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Journal articles on the topic 'Sand-clay mixture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Yin, Kexin, Anne-Laure Fauchille, Eugenia Di Filippo, Panagiotis Kotronis, and Giulio Sciarra. "A Review of Sand–Clay Mixture and Soil–Structure Interface Direct Shear Test." Geotechnics 1, no. 2 (2021): 260–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics1020014.

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Natural soils are usually heterogeneous and characterized with complex microstructures. Sand–clay mixtures are often used as simplified soils to investigate the mechanical properties of soils with various compositions (from clayey to sandy soils) in the laboratory. Performing laboratory tests on a sand–clay mixture with definite clay fraction can provide information to understand the simplified soils’ mechanical behavior and better predict natural soils’ behavior at the engineering scale. This paper reviews previous investigations on sand–clay mixture and soil–structure interface direct shear

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2

Zhang, Yuxin, Jianzhong Li, and Chuang Zhang. "The Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Reticulated Red Clay-Sand Mixture Using X-Ray Diffraction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (2021): 022081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022081.

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Abstract To assess the behavior of Reticulated Red Clay (RRC)-sand mixtures, a series of laboratory tests were performed on RRC-sand mixtures in which the weight ratio of sand ranging from 0% to 80%. Compaction test and direct shear test were conducted to evaluate the compactness of mixtures. The threshold sand content for the change of the mechanical properties of the mixture is 50%, and the mixture at this time has the densest structure. Oedometer test to the mixture indicate that the coefficient and compression modulus of it are only related to the ratio of its components. As the sand conte

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3

Louafi, Bahia, and Muawia A. Dafalla. "Moisture and Dry Density Influence on Compacted Clay and Clay-Sand Mixtures." Revue des composites et des matériaux avancés 32, no. 1 (2022): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/rcma.320105.

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The influence of initial moisture content and dry density on swelling clays was extensively investigated in the literature. In order to explore the relationships that exist between the swelling parameters of clay soils and the water content, initial dry density, and sand content, a series of experimental tests were conducted on pure clay and clay treated with 20% sand. The swelling pressure and the swell potential were also tested for sand-clay mixtures. The results showed a significant influence of the initial water content on the swell potential of bentonite and bentonite sand mixture. The i

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4

Liang, Chen, Cai Guo-dong, Gu Jia-hui, Tan Ye-fei, Chen Cheng, and Yin Zi-xue. "Effect of Clay on Internal Erosion of Clay-Sand-Gravel Mixture." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 26, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8869289.

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In this study, a one-dimensional seepage test apparatus was used to investigate the effect of clay on the critical hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, migration of fine particles in soil, and percentage of fine particle loss during the internal erosion of clay-sand-gravel mixture, compared with clean gravel. The critical hydraulic gradient and fine sand loss percentage of the clay-sand-gravel mixture decreased, and critical flow velocity and the hydraulic conductivity increased. Six clay-sand-gravel mixture samples with different clay contents were used to evaluate the effect of differ

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5

Liutyi, R., M. Fyodorov, M. Fesenko, and D. Liuta. "REGULATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF SAND-CLAY MOLDING MIXTURES BY SODIUM PHOSPHATE ADDITIONS." New Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2023-2-6.

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Purpose. Study of the effect of sodium phosphate additives on the properties of a reversible sand-clay mixture in the green and dry state to improve the quality of castings from iron-carbon and aluminum alloys. Research methods. A reversible molding mixture based on quartz sand and kaolin clay was used. The effect of three additives (sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate) in amounts from 0.5 to 2.0% was studied. Properties of mixture were determined using standard methods: clay component content, strength, gas permeability, crumbleness, flowability, form

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6

Chu, Chengfu, Zilong Wu, Yongfeng Deng, Yonggui Chen, and Qiong Wang. "Intrinsic compression behavior of remolded sand–clay mixture." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 7 (2017): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0453.

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A series of incremental loading oedometer tests was conducted on pure clays and sand–clay mixtures with various sand/clay ratios and clay mineral compositions. The void indexes Iv and IvH were introduced to evaluate their intrinsic compressibility. Test results revealed that Iv was more suitable for depicting the compression behavior of pure clays than IvH; whereas, for the compressibility of sand–clay mixtures, the normalized compression line by using Iv was obviously different from that of pure clays and traditional soils due to the presence of sand particles. Therefore, a four-phase analysi

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7

Subramanian, Sathya, and Taeseo Ku. "Yielding behaviour of cemented binary mixture." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199211007.

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Cement stabilization is commonly used for improving soft soils and the mechanical behaviour of cemented pure clay has been well documented. However, limited studies have investigated the effect of sand in a cement-clay matrix because the conventional water to solid (solid includes soil and cement) ratio cannot be simply used to characterize the behaviour of cemented binary mixture. The water holding capacity of the mixture reduces with increase in sand content, when the water to solid ratio is kept constant. In this study, the ratio of water to clay and cement is kept constant, so that the eff

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8

Yin, Kexin, Jiangxin Liu, Andreea-Roxana Vasilescu, Eugenia Di Filippo, and Khaoula Othmani. "A Procedure to Prepare Sand–Clay Mixture Samples for Soil–Structure Interface Direct Shear Tests." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125337.

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A large number of experimental studies on sand–clay mixtures are well documented in the literature; however, the preparation protocol is rarely clearly detailed or varies a lot according to the authors. Variations in the preparation technique obviously increases the challenge of comparing different test results. As a consequence, sample preparation for sand–clay mixtures should be kept as constant as possible to ensure homogeneity and uniformity of samples and limit result variability. This paper develops a detailed procedure on how to prepare sand–clay samples for interface direct shear tests

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9

Eze, E. O., and L. E. Ileli. "Use of "Shikoko” Clay for Synthetic Sand Moulding." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.353.

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“Shikoko” clay and dredged river sand from Warri, Nigeria were investigated for their use in synthetic sand moulding. Shikoko is a local name for organic clay that dries appreciably to a brownish gray, leather-like consistency. The clay was initially tested for organic matter content, natural water content, particle size distribution, consistency limits and linear shrinkage. The base sand dredged river sand from the same town - was tested for specific gravity, and grain size characteristics. Tests showed that the best mix with the clay was at the binder contents of 13, 17, 33 and 50% of the dr

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10

Tahar, Nouioua, Gueddouda Mohamed Kamel, Guoal Idriss, and Ferhat Ahmida. "Thermo-mechanical behavior of compressed earth blocks (CEB) stabilized and reinforced with fibers." South Florida Journal of Development 5, no. 10 (2024): e4500. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv5n10-020.

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This study is part of the development of eco-materials (dune sand, clay soil and natural fibers) for masonry and the rehabilitation of heritage in arid and semi-arid environments which are found in abundance in North Africa. The manufacture of compressed earth bricks stabilized (BTCS) has gained some momentum over the last decade. First, we present the results of characterization tests of sand-clay mixtures based on the compressive strength criterion. Secondly, an optimization of the stabilizer of the sand-clay mixtures using different percentages of lime was carried out. The choice of lime as

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11

Zlateva, Penka, Krastin Yordanov, and Rositsa Petkova-Slipets. "A study of the thermal properties of an alternative straw-containing building material." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020701004.

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Thermal comfort in buildings is usually achieved through sustainable materials obtained from natural sources, which justifies their use for developing building mixtures. Many natural materials were used as early as in ancient times to build homes that are warm in winter and cool in summer: a mixture of straw, clay and sand is an example of such a material. The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of a mixture of clay, sand and straw on thermal comfort. For the purposes of this study, several types of sample plates were made from clay and sand mixture by adding different amounts

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12

Azhar, A., M. Redzuan, and H. H. Hazril. "Investigation on Different Compositions of Clay and Water to the Permeability of the Silica Sand Used in Greensand Casting Mould." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 4 (2022): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(4)-22.

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Greensand casting is a casting process that uses mixture of silica sand with addition of control additions which are bentonite clay and the presence of water. Control additions influence the mechanical properties of greensand casting mould, for this study focuses on the permeability. Bentonite clay acts as a binder and activated by water to develop strength and plasticity thus the greensand casting mould can be formed. Permeability is ability of gas to pass through the moulding mixture aggregates in order to reduce the defects due to trapped gasses in mould cavity such as blow holes or pin hol

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13

Dafalla, Muawia A. "Effects of Clay and Moisture Content on Direct Shear Tests for Clay-Sand Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562726.

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The direct shear test using shear box is commonly recommended by practicing geotechnical engineers to obtain the cohesion and angle of internal friction for granular soils. The clay liners involve sand as a main constituent with added clay of variable proportions. This research aims at investigating the reliability of using the direct shear test for different clay contents and different moisture contents using an adequate shearing strain. These factors were found to affect the bilinear trends of shear force versus horizontal displacement profile as well as vertical displacement versus horizont

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14

Kurniawan, Dedy, Iswan Iswan, and Setyanto Setyanto. "Hubungan Nilai Konsolidasi dan Nilai Kuat Tekan Bebas pada Tanah Lempung yang Disubtitusi Material Pasir." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 3, no. 1 (2015): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v3i1.432.

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This study was conducted to determine the behavior of reduction and compressive strength in claywhich is substituted with sand material and to see the correlation between the value ofconsolidation and the compressive strength on the soil. Because the clay when getting loadingthere will be a significant reduction in soil that affects the reduction in carrying capacity orcompressive strength of the soil. In this study used clay from the village of Belimbing Sari, Jabungdistrict, East Lampung with the coordinates of 105° 39 '10.74 "T and 5 ° 31' 44.26" S.The research was done by testing on sample

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15

Abbou, Mohammed, Abdelaziz Semcha, and Fatiha Kazi-Aoual. "Stabilization of compressed earth block clayey materials from Adrar (Algeria) by lime and crushed sand." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 7, no. 1 (2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v7i1.137.

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The objective of this article is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized compressed earth bricks (SCEB), made from a mixture of clay with crushed sand, and stabilized by lime. In this study, we first examine the identifying properties of raw materials. Then an experimental study was conducted with cylindrical test pieces of a mixture of clay and crushed sand prepared by the addition of lime and statically compaction, to study the physical and mechanical characteristics of the mixture. The experimental study shows that for use as a building material, the clay mixture w

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Abbou, M., A. Semcha, and F. Kazi-Aoual. "Stabilization of compressed earth block clayey materials from Adrar (Algeria) by lime and crushed sand." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 7, no. 1 (2020): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3744137.

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<strong>Abstract</strong>: The objective of this article is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of stabilized compressed earth bricks (SCEB), made from a mixture of clay with crushed sand, and stabilized by lime. In this study, we first examine the identifying properties of raw materials. Then an experimental study was conducted with cylindrical test pieces of a mixture of clay and crushed sand prepared by the addition of lime and statically compaction, to study the physical and mechanical characteristics of the mixture. The experimental study shows that for use as a building m

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17

Toirov, Otabek, Nodirjon Tursunov, and Lochinbek Kuchkorov. "Development of resource-saving composition of sand-clay mixtures for steel castings with improved physical and chemical characteristics." Vibroengineering Procedia 58 (May 15, 2025): 277–82. https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2025.24959.

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The paper examines the problems of traditional sand-clay mixtures (SСM) used in steel castings and proposes solutions. Standard compositions including quartz sand, water and bentonite often exhibit limited gas permeability and insufficient strength. To address this, starch and soda ash were introduced as environmentally friendly additives. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the use of starch and soda ash to enhance the binding structure of sand-clay mixtures, thereby simultaneously improving strength and gas permeability without increasing production costs. Experimental analysis c

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18

Dafalla, Muawia A. "The Compressibility and Swell of Mixtures for Sand-Clay Liners." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3181794.

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Sand-clay liners utilize expansive clay to act as a filler to occupy the voids in the sand and thus reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the mixture. The hydraulic conductivity and transfer of water and other substances through sand-clay mixtures are of prime concern in the design of liners and hydraulic barriers. Many successful research studies have been undertaken to achieve appropriate mixtures that satisfy hydraulic conductivity requirements. This study investigates compressibility and swelling properties of mixtures to ensure that they were acceptable for light structures, roads, and sla

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19

Putri, Aulina Reza, Wiwik Rahayu, and Puspita Lisdiyanti. "Effect of urease enzyme and clay mixture in shear strength properties of sand." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928004014.

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The utilization of environmentally friendly materials in soil stabilization has grown in the last decade. Recent studies have shown that adding urease enzyme in calcium chloride and urea solution will improve the shear strength properties of sand. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the usage of clay to improve the performance of calcite produced in the mixture of urease enzyme and calcium chloride-urea solution. This mixture is then mixed manually with the clay-sand mixture and its effect is further tested using a direct shear test conducted at every two weeks of curing. The test is car

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20

Karademir, Tanay, and Burcu Dışkaya. "Composite Sand–Clay Infrastructural Soil Fills: Characteristic Consolidation and Hydraulic Properties." Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2024): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28979/jarnas.1411201.

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In the design construction of infrastructural projects comprised of geotechnical applications, including composite soil fill layers, compacted sand-clay soil fills are widely preferred as barrier layers, particularly in solid waste landfills, to minimize leakage, to prevent leachate from entering into groundwater. When bentonite clay with high water absorption capacity and low hydraulic conductivity is mixed with sand possessing relatively enhanced frictional properties, greater shear strength capacity, an effective fill material exhibiting low sensitivity to frost, and low volume change in ca

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21

Al-Mahbashi, Ahmed M., Muawia Dafalla, Abdullah Shaker, and Mosleh A. Al-Shamrani. "Sustainable and Stable Clay Sand Liners over Time." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147840.

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The washout of fine materials from liners consisting of clay–sand mixtures is expected to influence the hydraulic conductivity. Clay sand liners must be assessed for efficiency when initially subjected to flood or standing water as the wetting under a hydraulic gradient can cause fine material to move and migrate away from the mixture. During wetting and drying complex expansion and shrinkage, changes take place. These changes affect the hydraulic conductivity and are likely to go out of the design range set out for the facility. The research covers the behavior of two clay sand liners tested

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22

Kacprzak, G., C. Boutin, and T. Doanh. "Permeability of Sand-Clay Mixtures." Archives of Civil Engineering 56, no. 4 (2010): 299–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v.10169-010-0017-6.

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Abstract This study deals with the behavior of composite blends constituted of rigid and impervious grains included in saturated clay paste of kaolin, considered as permeable and deformable. Permeability tests performed during standard oedometr tests (before each load step) highlight the key role of the original and actual state of the clay paste, and show the existence of a threshold of sand grain concentration above which a structuring effect influences its permeability. In the light of these experiments some usual homogenization methods (with simplifying assumptions to make the problem mana

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Dafalla, Muawia. "Predicting Swell in Clay-Sand Mixtures Used in Liners." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (2023): 11161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011161.

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A method to predict the swellability of clay-sand mixtures is proposed. This model is a modified form of the Studds (1997) prediction model for clay-sand mixtures. The new proposed model uses the laboratory fall cone penetration technique to produce a characterization chart. This chart presents slope levels that can be used to obtain an equation for the final clay void ratio versus the vertical effective stress for clays. The porosity of the clay-sand mixtures was worked out based on a correction factor obtained from compression and porosity measurements in the laboratory. The porosity of the

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Dafalla, Muawia, and Ahmed Al-Mahbashi. "Improvement of Subsurface Thermal Characteristics for Green Parks." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (2023): 12508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212508.

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The ground surface of green parks in arid and semi-arid areas may not be comfortable at specific times during the day and night due to the sun and the rate at which the subsoil gains or loses heat. Knowledge of the subsurface soil’s thermal properties can provide designers with convenient and comfortable settings. Design focus is generally directed toward stability, density, and hydraulic conductivity. An assessment of the thermal properties of clay–sand mixtures of 10%, 20%, and 30% clay content is conducted. The proposed clay–sand layers are subjected to three different thermal gradients of

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Brown, Philip J., Lambert B. McCarty, Virgil L. Quisenberry, L. Ray Hubbard, and M. Brad Addy. "Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand." HortScience 54, no. 11 (2019): 2063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14110-19.

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Drainage is important to golf and athletic facilities trying to avoid lost play time. Native soil containing clay is sometimes incorporated into sand profiles with the intent to increase water and nutrient holding capacities. However, mixes high in silt and/or clay often have drainage problems. Research was conducted on soil physical properties from incremental 10% v/v additions of silt and clay (fines) to a U.S. Golf Association (USGA)-specification sand. Soils were evaluated based on volumetric water retention from 0 to 50 cm matric potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), porosit

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Afriani, Lusmeilia, and Ryzal Perdana. "Effect of Sand Faction Percentage in Soil Mixture towards Soil Support Power for Dam Construction." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2143842.

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Knowledge of soil, which is an essential construction material, has great importance for dam construction. The level of density and carrying capacity of the soil is very important and should be taken into consideration in the planning and designing stages of civil construction, considering the soil functions as a means to withstand the load or structure built on it. Stabilization using sand soil material is one of the ways to meet the strength requirements of soil carrying capacity when there is no suitable soil material found in the nearby area. This paper aims to elucidate the physical prope

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Li, Tao, Jixiao Li, Bingyang Li, and Guangtao Yu. "Experimental Study on the Compression Characteristics of Sand–Silt–Clay Mixtures." Materials 18, no. 5 (2025): 996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18050996.

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In order to investigate the influence of the coexistence of clay and silt on the compression characteristics of sand, one-dimensional compression consolidation tests were carried out on reconstituted saturated sand–silt–clay mixtures with a constant initial void ratio, and the effects of fines content (FC) and clay–silt ratio (CS) on the compression characteristics of mixed soils were studied. The mechanism of the experimental results was additionally explained from a microscopic perspective. The test results show that: the compressibility of mixed soil increased with the increase in FC; the c

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Sun, Qing Zhou, Jian Jing, Pu Qing Zhang, Yu Shuang Huo, Zhong Kui Zhao, and Jian Wang. "Research on Changing Regularity of Green Sand Properties." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1224.

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The research represents the actual effect of clay and core sand content on the permeability, compressive strength and hot wet tensile strength of green sand by adding clay and core sand into green sand mixture in order to simulate the actual situation of clay and core sand continuously increasing in the used sand during the foundry production. It was found that the content of clay and core sand affect the permeability, compressive strength and hot wet tensile strength of molding sand. With the content of clau and core sand increasing, the permeability of molding sand reduces and has a peak whe

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Park, Sung-Sik, Jung-Shin Lee, Keun-Byoung Yoon, Seung-Wook Woo, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Application of an Acrylic Polymer and Epoxy Emulsion to Red Clay and Sand." Polymers 13, no. 19 (2021): 3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193410.

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The use of nontraditional soil stabilizers increases. Various new soil binding agents are under study to augment renewability and sustainability of an earth structure. However, despite increasing interest involved in red clay, there is minimal research investigating the stabilizing red clay with polymer. This paper presents the findings obtained by applying the acrylic polymer and epoxy emulsion as binding agent for red clay and that for sand. The epoxy–hardener ratio, amount of epoxy emulsion, and amount of polymer aqueous solution were manipulated to quantify their effects on red clay and sa

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Nougar, Benali, Abdelkader Brahimi, Djamel Edddine Bouri, et al. "Application of the hypoplastic model for validating direct shear tests to investigate the impact of fines on the behavior of chlef sand." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 10, no. 4 (2024): 18878. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl10iss4pp18878.

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This study was carried out to describe the mechanical behavior of different materials in terms of shear strength, cohesion and friction. For this purpose, an experimental shear tests were carried out. The soils used for the preparation of the samples were the Chlef sand, Chlef silt and M’zilla clay and a mixture composed of 50% of silt and 50% of clay. The soils were prepared by mixing Chlef sand with fines content of silt, clay or clay silt ranging from 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. The tests were conducted on sand samples prepared at a relative density of 20% representing a loose state and subjecte

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Ramadhani, Taufik, Iswan Iswan, and Muhammad Jafri. "Hubungan Batas Cair dan Plastisitas Indeks Tanah Lempung yang Disubstitusi Pasir Terhadap Nilai Kohesi Tanah pada Uji Direct Shear." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 3, no. 2 (2015): 291–302. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v3i2.460.

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The Clay has a low shear force properties, large density, small permeability coefficient and has alow bearing capacity. To increase the bearing capacity of the clay can be used a mixture of sand.In this study, the test is done by using the Direct Shear test, which will be a reference in relation ofliquid limit and plasticity index to the value of cohesion (c) of each soil sample that has beensubstituted with sand.Soil samples used an original soil samples and disturbed soil of clay that comes from threelocations: the area Margakaya Jati Agung South Lampung, Palputih Karang Anyar SouthLampung ,

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Mužíková, Barbora, Tereza Plaček Otcovská, and Pavel Padevět. "FRACTURE ENERGY OF ILLITIC RAMMED EARTH WITH HIGH WATER-CLAY RATIO." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 30 (April 22, 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2021.30.0053.

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The article is focused on design of mixture of rammed earth, producing, testing and determination of fracture energy of unfired rammed earth and its stress-strain curve in tensile bending test. Three different mixtures of rammed earth were designed and tested. The amount of water and binder is one of the key properties of the rammed earth, the amount of the water is expressed by the water-clay ratio. Mechanical properties of the earth material highly depend on the composition of sand, clay and water. The prescription AGL III with 80 % of sand, 20 % of clay and 0.400 water-clay ratio reached th

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Blatz, James, David E. S. Anderson, and Greg Siemens. "Evaluation of the transitional inelastic behaviour of unsaturated clay–sand mixtures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 4 (2007): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-128.

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This paper examines and compares the mechanical behaviour of two different unsaturated clay mixtures comprised of bentonite clay (Saskatchewan or Wyoming) and quartz sand. The two mixtures have been proposed as compacted barrier materials for reducing groundwater flow in the vicinity of waste disposal repositories. Triaxial specimens were compacted to consistent properties, and then specified suction conditions were applied to the specimens using the vapour equilibrium technique. Following equilibrium at the specified initial suction, specimens were subjected to isotropic and shear loading in

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El-Husseiny, Ammar. "Improved Packing Model for Functionally Graded Sand-Fines Mixtures—Incorporation of Fines Cohesive Packing Behavior." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020562.

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Binary soil mixture, containing large silica particles (sand) mixed with variable content of very fine silt or clay, is an example of a functionally graded material that is important for several science and engineering applications. Predicting the porosity (or void ratio), which is a fundamental quantity that affects other physical properties, of such material as function of fines (clay or silt) fraction can be significant for sediment research and material design optimization. Existing analytical models for porosity prediction work well for binary mixed soils containing multi-sized non-cohesi

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Trask, Parker D., and James E. H. Close. "EFFECT OF CLAY CONTENT ON STRENGTH OF SOILS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 6 (2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v6.50.

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Engineers have worked greatly on measuring the strength of soils but relatively little on the fundamental geologic causes of strength. Strength depends principally upon the content of (1) water, (2) clastic materials and (3) plastic materials. Soils are primarily of two types (1) cohesionless soils in which the strength is produced mainly by the friction of clastic particles against one another, and (2) cohesive soils in which the strength, among other things, is influenced by forces between clay particles. The present investigation is a study of the effect of clay content upon the strength of

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Abdullah, A., Shamsuddin Sulaiman, B. T. Hang Tuah Baharudin, Mohd Khairol A. Arifin, and T. R. Vijayaram. "The Effect of Bentonite Clay on Green Compression Strength for Tailing Sands from Old Tin Mines in Perak State, Malaysia for Making Green Sand Casting Mould." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.769.

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Clay has an important role in making green sand casting mould beside water. Clay acts as binders, holding the sand grains together. Water is needed to activate the clay bond. Without the addition of water on clay, no strength would be achieved on sand mould, as the sand and clay would be just two dry materials. Bentonite clay was used in this study. Adequate clay content with suitable moisture in moulding sand is important for optimum strength and casting quality. Too little or too much clay will not give proper strength. Green compression strength is one of the mechanical properties to be con

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Shaker, Abdullah A., and Muawia Dafalla. "Introducing Cement-Enhanced Clay-Sand Columns under Footings Placed on Expansive Soils." Applied Sciences 14, no. 18 (2024): 8152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14188152.

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The risk posed by expansive soils can be lessened by placing foundations at a more deep level below the surface. Structures are able to withstand uplift forces because overburden pressure partially suppresses swelling pressure. In order to transfer the forces to a sufficiently deep depth, this study suggests introducing shafts of a low-expansion overburden material. Soil improved with cement is chosen for this purpose. This study suggests using sand with added excavated natural clay and cement. The expansive clay is added to sand in ratios of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60%. The clay–sand mixture is th

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Do, Thang Hong, Phong Van Nguyen, and Hung Van Nguyen. "Unconfined compressive strength assessment of soil-cement mixtures in Hai Duong city." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 64, no. 6 (2023): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2023.64(6).07.

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The unconfined compressive strength (qu) of the soil-cement mixture (S-CM) depends on many factors, in which the soil type and the cement content (%CM) are very important factors. The soil type determines the fine particle content and affects the effectiveness of soil-cement mixture. Meanwhile, %CM has a direct influence on the qu of the S-CM. The cost of foundation treatment methods for small and medium-sized constructions depends on the reasonable cement content. This paper presents the unconfined compressive strength of S-CM for five common cohesive soils in Hai Duong city (soft clay, soft

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Solonenko, L. I., K. I. Uzlov, T. V. Kimstach, Ya V. Mianovska, and D. Yu Yakymenko. "Influence of ice structure on vitability of frozen sand-water and sand-clay mixtures." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2024-1/032.

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Purpose. To establish influence regularity of sand, water and clay preparation conditions on vitability of frozen mixtures made from combinations of these components and to increase the castings quality in foundries, as well as to improve technologies for artificial freezing of soils for underground constructions. Methodology. In this research, sand, clay, and water are used. Ice quality is estimated visually after water freezing at -15 °C in glass tubes. Frozen mixtures’ vitability at -15 °C is studied on beam-type samples. As indicators of survivability, the time to 1 mm bending of samples o

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Akinlabi, Oyetunji, Seidu S.O., and I. Opaluwa A. "LittleStudy on the Shear Strength of Foundry Sand Cores Using Clay and Cassava Starch As Binder." DIU Journal of Science & Technology 8, no. 2 (2024): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13761526.

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Sand cores for casting intricate shapes were produced from Ojolofe silica sand using cassava starch and Iyoloko clay, Idah Kogi State Nigeria as binders. Various compositions (6 – 12% water 4 – 12% cassava starch and 5% Iyoloko clay) and Ojolofe silica sand were mixed to produce standard cores samples of two different types (green and baked). Cores samples were baked at different temperatures ranging from 90 and 200oC for 60 – 150 minutes. Determination of shear strengths was carried out on a large number of green and baked cores samples. Appropriate baking conditions and opt

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Deng, Yongfeng, Zilong Wu, Yujun Cui, Songyu Liu, and Qiong Wang. "Sand fraction effect on hydro-mechanical behavior of sand-clay mixture." Applied Clay Science 135 (January 2017): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.10.017.

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Mollins, L. H., D. I. Stewart, and T. W. Cousens. "Predicting the properties of bentonite-sand mixtures." Clay Minerals 31, no. 2 (1996): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1996.031.2.10.

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AbstractOne-dimensional swelling tests and hydraulic conductivity tests have been performed at vertical effective stresses up to 450 kPa on Na-bentonite powder and compacted sand/Na-bentonite mixtures (5, 10 and 20% bentonite by weight) to investigate the use of bentonite-improved soils for waste containment. It was found that bentonite powder swells to reach a final state described by a single straight line on a plot of void ratio against the logarithm of vertical effective stress, regardless of preparation technique. Swelling of sand/bentonite mixtures expressed in terms of the clay void rat

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Keren, Rami, and Meni Ben-Hur. "Interaction effects of clay swelling and dispersion and CaCO3 content on saturated hydraulic conductivity." Soil Research 41, no. 5 (2003): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02102.

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Typic Chromoxeret-sand and Lithic Ruptic Xerochrept-sand mixtures, of high sodicity, and containing 8 and ~0% CaCO3, respectively, were packed in columns and leached with electrolyte solutions. When a reference solution of 500 mmol/L was replaced successively with solutions containing 100, 50, 10, 5, and 1 mmol/L and then with deionised water (gradual leaching), the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decreased gradually to steady-state values, and no clay was observed in the leachate. Under deionised leaching, the relative Ks (Ks/Ks0) (the ratio between the observed Ks and that under leachi

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Столевич, І. А., О. О. Постернак, С. В. Петраш, О. В. Ковтуненко, and Н. Ф. Уразманова. "Research and analysis of the influence of recipe and technological factors on the strength of expanded clay concrete on quartz sand." Сучасні технології та методи розрахунків у будівництві, no. 21 (August 26, 2024): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/6775-2410-6208-2024-11(21)-25.

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The aim of the work is to study the strength and deformation properties of expanded clay concrete on cement-ash binder and to prove the technical possibility and economic feasibility of its study in structural elements of civil buildings. The five-factor plan B5 was implemented. In the matrix, each of the technological factors changed at three levels (-1; 0; +1), which made it possible to obtain quadratic mathematical models of output parameters - the bulk mass of concrete, cubic and prismatic strength of the expanded clay concrete at the age of 1 (a.s), 28, 115, 180 and 360 days, when the exp

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Savić-Zdravković, Dimitrija, Aca Đurđević, Zorana Lazarević, Nastasja Manić, and Djuradj Milošević. "Affordable chrionomid housing: proposed modifications of standard OECD substrate for testing of chemicals on aquatic midges." Biologica Nyssana 11, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4060278.

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This study was conducted in order to formulate a modification of standard substrate for laboratory bioassays (OECD protocol number 218: ”Sediment water chironomid toxicity test using spiked sediment“), with as few constituents as possible, yet enabling the highest larval survival of model organism: Chironomus tentans (Chironomidae, Diptera). Laboratory experiment consisted of two bioassays: first with substrate mixture of two and more ingredients tested: standard OECD substrate, standard substrate with medical clay, peat + clay, peat + sand, clay + sand; second with every ingredien

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Kroviakov, Sergii, Lidiia Dudnyk, and Michael Zavoloka. "PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL EXPANDED CLAY LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF POROUS SANDS." Journal of Engineering Science XXVII (1) (March 15, 2020): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3713362.

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In this work, the strength, water tightness and average density of modified expanded clay lightweight on different types of sands were investigated. Quartz sand, expanded clay sand and sand from granulated foam glass were used. It is shown that structural lightweight expanded clay concrete on light sand from granular foam glass is effective for thin-walled structures of hydraulic structures, if necessary, to reduce their weight. It was established that the average density of lightweight expanded clay concrete on a mixture of quartz sand and granulated foam glass is 1400-1440 kg/m<sup>3</sup>,

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Kidalov, Nikolay A., Anna S. Adamova, and Viktoria V. Smirnova. "Effect of Temperature Calcinations of Clay on Strength of Moulding Mixture." Materials Science Forum 973 (November 2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.973.26.

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Nutt, Nele, and Ardo Kubjas. "Moisture Buffer Value of Composite Material Made of Clay- Sand Plaster and Wastepaper." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (2020): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.27.2.25391.

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The scope of the Nordtest method is to evaluate the moisture buffer value (MBV) for materials exposed to indoor air. The test is intended to simulate daily variations with relative humidity (RH) of 75% during 8 hours and 33% during 16 hours.Many authors have noted that clay plaster has a very good MBV (Altmäe et al. 2019). Our previous tests have shown that the MBV of clay plaster can be increased by adding paper plaster mixture (Nutt et al. 2020a). The specimen made according to a recipe contains the following: waste paper, glue, clay plaster mixture and water. Eleven paper plaster mixtures w

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Asamatdinov, Marat, Alexey Zhukov, Andrey Ushakov, and Bahram Tursmuratov. "Eco-friendly construction materials: Lime clay gipsum plaster mixtures." BIO Web of Conferences 145 (2024): 03047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414503047.

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Clay-gypsum raw materials and binders based on them are among the local building materials of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, and their use makes it possible to regulate the import of gypsum binders and its derivatives, thereby optimizing supply chains. Clay gypsum is a natural formation of fine-grained crystalline gypsum, evenly mixed with clay or loam. The amount of gypsum ranges from 5 to 65%. The uniform distribution of clay particles in the gypsum matrix is due to the genesis of this sedimentary rock. Of interest are modifications of clay gypsum, including those using lime to produce lime

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Abdullah, Azhar, S. Sulaiman, B. T. H. T. Baharudin, M. K. A. Ariffin, and N. Haliza. "Mechanical Properties of Tin Tailing Sand-Clay Mixture from Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia for Making Greensand Casting Mould." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.211.

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Tailing sand from ex-tin mine in Batu Gajah containing between 95.9 to 98.9% silica. In this research involved the process of, conducting the mechanical sieve grading to identify the size spread, plotting the grain size distribution and calculating the average grain size. Further on with the effects of controlled additions of clay (bentonite) and water and determining the working range on the mechanical properties. The investigation involved comparing the mechanical properties of the tailing sand to the requirement for foundry sand applications listed by Foseco Ferrous Foundrymans Handbook (Fo

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