Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sand filtration

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Sand filtration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sand filtration"

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Ellis, K. V., and W. E. Wood. "Slow sand filtration." Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 15, no. 4 (January 1985): 315–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643388509381736.

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Allen, Martin J., Jack Bryck, David W. Hendricks, Gary S. Logsdon, William D. Bellamy, and Robert M. Krill. "Slow Sand Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 12 (December 1988): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03145.x.

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Agbo, Komitse Edoh, Yawovi M. X. Dany Ayité, and Irina Pachoukova. "Study of Head Loss in Rapid Filtration with four River Sands." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091682.

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In this work, we studied the filtration behavior, with regard to the head loss, of four calibrated Togo Rivers sands compared to that of a reference filter sand imported from Europe. The objective is to determine the suitability of local rivers sands as filter sands for water treatment plants. The sands were successively loaded into a filtration pilot and subjected, during at least 20 hours, to the filtration of water whose turbidity was maintained at around 20 NTU. The results show that the average deviations of the head loss profiles as a function of depth, calculated in relation to the head loss recorded on the reference sand, at the same filtration time t=20h, are small and vary from 2 cm to 8 cm. In the same way, the curves of the head loss as a function of time are quite close to the one observed for the reference sand. Examination of the clogging front after 20 hours of filtration reveals that the progression is either the same or greater and reached 20 cm in depth at the same time. This study can be extended to other rivers sand samples and by varying the turbidity and the filtration rate. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091682 Full Text: PDF
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Visscher, Jan Teun, Paramasivam, and Santacruz. "IRC's slow sand filtration project." Waterlines 4, no. 3 (January 1986): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1986.010.

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Montiel, A., B. Welte, and J. M. Barbier. "Improvement of slow sand filtration." Environmental Technology Letters 10, no. 1 (January 1989): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338909384715.

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DeWitt, Gary. "Rapid Sand Filtration Demands Teamwork." Journal - American Water Works Association 88, no. 12 (December 1996): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06656.x.

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Amini, F., and H. V. Truong. "Effect of Filter Media Particle Size Distribution on Filtration Efficiency." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.033.

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Abstract The results of an experimental study of a sand filter water quality model are presented. The model is built to represent an underground confined water quality sand filter structure. Three types of sands, namely fine, medium and coarse, were used to study the effect of filter media particle size distribution on sediment removal efficiency. The results indicated that the sediment removal efficiency for all sand types decreased with time. The use of medium sand provided the scale model filter with the highest sediment removal efficiency. The finding of this study indicates that the media grain size has a measurable effect on the efficiency of the sand filter water quality structure.
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Dizer, H., G. Grützmacher, H. Bartel, H. B. Wiese, R. Szewzyk, and J. M. López-Pila. "Contribution of the colmation layer to the elimination of coliphages by slow sand filtration." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0127.

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River bank or slow sand filtration is a major procedure for processing surface water to drinking water in central europe. In order to model the performance of river bank and slow sand filtration plants, we are studying the different mechanisms by which the elimination of pathogens is realized. An important question concerning the mode of action of slow sand filters and river bank filtration units is the role of the colmation layer or “schmutzdecke” on the elimination of human pathogens. The schmutzdecke is an organic layer which develops at the surface of the sand filter short after the onset of operation. We have inoculated a pilot plant for slow sand filtration with coliphages and determined their rate of breakthrough and their final elimination. In the first experiment, with a colmation layer still missing, the breakthrough of the coliphages in the 80 cm mighty sandy bed amounted to ca. 40%. In contrast, less than 1% of coliphages escaped from the filter as the same experiment was repeated two months later, when a substantial colmation layer had developed. Our preliminary conclusions are that the colmation layer is extremely efficient in eliminating of viruses.
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Cristiana. "AEROSOL FILTRATION USING QUARTZ SAND FILTER." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2012.385.395.

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Sabale, Mr Ranjeet. "Modified Rapid Sand Filtration with Capping." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 2209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.3349.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sand filtration"

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Hasan, Faisal S. "Upflow sand-roughing filtration." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1994. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34972.

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Slow sand filtration requires low turbidity water for effective operation. In most cases this means pretreating the raw water to reduce its turbidity. Lately horizontal gravel filters have become very popular as a means of pretreatment. They are simple to operate, have a large mass storage capacity, and can cope with high turbidity shock loads. However, cleaning them can be a problem. An alternative pretreatment, which this study is concerned with, is upflow sand roughing filtration. It has the potential advantages of simple design, ease of operation and cleaning, and low area requirements. A study of upflow versus downflow was done using two small filter columns. The results showed that although downflow exhibited a better turbidity removal than upflow, upflow allowed longer filter runs and better utilisation of bed depth. This was in agreement with earlier findings. The effect of backwash water quality was also investigated. Both filters were run in upflow direction; one was washed with tap water, the other with polluted raw water. The results suggested, unexpectedly, that a filter washed repeatedly with polluted water produced slightly better turbidity removal than one washed with tap water. This indicated some form of maturation, which could be biological in nature, taking place. Experiments with horizontal gravel filters clearly showed the importance of biological mechanisms in maturation. Four new filter columns, 50mm in diameter, were constructed. These allowed further investigation of the effect of bed depth. Backwash rate and duration were investigated to find an optimum. Very little of the wash water was required to clean the filters, the majority being required to flush the turbidity out of the system. The long-term effect of backwash on filters was investigated, as was the effect of wash water quality. Tap water, raw water and raw water polluted with settled sewage were used to wash the filters. The results indicated that the filters washed with raw water and polluted water proved to be as good as regards turbidity removal as those washed with tap water. This suggested that raw water backwash could be used effectively for washing upflow roughing filters.
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Dorea, Caetano Chang. "Chemically-enhanced gravel pre-filtration for slow sand filtration." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843007/.

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The simple operational and maintenance requirements of slow sand filtration (SSF), coupled with its high biological treatment efficiency makes it an attractive technology. The main limitation of SSF is its vulnerability to high suspended solids loadings. Pre-treatment in such instances can be achieved by gravel filtration. Cases of gravel pre-filtration underperformance have been attributed to significant fractions of influent suspended particles in the colloidal range. Maximum limits of turbidity for the application of gravel pre-filters have also been suggested. A simple intervention to overcome such water quality constraints can be through the dosing of a coagulant (aluminium sulfate) upstream of the pre-filtration stage; enhancing the pre-treatment efficiency, in what could be defined as direct (gravel) filtration. Previous studies have investigated its use as a pre-treatment for SSF; however, the results emphasise pre-filtration treatment efficiency and do not consider the effectiveness of the pre-treatment in protecting the slow sand filters. Also, because of the potential toxic effects of A1 residuals, its upstream use in relation to a biological SSF treatment has never been properly evaluated. The objectives of this study were: assess the efficiency as well as the effectiveness of chemically- enhanced up-flow gravel filters in series (UGFS) as pre-treatment for SSF and study the impact of aluminium residuals on the treatment performance and potential effects on biological activity. Preliminary experiments and first set of runs with chemically-enhanced pre-filter showed evidence of wall-effects due to the media size/column diameter ratio. This experimental design shortcoming was thought not to have affected the overall trends of results and was addressed for the set of pilot-experiments on which most conclusions are based. The results from the experimental work have shown that chemically-enhanced gravel pre-filtration can be effective only if coagulant dose is carefully controlled. Contrary to previous research, it was found that when resorting to chemically-enhanced pre-treatment (with alum) turbidities of less than 2 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) should be targeted for in order to ensure an efficient and effective SSF pre-treatment. Such control will minimise A1 residuals that can otherwise cause a premature blockage of the slow sand filter by A1 hydroxide precipitates even with influent turbidities below 10 NTU. This was speculated to occur possibly due to size and mechanical properties of deposits retained on the uppermost layers of the SSF beds. A1 speciation analyses revealed that A1 residuals from chemically-enhanced pre-filtration were found to be mostly of inorganically- bound Al. This fraction consisted mainly of A1 in its form which is considered to be potentially more bioavailable (and possibly toxic) to aquatic (micro)organisms. However, slow sand filtration column trials found that filters dosed with the potentially more labile form of A1 did not show any significant difference in terms of treatment performance parameters and biological activity indicators. It has been demonstrated that chemically-enhanced pre-filtration (with alum) may not be an effective pre-treatment on the basis that it may cause an early blockage of the slow sand filters. There was no evidence of effect of A1 on biological treatment of the slow sand filtration process.
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Muhammad, Nur. "Removal of heavy metals by slow sand filtration." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6981.

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Slow sand filters (SSFs) are probably the most effective, simplest and least expensive water treatment process. Micro-organisms and other particulate materials are effectively removed by SSFs. Considerable development has been done on SSFs with respect to particle removal, but only a few works have been reported in the context of the removal of heavy metals which are a severely toxic pollutant of surface waters. No extensive laboratory or pilot studies have been carried out to determine the performance or the mechanisms of removal of heavy metals by SSFs. This research is concerned with an experimental investigation of the removal of heavy metals from surface water by SSFs. Four laboratory scale SSFs were built and run according to standard design criteria. Removal of four common heavy metals [copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)] were monitored. The filters were fed synthetic water made from tap water mixed with settled sewage, and each filter was dosed with one of the heavy metal salts. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd in the influent were selected as 10 mg/l, 100 μg/l, 60 μg/l, and 100 μg/l respectively considering their relative toxicity and WHO guidelines in drinking water. Settled sewage was added to vary the total organic carbon (TOC) of the feed water. The reduction of heavy metal concentrations were monitored at various TOCs, filtration rates and filter bed depths. The results showed that SSFs succeeded in removing heavy metals from water. The removals of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd at the conventional flow rate and filter depth are 99.6,97.2,100 and 96.6 % respectively. The results also showed that an increase in TOC in the feed water improved metal removal while increases of flow rates caused a decrease of the removal of metals. The removal of heavy metals also decreased with a reduction in sand bed depth. The optimisation of design parameters for SSFs for the removal of heavy metals depends on the individual heavy metal and on the TOC content of the feed water. Model equations were developed for, and linear correlation was observed between each of the three control parameters and the removal of the selected metal. The removal of heavy metal by SSFs was achieved through the combination of a number of mechanisms. Settlement, adsorption to both sand and organic matter and microbial
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Hurley, Steven Philip. "The role of macro-invertebrates in slow sand filtration." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409647.

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Kang, Young Woon. "Biological treatment of turkey processing wastewater with sand filtration." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1078903968.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 187 p.; also includes graphic (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Karen M. Mancl, Dept. of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-178).
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Donison, Kori S. (Kori Shay) 1981. "Household scale slow sand filtration in the Dominican Republic." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28624.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-83).
Slow sand filtration is a method of water treatment that has been used for hundreds of years. In the past two decades, there has been resurgence in interest in slow sand filtration, particularly as a low-cost, household-scale method of water treatment. During January 2004, the author traveled to the northwestern Dominican Republic to evaluate the performance of BioSand filters installed over the past two years. BioSand filter performance was evaluated based on flow rate, turbidity removal and total coliform removal in communities surrounding the cities of Mao, Puerto Plata and Dajabon. Filter owners were interviewed about general filter use, water storage methods, filter maintenance practices, and water use. Data analysis revealed that even though the majority of filters were removing large portions of both total coliform and E. coli contamination, no filters met the WHO water quality guideline of less than one CFU/100 ml. Analysis also revealed that at low turbidities, turbidity removal and total coliform removal are not correlated. Examination of flow rate and bacterial removal near Puerto Plata revealed that filters with fast flow rates and intermittent chlorination were observed to have the lowest total coliform removal rates. Analysis of storage data revealed that failure to use safe water storage containers leads to recontamination of filtered water. During Spring of 2004, a laboratory was conducted to examine longer-term thermotolerant coliform and turbidity removal. The study compared removal rates between two BioSand filters, one of which was paired with a geotextile prefilter used in the construction of the Peruvian Table Filter. The study revealed that thermotolerant coliform removal rates by the BioSand filter without
(cont.) the geotextile stabilized after an initial period of lower bacterial removal efficiency. Thermotolerant coliform removal in the BioSand filter with the geotextile prefilter dropped throughout the experiment, suggesting that pairing a BioSand filter with a prefilter is detrimental to filter performance. Combining the results of the survey analysis and data gathered in the Dominican Republic with the results of the laboratory analysis of Spring 2004 suggests that BioSand filter users in the Dominican Republic should continue to use their filters. If possible, BioSand filter use should be combined with post-filtration chlorination to kill the remaining bacteria. The BioSand filter is a valuable and effective household-scale water treatment method for the Dominican Republic.
by Kori S. Donison.
M.Eng.
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Foreman, Gordon P. "Slow Rate Sand Filtration With and Without Clinoptilolite: A Comparison of Water Quality and Filtration Economics." DigitalCommons@USU, 1985. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2896.

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Slow rate sand filtration (SSF) amended with a 20 em surface layer of clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite, was compared to SSF with no amendment in a field scale SSF facility treating 85 m3/d of water. Parameters examined included turbidity, coliforms, and ammonium removal. The control filter with sand and the experimental filter amended with the zeolite were also compared with respect to duration of filter cycle, cold weather operation, and economics. Amended and unamended filters were appr oximately equivalent with respect to ammonium and coliform removal at 10° C. The zeolite amended cell was superior to the unamended cell with respect to coliform and turbidity removal at 3° C. The zeolite amended cell had filter cycle durations four times longer and operation and maintenance costs 25% lower than the unamended cell. Laboratory column studies were also conducted to compare a control column of construction sand to a homogeneous sand-zeolite mixture. and to SSF amended with zeolite or coarse sand. Construction sand and clinoptilolite were very similar in metal removal efficiency. Head loss developed most rapidly in the SSF column with construction sand only. Head loss developed more slowly resulting in longer filter cycles when the SSF was amended with a zeolite or coarse sand surface layer. A homogeneous sand-clinoptilolite mixture had filter cycles longer than construction sand, but shorter than SSF amended with a coarse surface medium. Batch reactor tests were utilized to compare adsorption of reovirus to sand and clinoptilolite. Reovirus adsorption was approximately equivalent for the two media.
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Micó, Reche Mª del Mar. "Photo-Fenton and Slow Sand Filtration coupling for hydroponics water reuse." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128571.

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The collaboration between the University of Barcelona and Acciona Agua was focused on optimizing greenhouses hydric resources. The functionality of a combined treatment had to be assessed, when applied to the discard stream of a recycling system of the Advanced Greenhouse leachates. The coupling consisted on an Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), photo-Fenton, based on hydroxyl radical oxidative potential, produced by the interaction between Fe2+ and H2O2, and a slow sand filtration column acting as a bioreactor. The recycling system will require the synergy of chemical and biological processes to be able to work efficiently with the particular characteristics of greenhouses effluents: high salinity content and the presence of pesticides. Two recycling strategies proposed by the project defined two conductivity thresholds that the coupled system should be able to cope with. The first strategy proposed a simple semi-closed system that recycled nutrient solution from the hydroponics crops until a maximum value of 11 mS•cm(-1), phytotoxicity limit. Part of the current was then diverted to be treated by the integrated system. The second strategy introduced reverse osmosis membrane technology that concentrated that diverted stream, sending the permeate for its reuse directly to the greenhouse, while the brine had to be treated by the coupled process. In this case the maximum level of salinity in the effluents could reach conductivities close to those for seawater, around 50 mS•cm(-1). The performance of photo-Fenton reaction was essayed in order to improve the knowledge regarding this treatment technique. On the first place, this AOP and the ozonation process were compared. Results shown that increasing toxicity of ozonation effluents confirmed the choice of photo-Fenton as the most adequate treatment for pesticide polluted effluents. Experimental design criteria allowed then to determine optimal working conditions depending on the content of the reaction media, and enabled to prove the existence of endogenous catalyst inhibition in the presence of fosetyl-Al. Salinity essays were finally performed, yielding positive results even for highest conductivity effluents. Those positive results were also reflected in the increase of the biodegradability of the treated effluents, what leaded to the next step of the research. Biocompatibility of pretreated effluents was essayed by means of sequencing batch reactors (SBR). These devices were used to show how photo-Fenton indeed increased biodegradability of the effluents, and how it grown until a certain point when more hydrogen peroxide did not lead to better results. They were also utilized to assess the biocompatibility of high salinity pretreated effluents, as a first step towards the coupling with the slow sand filtration at high conductivities. Results obtained were extremely encouraging, given that even for the highest salinity concentrations (10 and 50 mS•cm(-1)), the performance of the bioreactor achieved an organic content reduction for more than 80% of the loaded concentration, which compared to the 10-20% removal achieved by photo-Fenton, justifies the need of combining both treatments. Guided by those positive results, the load of the slow sand filtration column with different salinity pretreated effluents was performed. Also positive results were obtained. The achieved elimination of the organic content was more than 75% when loaded with 10 mS•cm-1 effluent, and the refractory fraction (the remaining organic matter that cannot be oxidized either by photo-Fenton reaction or by the biomass metabolism) was the lowest also for this high conductivity. Molecular biology tools, MTBs, used in this thesis were based on cloning and sequencing techniques of 16S rRNA genes. They allowed characterizing the bacterial population of one of the assessed SBRs and of the different loading stages of the slow sand filtration column. They showed how with the increase of salinity, the population in the slow sand filtration column loosed diversity, despite the fact that the performance of the column was still proficient. This fact stated how a very different microbial consortium could be developing the same functions as others. According to obtained results, it could be finally concluded that the coupling between photo-Fenton reaction and slow sand filtration column could be an effective treatment alternative for implementing the recycling strategies of hydroponics greenhouse leachates proposed by CENIT-MEDIODIA Project. For its part, MBTs were revealed as powerful tools to characterize microbial population and increase the understanding of the bioreactions taking part in bioremediation.
Esta tesis se enmarca en la colaboración entre el Departamento de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad de Barcelona y el Departamento de I+D de Acciona Agua S.A.U, en el marco del Proyecto CENIT- MEDIODIA (2007-2010). Esta iniciativa la componen un consorcio de empresas un consorcio de empresas y centros de investigación que unieron esfuerzos de innovación en el desarrollo de un nuevo concepto de Invernaderos Hidropónicos Avanzados. La colaboración entre la Universidad de Barcelona y Acciona Agua se centró en la optimización de los recursos hídricos de dichos invernaderos. Así se evaluó la funcionalidad de un tratamiento combinado que integrara un Proceso de Oxidación Avanzada (reacción foto-Fenton), y un reactor biológico (columna de arena de filtración lenta), aplicados a la corriente de desecho de un sistema de recirculación de lixiviados provenientes del nombrado invernadero avanzado. Las particularidades de dicho sistema de reciclado harían que el sistema combinado tuviese que trabajar con efluentes con alto contenido en pesticidas (metomilo, imidacloprid y fosetyl-Al, fueron escogidos para simular los lixiviados de invernadero) y conductividades entre 11 y 50 mS•cm-1. De este modo el principal objetivo del proceso integrado sería el de conseguir la máxima eliminación de los compuestos xenobióticos y de la carga orgánica que los acompañe en el efluente tratado. Así pues, la experimentación se llevó a cabo frente a tres aspectos relacionados con el sistema combinado: estudio de la reacción foto-Fenton, ensayos con biorreactores, y empleo de herramientas de biología molecular (MBT, en sus siglas en inglés) aplicadas a la caracterización de la biomasa desarrollada en los biorreactores ensayados. Según los resultados obtenidos, se llegó a la conclusión de que la combinación de la reacción foto-Fenton y la columna de filtración lenta podría ser una alternativa de tratamiento eficaz para la aplicación de las estrategias de reciclaje de los lixiviados hidroponía presentadas en Proyecto CENIT-MEDIODIA. Además, MBT se revelaron como poderosas herramientas para caracterizar la población microbiana de distintos biorreactores y las funciones que desempeñan.
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Sittivate, Dome. "Algae removal from surface water by horizontal-flow roughing filtration." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287809.

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Cleary, Shawn A. "Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities Using Multistage Slow Sand Filtration." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/926.

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Slow sand filtration is a proven and sustainable technology for drinking water treatment in small communities. The process, however, is sensitive to lower water temperatures that can lead to decreased biological treatment, and high raw water turbidity levels that can lead to premature clogging of the filter and frequent cleaning requirements, resulting in increased risk of pathogen breakthrough. Multistage filtration, consisting of roughing filtration followed by slow sand filtration, can overcome these treatment limitations and provide a robust treatment alternative for surface water sources of variable water quality in northern climates, which typically experience water temperatures ranging down to 2°C. Prior to this study, however, multistage filtration had yet to be systematically challenged in colder climates, including testing of its performance under increased hydraulic loadings and elevated influent turbidity together with cold water conditions. The primary goal of this research was to demonstrate the reliability of multistage filtration for small communities in northern climates with reference to the Ontario Safe Drinking Water Act. In this research, testing was conducted on two different pilot multistage filtration systems and fed with water from the Grand River, a municipally and agriculturally impacted river in Southern Ontario. One system featured pre-ozonation and post-granular activated carbon (GAC) stages, and shallower bed depths in the roughing filter and slow sand filter. The other system featured deeper bed depths in the roughing filter and slow sand filter, two parallel roughing filters of different design for comparison, and a second stage of slow sand filtration for increased robustness. Removal of turbidity, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms under a range of influent turbidities (1 to >100 NTU), water temperatures (~2 to 20°C), and hydraulic loading rates (0. 2 to 0. 8 m/h) were investigated. In addition, the slow sand filters in each pilot system were challenged with high concentrations (~106 oocyst/L) of inactivated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The performance of both pilot multistage filtration systems was highly dependent on the biological maturity of the system and its hydraulic loading rate. In a less mature system operating in cold water conditions (<5°C), effluent turbidity was mostly below 0. 5 NTU during periods of stable influent turbidity (no runoff events) and a hydraulic loading of 0. 4 m/h, however, runoff events of high influent turbidity (>50 NTU), increased hydraulic loadings (0. 6 m/h), and filter cleaning occasionally resulted in effluent turbidity above 1 NTU. Furthermore, in a less mature system operating during runoff events of high turbidity, reducing the hydraulic loading rate to 0. 2 m/h was important for achieving effluent turbidity below 1 NTU. However, in a more mature system operating in warm water conditions (19-22°C), effluent turbidity was consistently below 0. 3 NTU at a hydraulic loading rate of 0. 4 m/h, and below 0. 5 NTU at 0. 8 m/h, despite numerous events of high influent turbidity (>25 NTU). It remains to be seen whether this performance could be sustained in colder water temperatures with a fully mature filter. Removal of coliform bacteria was occasionally incomplete in a less mature multistage system, whereas, in a more mature system operating in warm water conditions (>9°C), removal was complete in all measurements. Furthermore, the average removal of Cryptosporidium was greater than 2. 5 logs in both systems (with hydraulic loading rates ranging from 0. 4 to 0. 8 m/h) and improved with increased filter maturity. Each individual stage of the multistage system was an important treatment barrier in the overall process of turbidity and pathogen removal. The roughing filter was not only important for protecting the slow sand filter from solids loading and increasing its run length, but was also a significant contributor to coliform removal when the system was less mature. Removal of turbidity was significantly improved when the roughing filter was more mature, suggesting that biological treatment was an important treatment mechanism in the roughing filter. Although pre-ozonation was used mainly for the removal of organic carbon and colour, it achieved complete removal of coliform bacteria and was also suspected to be important for enhanced removal of turbidity. The second slow sand filter in series provided additional robustness to the process by reducing effluent turbidity to below 1 NTU during cold water runoff events of high turbidity and increased hydraulic loadings (0. 6 m/h), while achieving effluent below 0. 3 NTU during normal periods of operation. It also provided additional removals of coliforms under challenging operating conditions, and contributed an additional average removal of Cryptosporidium of 0. 8 logs, which resulted in cumulative removal of 3. 7 logs, approximately 1 log greater than all the other challenge tests. Collectively, the entire multistage system performed well with water temperatures ranging down to 2°C, limited filter maturity, elevated raw water turbidities, and increased hydraulic loading rates. Its ability to meet the current Ontario turbidity regulations and greater than 2 log removal of Cryptosporidium over a range of operating conditions, with little or no process adjustment, is a testament to the robustness and minimal maintenance requirements of the process, which are desirable attributes for small water systems that are often located in rural areas. While this research demonstrated the performance of multistage filtration using pilot scale testing, it is important to note that full-scale plants tend to produce significantly better results than pilot facilities, due to long term biological maturation of the system. Overall, multistage filtration is a sustainable and cost-effective technology that, through this research, appears to be a safe, reliable, and robust treatment alternative for small and non-municipal water systems in North America and the developing world. Further, based on its performance with challenging influent water quality and cold water conditions, multistage filtration holds particular promise for small communities in northern climates that are required to meet safe drinking water regulations, but are dependent on surface water sources of variable water quality and temperatures.
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Books on the topic "Sand filtration"

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Water filtration practices: Including slow sand filters and precoat filtration. Denver: American Water Works Association, 2008.

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Bellamy, William D. Filtration of giardia cysts and other substances: Volume 2, slow sand filtration. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Bellamy, William D. Filtration of giardia cysts and other substances: Volume 2, slow sand filtration. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Glover, Anthony R. Deansboro Water District construction and testing of amended slow sand filter: Deansboro, Town of Marshall, Oneida County, New York : final report. Albany, N.Y: NYSERDA, 2000.

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Letterman, Raymond D. Slow sand filter maintenance: Costs and effects on water quality. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Pyper, Gordon Richardson. Slow sand filter and package treatment plan evaluation: Operating costs and removal of bacteria, giardia, and trihalomethanes. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Pyper, Gordon Richardson. Slow sand filter and package treatment plan evaluation: Operating costs and removal of bacteria, giardia, and trihalomethanes. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Schreuder, Peter J. An investigation of the capacity of tailing sand to remove microorganisms from surficial waters: Final report. Bartow, Fla: Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, 2001.

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Schreuder, Peter J. Pilot project to test natural water treatment capacity of wetland and tailing sand filtration on mined phosphate lands: Final report. Bartow, Fla: Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, 2005.

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Assessment of auxiliary backwash method for rapid sand filters. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sand filtration"

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Charchalac Ochoa, Sebastian Ignacio, Ken Ushijima, Nowaki Hijikata, and Naoyuki Funamizu. "Treatment of Greywater by Geotextile Filter and Intermittent Sand Filtration." In Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 195–210. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56835-3_14.

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Bartel, Hartmut, and Gesche Grützmacher. "Elimination of Microcystins by Slow Sand Filtration at the UBA Experimental Field." In Riverbank Filtration: Understanding Contaminant Biogeochemistry and Pathogen Removal, 123–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0479-4_6.

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Vairagi, Purushottam Das, and Rajesh Roshan Dash. "Evaluation of Dolochar as a Filter Media in Slow Sand Filtration." In Water Science and Technology Library, 221–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5795-3_18.

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Ramísio, P. J., and J. M. P. Vieira. "Heavy metal removal efficiency in a kaolinite–sand media filtration pilot-scale installation." In Alliance For Global Sustainability Bookseries, 319–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6010-6_29.

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Jalizi, Samira, Ken Ashley, and Colleen C. V. Chan. "Restoration of an Urban Creek Water Quality Using Sand and Biochar Filtration Galleries." In Ecocities Now, 161–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58399-6_11.

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Ramísio, Paulo J., and José M. P. Vieira. "Evaluation of Zn, Cu and Pb Sorption-Desorption Phenomena in Kaolinite-Sand Media Filtration Pilot Scale Installation." In Highway and Urban Environment, 319–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_34.

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Packman, Aaron I., Norman H. Brooks, and James J. Morgan. "Experimental Techniques for Laboratory Investigation of Clay Colloid Transport and Filtration in a Stream with a Sand Bed." In The Interactions Between Sediments and Water, 113–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5552-6_12.

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Rabin, Richard L., Jaehong Han, and Douglas J. Rhee. "Ab-Interno Trabeculotomy." In Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery, 41–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5632-6_4.

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Abstract The Trabectome (NeoMedix Corporation, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA) is a US Food and Drug Administration—approved surgical device which removes a segment of the trabecular meshwork and the inner wall of the Schlemm’s canal using an ab-interno approach, enhancing aqueous outflow via increased access to the Schlemm’s canal and the collector channels. This is a bleb-less procedure which spares the conjunctiva, hence does not adversely affect the outcome of subsequent conventional glaucoma filtration surgeries. Multiple studies have shown that Trabectome surgery results in a reduction in IOP and the number of ocular hypotensive agents, though the efficacy is modest compared with conventional filtration surgery. The safety profile of Trabectome surgery is favorable compared with conventional glaucoma surgery, with the most common complication being intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. Additional research is required to understand how the efficacy of Trabectome surgery can be maximized.
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"Slow Sand Filtration." In Water Treatment Unit Processes, 709–62. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315276052-23.

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"Slow Sand Filtration." In Fundamentals of Water Treatment Unit Processes, 439–66. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439895092-22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sand filtration"

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Kohne, Roger W., and Gary S. Logsdon. "Slow Sand Filtration." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)483.

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Erickson, Andrew J., Peter T. Weiss, and John S. Gulliver. "Enhanced Sand Filtration for Storm Water Phosphorus Removal." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)384.

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Khire, Milind V., Duraisamy S. Saravanathiiban, Mark Verwiel, Christopher Prucha, and Terry Johnson. "Stormwater Sediment Filtration Using Sand versus Synthetic Fibers." In IFCEE 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.264.

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Hosseini, Seyed Abolhassan, Morteza Roostaei, Farshad Mohammadtabar, Mohammad Mohammadtabar, Mohammad Soroush, Kelly Berner, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Roger Miller, and Vahidoddin Fattahpour. "Hybrid Sand Control Screen Using the Combined Surface and Depth Filtration." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200830-ms.

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Abstract Development of weakly and unconsolidated sand reservoirs require effective sand control media to prevent sand production. The existing sand control devices in the market are either relying on surface filtration to prevent sand production through size exclusion or bridging or depth filtration which relies on the pore size distribution of a porous filter or pack to prevent the sand from producing along the production fluids. In this study, we introduce a new hybrid sand screen that works based on a combined surface and depth filtration. Radial Sand Control Evaluation (RSCE) testing facility was used to compare the solid production and flow performance of the new hybrid screen with various mesh media in multi-phase gas and liquid flow under various fluid injection scenarios. Solid production and flow performance were compared with investigated cases. The new hybrid screen provides an optimized Open to Flow Area (OFA) in comparison to available surface filtration or depth filtration media, which provides required OFA, while prevents sanding. The robust design, low cost and manufacturing ease make it a suitable screen media for most sand control applications. The sand retention test results under various fluid injection scenarios including multi-phase oil, brine, and gas show that it outperforms the Dutch Twill (DT) weave and Reverse Dutch Twill (RDT) weave of equivalent aperture size, with better flow performance at constant flow rate tests compare to best-performing mesh media, while keeping the produced sand far below the acceptable thresholds. Hybrid design handles both high velocity and high Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) better than equivalent depth filtration media of equivalent size. This paper presents a detailed characterization, flow performance testing of a new hybrid sand control media that combines the surface filtration and depth filtration properties to achieve better solid retention and flow performance. The hybrid screen media is suitable for high-rate producers with high GOR. Keywords: Hybrid Screen, Surface Filtration, Depth Filtration, Radial Sand Control Evaluation (RSCE) Testing
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Li, Cui, Yifan Wu, Liangbo Zhang, and Wen Liu. "Treatment Efficiencies of Slow Sand Filtration for Landscape Water." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5517344.

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Bruno Segalla Pizzolatti, Marcus Bruno Domingues Soares, Denise Conceição de Gois Santos Michelan, Luis Romero Esquivel, and Maurício Luiz Sens. "Water treatment for rural areas by slow sand filtration." In 21st Century Watershed Technology: Improving Water Quality and Environment Conference Proceedings, 21-24 February 2010, Universidad EARTH, Costa Rica. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29433.

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Ellenburg, Walter Lee. "Study of Low Dosage Pre-Ozonation on Sand Filtration Efficiency." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)533.

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Shaoming Lu, Zhichang Shao, Gaohui Zhong, Jiangling Chen, Jie Yang, and Jianyong Guo. "BAC filtration - disinfection - sand filtration combination technology for handling risk of microorganism leak in O3-BAC process." In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6002864.

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White, Caleb, Jodi L. Sangster, Stacey R. Joy, Amanda Dunekacke, Matthew Pirog, Elizabeth G. Jones, and Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt. "Effect of contaminated filtration sand on performance of household biosand filters." In 2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2013.6713688.

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Rusthoven, Ian R., Catherine O'Reilly, William L. Perry, and Eric Peterson. "THE INFLUENCE OF SAND AND CLOTH TERTIARY FILTRATION ON MICROPLASTIC DEBRIS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320763.

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