Academic literature on the topic 'Sangam age Chera'

The Sangam Age between 300 BC to 300 AD is called as the Age of Tamils. The Sangam classics gives many good details and historical synchronisms works like Silappadikaram and Manimekalai reflect the socio-political and cultural life of the people. The Sangam literature contains the much valuable information about the kings and kingdoms. Nachchinarkkiniyar speaks of the four divisions of Tamilaham. Chera, Cholar, Pandya and Tondai Mandalams. But the rulers of the three Mandalams Chera, Chola, Pandya alone were crowned Monarchs.

The international trade network of the ancient Chera, Chola, Pandyan kingdoms with Rome in particular since Sangam age has been studied well by various researchers. However, a recent archaeological excavation study at Thandigudi, Pattanam and Keeladi have generated a lot more data and throws more light with new research dimension and direction, particularly concerning the trade routes. The supply chain business intelligence of the various merchant guilds operating in all three Chera, Chola, Pandya territories are reviewed to provide a framework for knowledge destination and cultural heritage trade routes from the emerging new evidence. The proposed logistics network design and destination market intelligence of the trade routes naturally evolved into three clusters of towns and places - the outcome of the research survey concludes with a newly developed smart heritage cultural route of Tamilnadu.

The Purananooru Thokai is unrivaled among the Tamil treasures compiled and preserved by ancient Tamil scholars. It describes the system of rule of the kings of the Sangam age. It makes us aware of the history and culture of the ancient Tamils. The Purananuru helps us to realize the glories of public life. A closer look helps us to understand the position of the Tamils of the time in the fields of political education, ethics, science, literature, music, and fine arts. The Purananooru beautifully highlights the excellence of the Tamils of that time in qualities such as love, grace, friendship, valour, honour, and charitableness. This book highlights the greatness of Kadayezhu Vallals, poets, crowned kings, leaders of small lands, petty chiefs, poets, brave people, etc. Many songs refer to eighteen Chera kings, thirteen Chola kings, and twelve Pandya kings. The Purananooru mentions the good social life of the Tamils, political awakening, hospitality, high morality, firm principles, wearing mangal sutra, installing the middle stone, fasting during widowhood, the shortening of the meal, the burial of the dead in the thali (pot), and the climbing of the funeral pyre of the husband.

Silappathikaram, one of the five great Tamil epics, is attributed to Ilango Adigal, a prince of the Chera dynasty. This work served as a model for later Tamil epics. The Sangam era is often referred to as the “Age of Righteousness” (Aram Nerikkaalam), highlighting the significance of morality during that time. The moral values presented in Silappathikaram can still be observed in the lifestyles of contemporary Tamil society. Since ancient times, people belonging to a particular culture have lived together as a society. Despite their collective way of life, they exhibited diversity and complexity. Social activities were characterized by differences and conflicts. Against this backdrop, Silappathikaram reveals various moral values relevant to the society of that period. Concepts such as justice for those who suffer injustice, the reverence for the chaste woman (Pattini), and the inevitability of fate (Uzhvinai) form the foundation of this epic. Silappathikaram also sheds light on various aspects of society, including the people’s way of life, culture, religion, the status of women, political justice, and legal traditions. This study aims to illustrate the moral values presented in the epic and analyze their relevance and usefulness for the Tamil community. Additionally, under the theme “Moral Values in the Society Depicted in Silappathikaram,” this research examines the extent to which the ethical principles described in the epic were followed in the societal structure of that time, how relevant they were to ancient society, and how applicable they are to modern society.

<em>Friendship is a virtue that appears on a mutual understanding without any limits like high status, low status, male, female, age, language, race or country. Having good friends in life is a great blessing.&nbsp;Friendship is not only to make a smile but also to make friends with a genuine inner blossoming. In Tamil literature, the Chera, the Chola and the Pandyas who ruled Tamil Nadu were friendly with their people even though they were fighting among themselves. King Kopperuncholan and the poet Pisiranthaiyar were close friends and lost their lives together without seeing each other directly. When one has a friendship with one who commits a mistake, the friend should talk to correct the mistake. This act marks true friendship. Pothiyar was a friend of Kopperunchola who went to the place where Cholan died and fasted and asked for a place to die. Auvai&rsquo;s friendship with Athiyaman stopped the huge war between Athiyaman and Thondaiman and made them friends. So, anything is possible for true friendship. Kambar has best described the importance of friendship with the statement that we become five through Rama indicating the helmsman Guhan. Keerathanar grieved over Perumsathan's death by asking why the Mullai Malar had blossomed in the Ollaiyur country. Keerathana&rsquo;s friendship can be seen here. After Pari's death, poet Kapilar raised and arranged marriage to his two daughters. On having Pari's friendship in heart, he wanted to share his life in the afterlife and immersed himself in fire. Pari and Kapilar's friendship is eternal. Paranar sensed the grief of King Began&rsquo;s wife Kannagi after their separation and he came to Began explaining that he did not come to ask for any gift but rather asked him to live together with his wife. One can see such noble friendships through Sangam literature. Auvai says that instead of making a false friendship, one should make friends based on the good qualities of a person. &ldquo;Purananooru&rdquo; depicts the friendship of Pandyan Palyaga Salai Muthukudumi Peruvaluthi and Netimaiyar. In the Sangam literature, the friendship of Thalaivi and Thozhi is exemplary. Thozhi's role is immense in bringing the love of Thalaivan and Thozhi to the level of marriage.</em>

<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong> <em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This paper focuses on Historical Background of North Medieval Thagadur Nadu. The English word &lsquo;history&rsquo; comes from the Greek historia (inquiry or investigation). History is essentially a discipline that inquiries into the experiences of people who lived in the past. Historians often classify the past by dividing it into different periods. Labels are convenient, but they should be meaningful and consistent, and it is necessary to be aware of their limitations. Medieval period is an important period in the history of India because of the developments in the field of art and languages, culture and religion. Also, the period has witnessed the impact of other religions on the Indian culture. Beginning of Medieval period is marked by the rise of the Rajput clan. This period is also referred to as Postclassical Era. Medieval period lasted from the 8^th&nbsp;to the 18^th&nbsp;century CE with early Medieval period from the 8^th&nbsp;to the 13^th&nbsp;century and the late medieval period from the 13^th&nbsp;to the 18^th&nbsp;century. During the Sangam age, apart from the great rulers of Chera, Chola, and Pandiya Kingdoms, many chieftains were ruling in the Tamil country . Among these chieftains, the most celebrated chieftains were Adiyaman Neduman Anji and his son Pohuttu - Elini of Tagadur (Dharmapuri), who ruled practically over all the Baramahal region.&nbsp;The present Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu comes under North Medieval Thagadur Nadu.&nbsp; Archeological evidence confirms the presence of human habitats during the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic epochs. Various rock paintings and rock carvings of the Indus Valley civilization and Iron Age seen in this district support the historical significance of this district.</em>

Among the languages of India, Tamil has a unique classical quality. From theperiod of naturalism to the modern period, the way of various literary genres highlights many high thoughts for human life. Thus,in the history of Tamil literature, the period of naturalism, referred to in general terms as the Sangam period, embodies love and waras social values. 18 books like ThokaiEttuthokai)books and Pattubooks(Pathupattu)are naturalistic literature. It can be said that the life of the Tamil people through these literatures was based on the five types of land(Thinai)division found in Tamil Nadu. Chola country was mostly Maruthamland, Chera country was mostly Kurinji land and Pandya country was Mullai land. Proprietary society and state formation originated in Mullai land. Trading cities were built on weaving. The lifestyle of the people was based on such geographical backgrounds. These were aimed at people's morals. The romantic and heroic emotions inherent in all people were emphasized in the literature of the naturalistic period. The literary tradition of that time was compiled in traditional Tamil grammars such as preface, theme, and epithet. The antecedent acts as the conditions and the theme as the background for the occurrence of the thematic morality. Ethical principles for life were constructed as natural ideals. Among these, religious ideas do not find place as institutionalized religious ideas such as Jainism, Buddhism, Saivism, and Vaishnavism. Tamils who were very involved in natural life, admired the natural qualities of the people. Also, the deities of the five types of land (Murugan, Mayon, Indra, Varuna, Kotravai) and their worship can be found in the literature of the natural age. In this way, natural life can be seen in many places like worship, business practices, relationships etc. In this way, legacy (Kodai) traditional thoughts are found in Purananuruhundred which is one of the thokaitexts which are the literature of the naturalistic period. The impermanence of life is highlighted and the gift of giving and helping others in that life and alleviating the poverty of others is highlighted. In this way, the gift of Tamil tradition can be understood from a philosophical point of view.

During the age of Sangam our ancestral society was constructed under its five land geographical identity. And they are live from their geo-professional society like group of tribes. During the age they were deferent among them only work of their profession. But there was nothing any determinations of cast or religion among them. From the head of those tribes were given eminently three rulers of ancient realm of Tamil country the Cheras, Cholas and Pandias, but the powers new situations noting to done any impacts on farmer social structure. But after the declined of those rulers with patronage of the newly conquered rulers to organized and constructed the casts system in their contemporary Tamil Society. The similar impacts are vigorously raised up the cast struggles and upraising at present Tamil Society. The conflicts are discriminates the social contacts. Hence works of this research journal hold its historical realms with keep in mind with the current social situations and its solutions. The world technologically equipped nations are united the nations of whole world under the layout of the Modernization, Liberalization and Globalization. Under the productive relationships each and every individual men of this world interconnects with one and among without clear conscious of their own. Against this outward nature to fade the real darken side is disserving activity holds on human population of this world, under the names of caste system, religion, racism and the language.

This research survey is on the India&rsquo;s Black Pepper Supply Chain network during sangam age and its impact on Roman trade and economy with respect to the inventory movement using heritage trade routes thousands of years ago . This multidisciplinary research work of sangam age Spice route connecting the ancient port towns of Chera ,Chola and Pandian kingdoms revolves around building a supply chain network design of a single item and multi echelon inventory movement. The process of identifying the various explanatory variables of the single traded item , called black pepper during the sangam age is the highlight of this value chain building research work. The seafaring abilities of the Tamil Merchant guilds are reviewed with the related works and excavation reports in this study. The commercial terms and trade route realities with roman shippers are presented with inscriptional evidences and literary quotes.