Journal articles: 'Sand filtration'

1

Ellis, K. V., and W. E. Wood. "Slow sand filtration." Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 15, no. 4 (January 1985): 315–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643388509381736.

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2

Allen, Martin J., Jack Bryck, David W. Hendricks, Gary S. Logsdon, William D. Bellamy, and Robert M. Krill. "Slow Sand Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 12 (December 1988): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03145.x.

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Agbo, Komitse Edoh, Yawovi M. X. Dany Ayité, and Irina Pachoukova. "Study of Head Loss in Rapid Filtration with four River Sands." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091682.

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In this work, we studied the filtration behavior, with regard to the head loss, of four calibrated Togo Rivers sands compared to that of a reference filter sand imported from Europe. The objective is to determine the suitability of local rivers sands as filter sands for water treatment plants. The sands were successively loaded into a filtration pilot and subjected, during at least 20 hours, to the filtration of water whose turbidity was maintained at around 20 NTU. The results show that the average deviations of the head loss profiles as a function of depth, calculated in relation to the head loss recorded on the reference sand, at the same filtration time t=20h, are small and vary from 2 cm to 8 cm. In the same way, the curves of the head loss as a function of time are quite close to the one observed for the reference sand. Examination of the clogging front after 20 hours of filtration reveals that the progression is either the same or greater and reached 20 cm in depth at the same time. This study can be extended to other rivers sand samples and by varying the turbidity and the filtration rate. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091682 Full Text: PDF

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4

Visscher, Jan Teun, Paramasivam, and Santacruz. "IRC's slow sand filtration project." Waterlines 4, no. 3 (January 1986): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1986.010.

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Montiel, A., B. Welte, and J. M. Barbier. "Improvement of slow sand filtration." Environmental Technology Letters 10, no. 1 (January 1989): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338909384715.

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6

DeWitt, Gary. "Rapid Sand Filtration Demands Teamwork." Journal - American Water Works Association 88, no. 12 (December 1996): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06656.x.

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7

Amini, F., and H. V. Truong. "Effect of Filter Media Particle Size Distribution on Filtration Efficiency." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.033.

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Abstract The results of an experimental study of a sand filter water quality model are presented. The model is built to represent an underground confined water quality sand filter structure. Three types of sands, namely fine, medium and coarse, were used to study the effect of filter media particle size distribution on sediment removal efficiency. The results indicated that the sediment removal efficiency for all sand types decreased with time. The use of medium sand provided the scale model filter with the highest sediment removal efficiency. The finding of this study indicates that the media grain size has a measurable effect on the efficiency of the sand filter water quality structure.

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Dizer, H., G. Grützmacher, H. Bartel, H. B. Wiese, R. Szewzyk, and J. M. López-Pila. "Contribution of the colmation layer to the elimination of coliphages by slow sand filtration." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0127.

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River bank or slow sand filtration is a major procedure for processing surface water to drinking water in central europe. In order to model the performance of river bank and slow sand filtration plants, we are studying the different mechanisms by which the elimination of pathogens is realized. An important question concerning the mode of action of slow sand filters and river bank filtration units is the role of the colmation layer or “schmutzdecke” on the elimination of human pathogens. The schmutzdecke is an organic layer which develops at the surface of the sand filter short after the onset of operation. We have inoculated a pilot plant for slow sand filtration with coliphages and determined their rate of breakthrough and their final elimination. In the first experiment, with a colmation layer still missing, the breakthrough of the coliphages in the 80 cm mighty sandy bed amounted to ca. 40%. In contrast, less than 1% of coliphages escaped from the filter as the same experiment was repeated two months later, when a substantial colmation layer had developed. Our preliminary conclusions are that the colmation layer is extremely efficient in eliminating of viruses.

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9

Cristiana. "AEROSOL FILTRATION USING QUARTZ SAND FILTER." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2012.385.395.

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Sabale, Mr Ranjeet. "Modified Rapid Sand Filtration with Capping." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 2209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.3349.

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Mol, Adriaan. "The success of household sand filtration." Waterlines 20, no. 1 (July 2001): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2001.043.

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12

Ives, K. J. "Filtration of clay suspensions through sand." Clay Minerals 22, no. 1 (March 1987): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1987.022.1.05.

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AbstractThe filtration of suspensions containing clay and other particles in water is a common process in drinking water treatment. Such filtration processes are very efficient, producing clear water containing less than 1 mg/l from suspensions with particle concentrations of up to 100 mg/l. This filtration is not straining, but a process of collection of clay particles on the sand surfaces in the pores. The clays may range in size from sub-micron to ∼20 µm, and may be flocculated, and are retained in pores ∼200 µm in size within sand grains ∼500 µm in diameter. The collection process has three principal components (i) transport of clay particles across laminar water streamlines by diffusion, gravity and hydrodynamic forces, (ii) attachment by electrical or van der Waals' forces with hydrodynamic forces intervening, (iii) detachment by fluid shear or instabilities caused by arriving particles. Mathematical and physical models relate suspension concentration, quantity of deposit and permeability to depth in a filter, and time of operation. Fibre-optic endoscopes with CCTV enable video recordings to be made of the behaviour of clay particles in the filter pores, at magnifications up to 500 ×.

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13

Farooq, Shaukat, and Ali Khamis Al‐Yousef. "Slow Sand Filtration of Secondary Effluent." Journal of Environmental Engineering 119, no. 4 (July 1993): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1993)119:4(615).

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14

Singh, Geeta. "Analysis of Filtration Efficiency of Activated Carbon Coated Sand Beds." Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 05, no. 04 (December 21, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.201801.

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15

Carlo, P. L., L. P. Owens, G. P. Hanna, and K. E. Longley. "The Removal of Selenium from Water by Slow Sand Filtration." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0680.

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The feasibility of selenium removal from drainage water by slow sand filtration (SSF) was investigated. Two anaerobic laboratory-scale slow sand filters, operated in parallel, received synthetic feed solution. Selenate reduction and subsequent selenium removal were monitored during five experimental filtrations. The results suggest that selenium removal occurred by the dissimilatory reduction of selenate to elemental selenium. This reduction was independent of sulfate. Selenium removal efficiencies were governed by the hydraulic loading rate (HLR).

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16

Kompayak, Udom, and Thonglaw Dejthai. "Treatment Efficiency and Filtration Rate of a Horizontal Sand Filtration System." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 4, no. 4 (October 1990): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959000400410.

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17

Oesterholt, F. I. H. M., and B. A. Bult. "Improving Municipal Waste Water Quality by Effluent Polishing: A Pilot Scale Experiment at Winterswijk, The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0507.

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Over a period of three months two filtration methods, i.e. cross flow microfiltration and continuous sand filtrations were tested for their capacity to improve the quality of the effluent from a waste water treatment plant. The removal capacity of both methods was explored for suspended solids, COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen phosphorus, copper and zinc with and without iron flocculation. Without iron flocculation only the suspended solids can be removed. Iron has to be added prior to removal so that suspended solids and phosphorus can be removed in sufficient quantities. In that case, total P can be removed for 70% by means of continuous sand filtration, and for 90 % when microfiltration is being applied. The removal of COD, nitrogen Kjeldahl, copper and zinc is confined to 10 or 20%. From a technical point of view, microfiltration is preferred because of its high removal efficiency for all the components. On the other hand, from a financial point of view, microfiltration is not feasible. Treatment costs for sand filtration and microfiltration are calculated at f 0.15 and f 2.07 respectively per m3 water treated.

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Katayama-Hirayama, K., S. Arai, T. Kobayashi, H. Matsuda, Z. Luo, M. Tachibana, H. Kaneko, T. Akitsu, and K. Hirayama. "Removal of bisphenols by slow sand filtration." Water Supply 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.329.

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A compensating effect in the reduction of bisphenols (BPs) has been shown using biodegradation in slow sand filtration and advanced photocatalysis. We tried to remove 8 kinds of BP by slow sand filtration. Removal rates of BPA, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPS, thiobisphenol (TBP), and dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) indicated a high removal rate up to more than 90% at an initial concentration of 100 μg/L, whereas the removal rate of BPP was only 30%. We also examined removal of BPs by Pt-loaded porous photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Removal rates of BPA, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPP, and TBP showed high removal rates up to more than 90% at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Removal of BPS and DHB was relatively low at 20% and 30%, respectively. Removal of BPP was low in slow sand filtration, but Pt-loaded photocatalyst removed BPP effectively. Removal of BPS was low with Pt-loaded photocatalyst, but slow sand filtration removed BPS effectively. The combination of a slow sand filter and Pt-loaded photocatalyst may be helpful to degrade BPs. The magnitude of decomposition of BPs by photocatalytic reaction may be related to electrophilic frontier density. But the degradability of BPs in slow sand filtration is not the same as that in photocatalytic reaction with Pt-loaded titanium dioxide. The biodegradability of BPs by slow sand filtration cannot be explained by molecular orbital calculation.

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19

Hatva, T. "Treatment of Groundwater with Slow Sand Filtration." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0092.

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The purification process and techniques of the slow sand filtration method for treatment of groundwater was studied on the basis of pilot plant and full scale tests and studies of waterworks, to obtain guidelines for construction and maintenance. The purification process consists in general of two principal phases which are pre-treatment and slow sand filtration. Both are biological filters. The main purpose of the pre-treatment is to reduce the iron content of raw water, in order to slow down the clogging of the slow sand filters. Different types of biofilters have proved very effective in the pre-treatment phase, with reduction of total iron from 50 % to over 80 %. During the treatment, the oxidation reduction conditions gradually change becoming suitable for chemical and biological precipitation of iron, manganese and for oxidation of ammonium. Suitable environmental conditions are crucial in the oxidation of manganese and ammonium which, according to these studies, mainly occurs in slow sand filters, at the end of the process. Low water temperature in winter does not seem to prevent the biological activities connected with the removal of iron, manganese and ammonium, the chief properties necessitating treatment of groundwater in Finland.

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20

Timms, S., J. S. Slade, and C. R. Fricker. "Removal of cryptosporidium by slow sand filtration." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0567.

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Experiments have been performed to establish the effectiveness of slow sand filtration in removing Cryptosporidium oocysts from drinking water supplies. The technique was shown to be highly efficient, with better than 99.997% reduction in oocyst levels.

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21

Erickson, Andrew J., John S. Gulliver, and Peter T. Weiss. "Capturing phosphates with iron enhanced sand filtration." Water Research 46, no. 9 (June 2012): 3032–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.009.

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22

Kaluđerović Radoičić, Tatjana, Mihal Đuriš, Radmila Garić-Grulović, Zorana Arsenijević, and Željko Grbavčić. "Particle characterization of polydisperse quartz filtration sand." Powder Technology 254 (March 2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.003.

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23

Zahid, Waleed M. K. "Tertiary Filtration of Wastewater Using Local Sand." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 16, no. 1 (2003): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1018-3639(18)30778-5.

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24

Grützmacher, Gesche, Gabriele Böttcher, Ingrid Chorus, and Hartmut Bartel. "Removal of microcystins by slow sand filtration." Environmental Toxicology 17, no. 4 (2002): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.10062.

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25

Bellamy, William D., Gary P. Silverman, David W. Hendricks, and Gary S. Logsdon. "Removing Giardia Cysts With Slow Sand Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 77, no. 2 (February 1985): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05492.x.

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26

Visscher, Jan Teun. "Slow Sand Filtration: Design, Operation, and Maintenance." Journal - American Water Works Association 82, no. 6 (June 1990): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1990.tb06979.x.

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27

Logsdon, G. S., R. Kohne, S. Abel, and S. LaBonde. "Slow sand filtration for small water systems." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 1, no. 5 (September 2002): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s02-025.

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28

Marín Galvín, Rafael. "Ripening of silica sand used for filtration." Water Research 26, no. 5 (May 1992): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(92)90245-y.

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29

Naghavi, B., and R. F. Malone. "Algae removal by fine sand/silt filtration." Water Research 20, no. 3 (March 1986): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(86)90087-4.

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Wolff, Sebastian, Felix Weber, Jutta Kerpen, Miriam Winklhofer, Markus Engelhart, and Luisa Barkmann. "Elimination of Microplastics by Downstream Sand Filters in Wastewater Treatment." Water 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010033.

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The elimination of microplastic particles (MPP) and microplastic fibers (MPF) was investigated in the final treatment stage (sand filtration) in two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and the final treatment stage (sand filtration) at a process WWTP of a manufacturer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). At each sampling site, three samples on three different days were taken (before/after sand filtration). The samples were filtered through a 10 μm stainless steel cartridge filter utilizing a stainless steel centrifugal pump. Microplastics (MP) were separated from the wastewater matrix by oxidative treatment and density separation and analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy. Due to precautionary measures, procedural blanks were very low with a mean number of 4.3 ± 2.7 MPP and 0.88 ± 0.56 MPF within eight blank samples. The municipal WWTPs were able to eliminate 99.2% ± 0.29% and 99.4% ± 0.15% of MP in the sand filtration stage. The sand filtration of a PVC manufacturer eliminated 99.2%–99.9%.

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D'Alessio, Matteo, Bunnie Yoneyama, Marek Kirs, Veljo Kisand, and Chittaranjan Ray. "Pharmaceutically active compounds: Their removal during slow sand filtration and their impact on slow sand filtration bacterial removal." Science of The Total Environment 524-525 (August 2015): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.014.

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32

Strzelecki, Michał. "QUICK SANDS EFFECT ON DESERT LANDS – EXAMPLE OF FILTRATION STABILITY LOSS." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2013-0017.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the loss of filtration stability of fine desert sands due to the air flow caused by temperature difference. The loss of stability induces the effect of so called “quick sands”. Therefore, the calculations of air filtration through the loose sand medium in dry desert climate are presented. FlexPDE v.6. software was used for numerical calculation based on FEM.

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33

Dorea, C. C., and B. A. Clarke. "Chemically enhanced gravel pre-filtration for slow sand filters: advantages and pitfalls." Water Supply 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.029.

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The chemical enhancement of gravel (or roughing) filtration with coagulants, i.e. direct (gravel) filtration, has been proposed as a pre-treatment alternative for slow sand filters. However, studies have frequently focused on the efficiencies of the pre-filters in terms of reduction percentages. The effectiveness of the pre-treatment on the subsequent slow sand filtration is not usually cited or even evaluated. By incorporating a pilot-scale slow sand filter in our trials, both aspects of the pre-treatment process were assessed: efficiency and effectiveness. In terms of turbidity reductions, our results demonstrated that chemically enhanced pre-filtration was substantially more efficient (93.2 to 99.5%) than conventional pre-filtration (50.6 to 79.3); this was also observed in terms of reductions in the level of other parameters (i.e. thermotolerant faecal coliforms and dissolved organics). Yet, the use of a coagulant can have a negative impact on the slow sand filtration run.

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Saada, Zied, Jean Canou, Luc Dormieux, and Jean-Claude Dupla. "Evaluation of elementary filtration properties of a cement grout injected in a sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-082.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at evaluating the elementary filtration properties of a fine cement grout injected in a sand. In a first step, the experimental setup or filtration cell, specially developed for injecting thin samples of sand put under stress, is presented. Next, the results of an experimental programme carried out with this cell are presented, allowing for the study of the influence of basic parameters (density index, consolidation stress, cement concentration in the grout, and injection flow rate) on the filtration properties of a typical grout composed of fine cement. A filtration coefficient is then defined, allowing for characterization of the elementary filtration properties of the tested grout by the sand matrix. Finally, the respective influence of tested parameters on the value of this coefficient is presented and discussed.Key words: cement grout, suspension, filtration, flow, sand, injection.

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35

Smith, Rosie, and Graeme Pearce. "Membrane filtration: An alternative to sand filtration in the control of Cryptosporidium?" Membrane Technology 1999, no. 115 (November 1999): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(00)80002-6.

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36

Byeon, Kwangjin, and Eunsu Jang. "Comparison of operational efficiency between sand-filtration process and membrane filtration process." Journal of the Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 31, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2017.31.6.529.

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37

Jüttner, F. "Elimination of terpenoid odorous compounds by slow sand and river bank filtration of the Ruhr River, Germany." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0437.

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The elimination of odorous compounds by river bank and slow sand filtration was studied at the Ruhr River in Germany. The aquifer of the river bank filtration was anoxic and exhibited intense dissimilatory nitrate reduction; the aquifer of the slow sand filter was oxic. Polar monoterpenes, such as linalool, menthol, isobornyl acetate, lipoxygenase products (oct-1-en-3-ol) and geosmin exhibited a much higher percentage elimination than monoterpene hydrocarbons and other lipophilic compounds (dimethyldisulphide, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons). The efficiency of river bank filtration was slightly better than that of slow sand filtration. The schmutzdecke and upper layers of the slow sand filters were responsible for most of the removal of VOC. The deeper layers exhibited only small effects.

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Wang, Liang, Ying Chun Li, He Zhao, Zhao Hui Zhang, Bin Zhao, Hong Wei Zhang, and Ling Xue Cui. "Pretreatment Process of Nanofiltration for Silting Density Index Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment System." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.467.

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Calcium ions, magnesium ions, and silicate were the main reasons for the high silting density index (SDI) of natural waters. Therefore, they posed serious membrane fouling problems in the nanofiltration (NF) system, which restricted the wide application of this excellent drinking water treatment technology. In this study, the sand filtration and the micro-flocculation/sand filtration hybrid process were investigated as the pretreatment process of NF for SDI reduction. Compared with the sand filtration, the hybrid process of micro-flocculation/sand filtration was more effective for SDI reduction. When polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was used as the flocculant at a dose of 10 mg/L and the filtration rate of the sand filter was controlled at 10 m/h, the SDI value in the effluent of the pretreatment process maintained below 3. As a result, the subsequent NF system stably ran for one year. 68% CODMn was removal by NF. The membrane fouling during the operation was quite slight as the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increased by 17% after one-year use. Chemical cleaning with sodium tripolyphosphate (2%) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (0.25%) at 6 months interval could effectively recover the flux loss of the NF membrane.

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Kristiansen, Rolv, and Simon J. Cripps. "Treatment of Fish Farm Wastewater Using Sand Filtration." Journal of Environmental Quality 25, no. 3 (May 1996): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500030020x.

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40

Sumitomo, H. "Biodegradation of 2-Methylisoborneol by Gravel Sand Filtration." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0052.

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2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin produced by blue-green algae were successfully removed in a new gravel filter plant. Small amounts of sludge were sampled from the filter layer and the bacteria able to decompose MIB were isolated from the sludge samples. By-products of the MIB degradation by these bacteria were also investigated. Among these bacteria, efforts were mainly focused on Pseudomonas fluorescens. The components of cell free extracts of this bacterium were studied in order to verify the biological reactions in vitro. 2-Methylenebornane, 2-methyl-2-bornene and isomers of these compounds were found to be a part of the by-products of the MIB degradation in the gravel filter.

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41

Ranjan, Prem, and Manjeet Prem. "Schmutzdecke- A Filtration Layer of Slow Sand Filter." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 07 (July 10, 2018): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.077.

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42

Yahya, M. T., C. B. Cluff, and C. P. Gerba. "Virus Removal by Slow Sand Filtration and Nanofiltration." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0389.

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Water utilities, especially smaller ones, are having increasing difficulties proving increased treatment requirements required in the United States for the removal of chemical and microbial contaminates in drinking water. This project sought to evaluate the virus removal potential of combined slow sand filtration and nanofiltration by a pilot plant for application to a small utility which uses a surface water supply. Nanofiltration is a relatively new water treatment technology which has become available since 1986. It is similar to reverse osmosis but has a higher molecular weight cut-off and is less costly to operate. The bacteriophages MS-2 (28 nm) and PRD-1 (65 nm) were seeded into surface water entering a pilot plant and samples collected after sand filtration, nanofiltration, and of the nanofilter reject water. These phages were selected for study because of their small size and poor adsorption to surfaces. The slow sand filter removed 99% of the MS-2 and 99.9% of the PRD-1. There was between a 4 to 6 log reduction of the phages by the nanofilters. PRD-1 was removed to a greater extent than MS-2 by both the sand filter and the nanofilters.

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43

Weber-Shirk, Monroe L., and Kwok Loon Chan. "The role of aluminum in slow sand filtration." Water Research 41, no. 6 (March 2007): 1350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.002.

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44

Choi, Heui-Joo. "Comments on “Americium Filtration in Glauconitic Sand Columns”." Nuclear Technology 86, no. 3 (September 1989): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt89-a34301.

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45

Rooklidge, Stephen J., Erick R. Burns, and John P. Bolte. "Modeling antimicrobial contaminant removal in slow sand filtration." Water Research 39, no. 2-3 (January 2005): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.09.024.

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46

Rooklidge, Stephen J., J. Ronald Miner, Tarek A. Kassim, and Peter O. Nelson. "Antimicrobial contaminant removal by Multistage Slow Sand Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 97, no. 12 (December 2005): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07543.x.

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47

Bellamy, William D., David W. Hendricks, and Gary S. Logsdon. "Slow Sand Filtration: Influences of Selected Process Variables." Journal - American Water Works Association 77, no. 12 (December 1985): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05659.x.

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48

McNair, Daniel R., Ronald C. Sims, Darwin L. Sorensen, and Matthew Hulbert. "Schmutzdecke Characterization of Clinoptilolite-Amended Slow Sand Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 79, no. 12 (December 1987): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1987.tb02962.x.

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Leland, David E., and Mel Damewood. "Slow Sand Filtration in Small Systems in Oregon." Journal - American Water Works Association 82, no. 6 (June 1990): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1990.tb06977.x.

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50

Uluatam, Semra Siber. "Assessing Perlite as a Sand Substitute in Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 83, no. 6 (June 1991): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07165.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sand filtration'

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