Academic literature on the topic 'Sangyō fukuri'

Adverbia (fukushi) adalah kata keterangan, tidak mengalami perubahan bentuk. fukushi taihen masuk pada jenis Teido no Fukushi, yaitu adverbia yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan suatu tingkatan keadaan dan aktivitas. Selain taihen, fukushi lain yang masuk dalam jenis teido no fukushi di antaranya adalah totemo, hijooni, osoroshiku, hidoku, daibu, zuibun, amarini, kanari, kekkoo, nakanaka, sukoshi, chotto, zutto, motto, masumasu. Kata taihen yang muncul dalam buku pelajaran baik Minna no Nihongo 1 dan 2 maupun Kaiwa Hyougen no Sakuin yang dipakai pada mata kuliah Kaiwa Enshuu hampir seluruhnya adalah kata taihen sebagai kata sifat. Tujuan diadakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan makna kata taihen dalam kalimat bahasa Jepang baik sebagai kata sifat maupun kata keterangan. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: (1) Sebagai kata sifat, kata taihen yang ada dalam kalimat yang menjadi data dalam penelitian ini memiliki berbagai makna walaupun sepintas terlihat sama saja. Makna-makna tersebut adalah melelahkan, sulit, pengeluhan, menyusahkan, hal yang menguatirkan, dan hal yang tidak praktis (hingga akhirnya menyusahkan). Dari fakta inilah ditemukan bahwa kata taihen dalam buku pelajaran lebih bernuansa negatif, karena dari berbagai makna yang telah dianalisis tersebut tidak ada satupun yang bernuansa positif.(2) Sebagai kata keterangan (fukushi) yang menyatakan suatu tingkatan keadaan, pada umumnya kata taihen diterjemahkan menjadi “sangat” ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dipaparkan dalam bab sebelumnya, makna kata taihen sebagai kata keterangan adalah pengungkapan sesuatu dengan bersungguh-sungguh dengan perasaan mendalam atau mencolok dan suatu hal yang tidak biasa atau di luar dugaan. Berbeda dengan taihen sebagai kata sifat yang semuanya bernuansa negatif, taihen sebagai kata keterangan memiliki dua nuansa sekaligus baik positif maupun negatif, tergantung pada kata apa yang diterangkannya.

Karang scleractinia atau karang batu merupakan karang pembentuk terumbu. Sehingga penentuan status kondisi karang batu menjadi bagian penting dan sangat menentukan peran ekologis dan ekonomis ekosistim terumbu karang. Salah satu parameter untuk mengetahui kondisi karang batu yaitu persentase tutupan di alam. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan tehnik pengambilan data dengan menggunakan LIT (Line InterceptTransect) yang selanjutnya dianalisis dengan Persentase Tutupan Karang setelah data diolah dengan ‘benthic life form’. Parameter lingkungan berupa salinitas dan suhu air serta kecerahan juga diukur.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase tutupan di perairan pantai Malalayang Kota Manado dalam status kategori ‘poor’ (Buruk) khususnya di kedalaman 3 dan 5 meter yaitu pada kisaran antara 0-24,9 %, sekalipun pada kedalaman 10 meter hanya kategori ‘good’ (Baik), pada kisaran antara 50 – 69,9 %.. Sedangkan di stasiun penelitian Pulau Bunaken baik di bagian selatan yaitu Stasiun Fukui dan bagian utara pulau yaitu Stasiun Pangalisang hasilnya sebagian besar ‘excellent’ (sangat baik) yaitu dalam kisaran > 70 % persentase tutupan karang batunya. Dengan demikian diketahui bahwa karang yang berada di kawasan yang dilindungi atau konservasi masih relatif lebih baik kondisinya daripada karang yang berada di kawasan terbuka untuk umum sehingga tekanan kegiatanantropogenik intensitasnya relatif tinggi.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease that mainly affects boys due to X-linked recessive inheritance. In most affected individuals, MLPA or sequencing-based techniques detect deletions, duplications, or point mutations in the dystrophin-encoding DMD gene. However, in a small subset of patients clinically diagnosed with DMD, the molecular cause is not identified with these routine methods. Evaluation of the 60 DMD patients in our center revealed three cases without a known genetic cause. DNA samples of these patients were analyzed using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and, if unconclusive, optical genome mapping (OGM). WES led to a diagnosis in two cases: one patient was found to carry a splice mutation in the DMD gene that had not been identified during previous Sanger sequencing. In the second patient, we detected two variants in the fukutin gene (FKTN) that were presumed to be disease-causing. In the third patient, WES was unremarkable, but OGM identified an inversion disrupting the DMD gene (~1.28 Mb) that was subsequently confirmed with long-read sequencing. These results highlight the importance of reanalyzing unsolved cases using WES and demonstrate that OGM is a useful method for identifying large structural variants in cases with unremarkable exome sequencing.

Lung function consists of ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion. One of the parameters used to assess the function of lung ventilation is forced vital capacity of the lungs. One of the factors that influence a person's lung function is body mass index. Some studies suggested that person obesity had a decresing of Forced vital lung capacity (FVC)The objective of this study was to see how the correlation between the Body Mass Index and Forced Vital Capacity in students of the Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan. This was a correlative analytic study with cross sectional design. 63 male students of the sports faculty of Universitas Negeri Medan, aged 18-23 years and did not have smoking habits were selected as samples by purposive sampling method. The Body Mass Index was measured body weight and height while the measurement of Forced Vital Capacity was carried out using a calibrated Fukudo Sangyo brand. The correlation between the Body Mass Index and the Forced Vital Capacity of Lungs was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. The mean value of the student Body Mass Index (BMI) is 22.77 with SD + 2.59. The average value of forced vital capacity of students is 106.44% with SD + 20.25. Based on the Pearson correlation test, there is a significant positive correlation between body mass index and forced lung vital capacity of the sports science faculty(p value = 0.008) with medium correlation strength (r = 0.302). The higher the body mass index, the higher the vital capacity of the student's lung force.

Discourse on history, law, and governance in the public career of John Selden, 1610–1635. By Paul Christianson. London: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+451. ISBN 0 8020 0838 0. £48.00.Sovereignty and the sword: Harrington, Hobbes, and mixed government in the English Civil Wars. By Arihiro Fukuda. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. ix+175. ISBN 0 19 8206836. £35.00.The intellectual origins of the English Revolution revisited. By Christopher Hill. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. xi+422. ISBN 0 19 820668 2. £25.00.Constant minds: political virtue and the Lipsian paradigm in England, 1584–1650. By Adriana McCrea. London: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+342. ISBN 0 8020 0666 3. £49.00.Sir Henry Vane, theologian: a study in seventeenth-century religious and political discourse. By David Parnham. London: Associated University Presses, 1997. Pp. 370. ISBN 0 8386 3681 0. £39.50.King James VI and I and the reunion of Christendom. By W. B. Patterson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+409. ISBN 0 521 41805 4. £40.00 (pb, £15.95).Jacobean gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629. By Theodore K. Rabb. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Pp. xii+412. ISBN 0 691 02694 7. £37.50.Francis Bacon. By Perez Zagorin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Pp. xvi+286. ISBN 0 691 05928 4. £35.00 (pb, £10.50).

Introduction Phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP: 3-phosphoglycerate 1-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.2.3; PGK) is the crucial enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, catalyzing1, 3 bis-phosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate, generating one molecule of ATP [1]. PGK enzyme is encoded by the PGK1 gene located at Xq13.3, measures 23kb in size, and spans into 11 exons. PGK deficiency is an X-linked disorder associated with a very rare cause of hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia (HNSHA). PGK1 gene is ubiquitously expressed but the patients exhibit three major symptoms -1) haemolytic anemia 2) myopathy (rhabdomyolysis), 3) mental retardation and various neurological manifestations[1]. The severity of symptoms varies among patients with PGK deficiency. PGK deficiency is reported worldwide, although to our knowledge no case with Indian ancestry has been reported. Method Genomic DNA was extracted from the EDTA blood sample and processed for targeted Next Generation Sequencing (t-NGS) as per the manufacturer's protocol. The t-NGS panel broadly consists of 80 genes of the spectrum of the disorder including congenital hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure disorders, and iron deficiency anemia. The libraries were sequenced to >80-100X mean coverage on the Illumina sequencing platform. The variants were classified based on ACMG guidelines. The impact of non-synonymous variations was estimated using PolyPhen-2, SIFT, MutationTaster2, CADD Phred, and Mutpred2. In silico effect of the variant was studied by PyMol. Latter the enzyme deficiency was confirmed by standard protocol and parental segregation analysis was performed. Relative quantification (qPCR) was evaluated based on the comparative CT method ( 2 − ΔΔCT). Result We report five male children of <4 years of age with PGK deficiency from Indian origin. Clinically, all of them manifest global development delay and no speech. Autism spectrum disorder is observed in two of the cases, incidence of seizure and convulsion are present in two cases. None except one, presented with haemolytic anaemia and was given one transfusion post an episode of seizure at the age of 2 years. Additionally, a family history of haemolytic anemia with developmental delay and seizure was present in only one case although the patient himself required no transfusion requirement to date. All the patients are routinely followed up for any evidence of a haemolytic crisis, transfusion requirement, or any other clinical symptoms. Detailed phenotypes of all the patients are listed in Table 1. t-NGS revealed five novel hemizygous variants in the PGK1 gene - p. Cys50Trp, p. Gly137Trp, p. Val140Ile, p. Asp159Asn, and p. Arg330Trp. These variants have not been reported in the literature or available databases. DNA Sanger sequencing confirmed the heterozygous state in the mothers. In silico tools confirmed the pathogenicity of the variants. The PGK enzymatic activity was markedly reduced. The PGK1 transcript levels were reduced to 60% in patients as compared to the healthy controls. Discussion To date, only 34 mutations are known to be associated with PGK enzyme deficiency. Amongst them, 50% of variants exhibit symptoms of anaemia whereas the remaining show neurological and /or myopathy. Figure 1 illustrates all 39 mutations reported with PGK deficiency. Only four mutations p.E120K, p.G158R, p.A354P, and p.I371K are known to exhibit all three categories of symptom (PGK-anaemia-neurological-myopathy)[2]. Conclusion NGS allows for the identification of novel genetic variants that may contribute to the development of rare disorders, expanding our knowledge of their underlying mechanisms. This advanced technology also enables researchers to analyze multiple genes simultaneously, increasing the efficiency and speed of diagnosis in unexplained cases of HNSHA. References 1. Beutler E, (2007). PGK deficiency, Br. J. Haematol, 136, 3-11. 2. Baba, K., Fukuda, T., Furuta, M., Tada, S., Imai, A., Asano, Y., Sugie, H., P Takahashi, M., & Mochizuki, H. (2022).A Mild Clinical Phenotype with Myopathic and Hemolytic Forms of Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency (PGK Osaka): A Case Report and Literature Review. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 61(23), 3589-3594

Abstrak: Rugigo adalah “sinonim” dalam bahasa Indonesia. Sulit untuk membedakan kata-kata ruigigo di Indonesia karena kebanyakan mereka memiliki arti yang sama. Misalnya, fukushi totsuzen, kyuu ni, ikinari, dan fui ni. Dalam bahasa Indonesia mereka memiliki arti yang sama, yaitu "tiba-tiba", tetapi mereka memiliki sedikit perbedaan. Totsuzen sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan keadaan yang terjadi sangat cepat. Kyuu ni sering digunakan untuk menceritakan suatu kondisi yang terjadi sangat cepat, tetapi bisa dikatakan itu akan terjadi. Ada perubahan dari awal ke akhir keadaan. Ikinari sering digunakan untuk mengatakan bahwa sesuatu terjadi tanpa peringatan sama sekali dan cenderung mengabaikan proses umum. Fui ni sering digunakan untuk orang yang mengalami acara tersebut dan tidak dapat memprediksi acara yang akan datang. Penggunaannya tergantung pada konteks kalimat tetapi itu mungkin mengubah artinya.Kata kunci: Rugigo, Novel Black Bullet Volume 1 Abstract: Rugigo is “sinonim” in Indonesian. It is hard to differentiate the words of ruigigo in Indonesia because mostly they have a similar meaning. For example fukushi totsuzen, kyuu ni, ikinari, and fui ni. In Indonesian they have the same meaning, namely “tiba-tiba”, but they have slight differences. Totsuzen is often used to show a circumstance that happened really fast. Kyuu ni is often used to tell a condition that happened really fast, but could tell it would happen. There is a change from beginning to the end of circumstance. Ikinari is often used to tell that something happened without warning at all and tend to skip the common process. Fui ni is often used to one who experienced the event and unable to predict the upcoming event. The use depends on the context of the sentence but it might change the meaning.Keywords: Rugigo, Black Bullet Volume 1’ Novel

Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV), a member of the genus Furovirus in the family Virgaviridae (Adams et al. 2017), has a positive-sense RNA genome and is transmitted by Polymyxa graminis. CWMV is a causal agent of yellow mosaic disease in winter wheat in China (Guo et al. 2019). CWMV has also been detected in wheat plants in limited areas of the northern Japan (Nagano and Iwate Prefectures) (Fuji et al. 2022; Maeshima et al. 2010; Shirako and Maejima 2008). In preliminary tests using Western blotting with an antiserum raised against CWMV capsid protein (by Dr Y. Shirako, Tokyo University), we detected a furovirus in a breeding line of barley, “Tozan Kawa 111” (Hordeum vulgare L.) (collected in April 2012), grown in an experimental field infested with CWMV and wheat yellow mosaic virus (genus Bymovirus) in Nagano Prefecture. To investigate the infection of barley plants with cereal plant-associated soil-borne viruses, we collected leaf samples of “Tozan Kawa 111” plants (ten plants) showing yellow mosaic symptoms, but with not apparent wilting or stunting (Fig. S1A) in April 2016 (2015/16 growing season). Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leave samples with TaKaRa RNAiso reagent (TaKaRa Bio) and subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect virus agents. After cDNA synthesis using Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with random hexamers, PCR amplification with QuickTaq HS Dye Mix (Toyobo Co.) was conducted using primer sets specific to two furoviruses and three bymoviruses (Fig. S1B) known to infect wheat and/or barley plants in Japan (Tamada and Kondo 2013). RT-PCR analysis detected infection with CWMV in the leaf samples of “Tozan Kawa 111” plants (Fig. S1B), but not the other soil-borne viruses tested. The amplified PCR products (752 and 718 bp for CWMV RNA1 and RNA2, respectively) were purified by Wizard® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega) and subjected to Sanger sequencing to confirm their nucleotide sequences. The virus sequences from PCR amplicons were deposited in GenBank/DDBJ/ENA with accession numbers LC657081 (RNA1) and LC657082 (RNA2). Nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) analysis showed that the sequences have 98.7% and 98.8% nucleotide sequence identity with RNA1 of CWMV Japanese northern isolate (accession No, AB299271) and RNA2 of CWMV Nagano-A isolate (AB935554), respectively. Identical sequences were also found in symptomatic wheat leaf samples (“Fukuho Komugi” cultivar) obtained from the same field (Fig. S1B). Rod-shaped particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (Hitachi H-7650) in symptomatic “Tozan Kawa 111” leaf samples (Fig. S1C). Using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Fukuta et al. 2013), CWMV was detected in “Tozan Kawa 111” plants in the same field in the 2015/16–2017/18 growing seasons, but not in the 2018/19–2020/21 growing seasons (Fig. S1D). In the 2015/16–2017/18 growing seasons, CWMV was detected in the barley plants (pooled five plant samples) cultivar “Kashima-mugi”, which showed similar yellow mosaic symptoms (Fig. S1D), but not in most of the other barley variants planted in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CWMV field infection in plants other than wheat (Kuhne 2009). Further extensive virus screening in the fields and virus inoculation experiments are necessary to understand the pathology of CWMV in barley and possibly in other cereal crops.

The metabolism of Isoniazid, one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs for TB treatment and prophylaxis, depends on the acetyltransferase 2 acetylation (NAT2) phenotype. Different phenotypes of NAT2 will lead to differences in drug concentration and the risk of uncontrolled side effects, such as hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain). These risks are related to the presence of mutant NAT2 alleles such as NAT2*5 (c.341T> C), *6 (c.590G> A) and *7 (c.857G> A), that reduce the N- acetyltransferase activity. Therefore, the genotyping method for NAT2 polymorphism using RFLP and Sanger sequencing was established. The method was successfully applied to determine the polymorphism of 84 TB patients. This study provides a better tool for analyzing NAT2 gene to assist clinicians in treating isoniazid. Keywords Enzyme NAT2, isoniazid, single nucleotide polymorphism, RFLP, Sanger sequencing. References [1] U.A. Boelsterli, K.K. Lee, Mechanisms of isoniazid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury: emerging role of mitochondrial stress, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 29 (2014) 678–687.[2] A. Zabost, S. Brzezinska, M. Kozinska, M. Blachnio, J. Jagodzinski, Z. Zwolska, E. Augustynowicz-Kopec, Correlation of N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype with isoniazid acetylation in Polish tuberculosis patients, Biomed Res Int. 2013 (2013) 1-5.[3] M. Kinzig-Schippers, D. Tomalik-Scharte, A. Jetter, B. Scheidel, V. Jakob, M. Rodamer, I. Cascorbi, O. Doroshyenko, F. Sorgel, U. Fuhr, Should we use N-acetyltransferase type 2 genotyping to personalize isoniazid doses? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 1733-8[4] K. Walker, G. Ginsberg, D. Hattis, D.O. Johns, K.Z. Guyton, B. Sonawane, Genetic polymorphism in N-Acetyltransferase (NAT): Population distribution of NAT1 and NAT2 activity, J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 12 (2009) 440-472. [5] G. Ramachandran, S. Swaminathan, Role of pharmacogenomics in the treatment of tuberculosis: a review, Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 5 (2012) 89-98.[6] J. Azuma, M. Ohno, R. Kubota, S. Yokota, T. Nagai, K. Tsuyuguchi, Y. Okuda, T. Takashima, S. Kamimura, Y. Fujio, I. Kawase, Pharmacogenetics-based tuberculosis therapy research group, NAT2 genotype guided regimen reduces isoniazid-induced liver injury and early treatment failure in the 6-month four-drug standard treatment of tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial for pharmacogenetics-based therapy, Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 69 (2013) 1091-1101.[7] P.S. Adole, P.S. Kharbanda, S. Sharma, N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication in tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma patients having seizures - A pilot study, Indian J Med Res. 143 (2016) 581-590.[8] WHO Scientific Group on Pharmacogenetics and World Health Organization, Pharmacogenetics: report of a WHO scientific group,World Health Organization Technical Report Series. (1973)[9] T.D. Da Silva, A.V. Felipe, J.M. De Lima, C.T. Oshima, N.M. Forones, N-Acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer, World J Gastroenterol. 17 (2011) 760-765. [10] E.Y. Lau, J.S. Felton, F.C. Lightstone, Insights into the o-acetylation reaction of hydroxylated heterocyclic amines by human arylamine N-acetyltransferases: a computational study, Chem Res Toxicol. 19 (2006) 182-1190.[11] Ensembl - EBI, http://asia.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Variation/Population?db=core;r=8:18399844-18400844;v=rs1801280;vdb=variation;vf=1243314,2019 (Ensembl release 96 - April 2019).[12] I.B. Kuznetsov, M. McDuffie, R. Moslehi, A web server for inferring the human N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) enzymatic phenotype from NAT2 genotype, Bioinformatics. 25 (2009) 1185-1186. [13] P. Wang, K. Pradhan, X.B. Zhong, X. Ma, Isoniazid metabolism and hepatotoxicity, Acta Pharm Sin B. 6 (2016) 384-392.[14] M. Ohno, I. Yamaguchi, I. Yamamoto, T. Fukuda, S. Yokota, Slow N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype affects the incidence of isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 4 (2000) 256-261. [15] G.M. Lower, T. Nilsson, C.E. Nelson, H. Wolf, T.E. Gamsky, G.T. Bryan, N-acetyltransferase phenotype and risk in urinary bladder cancer: approaches in molecular epidemiology. Preliminary results in Sweden and Denmark, Int J Epidemiol. 36 (2007) 11-18.

Akio Baba of Osaka University combined (Chem. Lett. 2013, 42, 1551) reduction of the acid 1 with subsequent condensation with the ketene silyl acetal 2 to directly give the coupled product 3. Song-Lin Zhang of Soochow University showed (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10635) that the allyl Sm reagent 5 could be added to an aldehyde 4 under reducing conditions, leading to the alkene 6. In a related development, Patrick Perlmutter of Monash University reduced (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4327) the interme­diate lactol from addition of the alkyl lithium reagent 8 to the lactone 7, to give the alcohol 9. Yoshihiro Miyake, now at Nagoya University, and Yoshiaki Nishibayashi of the University of Tokyo added (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 7854) the benzyl radical from the decarboxylation of 10 to the acceptor 11 to give 12. Yasuharu Yoshimi of the University of Fukui (Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 4324) and Larry E. Overman of the University of California, Irvine (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 15342) reported related results. David Milstein of the Weizmann Institute of Science developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 14131) an Fe catalyst for the hydrogenation of an alkyne 13 to the E-alkene 14. Zhi-Xiang Yu of Peking University showed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4634) that kinetic isomerization of the alkene 15 led selectively to the Z-alkene 16. Umasish Jama of Jadavpur University prepared (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 4823) the nitroalkene 18 by condensing nitromethane with the aldehyde 17. Vladimir A. D’yakonov of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa described (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 8401; Tetrahedron 2013, 69, 8516) the remarkably selective coupling of the allene 19 with the allene 20 to give the Z,Z-diene 21. Sang-Hyeup Lee of the Catholic University of Daegu assembled (Synlett 2013, 24, 1953) the ketone 24 by coupling the alkynyl aluminum 23 with the nitrile 22. Jean-Marc Weibel and Patrick Pale of the Université de Strasbourg showed (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 8765) that the alkenyl nosylate (p-nitrobenzenesulfonate) 25 coupled smoothly with 26, leading to the enyne 27. Reinhold Zimmer and Hans-Ulrich Reissig of the Freie Universität Berlin described (Synthesis 2013, 45, 2752) similar results with alkenyl nonaflates.