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Journal articles on the topic 'Sand fly infection rates'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Mestre, Gustavo Leandro da Cruz, Ana Lúcia Maria Ribeiro, Rosina Djunko Miyazaki, et al. "Phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, no. 3 (2011): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000300010.

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infectious disease that can cause to a severe, potentially life-threatening chronic condition in humans. Risk factors for infection in urban areas have been associated with poor living conditions, the presence of sand fly vectors and infected pets. This study aimed to describe sand fly and canine infection in the neighborhoods of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, central-western Brazil, reported between January 2005 and December 2006. A total of 1,909 sand flies were collected. They were predominantly males an

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Sadlova, Jovana, Anna Hoskova, Barbora Vojtkova, Tomas Becvar, and Petr Volf. "The development of L. major, L. donovani and L. martiniquensis, Leishmania currently emerging in Europe, in the sand fly species Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. tobbi." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 10 (2024): e0012597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012597.

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Background Several new species of Leishmania have recently emerged in Europe, probably as the result of global changes and increased human migration from endemic areas. In this study, we tested whether two sand fly species, the Western Mediterranean Phlebotomus perniciosus and the Eastern Mediterranean P. tobbi, are competent vectors of L. donovani, L. major and L. martiniquensis. Methodology/principal findings Sand flies were infected through the chick skin membrane using Leishmania species and strains of various geographical origins. Leishmania infections were evaluated by light microscopy a

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Dutra-Rêgo, Felipe, Camila Binder, Débora Cristina Capucci, et al. "Diversity, Leishmania detection, and blood meal sources of sand flies from Iguatama, Minas Gerais, Brazil." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0302567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302567.

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This study investigated the sand fly fauna of the municipality Iguatama, in the Midwest Region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, including Leishmania infection rates and blood meal sources. Sand flies were collected during four periods over the course of a single year, encompassing both dry and rainy seasons, using CDC light traps placed in peridomiciles where dogs were seropositive for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A total of 762 sand fly specimens, representing 12 species across seven genera, were collected. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the most abundant species, comprising 57.6% of the collected s

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Aransay, Ana M., Efstathia Scoulica, and Yannis Tselentis. "Detection and Identification of Leishmania DNA within Naturally Infected Sand Flies by Seminested PCR on Minicircle Kinetoplastic DNA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 5 (2000): 1933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.5.1933-1938.2000.

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ABSTRACT A seminested PCR assay was developed in order to amplify the kinetoplast minicircle of Leishmania species from individual sand flies. The kinetoplast minicircle is an ideal target because it is present in 10,000 copies per cell and its sequence is known for most Leishmania species. The two-step PCR is carried out in a single tube using three primers, which were designed within the conserved area of the minicircle and contain conserved sequence blocks. The assay was able to detect as few as 3 parasites per individual sand fly and to amplify minicircle DNA from at least eightLeishmania

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Jancarova, Magdalena, Nikola Polanska, Adrien Thiesson, et al. "Susceptibility of diverse sand fly species to Toscana virus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 5 (2025): e0013031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013031.

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Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging but neglected human pathogen currently circulating around the Mediterranean basin including North Africa. Human illness ranges from asymptomatic or mild flu-like syndromes to severe neurological diseases such as meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Despite its significant impact, understanding of TOSV transmission and epidemiology remains limited. Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae), specifically Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi, are believed to be the primary vectors of TOSV. However, the spread of TOSV to new geographical areas and its dete

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Ferreira, Tainá Neves, Samara Graciane Costa Latgé, Tadeu Diniz Ramos, et al. "Evaluation of sugar meal administered anti-Leishmania compounds on the vectorial capacity of the vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis." PLOS One 20, no. 6 (2025): e0325178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325178.

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Multiple strategies involving the parasite-host-vector triad are necessary to control leishmaniasis. One option is to prevent or reduce transmission of the pathogen by the phlebotomine sand fly vectors. In this sense, it is essential to explore compounds that may influence the vectorial capacity of the insect and reduce its longevity. We investigated the effect of anti-Leishmania drugs administered via the sugar meal on longevity, blood feeding, oviposition, and parasite load on the third day of infection of the sand flies, to identify the most promising candidates for vector infection tests.

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Adam, Belal Abdallah A., Moawia Mukhtar Hassan, Osman Mohammed Abd Elnour, and Ahmed Hamid Awadallah. "INVESTIGATION OF LEISHMANIASIS VECTORS IN EL-KADOBA VILLAGE, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 1 (2017): 430–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1.2017.1938.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is one of the most important parasitic tropical diseases in Sudan and the Sudan is considered to be one of the most important foci in the world. The visceral leishmaniasis has been described in Sudan since the beginning of the twentieth century. In Sudan, VL is caused by Leishmania donovani complex: MON 18, MON 30 and MON 82 zymodemes and The proven vector is Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis, in this study a survey was carried out to identify the principal vector of VL based on Leishmania infection, morphological characters and to determine some ecolo

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Belal, Abdallah A. Adam, Mukhtar Hassan Moawia, Mohammed Abd elnour Osman, and Hamid Awadallah Ahmed. "INVESTIGATION OF LEISHMANIASIS VECTORS IN EL-KADOBA VILLAGE, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 1 (2017): 430–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.268309.

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; kala-azar) is one of the most important parasitic tropical diseases in Sudan and the Sudan is considered to be one of the most important foci in the world. The visceral leishmaniasis has been described in Sudan since the beginning of the twentieth century. In Sudan, VL is caused by Leishmania donovani complex: MON 18, MON 30 and MON 82 zymodemes and The proven vector is Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis, in this study a survey was carried out to identify the principal vector of VL based on Leishmania infection, morphological characters and to determine some ecolo

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Johnson, R. N., S. J. Makasa, N. C. Mosonik, et al. "Phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) seasonal distribution and infection rates in a defined focus of Leishmania tropica." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, no. 5 (1999): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.854.

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González, Estela, Maribel Jiménez, Sonia Hernández, Inés Martín-Martín, and Ricardo Molina. "Phlebotomine sand fly survey in the focus of leishmaniasis in Madrid, Spain (2012–2014): seasonal dynamics, Leishmania infantum infection rates and blood meal preferences." Parasites & Vectors 10, no. 1 (2017): 368. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2309-z.

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<strong>Background: </strong>An unusual increase of human leishmaniasis cases due to <i>Leishmania infantum</i> is occurring in an urban area of southwestern Madrid, Spain, since 2010. Entomological surveys have shown that <i>Phlebotomus perniciosus</i> is the only potential vector. Direct xenodiagnosis in hares (<i>Lepus granatensis</i>) and rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) collected in the focus area proved that they can transmit parasites to colonized <i>P. perniciosus</i>. Isolates were characterized as <i>L. infantum</i>. The aim of the present work was to conduct a comprehensive st

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Scorza, Breanna M., Kurayi G. Mahachi, Arin C. Cox, et al. "Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 10 (2021): e0009366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009366.

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Background Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown. Methodology/Principal findings We examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infe

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Courtenay, Orin, José F. Marinho-Júnior, Maria Edileuza F. Brito, Juliana F. C. L. S. Monteiro, Jeffrey J. Shaw, and Sinval P. Brandão-Filho. "Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis." Pathogens 12, no. 12 (2023): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121395.

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Background. Human and wild rodent infection rates with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis are needed to differentiate transmission pathways in anthropogenically altered habitats. Methods. Human participants in northeast Brazil were tested by the leishmanin skin test (LST) and inspected for lesions/scars characteristic of American clinical leishmaniasis (ACL). Molecular (PCR/qPCR) test records of free-ranging rodents were available from a concurrent capture–mark–recapture study. Force of Infection (λ) and recovery (ρ) rates were estimated from cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets. Results.

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Barhoumi, Walid, Wasfi Fares, Saifedine Cherni, et al. "Changes of Sand Fly Populations and Leishmania infantum Infection Rates in an Irrigated Village Located in Arid Central Tunisia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3 (2016): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030329.

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Hassaballa, Iman B., Catherine L. Sole, Xavier Cheseto, Baldwyn Torto, and David P. Tchouassi. "Afrotropical sand fly-host plant relationships in a leishmaniasis endemic area, Kenya." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (2021): e0009041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009041.

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The bioecology of phlebotomine sand flies is intimately linked to the utilization of environmental resources including plant feeding. However, plant feeding behavior of sand flies remains largely understudied for Afrotropical species. Here, using a combination of biochemical, molecular, and chemical approaches, we decipher specific plant-feeding associations in field-collected sand flies from a dry ecology endemic for leishmaniasis in Kenya. Cold-anthrone test indicative of recent plant feeding showed that fructose positivity rates were similar in both sand fly sexes and between those sampled

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Ticha, Lucie, Barbora Kykalova, Jovana Sadlova, Marina Gramiccia, Luigi Gradoni, and Petr Volf. "Development of Various Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae Strains in Three Phlebotomus Species." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (2021): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112256.

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Leishmania (Sauroleishmania) tarentolae is transmitted by reptile-biting sand flies of the genus Sergentomyia, but the role of Phlebotomus sand flies in circulation of this parasite is unknown. Here, we compared the development of L. (S.) tarentolae strains in three Phlebotomus species: P. papatasi, P. sergenti, and P. perniciosus. Laboratory-bred sand flies were membrane-fed on blood with parasite suspension and dissected on days 1 and 7 post blood meal. Parasites were measured on Giemsa-stained gut smears and five morphological forms were distinguished. In all parasite-vector combinations, p

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Niba Rawlings, Ngwa, Mark Bailey, and Orin Courtenay. "Leishmaniasis in deployed military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 19, no. 3 (2025): e0012680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012680.

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Leishmaniasis affects military personnel deployed to endemic areas following exposure to sand flies infected with the protozoa Leishmania. This systematic review and meta-analysis of data specific to military populations aims to identify knowledge gaps to mitigate sand fly exposure and Leishmania transmission during deployments. The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023463687). Random-effects meta-analyses and narrative synthesis were performed. Thirty-six studies were included, most of which reported on cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), showing a mean cumulative incidence of 10% (95% CI: 5–

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Valdivia, Hugo O., Victor O. Zorrilla, Liz J. Espada, et al. "Diversity, distribution and natural Leishmania infection of sand flies from communities along the Interoceanic Highway in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (2021): e0009000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009000.

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The Peruvian-Brazilian border is a highly endemic tegumentary leishmaniasis region in South America. The interoceanic highway is a commercial route that connects Peru and Brazil through Madre de Dios and has raised concerns about its impact on previously undisturbed areas. In order to assess leishmaniasis transmission risk along this highway, we conducted a surveillance study of the sand fly populations in this area. Sand flies were collected between 2009 and 2010 along transects at 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m from six study sites located along the highway (Iberia, La Novia, Alto Libertad, El Carm

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Azpurua, Jorge, Dianne De La Cruz, Anayansi Valderama, and Donald Windsor. "Lutzomyia Sand Fly Diversity and Rates of Infection by Wolbachia and an Exotic Leishmania Species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4, no. 3 (2010): e627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000627.

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Eisen, Rebecca J. "Variation in life-history traits of Plasmodium mexicanum, a malaria parasite infecting western fence lizards: a longitudinal study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 7 (2000): 1230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-057.

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The life history of malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) is directly related to their transmission, virulence, and population dynamics. I followed the life history of Plasmodium mexicanum in naturally infected western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) over a 4-year period, using a mark-recapture technique. The life-history traits measured included peak parasitemias and population growth rates of asexual forms, gametocytes, and total parasites. Among malaria infections, variation was high for all measured traits. Growth rates varied up to 11-fold, and among stable infections, average asexu

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Khogali, Altayeb, Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem, Ramón Díaz-Regañón, et al. "Infection of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis Sand Flies at Different Microhabitats of a Kala-Azar Endemic Village in Eastern Sudan." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 2 (2024): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020040.

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A study was carried out to compare the infection rates of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus orientalis sandflies at different microhabitats of a VL endemic village in Gedarif state, Sudan. DNA extracts of 1078 P. orientalis sand fly females sampled by CDC light traps from indoor, outdoor, peri-domestic, and sylvatic sites, in three transmission seasons, March–June 2016–18, in Helat-Belo village, were subjected to independent PCR amplifications targeting Leishmania kDNA and the cpb gene followed by ITS1 region sequencing. Leishmania kDNA was detected in 1.4% of the 1078 P. orientalis females c

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Salah, Ikram, Ibrahim Abbasi, Alon Warburg, Nadav Davidovitch, and Burt Kotler. "Ecology of Leishmaniasis in an urbanized landscape: Relationship of sand fly densities, and Leishmania tropica infection rates with reservoir host colonies." Acta Tropica 204 (April 2020): 105332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105332.

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Selim, Abdelfattah, Salma Shoulah, Abdelhamed Abdelhady, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Yasser Alraey, and Waleed Al-Salem. "Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 10 (2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100236.

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Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) that is transmitted by sand fly vectors with dogs acting as the main reservoir. Methods: The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CanL in dogs from Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors. The study was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in five governorates situated in Northern Egypt. Serum samples from 450 asymptomatic dogs were serologically examined by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Overall, the seroprevalence rate of CanL was 21.3% and the highest rates were

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Brotánková, Anna, Magdaléna Fialová, Ivan Čepička, Jana Brzoňová, and Milena Svobodová. "Trypanosomes of the Trypanosoma theileri Group: Phylogeny and New Potential Vectors." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020294.

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Trypanosomes belonging to Trypanosoma theileri group are mammalian blood parasites with keds and horse fly vectors. Our aim is to study to vector specificity of T. theileri trypanosomes. During our bloodsucking Diptera survey, we found a surprisingly high prevalence of T. theileri trypanosomes in mosquitoes (154/4051). Using PCR and gut dissections, we detected trypanosomes of T. theileri group mainly in Aedes mosquitoes, with the highest prevalence in Ae. excrucians (22%), Ae. punctor (21%), and Ae. cantans/annulipes (10%). Moreover, T. theileri group were found in keds and blackflies, which

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Moirano, Giovenale, Marta Ellena, Paola Mercogliano, Lorenzo Richiardi, and Milena Maule. "Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Meteo-Climatic Determinants of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Italy." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 11 (2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110337.

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Historically, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Italy was constrained to Mediterranean areas. However, in the last 20 years, sand fly vectors and human cases of VL have been detected in northern Italy, traditionally classified as a cold area unsuitable for sand fly survival. We aim to study the spatio-temporal pattern and climatic determinants of VL incidence in Italy. National Hospital Discharge Register records were used to identify incident cases of VL between 2009 and 2016. Incident rates were computed for each year (N = 8) and for each province (N = 110). Data on mean temperature and cumulat

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Jancarova, Magdalena, Laurence Bichaud, Jana Hlavacova, et al. "Experimental Infection of Sand Flies by Massilia Virus and Viral Transmission by Co-Feeding on Sugar Meal." Viruses 11, no. 4 (2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040332.

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Background: Massilia virus (MASV) is a phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus perniciosus in various regions of southwestern Europe. It is closely related to human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Naples virus. The natural cycle of phleboviruses is poorly understood. Indeed, experimental studies demonstrate that transovarial and sexual transmission are not efficient enough for the maintenance of the virus in nature and to date there is no convincing evidence that a species of vertebrates is the reservoir of the virus. Here, we studied various transmission routes of MASV taking

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Amorim, Raimundo Diego Ferreira, Marcos Antônio Pereira de Lima, Racquel Oliveira da Silva Souza, et al. "Characterization of the sand fly fauna in Barbalha, one of the municipalities with the highest leishmaniasis rates in Brazil." Parasitology International 80 (February 2021): 102245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2020.102245.

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Ribeiro da Silva, Rosa Cristina, Léo Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz, João Manoel da Silva Coutinho, Núrzia Cristina Correia Santana, and José Manuel Macário Rebêlo. "Maintenance and Productivity of a Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) Colony from an Area Endemic for Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 4 (2021): 1917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab053.

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Abstract Studies on experimental sand fly infection require the availability of colonies and laboratory conditions. In Brazil, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Lutz and Neiva 1912) is responsible for the highest infection rates by Leishmania spp. and this species is one of the most suitable species for laboratory colonization. In this study, we describe a method for growing Lu. longipalpis in laboratory conditions (10 generations) from natural populations sampled from a region of high endemicity for visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. Using two me

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Bouattour, Ali, Amine Amri, Jaber Amine Belkhiria, et al. "Canine leishmaniosis in Tunisia: Growing prevalence, larger zones of infection." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (2021): e0009990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009990.

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Background Discovered by Nicolle and Comte in 1908 in Tunisia, Leishmania infantum is an intracellular protozoan responsible for zoonotic canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). It is endemic in several regions of the world, including Tunisia, with dogs considered as the main domestic reservoir. The geographic expansion of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) has been linked to global environmental changes that have affected the density and the distribution of its sand fly vectors. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, a cross-sectional epidemiological surve

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Morales, Diego, Marlio Paredes, Emmanuel J. Morales-Butler, et al. "Data scarcity and ecological complexity: the cutaneous leishmaniasis dynamics in Ecuador." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 157 (2019): 20190141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0141.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by species of Phlebotominae sand flies. CL is responsible for more than 1000 reported cases per year in Ecuador. Vector collection studies in Ecuador suggest that there is a strong association between the ecological diversity of an ecosystem, the presence of potential alternative or reservoir hosts and the abundance of sand fly species. Data collected from a coastal community in Ecuador showed that Leishmania parasites may be circulating in diverse hosts, including mammalian and potentially avian species, and these hosts

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Shymanovich, Tatsiana, Nima Hajhashemi, and Gideon Wasserberg. "Quantitative and Qualitative Costs of Autogeny in Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) Sand Flies." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (2019): 852–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz223.

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Abstract Most sand flies and mosquitoes require a bloodmeal for egg production, but when blood-sources are scarce, some of them can reproduce without it, so called facultative autogeny. The evolution of autogenous reproduction is thought to involve a trade-off between the benefit of reproducing in the absence of bloodmeal hosts versus the quantitative cost of reduced fecundity and/or or qualitative effect on reduced offspring development and survivorship. We blood-fed (BF) some Phlebotomous papatasi (Scopoli) sand fly females on mice while keeping others (from the same cohort) not BF. We then

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McIntyre-Nolan, Shannon, Vijay Kumar, Miguella Mark-Carew, et al. "Comparison of collection methods for Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies to use in a molecular xenomonitoring system for the surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 9 (2023): e0011200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011200.

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Background The kala-azar elimination programme has resulted in a significant reduction in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases across the Indian Subcontinent. To detect any resurgence of transmission, a sensitive cost-effective surveillance system is required. Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), detection of pathogen DNA/RNA in vectors, provides a proxy of human infection in the lymphatic filariasis elimination programme. To determine whether MX can be used for VL surveillance in a low transmission setting, large numbers of the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes are required. This study will deter

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Feinsod, F. M., W. H. Ennis, C. J. Peters, et al. "Sand Fly Fever-Naples Infection in Egypt." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37, no. 1 (1987): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.193.

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De Castro, Waldione, Tiago Donatelli Serafim, Luiz Fabiano Oliveira, Shaden Kamhawi, and Jesus Valenzuela. "Sand fly salivary proteins-parasite-skin interaction." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (2017): 77.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.77.18.

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Abstract Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by infected sand flies. During infection, sand fly salivary proteins are inoculated into the host dermis together with Leishmania parasites where proteins from the extracellular matrix are present. In this context, we hypothesize that sand fly salivary proteins interact with the parasite and with proteins from the extracellular matrix. Our preliminary findings show that proteins from sand fly salivary gland homogenate bind to the surface of promastigote forms of the parasite Leishmania infantum. Using recombinant sand fly salivary pr

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Hoyos, Juliana, Ranulfo González, Maria E. Cuellar, and Cielo León. "Ecology of Sand Flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and Natural Infection of Pintomyia townsendi With Leishmania amazonensis in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Colombia." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (2020): 1653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa056.

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Abstract Humans have influenced the epidemiological patterns of American cutaneous leishmaniasis by habitat disturbance, which has led to the emergence of new transmission foci. In these transmission areas, detecting natural infection of sand fly species with Leishmania parasites is of prime importance in epidemiological studies. In this study, we examined the species composition, spatial distribution, seasonality, and natural infection with Leishmania of the sand fly fauna in an emergent leishmaniasis focus located in Colombia. Sand flies were collected from September 2014 to June 2015 using

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Sangare, Moussa, Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Naureen Huda, et al. "Individuals co-exposed to sand fly saliva and filarial parasites exhibit altered monocyte function." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (2021): e0009448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009448.

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Background In Mali, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and filariasis are co-endemic. Previous studies in animal models of infection have shown that sand fly saliva enhance infectivity of Leishmania parasites in naïve hosts while saliva-specific adaptive immune responses may protect against cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. In contrast, the human immune response to Phlebotomus duboscqi (Pd) saliva, the principal sand fly vector in Mali, was found to be dichotomously polarized with some individuals having a Th1-dominated response and others having a Th2-biased response. We hypothesized that co-in

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Hall, L. R., and R. G. Titus. "Sand fly vector saliva selectively modulates macrophage functions that inhibit killing of Leishmania major and nitric oxide production." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 7 (1995): 3501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.7.3501.

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Abstract The saliva of Phlebotomus papatasi, a sand fly vector for Leishmania major, contains a factor that exacerbates leishmaniasis and may be required for the establishment of infection with Leishmania in nature. We have examined the effect of sand fly saliva on various macrophage functions in vitro. Our data demonstrate that although saliva does not alter uptake of L. major by macrophages, it inhibits the ability of IFN-gamma to activate macrophages to kill the intracellular parasite. This inhibition of parasite killing is observed when both the promastigote and amastigote forms of the par

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Sánchez-García, Laura, Armando Pérez-Torres, Samira Muñoz-Cruz, Norma Salaiza-Suazo, Jorge Morales-Montor, and Ingeborg Becker. "Mast-Cell Response to Leishmania mexicana and Sand-Fly Salivary Proteins Is Modulated by Orchiectomy." Pathogens 11, no. 4 (2022): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040398.

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Mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role during Leishmania infections, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected sand fly that injects saliva together with the parasite. Sand fly saliva is a complex fluid that modulates the host immune response. In addition, hormonal factors modulate the host immune response and alter susceptibility to infections. Thus, to assess the impact of male sex hormones on the mast-cell (MC) response to Leishmania infections, we orchiectomized male mice, infected them with the parasite in the presence of sand fly salivary proteins, and analyzed the inflammatory

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Rodrigues, Ana Caroline Moura, Rafaella Albuquerque Silva, Luciana Magalhães Melo, Maria Claudia Santos Luciano, and Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua. "Epidemiological survey of Lutzomyia longipalpis infected by Leishmania infantum in an endemic area of Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, no. 1 (2014): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014007.

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The objective of this study was to perform an epidemiological survey to determine the areas at risk of visceral leishmaniasis through the detection and quantification of natural infection by Leishmania infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis. The sandflies were captured between February 2009 and January 2010, at 21 sites in four regions of the Fortaleza municipality. Samples were screened for the presence of Leishmania DNA by Real Time PCR (qPCR), amplification of kDNA minicircle sequence. Out of the 123 pools of analyzed sandflies, 45 were positive for L.infantum, and the minimum infection rate was

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Tao, Ren Guang, Qian Zhang, Hai Feng Liu, He Jiao Ma, and Shu Ing Doh. "Influence of Fly Ash Dosage and Desert Sand Replacement Ratio (DSRR) on the Carbonation Resistance of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 912 (March 4, 2022): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-41d428.

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Carbonation of concrete causes corrosion of the steel reinforcement and reduces the service life of the structure. Based on the reality that fly ash discharge is increasing year by year and construction sand is becoming increasingly limited, it is of practical importance to study the effect of fly ash dosage and desert sand replacement rate on the carbonation resistance of concrete. Orthogonal test L9(34) with four factors and three levels was designed to study the influence of water-binder ratio, fly ash dosage, sand ratio and DSRR on carbonation resistance of desert sand concrete (DSC). The

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Kumar Kushwaha, Anurag, Ashish Shukla, Breanna M. Scorza, et al. "Livestock and rodents within an endemic focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis are not reservoir hosts for Leishmania donovani." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 10 (2022): e0010347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010347.

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Leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent is thought to have an anthroponotic transmission cycle. There is no direct evidence that a mammalian host other than humans can be infected with Leishmania donovani and transmit infection to the sand fly vector. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of sand fly feeding on other domestic species and provide clinical evidence regarding possible non-human reservoirs through experimental sand fly feeding on cows, water buffalo goats and rodents. We performed xenodiagnosis using colonized Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies to feed on animals

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Sawalha, Samer, Amer Al-Jawabreh, Dea Hjaija, et al. "Effectiveness of insecticide thermal fogging in hyrax dens in the control of leishmaniasis vectors in rural Palestine: A prospective study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (2022): e0010628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010628.

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Background Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is endemic in Palestine and transmitted by Phlebotomus sand flies. They inhabit dens of hyraxes, the reservoir animal. Control measures were implemented since 1996 but cases still occur. We estimated the effect of insecticide thermal fogging inside hyrax dens on sand fly density and leishmania infection. Methodology/Principal findings During July-September 2019, we conducted a 12-week controlled interrupted time series study in two control and one intervention sites containing three hyrax dens each. We implemented Permethrin thermal fogging in

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Hendrickx, Sarah, and Guy Caljon. "The effect of the sugar metabolism on Leishmania infantum promastigotes inside the gut of Lutzomyia longipalpis: A sweet relationship?" PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 4 (2022): e0010293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010293.

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It is well-known that Leishmania parasites can alter the behavior of the sand fly vector in order to increase their transmission potential. However, little is known about the contribution of the infecting host’s blood composition on subsequent sand fly infection and survival. This study focused on the host’s glucose metabolism and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway as both metabolic processes are known to impact vector-parasite interactions of other protozoa and insect species. The focus of this study was inspired by the observation that the glycemic levels in the blood o

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Alam, Mohammad Shafiul, Hirotomo Kato, Mizuho Fukushige, Yukiko Wagatsuma, and Makoto Itoh. "Application of RFLP-PCR-Based Identification for Sand Fly Surveillance in an Area Endemic for Kala-Azar in Mymensingh, Bangladesh." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/467821.

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Mymensingh is the most endemic district for kala-azar in Bangladesh.Phlebotomus argentipesremains the only known vector although a number of sand fly species are prevalent in this area. Genotyping of sand flies distributed in a VL endemic area was developed by a PCR and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of 18S rRNA gene of sand fly species. Using the RFLP-PCR analysis withAfaI andHinfI restriction enzymes,P. argentipes, P. papatasi, andSergentomyiaspecies could be identified. Among 1,055 female sand flies successfully analyzed for the species identification individually, 64.4% fl

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Hendrickx, S., L. Van Bockstal, H. Aslan, et al. "Transmission potential of paromomycin-resistant Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 4 (2019): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz517.

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Abstract Objectives Former studies demonstrated quick selection of paromomycin resistance for Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani accompanied by increased fitness. The present study aimed to interpret these findings in an epidemiological context by comparing infection of WT and experimentally derived paromomycin-resistant strains in the sand fly vector. Methods Depending on the Leishmania species, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus perniciosus or Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies were artificially infected with procyclic promastigotes of WT and paromomycin-resistant L. infantum (MHO

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Parkash, Vivak, Helen Ashwin, Jovana Sadlova, et al. "A clinical study to optimise a sand fly biting protocol for use in a controlled human infection model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (the FLYBITE study)." Wellcome Open Research 6 (June 30, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16870.1.

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Background: Leishmaniasis is a globally important yet neglected parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. With new candidate vaccines in or near the clinic, a controlled human challenge model (CHIM) using natural sand fly challenge would provide a method for early evaluation of prophylactic efficacy. Methods: We evaluated the biting frequency and adverse effects resulting from exposure of human volunteers to bites of either Phlebotomus papatasi or P. duboscqi, two natural vectors of Leishmania major. 12 healthy participants were recruited (mean age 40.2 ± 11.8 years) with no hi

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Valenzuela, Jesus G., Yasmine Belkaid, Mark K. Garfield, et al. "Toward a Defined Anti-Leishmania Vaccine Targeting Vector Antigens." Journal of Experimental Medicine 194, no. 3 (2001): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.3.331.

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Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected phlebotomine sand fly bites. Sand fly saliva is known to enhance Leishmania infection, while immunity to the saliva protects against infection as determined by coinoculation of parasites with vector salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) or by infected sand fly bites (Kamhawi, S., Y. Belkaid, G. Modi, E. Rowton, and D. Sacks. 2000. Science. 290:1351–1354). We have now characterized nine salivary proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of Leishmania major. One of these salivary proteins, extracted from SDS gels and havin

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Mbow, M. Lamine, Julie A. Bleyenberg, Laurie R. Hall, and Richard G. Titus. "Phlebotomus papatasi Sand Fly Salivary Gland Lysate Down-Regulates a Th1, but Up-Regulates a Th2, Response in Mice Infected with Leishmania major." Journal of Immunology 161, no. 10 (1998): 5571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5571.

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Abstract A vertebrate host becomes infected with Leishmania major when the sand fly vector injects parasites into skin along with saliva. Previous studies showed that salivary gland lysate of the New World sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis markedly enhanced L. major infection in CBA mice. However, L. major is an Old World parasite transmitted in nature by the Old World sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. Here we examine the ability of P. papatasi salivary gland lysate to enhance infection (lesion size and parasite burden) by L. major. In addition, we examine the effects of salivary gland lysate on the

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Pacheco-Fernandez, Thalia, Greta Volpedo, Chaitenya Verma, and Abhay R. Satoskar. "Understanding the immune responses involved in mediating protection or immunopathology during leishmaniasis." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 1 (2021): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200606.

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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) transmitted by the sand fly and is a major public health problem worldwide. Infections caused by Leishmania clinically manifest as a wide range of diseases, such as cutaneous (CL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL), mucosal (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The host innate and adaptative immune responses play critical roles in the defense against leishmaniasis. However, Leishmania parasites also manipulate the host immune response for their survival and replication. In addition, other factors such as sand fly salivary proteins and mic

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Barretto, Air C., Julio A. Vexenat, and Norman E. Peterson. "The susceptibility of wild caught sand flies to infection by a subspecies of Leishmania mexicana isolated from proechimys iheringi denigratus (Rodentia, echimyidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81, no. 2 (1986): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761986000200015.

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Several species of wild caught sand flies were collected in the same site where a subspecies of leishmania mexicana was isolated from the rodent Proechimys iheringi denigratus. The absence of natural infection in these sand flies permitted us to test, with relative assurance, the susceptibility of wild caught females to infection by this parasite. the success obtained in these experimental infections suggest that one or more of the sand fly species encountered in high numbers in the same site where the infected rodents were captured may be the vector(s) of this subspecies of l. mexicana.

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Menezes, Júlia Alves, Eduardo de Castro Ferreira, José Dilermando Andrade-Filho, et al. "An Integrated Approach Using Spatial Analysis to Study the Risk Factors for Leishmaniasis in Area of Recent Transmission." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/621854.

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Some epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in the municipality of Formiga, Brazil, an important touristic site, were evaluated. Those included phlebotomine sand fly vectors, canine infection, and geoprocessing analysis for determining critical transmission areas. Sand flies (224 insects) belonging to ten different species were captured. The most captured species includedLutzomyia longipalpis(35.3%),Lutzomyia cortelezzii(33.5%), andLutzomyia whitmani(18.3%). A significant correlation between sand fly densities and climatic conditions was detected. Serological diagnosis (DPP and ELISA) was pe

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