neither article 6 of the TPC titled “definitions” nor the legal justification of the article contains the definition of the confidential business information or commercial secret. The abrogated Turkish Commercial Code no.6762 disposes the reveal of this kind of information as an act of unfair competition. In a similar vein, the current Turkish Commercial Code no.6102 assumes the illegal acquisition and the reveal of business secrets as acts of unfair competition and subjects them to criminal sanction. Also the article 562 of the TCC no.6102 disposes that if the auditors reveal the confidential business information of the auditee company, they are punished according to the article 239 of the TPC. The Proposal of Code on Business, Bank and Client Secrets refers to the article 239 of the TPC in case of the violation of the confidentiality obligation. Finally, the Act of the Protection of Competition no.4054 brings a confidentiality obligation for the Council and staff members. In this study, we will try to explain first the notion of confidential business information or commercial secret, then the penal norms about the confidential business information and the confidentiality obligation and last, the elements of the crime disposed in the article 239 of the TPC which is referred by most of the other penal norms in this respect.
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Marchisio, Emiliano. "PRICE INCREASES DURING THE PANDEMIA AND EU COMPETITION LAW." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18819.

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The debate about the “just price” has ancient origin and returns forcefully to the scene when, in the event of crises of various kinds, there is a rapid and significant increase in prices of given goods or services. In this article it is examined the problem of whether price increases of such a nature could, or should, be considered illicit under EU competition law. The central part of the article reviews different theories on what a “just price” should be and focuses on the idea that a price is “just” when it functions as index of relative scarcity in free markets. It is claimed that such a function deserves protection by EU law. Therefore, price adjustments in response to shocks cannot and should not be considered illegal: it is unacceptable to sanction private firms by attributing them the wrong of not having substituted, at their own expense, for the exercise of a public function (that of making sure that price increases do not put at risk solidarity and other constitutional principles).
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Jetmar, Marek. "Formální hlediska fungování dobrovolných svazků obcí." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-25.

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The article presents selected results of the analysis of a sample of voluntary associations of municipalities, which was carried out in connection with the elaboration of the methodology of well-functioning associations by the Czech Ministry of the Interior. Multipurpose voluntary associations operating in a functional micro-region identical or similar to the ORP territory (territory of municipalities with extended power) were examined. The formal aspects of their functioning, managerial models, methods of communication, value aspects, etc. were examined. This article focuses on the first examined area, ie. the formal aspects of the functioning of associations. It is based on a formal analysis of the founding documents and articles of association, their comparison and assessment. The information was subsequently verified in the form of controlled interviews with representatives of the unions. The survey shows that the variability in the setting of organs and relationships within the bundles is not significant, it concerns only some roles and names (designations) of organs. I.e. all the associations examined showed the same similar features in terms of the division of tasks between the supreme and executive bodies. Partial differences were identified in the relationship between the highest and the executive body (within the scope of the tasks that were delegated), in the way of recruiting new members, and the sanction of the member community in case of non-fulfillment of obligations. The chairman always represents the association externally. He himself, or in cooperation with the secretary or his deputy (occasionally) participates in organizing the operation of the association. Associations seldom create bodies of working, initiating or control nature. Their position does not have to be regulated by the statutes. Subsequently, recommendations for the effective operation of the bundles are formulated. In the event that the chairman cannot devote himself to the activities of the association on a full-time basis, it is necessary for the successful operation of the union to appoint the position of manager or secretary.
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PERKUMIENĖ, Dalia, and Kristina LUKAUSKAITĖ. "ORGANIC FARMING AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF LEGAL REGULATION." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.117.

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Most of the regulations governing organic farming are mandatory, i.e., they must be observed. When farming activities are carried out in the scope of the term "ecology", very stringent requirements should be met. Any infringement in the field of organic farming is under severe punishment, and sanctions shall be applied. The article analyses the concept of organic production, organic farming principles, presents the organic farming control system, analyses the legislation set out regarding sanctions for violations committed in the field of organic farming, and introduces entities that have the right to establish and apply those sanctions.
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Муцалов, Шадид Шахидович. "GROUNDS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL LIABILITY." In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ "Нацразвитие" (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/may191.2021.80.38.007.

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В данной статье проанализировано понятие международно -правовой ответственности государств, в частности санкций за нарушение норм международного права. This article analyzes the concept of international legal responsibility of States, in particular the sanctions for violation of norms of international law.
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Mashudi, Dr. "Social Sanction Versus Legal Sanction in Corruption Case." In 1st International Conference of Law and Justice - Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges (ICLJ 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.18.

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Kirubanantham, P., A. Saranya, and D. Senthil Kumar. "Credit Sanction Forecasting." In 2021 4th International Conference on Computing and Communications Technologies (ICCCT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccct53315.2021.9711790.

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Sinichenko, Vladimir. "Sewing Company “Singer” in Russia and Eastern Siberia During the First World War." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.19.

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The article considers issues related to the liquidation company of the Russian state in relation to enterprises of “subjects of hostile powers” during the First World War. As part of this company, the American company Singer and K. fell under sanctions. Since no information was established about the espionage of the company’s leadership, the company reopened its branches in early 1916. After that, the conflict between Russia and the United States was eliminated over the actions of the Russian authorities against the American company.
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Knowles, Bran, and John T. Richards. "The Sanction of Authority." In FAccT '21: 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445890.

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Reports on the topic "Sanction in the article"

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Ruiz, Robert D. Negative Impact of Article 98 Sanctions in the Western Hemisphere. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada468956.

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Boguchwal, Louis. Sanction Effectiveness in Iran: A Network Optimization Approach. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570106.

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Holmes, N., B. Wallin, and M. Dunning. JASPER Article. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1184738.

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Lindsey, C., and D. Kohn. Netnews Article Format. Edited by K. Murchison. RFC Editor, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5536.

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MURPH, SIMONA. LDRD HQ HIGHLIGHTS ARTICLE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1804659.

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Park, J., B. Baer, and C. Yoo. FY2003 LDRD Annual Report Article. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15013768.

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Perry, M. D. Petawatt Laser - Physics Today article. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/639696.

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Carrier, M., R. Masti, and B. Srinivasan. NNSA SSAP Article VT 101320. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1678852.

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Schoppman, J. W. Untitled article pollution prevention advisor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/74513.

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Kida, Paul, and William Zepp. RALBO Lock Valve First Article Test Report. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada304375.

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