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1
Rhee, Seung Whee, and Woo Keun Lee. "Characteristics of Spent Foundry Sand - Loess Mixture as Ceramic Support Materials." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.378.
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Spent foundry sand (SFS) from cast iron industry mixed with loess was characterized to recycle spent foundry sand as ceramic support materials. Since SFS mostly consists of sand including binding agents and residue [1], it was used as permeable media, and loess, which has highly adsorptive and reactive properties, was used as support materials Leaching tests such as Korean Leaching Test (KLT) and TCLP (Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure) showed that spent foundry sands from cast iron industry were not hazardous. Turbidity in furan sand was much higher than that in other sands, and turbidity was almost not changed with increasing amount of loess. The order of ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) in spent foundry sands was green sand > furan sand > CO2 sand. ORP was decreased with the amount of sand in furan sand and CO2 sand but was increased with the amount of sand in green sand. Hence, mixture of SFS and loess can be used as ceramic support materials with reductive or oxidative capability.
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Holtzer, M., D. Drożyński, A. Bobrowski, and J. Makselon. "Method of the Moulding Sands Binding Power Assessment in Two-Layer Moulds Systems / Metoda oceny wielkości siły wiązania mas w układzie form dwuwarstwowych." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0033.
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Abstract More and more foundry plants applying moulding sands with water-glass or its substitutes for obtaining the high-quality casting surface at the smallest costs, consider the possibility of implementing two-layer moulds, in which e.g. the facing sand is a sand with an organic binder (no-bake type) and the backing sand is a sand with inorganic binder. Both kinds of sands must have the same chemical reaction. The most often applied system is the moulding sand on the water-glass or geopolymer bases - as the backing sand and the moulding sand from the group of self-hardening sands with a resol resin - as the facing sand. Investigations were performed for the system: moulding sand with inorganic GEOPOL binder or moulding sand with water glass (as a backing sand) and moulding sand, no-bake type, with a resol resin originated from various producers: Rezolit AM, Estrofen, Avenol NB 700 (as a facing sand). The LUZ apparatus, produced by Multiserw Morek, was adapted for investigations. A special partition with cuts was mounted in the attachment for making test specimens for measuring the tensile strength. This partition allowed a simultaneous compaction of two kinds of moulding sands. After 24 hours of hardening the highest values were obtained for the system: Geopol binder - Avenol resin.
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Hachem, Rafika, Nassima Meftah, and Ahmed Bouaziz. "A comparative analysis of the microstructural and physicochemical properties of alluvial and dune sands from northeast Algerian Sahara." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 9, no. 6 (July 25, 2023): 16222–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl9iss6pp16222-01e.
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This paper investigates the physical, chemical, and microstructural properties of two types of natural sand; alluvial sands and dune sand from the El-Oued region in the northeastern Algerian Sahara. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), and granulometry analysis have been performed. The FTIR and XRD analysis prove that the alluvial sand and dune sand consist of high percentages of ?-quartz (SiO2), low amounts of calcite (CaCO3), and gypsum minerals (CaSO4;2H2O). The chemical analysis confirmed that both types of sand have a high silica (SiO2) ratio, reaching 80% for dune sand and 70% for alluvial sand, besides very low quantities of Al2O3, Fe2O3, and K2O oxides. CaO content was higher in alluvial sand than in dune sand. The shapes of alluvial sand grain samples ranged from angular to well-rounded. However, the dune sands have shapes ranging from sub-angular to well-rounded. However, the dune sand is poorly graded sand with a mean grain size of 250?m; whereas, the alluvial sand is well-graded sand with a mean grain size of 406?m. These findings demonstrate that alluvial and dune sands are mineralogically stable and chemically suitable for use as fine aggregates in construction. Also, these sands could be significant sources of quartz minerals.
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Alutu, O. E., and B. K. Ifejika. "Strength Study of Concrete Made with Various Local Sands in Benin City, Nigeria." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.21.
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The paper focuses on the effect which varying the type of sand used in concrete will have on the compressive strength of concrete and seeks to determine the suitability of each sand for use in concrete works. The sand samples used include Okhoro, Ikpoba, Ovia and Okhuahiaerosion sands and Ikpoba, Ovia and Okhuahia river sands. Particle size distribution of the sands was first determined and the result was used to design grades 20, 25, and 30 concretes to Department of Environment (DOE) mix design method. Twelve cubes were cast from one particular sand sample and three cubes were tested at 7, 14 and 28 days for each grade of concrete respectively .The result revealed that the sand samples that are well graded gave the highest compressive strength; while the poorly graded sands gave lower strengths. Okhuahia river sand gave the strongest concrete followed by Ikpoba, and Ovia river sands, Okhuahia, Ikpoba, Ovia and Okhoro erosion sands. Particle size distribution within a sand zone probably did not affect strength but the impurity content did. However, the inter-zonal differences in particle sizes probably did affect strength. The result also showed that only the river sands and Okhuahia erosion sand are good for concrete making.
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Eager, David, Chris Chapman, Yujie Qi, Karlos Ishac, and Md Imam Hossain. "Additional Criteria for Playground Impact Attenuating Sand." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 8805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198805.
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Falls within children’s playgrounds result in long bone and serious injuries. To lower the likelihood and severity of injury, impact attenuating surfaces (IAS) are installed within the impact area (fall zone). There are three primary IAS materials used, namely: granulated rubber products, wood fibre products, and sand. There is a deficiency with existing IAS test methods in that they do not take account of sand degradation over time. When children use the playground, sand degradation can occur when sand produces fines and smaller particles with low sphericity and angular which fill the voids between the sand particles. These fines and smaller particles tend to bind the sand and lower its impact attenuating performance. This paper proposes an additional IAS test to eliminate sands that degrade above an established threshold rate after installation due to normal usage. IAS degradation properties of fifteen IAS sands were tested including sand particle shape, sand particle distribution, percentage fines and sand particle degradation. This accelerated ageing test method is applicable only to sands and not rubber or wood fibre IAS products. The best IAS sands were sourced from quarries located on rivers that had eroded volcanic outcrops. These sands were shown to degrade the least and had little to no fines, and their particle shape was rounded to well-rounded. The most reliable source for good quality IAS sands on these rivers was on specific bends. The sand mined at these locations consistently had a tight particle size distribution.
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Joshi, R. C., Gopal Achari, Shenbaga R. Kaniraj, and H. Wijeweera. "Effect of aging on the penetration resistance of sands." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 767–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-075.
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The main objective of this study was to understand the effect of aging on the penetration resistance of freshly deposited sands. Two types of sand, locally available river sand used as masonry sand and Beaufort Sea sand, were selected for the study. The sands were allowed to age under a constant stress of 100 kPa in a specially designed apparatus in a dry state, as well as submerged in distilled water and in simulated sea water. Penetration resistance of the sand beds was measured periodically by pushing 4 probes into the sand bed. Mineralogical and fabric studies on freshly deposited and aged sand samples were conducted to detect the effect of aging, if any, on sand grains. The results indicate that aging significantly increases the penetration resistance of sands. The rate of increase in penetration resistance was higher for the submerged sand as compared with the dry sand. The increase in penetration resistance of the sand in a dry state was attributed to rearrangement of sand grains. In the submerged state, besides the rearrangement of sand particles, partial cementation caused by precipitation of salts and probably also silica on the sand grains and in the pores resulted in the larger increase in the penetration resistance. Key words : sand, aging, penetration resistance, freezing and thawing, sea water, distilled water.
7
Jacobs, Trent. "How Wet-Sand Completions Became Key to Chesapeake’s Low-Cost Future." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0029-jpt.
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Matt Mantell wasn’t always sure that completing horizontal wells with wet sand was going to be as efficient as using smooth-flowing dry sand. But after proving how well it does work, and how much money it saves, the completions engineering advisor with Chesapeake Energy said the plan to use wet sand at every possible opportunity is moving “full-speed ahead.” Wet sand represents a new trend in the US shale sector that has spread from operator to operator. After the sand is washed free of unwanted particulates at the mine, it has historically been dried before being delivered to a wellsite. Wet sand is instead loaded straight from decanting piles. The gas-burning dryers are left off. Chesapeake’s numbers show that by using wet sand instead of dry sand, the operator saves about $11/ton. On a 10,000-ft lateral using 3,600 lb/ft, this translates to a savings of nearly $200,000, or 2% off the total well cost. In framing the impact of these reductions, Mantell said, “It’s right there with the type of shift we’ve made over the last few years to more regional sands. You’re looking at an opportunity to continue reducing the logistical cost, the trucking cost, from the mine to the wellsite.” Oklahoma City-based Chesapeake emerged from bankruptcy protection in February and is looking forward to leveraging the shale sector’s latest cost-saving evolutions in its renewed drive to become a low-cost shale producer. While this is easier said than done, wet proppants appear to be low-hanging fruit. As Chesapeake’s example demonstrates, successful adoption involves minimal trial and error. It also shows that the outlook for this trend will be bolstered by its lower energy inputs, which means wet-sand wells can boast slimmer carbon footprints. Gusto may be far from peaking, too. Chesapeake predicts that future mines will become small and mobile, further lowering capital costs. Learning the Ropes The operator’s first go with wet sand came in August 2019 during a refracturing operation at the Eagle Ford asset it acquired that same year in its purchase of WildHorse Resource Development. The trial in southeast Texas involved pumping wet sand into just a few stages, but it offered a low-risk opportunity to work through the hiccups that wet sand can introduce. One relatively minor issue discovered early on involved getting the wet sand to load evenly onto the conveyer belt that feeds the blending unit. The clumpy nature of wet sand led to a few big slugs of it hitting the blender all at once, making it difficult to meter just how much was going in. The issue was quickly worked out in part by simply paying greater attention to how the sand was loaded and unloaded, with the focus on spreading it out as evenly as possible. Adam Hoffman, a lead completions engineer in Chesapeake’s Eagle Ford asset, said the biggest learning, though, was that there is a “real fine line” between sand that is wet and sand that is too wet. If the moisture content As Chesapeake’s example demonstrates, successful adoption involves minimal trial and error. It also shows that the outlook for this trend will be bolstered by its lower energy inputs, which means wet-sand wells can boast slimmer carbon footprints. Gusto may be far from peaking, too. Chesapeake predicts that future mines will become small and mobile, further lowering capital costs.
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Park, Seo Kyoung, Jang K. Kim, and Han Gil Choi. "Effect of substratum types on the growth of assimilators and stolons of Caulerpa okamurae (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)." Algae 37, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.12.10.
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To examine the effects of substratum types on the growth of Caulerpa okamurae, sand surface and sand burial experiments were conducted. Five assimilators (erect fronds) per replicate were cultured for 15 d on the surface of three different treatments: fine sand (200 μm), coarse sand (600 μm), and no sand (control). Also, three stolons and three assimilators were buried by fine grain or coarse grain sands and incubated for 15 d. In both experiments, other culture conditions included 25°C, 30 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and 16 : 8 h L : D (light : dark). In both experiments, stolon + assimilator-, assimilator-, and stolon-weights were measured. Relative growth rates (RGRs) of stolon + assimilator weights ranged from 0.43 to 1.95% d-1 at no sand and fine sand treatment, respectively. RGRs for the weight of stolon + assimilator and new assimilators were significantly greater on the fine- and coarse sand surface than the control. In the burial experiments, RGRs of stolons (4.28% d-1 at coarse sand and 5.57% d-1 at fine sand, respectively) were significantly greater than those of assimilators (1.38% d-1 at fine sand and 1.82% d-1 at coarse sand, respectively). When stolons were buried, RGRs for assimilators were greater at the fine sand than at the coarse sand treatment. On the other hand, RGRs of buried assimilators for total frond weights and for newly produced stolons were significantly greater at the coarse sands than at the fine sands. In conclusion, C. okamurae grew well with all substrates of sands and showed better growth on fine sands than coarse ones. This result suggests that the growth of stolons and assimilators of C. okamurae is stimulated after stable attachment to the sand substrates by rhizophores. In addition, stolons showed higher growth rates than the assimilators in the sand burial states, indicating that stolons are more tolerant to low light than assimilators of C. okamurae.
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Pallares, Jesus David Montero, Chenxi Wang, Mohammad Haftani, and Alireza Nouri. "Aperture Design Optimization of Wire-Wrapped Screens for SAGD Production Wells." Eng 4, no. 2 (April 6, 2023): 1058–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4020062.
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Wire-wrapped screens have been established as one of the primary sand control devices in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) wells due to the high open-to-flow area and superior plugging attributes. However, their design is still a point of interest for thermal operations. Generally, existing approaches rely on one or more particular points of reservoir sands’ particle size distribution (PSD) and rules of thumb inferred from other devices like the slotted liners. This study used Sand Retention Testing (SRT) to analyze the performance of WWS under various testing conditions, which were neglected in the current design criteria. The experimental investigation leads to a set of graphical design criteria that provide an optimum aperture size window. The results show that the sand retention performance of WWS is highly dependent on the flow velocities of the wetting phase. Moreover, the testing showed satisfactory plugging performance of WWS even with narrow aperture sizes, proving a superior performance for low-quality oil sands.
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Yannick, Tchedele Langollo, Bilkissou Alim, Njoya Mfokou Abdou Nasser, Oumar Ali Taïga, Njoya Moussa Jalil, Belinga Essama Boum Raphael, and Mache Jacques Richard. "Comparative Study of Mortars Made with Sands of Different Geological Origin." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (November 28, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5139325.
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The present work is a comparative study of sand mortars from various geological origins to highlight their influence on mortar qualities. Five different sands and the cement CEM II/B–P 42.5R were used to produce mortars with similar water/cement ratios (W/C). These are the “Sanaga” sand from the Sanaga River, the “Wouri” sand from the Wouri River, the Nyambaka basalt sand, the Meiganga granite sand, and the Leboudi gneiss sand. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of these sands were used to characterize and classify them. They were then used to formulate mortars, which were analyzed and compared. According to the results of the mortar setting time tests, the initial setting time ranges from 195 minutes for Sanaga sand mortar (MS04) to 210 minutes for gneiss sand mortar (MGN03), passing Wouri sand mortar (MW05) with 200 minutes, basalt sand mortar (MB01) with 198 minutes, and granite sand mortar (MGR02) with 196 minutes. The final setting time ranged from 496 minutes (MGR02) to 510 minutes (MGN03), with an average of 300 minutes added to the initial setting time. The flexural strength tests of the mortars reveal that crushed sands outperform alluvial sands. They range from 1.64 to 2.18 MPa after 2 days, 3 to 3.90 MPa after 7 days, and 7 to 14.84 MPa after 28 days. The results of the compressive strength tests show that quarry sand mortars have greater average compressive strengths than alluvial sand mortars, with basalt sand providing the greatest performance. These strengths range from 6.35 to 10.83 MPa after 2 days, 7.55 to 18.96 MPa after 7 days, and 22.81 to 34.58 MPa after 28 days, with the MB01 being the best sand. These findings reveal that the geological origin of sands, which specifies certain of their physicochemical and mineralogical attributes, has an impact on the properties of mortars. This impact is also influenced by granulometry and organic matter concentration.
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Skrzyński, M., R. Dańko, and J. Kamińska. "Reclamation of Mixtures of Spent Sands of Inorganic and Organic Type." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0089.
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Abstract The results of investigations of the reclamation of spent moulding and core sands, originated from one of the Polish foundry plants, are presented in the paper. Four mixtures consisting of two types of spent sands (spent moulding sand and spent core sand) were subjected to the regeneration process. Each tested mixture consisted of an inorganic type spent moulding sand and of an organic type spent core sand. Proportions of mutual fractions of spent moulding and core sands in mixtures was 70%-30% and was representative for the waste sands from the foundry, from which these sands originated.
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Gurav, Ranjit, Chang Ji, and Sangchul Hwang. "Investigating the Potential of River Sediment Bacteria for Trichloroethylene Bioremediation." Water 16, no. 20 (October 16, 2024): 2941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16202941.
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Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a prevalent groundwater contaminant detected worldwide, and microbes are sensitive indicators and initial responders to these chemical contaminants causing disturbances to their ecosystem. In this study, microbes isolated from San Marcos River sediment were screened for their TCE degradation potential. Among the twelve isolates (SAN1-12), five isolates demonstrated TCE degradation within 5 days at 25 °C and 40 mg/L of TCE concentration in the following order: SAN8 (87.56%), SAN1 (77.31%), SAN2 (76.58%), SAN3 (49.20%), and SAN7 (3.36%). On increasing the TCE concentration to 80 mg/L, the degradation efficiency of these isolates declined, although SAN8 remained the prominent TCE degrader with 75.67% degradation. The prominent TCE-degrading isolates were identified as Aeromonas sp. SAN1, Bacillus sp. SAN2, Gordonia sp. SAN3, and Bacillus proteolyticus SAN8 using 16S rRNA sequencing. The TCE degradation and cell biomass of Bacillus proteolyticus SAN8 were significantly improved when the incubation temperature was increased from 25 °C to 30 °C. However, both slightly acidic and alkaline pH levels, as well as higher TCE concentrations, lowered the efficacy of TCE degradation. Nevertheless, these conditions led to an increase in bacterial cell biomass.
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Branavan, A., K.M.C. Konthesingha, S.M.A. Nanayakkara, and H.M.R. Premasiri. "Optimizing Blending of Manufactured Sand with Offshore Sand Based on Physical and Virtue Characteristics." Optimizing Blending of Manufactured Sand with Offshore Sand Based on Physical and Virtue Characteristics 6, no. 3 (October 14, 2020): 11–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4133384.
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<strong>Abstract: </strong>Usage of alternative fine aggregates in concrete and cement mortar has been gradually increasing by the construction industries around the world due to the escalated shortage in obtaining natural river sand. Manufactured sand and offshore sand can be considered as the principal alternatives which are consumed by most of the contractors for substituting river sand in the construction activities now. However, most of the above sand consumptions are done without deeply analyzing the conformity of the alternatives to concrete and cement mortar. The present study is executed to inspect the fitness of manufactured sand from two different high-grade metamorphic rocks, offshore sand, and blended sands of both manufactured sand types at 25%, 50% and 75% replacement levels with offshore sand to be practiced in concrete and cement mortar by scrutinizing physical properties and quality through series of characterizing experiments. Results reveal that blended sand with all replacement levels can be suitable with respect to particle characteristics such as angularity, surface texture and total specific surface. Regarding resultant particle size distribution, blended sands with 50% replacement level can be the optimum solution in reference to uniform gradation, the density of sand mix, and fineness. 50% and 75% contents of manufactured sand in combined sand types show higher loose and packing densities than river sand. Flowability under the gravity of blended sand types contain 50% to 75% of offshore sand are performed well contemplating different affecting parameters. However, increased manufactured sand content demands more water than river sand and offshore sand. Additionally, hazardous materials such as clay lumps and friable particles, fines and silt are identified within the permissible range based on the requirements by the standard available. Regarding all the above characteristics, blended sands contain two manufactured sand types with 50% replacement level with offshore sand can be suggested as the optimum substitution for river sand in terms of fresh and hardened state properties of concrete and cement mortar
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Li, Zhenhua, Zihao Zhu, Yahong Zhao, Cong Zeng, and Peng Zhang. "Experimental Investigation on the Diffusion Law of Polymer Slurry Grouted in Sand." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 3635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173635.
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Polymer slurry is widely used in underground engineering treatment, but due to the concealed nature of underground projects, the diffusion pattern of slurry in the sand has been little studied. In this study, the basic physical properties of water-based polyurethane, oil-based polyurethane, and acrylate and epoxy resin were compared, and the performance of chemical grouted sands with different polymer slurry/sand mass ratios (PS/S) was tested. The higher the PS/S, the better the mechanical and impermeability properties of the chemical grouted sands. In this paper, water-based polyurethane was selected to carry out orthogonal tests on the diffusivity of slurry in sands. This experiment investigated the degree of influence of sand quality, grouting pressure and sand compactness on the diffusion of slurry in sands. The test results show that, in terms of factors affecting the final pressure of grouting, the sand density has the greatest influence, followed by the sand quality, and the grouting pressure is the smallest. In terms of slurry diffusibility, grouting pressure has the greatest influence, followed by sand compactness, and the sand quality is the smallest. The diffusion mechanism of slurry in the sand was deduced from the morphology of chemical grouted sands. Water-based polyurethane showed splitting-compression-penetration diffusion in sands of different grades, and the diffusion pattern of the slurry was not the same in low-pressure (1–1.5 MPa) grouting and high-pressure (2 MPa) grouting, and lateral splitting occurred in the case of high-pressure grouting diffusion.
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MILTON, Roy Zwalatha, Mohammed Bello ADAMU, Kabir GARBA, Saidu Mohammed SALEH, and Yahaya Yakubu ADAMU. "Appraisal of the Propping Potential of Luwa Sand in Nigeria for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications." ABUAD Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/https://doi.org/10.53982/ajeas.2024.0201.02-j.
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Natural sands made of spherical and round grains are widely used as proppants during hydraulic fracturing to increase recovery rate of hydrocarbon production. Synthetic proppants with high crush strength are employed for deep reservoir fracturing; however, this type of proppants suffer the disadvantages of high density, high cost and pose environmental hazards. This research was conducted with the aim to assess sands collected from Luwa River in Toro, Bauchi state of Nigeria for possible use as natural sand proppants. An epoxy resin-coated sand was produced using a simple method to modify the sands’ properties. A series of experiments were conducted in accordance with API recommended practice to determine the propping potential of the sand and the resin coated sand. The result from sieve analysis of 20/40 mesh size of Luwa sand revealed a mean size of 625.2 microns (0.625 mm). An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) result showed the presence of aluminosilicates (Al2O3 and SiO2) composition in Luwa sands. The sands recorded a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. Analysis of the shape parameters for sphericity and roundness was 0.8 and 0.8 (Krumbein-Sloss) respectively; it has bulk density of 1.64 g/cm3, acid solubility of 0.7% and 4.32% for the resin-coated sand. The sand has turbidity value of 28.98 NTU, loss on ignition in the range of 1.33% to 1.64% and crush resistance varies between 2000-3000 psi for Luwa sand and 4000-5000 psi for the coated sand. A comparison of the experimental results with API standard and conventional Ottawa and Brady models showed the sand competes favourably with these standards in all parameters for consideration as a proppant except for the crush resistance where more than 10% fragments was generated at low pressure of 3000 psi. However, the sand can be applied in shallow depth reservoirs.
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MILTON, Roy Zwalatha, Mohammed Bello ADAMU, Kabir GARBA, Saidu Mohammed SALEH, and Yahaya Yakubu ADAMU. "Appraisal of the Propping Potential of Luwa Sand in Nigeria for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications." ABUAD Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/ajeas.2024.0201.02-j.
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Natural sands made of spherical and round grains are widely used as proppants during hydraulic fracturing to increase recovery rate of hydrocarbon production. Synthetic proppants with high crush strength are employed for deep reservoir fracturing; however, this type of proppants suffer the disadvantages of high density, high cost and pose environmental hazards. This research was conducted with the aim to assess sands collected from Luwa River in Toro, Bauchi state of Nigeria for possible use as natural sand proppants. An epoxy resin-coated sand was produced using a simple method to modify the sands’ properties. A series of experiments were conducted in accordance with API recommended practice to determine the propping potential of the sand and the resin coated sand. The result from sieve analysis of 20/40 mesh size of Luwa sand revealed a mean size of 625.2 microns (0.625 mm). An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) result showed the presence of aluminosilicates (Al2O3 and SiO2) composition in Luwa sands. The sands recorded a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. Analysis of the shape parameters for sphericity and roundness was 0.8 and 0.8 (Krumbein-Sloss) respectively; it has bulk density of 1.64 g/cm3, acid solubility of 0.7% and 4.32% for the resin-coated sand. The sand has turbidity value of 28.98 NTU, loss on ignition in the range of 1.33% to 1.64% and crush resistance varies between 2000-3000 psi for Luwa sand and 4000-5000 psi for the coated sand. A comparison of the experimental results with API standard and conventional Ottawa and Brady models showed the sand competes favourably with these standards in all parameters for consideration as a proppant except for the crush resistance where more than 10% fragments was generated at low pressure of 3000 psi. However, the sand can be applied in shallow depth reservoirs.
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Pratiwi, Wieke, Gaos Abdul Karim, and Titi Rachmawati. "Local Silica Sand as a Substitute for Standard Ottawa Sand in Testing of Cement Mortar." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.220.
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Compressive strength of cement mortar is an important parameter in the quality control of Portland cement. The limitation of Ottawa sand imports has prompted a study on the potential and utilization of local silica sand available in several regions in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential and possibility of utilizing local silica sand from several regions in Indonesia including Bangka, Belitung, Sidrap (South Sulawesi Province) as a substitute for standard Ottawa sand in cement mortar testing. Evaluation of local silica sands consisted of SEM analysis, characterization of silica sands and testing of cement mortar compressive strength. Silica sands from Bangka, Belitung and Tuban had silica content of more than 90%, while that from Sidrap was more or less 90%. Based on the SEM analysis, characteristic of silica sands, and compressive strength of cement mortar, local silica sand from Sidrap (South Sulawesi Province) has a good potential to be used as a substitute for standard Ottawa sand in testing of cement mortar.
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Zhang, Rui, Hai Bao Liu, Si Hua Zhang, Gui Yin Zeng, and Jian Qiao Li. "Finite Element Analysis in the Characteristics of Ostrich Foot Toenail Traveling on Sand." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.213.
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The ostrich foot toenail plays a crucial role in the process of ostrich foot traveling on sand. 3D laser scanner was used to measure the three-dimensional point clouds of ostrich foot toenail surface morphology, and the three-dimensional model of ostrich foot toenail was reconstructed by using reverse engineering technology. The finite element analysis in the interactions between ostrich foot toenail and sand was implemented by Abaqus and Hypermesh. The quasi-static analytical results of ostrich foot toenail inserting the sands showed that the groove structure of the toenail had a better sand fixation effects, the tiptoe structure was conducive to insert into the sands, and the inverted triangular structure of the toenail had the weak disturbance on the sands which produced the less resistance of the toenail inserting the sands. According to the velocity and the stress fields in the process of the ostrich foot toenail dynamically traveling on sand, ostrich foot toenail tiptoe could help to improve the thrust of traveling on sand, the groove area of the toenail played the effects of sand fixation and flow limitation in the process of ostrich foot toenail traveling on sand. Keywords: ostrich foot toenail, reverse engineering, model reconstruction, finite element simulation, sand fixation and flow limitation.
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Ding, Chun Sheng, Xiao Yan Ma, Ying Long Zhou, and Ping Ning. "Experimental Study on Preparation and Pb2+ Adsorption Capability of Ferric Salt Modified Sands." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.852.
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Ferric salt modified sands were prepared with quartz sand as a carrier and ferric salt coating by the two methods of repeat high-temperature process and repeat alkaline deposition process. The specific surface area of two ferric salt modified sands were detected, and their Pb2+ adsorption capability in different conditions were also described in this paper. The results showed that the specific surface area of ferric chloride and ferric nitrate modified sand was 2.468m2/g and 4.247m2/g respectively, which was 6.910 and 12.612 times more than that of raw quartz sand. In the neutral pH condition, the removal efficiency of Pb2+ by raw quartz sands was approximately 37%, in contrast, the removal efficiency reached 85% by ferric nitrate modified sand and over 90% by ferric chloride modified sand, and it was much higher than that of raw quartz sand.
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Benjelloun, Mohamed, Rachid Bouferra, Hassan Ibouh, Frederic Jamin, Ismail Benessalah, and Ahmed Arab. "Mechanical Behavior of Sand Mixed with Rubber Aggregates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 11395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311395.
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The main objective of this study is to compare the mechanical behavior of two sands (Hostun or Dune sands) mixed with crushed rubber obtained from used tires. However, it is essential to ensure that his geotechnical application do not result in long-term negative impacts on the environment. The chemical properties of these two sands are given by energy dispersive analysis X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The mineral composition of these two sands is performed by X-ray diffractometry. The morphological characteristics of the sand grains are given by the analysis of the images of the two sands given by the scanning electron microscope. This study is based on 120 direct shear tests performed on sand-rubber aggregate mixtures. The results show that the rubber content of the aggregates has a significant effect on the shear strength of sand-rubber mixtures in both cases of sand. In fact, the shear strength of the sand-rubber mixture increases with increasing crushed rubber up to 20% for different normal stresses. The analysis of the test results also shows the effect of the angular shape of the sand grains on the interparticle friction. The contribution of the structure effect in the mobilized friction is analyzed by comparing the shear test results of Hostun and dune sand mixtures.
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Khouadjia, M. L. K., K. Abdou, A. A. Belkadi, O. Kessal, and B. Mezghiche. "Effect of Sands on the Evolution of the Modulus of Deformability and Longitudinal and Transverse Elasto-Instantaneous Deformations as a Function of the Relative Constraint in Concrete." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0025.
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Abstract The production of crushed sand is accompanied by the production of fine particles. The proportion of these fine particles varies from one sand to another. The current publications of standards for reference in the construction industry have been adapted by increasing the limit of fine particles in crushed sand, but this is insufficient because sands with high rate of fine particles are not used in the industry. The principal objective of this study is to investigate the influence of crushed sands with different mineralogical natures (limestone and siliceous) and with varying proportions of fine particles on the evolution of the modulus of deformability and of longitudinal and transverse Elasto-instantaneous deformations. The experimental results showed that the longitudinal and transverse Elasto-instantaneous deformations and the modulus of deformability varied according to the nature of the sands (river sand, quarry sand, dune sand) and according to the fine content of the sands. Logarithmic regressions showed an accurate fit for the correlation coefficient R2. The test results demonstrated that deformations are influenced by sand type and indicated an optimal of 10% of fine particles. Empirical equations can predict the modulus of deformability from prismatic concretes.
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Sun, Jimin. "Origin of Eolian Sand Mobilization during the Past 2300 Years in the Mu Us Desert, China." Quaternary Research 53, no. 1 (January 2000): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2105.
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AbstractEolian sand dunes and sand sheets are extensive in the semiarid regions of northern-central China. Previous studies indicated that these eolian sands mainly formed during historical times. However, the sand sources and their reworking processes have not been well studied, and even the reasons for their occurrence are still controversial. Field investigation and sedimentary evidence indicate that both the inner Mu Us Desert and its southern marginal region, both sources of modern eolian sand, are largely associated with reworking of sands of the last glaciation. Based on geological, documentary, and archaeological data, three phases of land cultivation during the past 2300 years, together with historical droughts, high wind energy, and the easily reworked sand sources, largely account for the occurrence of active sand dunes and sand sheets in the Mu Us Desert.
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Alutu, O. E., and A. Omorogie. "The Influence of Vibration Time and Sand Type on the Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.24.
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The purpose of this study is to see if varying the vibration time and sand type during moulding of blocks would affect the strength of the blocks. To this end, seven types of sands: Okhuahie and Ovia river sands; Okhuahie, Ovia, Ikpoba flood and Okhoro erosion sands were collected for the study. A total of 315 blocks each in 150mm and 225mm sizes with cement to sand ratios of 1:6 were made using the seven brands of sand. The blocks were vibrated for 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 seconds and tested for compressive strength at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively. The result showed that the relationship between compressive strength of the blocks and the vibration time for various sand types was linear up to vibration time of 30 secs. The sand type also influenced the strength of the blocks as Okhuahie river sand gave the highest compressive strength followed by Ovia river sand and the least was Okhoro erosion sand. At least 52% increase in compressive strength of 150mm and 225mm sandcrete blocks were achieved by raising the vibration time from 15 seconds to 25 seconds in the seven types of sand and 100% increase was achieved by raising the vibration time from 15 to 30 seconds.
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Huang, An-Bin, Huai-Houh Hsu, and Jia-Wei Chang. "The behavior of a compressible silty fine sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 1 (August 8, 1999): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-090.
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Publications associated with sands are often limited to clean (i.e., little fines content), uniform, uncemented silica or quartz sand. On the other hand, the importance of mineral content, particle shapes, as well as gradation to the behavior of sand has long been recognized. Although systematic studies of sands other than clean quartz sand have been limited, there is increasing attention being paid to sands with an appreciable fines content. Because of a major construction project, extensive field and laboratory experiments were performed on a silty fine sand from Mai-Liao, which is located on the central west coast of Taiwan. Results show that Mai-Liao Sand (MLS), a silty sand, can be significantly more compressible than clean quartz sand under static load. The particles of MLS have moderate strength, and significant crushing can be induced by triaxial shearing. As a result, MLS has low dilatancy and a relatively small range of peak friction angles. Cone penetration tests in MLS were conducted in a calibration chamber. Analyses of the data indicate that interpreting cone tip resistance in MLS using methods developed based on clean quartz sand without considering the differences of compressibility can be unrealistic. This paper documents results of the experimental studies on MLS.Key words: silty fine sand, strength, dilatancy, compressibility, crushing, in situ test.
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Ward, PR, and JM Oades. "Effect of clay mineralogy and exchangeable cations on water repellency in clay-amended sandy soils." Soil Research 31, no. 3 (1993): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930351.
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Artificial water-repellent sands were prepared in the laboratory from acid-washed sand and either cetyl alcohol or organics extracted from a natural water-repellent sand. Added clays (at 0.5% w/w) had no effect when gently mixed with a natural and the two artificial water-repellent sands. After a wetting and drying cycle, kaolinite reduced repellency to a low level in the natural sand and the artificial sand with extracted organics, but montmorillonite was not effective. Na+-saturated clays were generally more effective than Ca2+-saturated clays. In the cetyl alcohol sand, montmorillonite was more effective than kaolinite. Neither artificial sand was a perfect model of the natural system, although the extracted organic model was far superior. Kaolinite did not strongly adsorb hydrophobic molecules, but was effective because it was able to cover the hydrophobic sand surface. Application of kaolinite clay to a water-repellent sand appears promising.
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B., Padmini, Likitha B., Venkata Kamesh B., Deepika B., Jagadeesh N, and Santhosh Kumar D. "Grain Fineness Number of Various River Sands for Metal Casting." Research and Reviews: Journal of Mechanics and Machines 3, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4817506.
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<em>The Grain Fineness Number (GFN) is the quantitative indication of the grain size distribution of the sand Sample by carrying out sand sieve analysis. The current manuscript aims to determine the value of GFN of various river sands. I.e. to determine the suitability of sand with the physical requirements of sand moulding. Calculating the grain fineness number gives an estimate of the average grain size of the sand sample. The grain size distribution influences the properties of sand as follow refractoriness, green strength, dry strength, hot Strength, permeability, compatibility. Permeability is the gas evolution capability of the moulding sand. A sand contained a wide range of particle size will have low permeability as compared to that containing grains of average fineness. Sand that is too fine or too coarse can affect the quality of casting produced. Different sands have different GFN values and they are used for variety of castings. According to ASTM (American society for testing and materials) the standard values are in between 35 to 90 GFN and it is suitable for both medium and heavy meatal casting. If the grain fineness number is in between 35 to 90 then the sand is suitable for moulding. It is evident from the results that samples 1, 2 and 3 river sands selected from Nagavali, Godavari, Krishna rivers respectively are suitable for sand moulding whose values of GFN are between 35-90. On the other side sample4, beach sand is possessing GFN of less than 30, hence not suitable for moulding</em>
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Peterson, Ivars. "Dry Sand, Wet Sand." Science News 152, no. 12 (September 20, 1997): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3980994.
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Rutherford, Steven R., and Robert H. Williams. "Amplitude‐versus‐offset variations in gas sands." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 6 (June 1989): 680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442696.
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Seismic reflections from gas sands exhibit a wide range of amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) characteristics. The two factors that most strongly determine the AVO behavior of a gas‐sand reflection are the normal incidence reflection coefficient [Formula: see text] and the contrast in Poisson’s ratio at the reflector. Of these two factors, [Formula: see text] is the least constrained. Based on their AVO characteristics, gas‐sand reflectors can be grouped into three classes defined in terms of [Formula: see text] at the top of the gas sand. Class 1 gas sands have higher impedance than the encasing shale with relatively large positive values for [Formula: see text]. Class 2 gas sands have nearly the same impedance as the encasing shale and are characterized by values of [Formula: see text] near zero. Class 3 sands have lower impedance than the encasing shale with negative, large magnitude values for [Formula: see text]. Each of these sand classes has a distinct AVO characteristic. An example of a gas sand from each of the three classes is presented in the paper. The Class 1 example involves a Hartshorn channel sand from the Arkoma Basin. The Class 2 example considers a Miocene gas sand from the Brazos offshore area of the Gulf of Mexico. The Class 3 example is a Pliocene gas sand from the High Island offshore area of the Gulf of Mexico.
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Wang, Ruying, James W. Hempfling, Bruce B. Clarke, and James A. Murphy. "Sand Size Affects Topdressing Removed by Mowing and Anthracnose on Annual Bluegrass Putting Green Turf." HortScience 55, no. 2 (February 2020): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14396-19.
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Sand size can affect the ability to incorporate topdressing into the turf canopy and thatch on golf course putting greens; unincorporated sand interferes with mowing and play. This 3-year field trial was initiated to determine the effects of sand size on sand incorporation, surface wetness, and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum cereale Manns sensu lato Crouch, Clarke, and Hillman) of annual bluegrass [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn) T. Koyama] maintained as a putting green. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications; treatments included a non-topdressed control and three topdressing sands (medium-coarse, medium, or medium-fine) applied every 2 weeks at 0.15 L·m−2 during the summer. Topdressing with medium-coarse sand was more difficult to incorporate than the medium and medium-fine sands, resulting in a greater quantity of sand collected with mower clippings. Analyzing the particle distribution of sand removed by mowing confirmed that coarser sand particles were more likely to be removed in mower clippings. Surface wetness measured as volumetric water content (VWC) at the 0- to 38-mm depth zone was greater in non-topdressed plots than topdressed plots on 35% of observations. Few differences in VWC were found among sand size treatments. Turf responses to topdressing were not immediate; however, as sand accumulated in the turf canopy, topdressed plots typically had lower anthracnose severity than non-topdressed turf after the first year. Additionally, topdressing with medium and medium-fine sands produced similar or occasionally lower disease severity than topdressing with medium-coarse sand. The lack of negative effects of medium and medium-fine sands combined with better incorporation after topdressing and less disruption to the putting surface should allow golf course superintendents to apply topdressing at frequencies and/or quantities needed during the summer to maintain high-quality turf and playing conditions.
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M, Tjuwati, Panca Wahyudi, and Supriyatno Supriyatno. "Comparison Of Local And Import Sands Quality Laboratory Tests Results For Used In Hydraulic Fracturing Operations." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 31, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.31.1.860.
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Sand quality laboratory tests have been carried out on local and import uncoated sands. Based on results of sand sieve, roundness, sphericity, turbidity, acid solubility and crush resistance at 3000 psi quality tests of import uncoated sand has better quality than local sand. The import sand fulfills API – RP 56 specification requirements and will be able used in hydraulic fracturing operation. Whereas, the local uncoated sand does not achieve API - RP 56 specification requirements.
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Minh, Chanh Cao, and Padmanabhan Sundararaman. "Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Petrophysics in Thin Sand/Shale Laminations." SPE Journal 16, no. 02 (October 21, 2010): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/102435-pa.
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Summary We discuss the use of nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) logging in the petrophysical evaluation of thin sand/shale laminations. NMR helps detect thin beds, determine fluid type, establish the hydrocarbon type and volume if hydrocarbon is present, and, finally, determine the permeability of the sand layers (as opposed to that of the sand/shale system). Experiments were conducted on samples of 100% sand, 100% clay, and sand/clay layers with an NMR-logging tool at surface to verify the characteristic T2 bimodal relaxation distribution often observed in NMR logs that are acquired in thin beds. From the bimodal distribution, it is often possible to determine a cutoff to separate the productive sand layers from the shale layers and, with it, the porosity fraction of each component. Subsequently, the sand fraction, or net/gross ratio, can be estimated assuming that the 100%-sand porosity is known. Because gas, oil, and water have different NMR properties, fluid-typing techniques such as 2D NMR offer useful insights into the fluid type and properties in thin-layer sands. Because the laminations thickness is often less than the antenna aperture, the estimated permeability of the sand/ shale system will undercall the true permeability of the sand layers only. In this case, their permeability can be estimated quickly from Darcy's fluid-flow model. We show examples of thin sand/shale laminations that are oil-bearing and gas-bearing. In each case, the NMR detection was verified against borehole-imaging logs, and the fluid type in the sands was determined from multidimensional NMR analysis. The derived hydrocarbon volume was then compared with the results estimated from a triaxial induction tool. Permeability of the sand layers was also computed and compared to that of nearby thick sands. Core data in one well was used to validate NMR detection, porosity, permeability, and net sand thickness.
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Clemens, Karen E., and Paul D. Komar. "TRACERS OF SAND MOVEMENT ON THE OREGON COAST." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 21 (January 29, 1988): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.100.
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The study of sand mineralogy and grain rounding can help answer many questions of immediate concern to coastal engineers or to broader issues of beach preservation. The heavy-mineral contents of sands, together with statistical techniques such as factor analysis, can be used to delineate sediment sources, trace transport paths, and map out patterns of mixing during sediment dispersal. Variations in the degree of grain rounding can similarly be used to trace sand movements, or to obtain additional information concerning the history of the sediment particles. The techniques of studying sand mineralogies and grain rounding, and the types of problems they can address, are illustrated by research on the Oregon coast. Heavy mineral compositions of Oregon beach sands are the products of mixing contributions from four sources; the Columbia River on the north, the smaller rivers draining the Coast Range, the Umpqua River on the southern Oregon coast, and the Klamath Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California. Numerous headlands now prevent the longshore transport and mixing of sands from these multiple sources. The beach-sand compositions instead reflect along-coast mixing during Pleistocene lowered sea levels when blockage by headlands was absent. At that time there was a net littoral sand transport to the north, evident from the dispersal of Klamath-derived sands. With a rise in sea level and accompanying migrations of the beaches, headlands eventually interrupted the along-coast mixing of nearshore sands. Therefore, the north to south variation in compositions of beach sands is in part a relict pattern inherited from mixing during lowered sea levels. This has been modified during the past several thousand years by some additions of sand to the beaches from sea-cliff erosion and from rivers. However, studies of sediment mineralogy and grain rounding indicate that sands derived from most rivers draining the Coast Range are presently trapped in estuaries and so are not significant sources of beach sand. The Columbia River now supplies sand to Oregon beaches only to the first headland, Tillamook Head. At that headland there is a marked change in mineralogy and grain rounding with angular, recently supplied Columbia River sand to the north and rounded relict sand to the south.
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Lukpanov, R. E., D. S. Dyussembinov, A. D. Altynbekova, S. B. Yenkebayev, and Talal Awwad. "Assessment of the physical and mechanical characteristics of sand for the production of foam concrete using the two-stage foam injection method." Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources 332, no. 1 (May 3, 2024): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.01.
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The article presents the results of experimental studies of the properties of quarry sand to assess their suitability for use in the production of foam concrete. The sites of quarry sand extraction in the territory of the Akmola region are analyzed and their physical and mechanical characteristics are characterized. Evaluation of the physical and mechanical characteristics of sand was made for four types of sand. The main evaluation parameters were: particle size distribution, homogeneity, shrinkage, density and moisture content of sands. The results of the study showed that the physical characteristics of sands vary depending on their type, which indicates the differences in the natural composition and properties of these materials. Evaluation of the homogeneity of the different types of sands confirms the significant differences between the types. The highest homogeneity (xmax=77.45; xmax-1=14.98; Cc=73.5%) was observed in type 1 sand, while type 4 sand shows the minimum degree of homogeneity (xmax=47.30; xmax-1=42.28; Cc=8.7%). According to the test results, the maximum values of both densities in type 2 are: ρd=1.519 g/cm2, ρw=1.951 g/cm2, and the minimum values of both densities in type 4 are: ρd=1.438 g/cm2, ρw=1.894 g/cm2. The maximum natural moisture content in Type 1 samples is vn=9.5%, while the minimum values are 7.6% and 7.2% (Type 2 and 4). The obtained private density values have a high degree of convergence because the coefficients of variation have very low values: for Type 1 sands are 0.1-0.3%; for Type 2 sands are 0.7-0.8%; for Type 3 sands are 0.5-0.7%; for Type 4 sands are 0.4-0.6% (variation of private density values of dry and wet sands, respectively). Analysis of the results of tests on the shrinkage of samples showed that the maximum shrinkage is observed for sands of type 1 equal to 15.63%, while the minimum shrinkage is characteristic of samples of type 3 and 4 (11.25% and 11.88%). Taking into account the suitability of sand for the production of foam concrete, the most preferable is Type 1 sand mined in the Eltok building sand deposit.
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Zhu, Fu Xian, Zhong De Shan, and Fen Liu. "Micro-Strength Analysis of Sand Mold for Casting Based on Bonded-Particle Model." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.316.
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The micro-strength of sand mold is analyzed based on bonded-particle model (BPM) due to the reason that the strength of sand mold largely influences the final casting properties. In this study, the stress and the strength as well as the stiffness parameters of the binding bridge between the sands are obtained firstly by establishing the equivalent micro-beam model of the binding bridge between the sands. Then, the tensile strength formula of Sand Mold is derived according to the idea packing shape of particle, which is then used for discussing the relationship between the tensile strength with the sand mesh and the mass fraction of binder. At last, the effects of the sand mesh and mass fraction of binder on the tensile strength of the Sand Mold are analyzed quantitatively, which shows the great agreement with the macroscopic experimental results of the sand mold strength.
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Hou, Yun Fen. "Comparison of Effect of Iron Tailing Sand and Natural Sand on Concrete Properties." Key Engineering Materials 599 (February 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.599.11.
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Mixed sands with different fineness are prepared by mixing iron tailing sand and manufactured sand at different ratio. It is shown that properties of concrete prepared with natural sand whose fineness is 2.3 are worse than that of concreter prepared with mixed sand whose fineness is between 2.6 to 3.0, but are better than that of concrete prepared with mixed sand whose fineness is 2.3. Mixed sand whose fineness is between 2.6 to 3.0 can be used in concrete.
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Holtzer, Mariusz, Rafał Dańko, Sylwester Piasny, Michał Kubecki, Dariusz Drożyński, Agnieszka Roczniak, Mateusz Skrzyński, and Angelika Kmita. "Research on the Release of Dangerous Compounds from the BTEX and PAHs Groups in Industrial Casting Conditions." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102581.
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The assessment of the harmfulness of moulding and core sands is mainly based on investigations of compositions of gases emitted by liquid casting alloys during the mould pouring. The results of investigations of moulding sands obtained under industrial conditions are presented in this paper. A unique research stand was designed and built for this aim. It allowed us to determine emissions of gases at individual stages of casting a mass up to 50 kg. This approach enables simulation of foundry conditions. Moulding sands bound by organic binders (phenol-formaldehyde; furan), inorganic binders and green sand, were subjected to investigations. The composition of gases that evolved during the individual stages, pouring, cooling and knocking out, was tested each time, and the contents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BETX) were analysed. Investigations indicated that the emission of gases from sands with inorganic binders is negligible when compared with the emission of gases from sands with organic binders. The emission of gases from green sand is placed in the middle of the scale. As an example: the sand with furan resin emitted 84 mg of BTEX (in recalculation for 1 kg of sand) while from sands with inorganic binders there was a maximum of 2.2 mg (for 1 kg of sand). In the case of sands with inorganic binders, MI and MC sands indicated comparable and very low emissions of gases from the PAHs group, at the level of 0.018 mg and 0.019 mg for 1 kg of sand, respectively. The higher emission of PAHs from MG sand is the result of its different way of hardening (a binder was of an organic character) than of sands MI and MC.
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Zhang, A., and F. Collin. "Effect of Cementation on the Cyclic Behaviour of Sands: A 3D DEM Investigation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1480, no. 1 (April 1, 2025): 012116. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1480/1/012116.
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Abstract Artificial or natural cementation introduced in sands alters the mechanical response of sand upon cyclic loading. This study uses 3D discrete element method (DEM) to evaluate the effect of cementation on the cyclic behaviour of sands. The cementation is explicitly simulated by cohesive tiny particles. The results indicate that the cementation contributes to the preservation of sand-sand contacts during the undrained cyclic loading and leads to an obvious enhancement in the liquefaction resistance of sands.
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Zhang, Yun, and Shi Quan Liu. "A Comparative Study on Silica Sands as Absorbents for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Ions from Aqueous Solutions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.189.
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Silica sand is the main material in glass production. It can also be used for water purification. In this work, two types of silica sand used for the glass production were directly applied in the removal of Cr6+ from aqueous solutions. The chemical composition, loss-on-ignition, acid solubility and surface area of the two sands are compared. The results indicate that both sands are quite similar in chemical and mineral compositions. However, sand B has a higher organic content, a smaller crystalline grain size, a larger surface area and acid solubility. As a result, sand B shows a larger absorption of Cr6+ than sand A. In addition, both sands exhibit declined absorption of Cr6+ with increasing the pH of the solution from 1 to 3. No absorption occurred when the pH was higher than 3.
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Been, Ken, and Michael Jefferies. "Stressdilatancy in very loose sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 972–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-038.
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Virtually all investigation of liquefaction has used undrained tests, and it has become common to represent the undrained strength in terms of a collapse surface or collapse stress ratio described by an effective friction angle. A difficulty with undrained tests is that they only allow observation of the interaction of elastic and plastic strain because of the imposed boundary condition (i.e., no drainage or zero volume change), precluding a proper understanding of an effective stress criterion for maximum undrained strength. Drained triaxial tests do not suffer from this shortcoming, and stressdilatancy of dense sands in drained shear is well established as a fundamental aspect of sand behaviour, based on micromechanical considerations. It is particularly interesting to consider the stressdilatancy behaviour of very loose sands in the context of soil liquefaction. Although there are some data in the literature on loose sand behaviour in drained triaxial compression, the majority of data are actually for sands markedly denser than sands showing static liquefaction in undrained tests. This paper therefore reports some laboratory testing of very loose sands, together with comparative undrained liquefaction data, and compares the loose behaviour to that of dense sand. These data are reduced to stressdilatancy form so that the fundamental aspects of loose soil behaviour can be seen and compared to flow rules used in constitutive models. The stressdilatancy of very loose sand shows no limiting stress ratio markedly less than that of the critical state. Moreover, the stressdilatancy trends of very loose sand are the same as those of dense sand. There is no evidence of "structural collapse" of the particulate arrangement of very loose sands, contrary to speculation associated with collapse surfaces in the literature. Explanations of sand liquefaction must seek other physical explanations of the soil behaviour.Key words: sand, constitutive relations, plasticity, liquefaction.
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Dargai, Viktória, and László Varga. "Investigation of the Granulometric and Mechanical Properties of Inorganic Used Sand." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.2.34.
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This paper examines the use of a modified inorganic binder in metal-alloy casting. The results of investigations regarding the effect of reusing the used sand multiple times without reclamation. The technological properties of silica sand with inorganic binders were presented, two different temperatures were applied to make the used sands. After lump crushing the inorganic used sand was recycled in order to make a new sand mixture. Our work was focused on the effect of multiple usage of inorganic used sands on the mechanical and granulometric properties prepared with modified inorganic binder.
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Guo, Yujia, Alireza Nouri, and Siavash Nejadi. "Effect of Slot Width and Density on Slotted Liner Performance in SAGD Operations." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010268.
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Sand production from a poorly consolidated reservoir could give rise to some severe problems during production. Holding the load bearing solids in place is the main goal of any sand control technique. The only sand control techniques that have found applications in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) are some of the mechanical methods, including wire wrapped screens, slotted liners and more recently, punched screens. Slotted liner is one of the most effective mechanical sand control methods in the unconsolidated reservoir exploitation, which has proven to be the preferred sand control method in the SAGD operations. The main advantage of the slotted liners that makes them suitable for SAGD operations is their superior mechanical integrity for the completion of long horizontal wells. This study is an attempt to increase the existing understanding of the fines migration, sand production, and plugging tendency for slotted liners by using a novel large-scale scaled completion test (SCT) facility. A triaxial cell assembly was used to load sand-packs with specified and controlled grain size distribution, shape and mineralogy, on multi-slot sand control coupons. Different stress levels were applied parallel and perpendicular to different combinations of slot width and density in multi-slot coupons, while brine was injected from the top of the sand-pack towards the coupon. At each stress level, the mass of produced sand was measured, and the pressure drops along the sand-pack and coupon were recorded. Fines migration was also investigated by measuring fines/clay concentration along the sand-pack. The current study employed multi-slot coupons to investigate flow interactions among slots and its effect on the flow performance of liner under typically encountered stresses in SAGD wells. According to the experimental observations, increasing slot width generally reduces the possibility of pore plugging caused by fines migration. However, there is a limit for slot aperture beyond which the plugging is not reduced any further, and only a higher level of sanding occurs. Test measurements also indicated that besides the slot width, the slot density also influences the level of plugging and sand production and must be included in the design criteria.
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Rhee, Seung Whee. "A Study on Thermal Stabilization of Spent Foundry Sand." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.507.
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Thermal stabilization is used to reduce the turbidity of spent foundry sands (SFSs). Effect of stabilized temperature and thermal stabilized time in thermal stabilization is estimated by turbidity of SFSs in thermal stabilization. The turbidity of furan sand is 984 FAU and almost 15 times as high as that of other sands such as CO2 sand and green sand. Furan sand contains furan resin, but CO2 sand and green sand do not use resin chemicals. The turbidity of furan sand can be reduced by stabilization of furan resin in thermal process. In the process of thermal stabilization, fixation of furan resin by heating occurs and resin can be in the state of insolubility. The turbidity of furan sand is sharply decreased within thermally stabilized time of 2 hrs and decreased with increasing stabilized temperature. Turbidity in thermal stabilized time of 2hrs and stabilized temperature of 600°C is almost 10 FAU. Hence, thermal stabilization can be applied to reduce the turbidity of SFSs generated from iron foundry industry.
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Lerche, Ian. "Leakage up Faults: Production and Supply Concerns for “Topping Up” Sands." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 23, no. 2 (April 2005): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144598054529987.
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This paper discusses the leakage of hydrocarbons up a fault into an overlying sand that is cut by the fault. The supply of hydrocarbons is continuous until exhaustion of the main source below the sand. At the same time that hydrocarbons can be filling the sand, production is also allowed from the sand components. Hydrocarbons may also bypass either or both components of the cut sand if their respective capacities have been reached, so that there can be a time dependent loss from the lower sand component or the upper sand component or both, as they are filled and drained by production. Numerical illustrations show how the start time of production for each sand influences the bypass and “topping-up” of the sands, as well as the influence of the fractions of the hydrocarbon flow that can be diverted to each of the sand components of the hydrocarbon flow are allowed to vary. In short, an Excel program built upon such ideas has many of the capabilities needed to describe the broad features of leakage, production, topping up, and loss from such sands, as occur specifically in the Eugene Island 335 field as well as in many other fields.
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Hendronursito, Yusup, and Yogi Prayanda. "POTENSI PASIR LOKAL TANJUNG BINTANG PADA ALUMINIUM SAND CASTING TERHADAP POROSITAS PRODUK HASIL COR ALUMINIUM." JURNAL KAJIAN TEKNIK MESIN 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2016): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52447/jktm.v1i2.336.
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Green sand is one of the most important components in the process of metal casting. The sand in Indonesia region is varied level of subtlety, size of sand, and shape of sand. Green sand used in the process of metal casting is possible can affect the quality of casting product. This aims to determine the potential of Tanjung Bintang sand as green sand and the quality of the product in terms of porosity defects. The research was conducted by varying sand river from Tanjung Bintang and sand from Maringgai. Composition made varying is 100%,75%, 50%, and 25% Tanjung Bintang sand compared Maringgai sand with bentonit and water is 10% and 5% constantly .The Examine of the green sand by SNI 15-0312-1989 among other water content, clay content, Grain Finnest Number (GFN), Shape of grain. The result said aluminium casting product with 50% Tanjung Bintang sand has the lowest value of porosity, 5.08% and the higher value with 75% composition of Tanjung Bintang sand, 6.98%.
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Bifano, Luca, Alice Fischerauer, and Gerhard Fischerauer. "Investigation of complex permittivity spectra of foundry sands." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0121.
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AbstractThis paper discusses impedance spectroscopy as a method to characterize different types of quartz sand, chromite sand, and mixtures of sand. Based on two types of measurement cells, the impedance spectra for various dry sands were measured. The spectra differ enough to allow the sands to be distinguished. The results were validated by extracting the relative permittivity from the impedance and comparing it to literature data. After that, the method could be applied with confidence to other material systems. The influence of moisture was investigated with two types of quartz sand, and typical mixtures of form sand, chromite sand, and regenerated (quartz) sand were studied. In each case, the sand composition had a distinct influence on the Nyquist plot of the impedance spectrum. Compared to results from a laboratory foundry system, the new method exhibits a much more systematic dependence on the sand composition. If one succeeds in describing the impedance spectra with an equivalent circuit model parameterized by only a few parameters, these parameters could be used to identify and classify sand mixtures in the field. This would allow one, for example, to implement feedback control strategies in foundry regeneration processes, which would stabilize the processes and improve the quality of the casting products.
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., Akpabio, Idara O, Ojo ., and Odunayo T. "Characterization of hydrocarbon reservoir by pore fluid and lithology using elastic parameters in an x field, Niger delta, Nigeria." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 6, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v6i2.13274.
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Quantitative rock physics analysis was carried out to determine the lithology and pore fluid of a reservoir in the Niger Delta. Density, compressional wave velocity and shear wave velocity logs were used as input to calculate elastic parameters such as velocity ratio, Poisson’s ratio, and Bulk Modulus, after estimating the hydrocarbon reservoir in the X field. The calculated velocity ratio log was used to differentiate between sand, sandstone and shale. Poisson’s ratio and velocity ratio were used delineate pore fluid content; gas sand, oil sand and sandstone formation from cross plot analysis. The reservoir in the field lies ranges from 9050 - 9426.5ft, (2760.25 – 2874.93m), this confirm what is obtained in the Niger Delta Basin. The Net Pay zones show an economical viable reservoir, it Net pay depth is 39 – 73.5ft. The Porosity and Permeability of the reservoirs suggested a productivity hydrocarbon reservoir. The reservoir lies between Gas sands, Oil sands and Brine sands, reservoir 2 and reservoir 3 are oil sand reservoirs while reservoir 1 lies between an oil sand and a brine sand.
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Stec, K., J. Podwórny, B. Psiuk, and Ł. Kozakiewicz. "Determination of Chromite Sands Suitability for Use in Moulding Sands." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0060.
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Abstract Using the available analytical methods, including the determination of chemical composition using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy technique and phase composition determined using X-ray diffraction, microstructural observations in a highresolution scanning microscope equipped with an X-ray microanalysis system as well as determination of characteristic softening and sintering temperatures using high-temperature microscope, the properties of particular chromite sands were defined. For the study has been typed reference sand with chemical properties, physical and thermal, treated as standard, and the sands of the regeneration process and the grinding process. Using these kinds of sand in foundries resulted in the occurrence of the phenomenon of the molding mass sintering. Impurities were identified and causes of sintering of a moulding sand based on chromite sand were characterized. Next, research methods enabling a quick evaluation of chromite sand suitability for use in the preparation of moulding sands were selected.
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Łucarz, M., and D. Drożyński. "Influence of the reclamation method of spent moulding sands on the possibility of creating favourable conditions for gases flow in a mould." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0055.
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Abstract The results of investigations concerning the influence of the applied sand matrix (fresh sand, reclaim) on the properties of moulding sands used for production of large dimensional castings (ingot moulds, ladles), are presented in the hereby paper. The performed investigations were aimed at determining the influence of various reclamation methods of spent moulding sands on the quality of the obtained reclaimed material. Moulding sands were prepared on the fresh quartz matrix as well as on sand matrices obtained after various reclamation methods. The selected moulding sand parameters were tested (strength, permeability, grindability, ignition losses, pH reactions). It can be stated, on the basis of the performed investigations, that the kind of the applied moulding sand matrix is of an essential meaning from the point of view of creating conditions minimising formation of large amounts of gases and their directional migration in a casting mould.
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Feng, Deluan, Haiqin Gao, Zhanlin Li, and Shihua Liang. "The Effect of Clay on the Shear Strength of Microbially Cured Sand Particles." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103414.
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Microbial solidification of sand has obvious effects: energy-saving and environmental protection. It is a green and sustainable soil consolidation technology with low energy consumption, which meets the needs of high-quality development of modern economy and society. However, when clay is doped in sand, clay has an uncertain influence on the effectiveness of the microbial solidification of sand. Therefore, triaxial consolidation undrained tests before and after microbial solidification of sands with different clay content are carried out in this paper. The effects of clay content on the solidification effect of sands are compared and analyzed. The variation laws of shear strength, unconfined compressive strength, internal friction angle and the cohesion of sands with different clay content before and after microbial solidification are discussed. The failure modes of sand samples were studied and the influence mechanism of clay on the microbial solidification of sand was revealed from a micro perspective. The test results show that the failure strain and unconfined compressive strength of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) treated samples increase first and then decrease with the increase in the clay content. The unconfined compressive strength is the highest when the clay content is 9%, and the samples with low clay content (3~9%) can still retain good integrity after being destroyed. As the content of clay in the sand–clay mixture increases, the internal friction angle of the sample decreases and the cohesion increases. After MICP treatment, the internal friction angle and cohesion of the sand increase first and then decrease with the increase in clay content. There are three main contact modes between sand-clay-CaCO3. When clay content is low, clay plays a filling role. The contact mode between sand-clay and CaCO3 is mainly between sand particles and calcium carbonate and between clay particles and calcium carbonate. When clay content is high, the contact mode between particles is mainly between clay particles and calcium carbonate. Higher clay content wraps sand particles, prevents contact between calcium carbonate and sand particles and reduces the strength of sand.
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Been, K., B. E. Lingnau, J. H. A. Crooks, and B. Leach. "Cone penetration test calibration for Erksak (Beaufort Sea) sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-074.
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Interpretation of the cone penetration test in sands is generally based on empirical calibrations from tests in large-diameter calibration chambers. Although interpretation of these calibration data for clean sands in terms of the state parameter is expected to be broadly applicable to other sands, material-specific correlations are desirable for many projects. This paper describes a series of calibration chamber tests carried out on a sand dredged from the Beaufort Sea for construction of artificial islands. This Erksak sand is a uniformly graded, subrounded medium-grained sand with a fines content of 3–6%. The testing chamber described is 1.4 m in diameter, and allows independent control of vertical, horizontal, and back pressures on the sand sample. Samples of the sand were prepared by moist compaction to preserve the fines content, and then back pressure saturated.The chamber test data are presented and confirm that the Erksak sand fits the general trends observed for other sands very well. A method is also described that allows the interpretation to be consistent, even in the event that nonuniform void ratios occur in the samples. Measurements of horizontal stress behind the cone tip, which is a new development in cone penetrometer testing, are also presented. Key words: cone penetrometer, sands, in situ tests, state, calibration chamber, horizontal stress measurement.