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Nordhauser, Jennifer, and Jason Rosenfeld. "Adapting a water, sanitation, and hygiene picture-based curriculum in the Dominican Republic." Global Health Promotion 27, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975919848111.
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Water, sanitation, and hygiene issues present barriers to health in rural Dominican Republic. Limited access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene accompanies a prevalence of water, sanitation, and hygiene-related diseases. To address these issues, an education and behavior change program using community health clubs has been adapted for areas at greatest risk of water, sanitation, and hygiene disease transmission. To support this initiative, a protocol was created to evaluate 147 images from a community health clubs toolkit for Dominican agricultural communities, or bateyes, to determine image comprehension and cultural appropriateness, as well as the demographic variables associated with visual literacy. A total of 112 interviews were completed across seven bateyes located near the city of La Romana; 60 images were determined to require additional adaptation. Further analyses demonstrated that age and education were significantly associated with greater visual literacy. These results reinforce that educational visual aids require testing for cultural appropriateness and that future work should be conducted to investigate factors that contribute to visual literacy.
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Egbinola, Christiana Ndidi, and Amobichukwu Chukwudi Amanambu. "Water supply, sanitation and hygiene education in secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 29, no. 29 (September 1, 2015): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2015-0023.
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Abstract Access to potable water supply, sanitation and hygiene education remains relatively low both in the urban and rural areas in developing countries. The main aim of the study was to get an overview of the condition of the water and sanitary facilities in schools and of hygiene education. The method of investigation involved systematic random sampling with the use of questionnaires and interviews with the students and teachers and onsite inspection of the sanitation facilities available within the schools. The results revealed that 24% of schools used W/C while 76% of schools used pit toilets, of which 88% were ordinary pit toilets and 12% VIP. The number of toilets within the schools ranged between 0 and 14 revealing a 185:1 student to toilet ratio within the study area, but ranged widely from 83:1 to 510:1 between schools. The study, however, revealed the absence of wash hand basins in 77% of the schools and no soap in 88% of the schools with wash hand basins. Investing in clean water, sanitation and hygiene education in these public schools should become a priority for governments in developing countries and School Sanitation and Hygiene Education program (SSHE) should be adopted and implemented across schools in Nigeria.
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Aly, M. Nilzam, Andhini Aurelia Putri, Indah Budi Lestari, Bunga Natanael Mega P, Maulidiyatun Nafiisah, Izza Mahendra, Neni Haqnanda Dimi, Rosaline Dinda Arista, Deviyanty Ristia Ayu, and Berliana Purnaning Samsara. "EDUKASI HIGIENE SANITASI INDUSTRI PADA PEKERJA INDUSTRI RUMAH TANGGA KERUPUK DI DESA KANDANGAN KREMBUNG SIDOARJO." Jurnal Layanan Masyarakat (Journal of Public Services) 4, no. 2 (November 29, 2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jlm.v4i2.2020.400-406.
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Industrial sanitation hygiene education program for crackers home industry workers in Kandangan village, Krembung sub-district, Sidoarjo district was chosen as the Community Work Study Program (KKN-BBM) because: (1) In 2020, in Kandangan Village there were around 52 crackers home industries which has entered the second generation so it must be maintained; (2) The application of sanitation hygiene in the crackers home industry in Kandangan Village is generally still far from the established standards; (3) Poor hygiene practices can cause things that are detrimental to consumers, such as food poisoning or food-borne diseases. The author involved 10 crackers home industry workers as fostered partners during KKN activities taking place in industrial sanitation hygiene education on crackers home industry workers. The program is carried out with the delivery of material regarding sanitary hygiene requirements to control risk factors for food contamination, both those originating of food ingredients, people, places and equipment. To evaluate this activity, pre-test is given before delivering the material and post-test after delivering the material. From the results of the activities, this program has been proven to increase worker’s knowledge regarding sanitation hygiene requirements that must be carried out by crackers home industry managers and workers. Even though industrial sanitation hygiene education activities are more material in nature, it is expected to be a trigger to increase worker’s awareness about the importance of implementing industrial sanitation hygiene and making it a daily habit. This is because one important factor that supports the creation of food security is the condition of good food processing sanitation and hygiene.abstrakProgram edukasi higiene sanitasi industri pada pekerja industri rumah tangga kerupuk di Desa Kandangan, Kecamatan Krembung, Kabupaten Sidoarjo dipilih sebagai program Kuliah Kerja Nyata Belajar Bersama Masyarakat (KKN-BBM) karena: (1) Pada tahun 2020, di Desa Kandangan terdapat sekitar 52 industri kerupuk yang sudah masuk pada generasi kedua sehingga harus dipertahankan; (2) Penerapan higiene sanitasi pada industri rumah tangga kerupuk di Desa Kandangan umumnya masih jauh dari standar yang sudah ditetapkan; (3) Praktek sanitasi higiene yang kurang baik dapat menimbulkan hal-hal yang merugikan konsumen, seperti keracunan makanan maupun penyakit yang ditularkan melalui makanan. Penulis melibatkan 10 pekerja industri rumah tangga kerupuk sebagai mitra binaan selama kegiatan KKN berlangsung dalam edukasi higiene sanitasi industri pada pekerja industri rumah tangga kerupuk.Program ini dilakukan dengan penyampaian materi mengenai persyaratan higiene sanitasi untuk mengendalikan faktor risiko terjadinya kontaminasi terhadap makanan, baik yang berasal dari bahan makanan, orang, tempat dan peralatan.Untuk mengevaluasi kegiatan ini dilakukan pemberian pre-test sebelum penyampaian materi dan post-testsetelah penyampaian materi.Dari hasil kegiatan, program ini terbukti meningkatkan pengetahuan pekerja mengenai persyaratan higiene sanitasi yang harus dilakukan oleh pengelola industri rumah tangga dan para pekerja.Walaupun kegiatan edukasi higiene sanitasi industri lebih bersifat pembekalan materi tapi diharapkan dapat menjadi suatu pemicu untuk meningkatkan kesadaran para pekerja tentang pentingnya menerapkan higiene sanitasi industri serta menjadikannya kebiasaan sehari-hari.Hal ini dikarenakan salah satu faktor penting yang mendukung terciptanya keamanan pangan adalah kondisi sanitasi dan higiene pengolahan pangan yang baik.
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Gelaye, Bizu, Abera Kumie, Nigusu Aboset, Yemane Berhane, and Michelle A. Williams. "School-based intervention: evaluating the role of water, latrines and hygiene education on trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections in Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 1 (December 12, 2013): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.060.
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We sought to evaluate the impact of a hygiene and sanitation intervention program among school-children to control active trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections. This longitudinal epidemiologic study was conducted among 630 students in rural Ethiopia. Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted to evaluate the impact of a three-pronged intervention program: (i) construction of ventilated improved pit latrines; (ii) provision of clean drinking water; and (iii) hygiene education. Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Presence of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infections were evaluated using standard procedures. At baseline, 15% of students had active trachoma, while 6.7% of them were found to have active trachoma post-intervention (p < 0.001). Similar improvements were noted for parasitic infections. At baseline, 7% of students were reported to have helminthic infections and 30.2% protozoa infections. However, only 4% of students had any helminthic infection and 13.4% (p < 0.001) of them were found to have any protozoa infection during follow-up surveys. Improvements were also noted in students' knowledge and attitudes towards hygiene and sanitation. In summary, the results of our study demonstrated that provision of a comprehensive and targeted sanitation intervention program was successful in reducing the burden of trachoma and intestinal parasitic infection among schoolchildren.
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Gizaw, Zemichael, and Ayenew Addisu. "Evidence of Households’ Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Performance Improvement Following a WASH Education Program in Rural Dembiya, Northwest Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022090310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220903100.
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Background: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) promotion is a viable solution to prevent enteric infections. It focuses on hygiene education, where a number of theoretical models have emerged which attempt to guide behavior change interventions. This study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effectiveness WASH education program on households’ WASH performance in rural Dembiya, northwest Ethiopia. Method: An uncontrolled before-and-after intervention study was conducted. Baseline and endline surveys were done among 225 and 302 randomly selected households with under-5 children, respectively, using a structured questionnaire and observational checklists. Percent point change was used to see the effect of the intervention. Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to test for statistically significant percentage point changes on the basis of P < .05. Result: Access to adequate sanitation was significantly improved from 43.1% at the baseline to 50.7% at the endline ( P < .05). Access to protected water sources was high at the baseline (73.8%) and remained high (81.1%) at the endline ( P < .05). Significant proportion of households (58.3%) practiced good drinking water handling at the endline compared with the baseline (6.7%) ( P < .001). Practice of home-based water treatment was improved at the endline (47%) compared with the baseline (7.6%) ( P < .001). The general hygienic condition of children was significantly improved at the end of the intervention compared with the conditions before the intervention ( P < .05). At the end of the intervention, mothers’ hand washing practice was improved to 68.2% from 24.4% at the baseline ( P < .001). Moreover, 52.4% and 69.5% of the households at the baseline and endline, respectively, had good food safety practice ( P < .05). Conclusion: The proportion of households who practiced water safety, basic sanitation, good personal hygiene, and basic food safety measures significantly increased at the endline. This significant increment clearly showed that our WASH interventions were effective to improve households’ WASH performance in rural Dembiya. The local health office need, therefore, strengthens the WASH education program.
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McMichael, Celia. "Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030359.
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Many schools in low-income countries have inadequate access to water facilities, sanitation and hygiene promotion. A systematic review of literature was carried out that aimed to identify and analyse the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (WASH) in schools in low-income countries. Published peer reviewed literature was systematically screened during March to June 2018 using the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. There were no publication date restrictions. Thirty-eight peer reviewed papers were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The papers were analysed in groups, based on four categories of reported outcomes: (i) reduction of diarrhoeal disease and other hygiene-related diseases in school students; (ii) improved WASH knowledge, attitudes and hygiene behaviours among students; (iii) reduced disease burden and improved hygiene behaviours in students’ households and communities; (iv) improved student enrolment and attendance. The typically unmeasured and unreported ‘output’ and/or ‘exposure’ of program fidelity and adherence was also examined. Several studies provide evidence of positive disease-related outcomes among students, yet other assessments did not find statistically significant differences in health or indicated that outcomes are dependent on the nature and context of interventions. Thirteen studies provide evidence of changes in WASH knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, such as hand-washing with soap. Further research is required to understand whether and how school-based WASH interventions might improve hygiene habits and health among wider family and community members. Evidence of the impact of school-based WASH programs in reducing student absence from school was mixed. Ensuring access to safe and sufficient water and sanitation and hygiene promotion in schools has great potential to improve health and education and to contribute to inclusion and equity, yet delivering school-based WASH intervention does not guarantee good outcomes. While further rigorous research will be of value, political will and effective interventions with high program fidelity are also key.
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El-Katsha, Samiha, and Susan Watts. "A Multifaceted Approach to Health Education: A Case Study from Rural Egypt." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 13, no. 2 (July 1992): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/y9nn-dh3y-9lur-p3pl.
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This article describes and evaluates an environmental health education project, focusing on water and sanitation issues, which was carried out in two Egyptian villages in the Nile delta. The study is multifaceted as it involves various hygiene education strategies carried out by health unit staff, teachers, graduate volunteers and local village leaders who deliver simple environmental health messages in a variety of different settings. The project is also multifaceted in that it looks at health education in relation to specific health interventions, in this case in water and sanitation; it identifies the full context of relevant local behavior; and it collaborates with local people, especially women, in the design and implementation of the program. Based on the experience gained during this project, a broad based model for health education is presented.
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Kusumawardhana, Indra, and Annisa Asti Nur Auliya. "UNICEF and the WASH: Analisis Terhadap Peran UNICEF Dalam Mengatasi Masalah Ketersediaan Air Bersih di India." Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 341–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.1.2.341-378.2019.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a blueprint for sustainable global development for equitable growth and prosperity between countries. One indicator of equitable growth is the achievement of adequate access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene and stopping open defecation (BABS) activities. But the difficulty of access to clean water sources and good sanitation facilities is still an urgent problem in India. More than 50% of the water has been polluted and cannot be consumed. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 97 million Indians do not have access to clean water and proper sanitation. This is caused by various factors, among others, first the habits of the people (culture) who conduct BABS activities. Second, lack of education and human awareness of environmental cleanliness. And the third is the lack of public toilet facilities provided by the government. These problems have a major impact on the health of local communities such as diarrhea and pneumonia. Efforts by the Indian government to solve these problems have yet to produce a significant impact. So that the United Nations (UN) opened an open working group to formulate proposals related to global development planning on clean water and sanitation supported by UNICEF through the WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) Program. The implementation of this program is aimed at overcoming the impact of problems that give special focus to children. This research will further examine the role of UNICEF in overcoming sanitation problems in India through the WASH Program. The method used in this study uses qualitative methods to explain systematically and factually. This study uses the theory of the Role of International Organizations. This theory is used to explain and emphasize UNICEF in carrying out its roles based on the values set by international organizations.
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Sanders, Hannah, and Scott Ickes. "Participation in a Nutrition Education and Demonstration Program in Rural Senegal Is Associated with Higher Household Dietary Diversity." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_105.
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Abstract Objectives We conducted a non-randomized evaluation of a nutrition education program delivered by Soins de Santé Primaire in rural Senegal to identify the impact of participation on household dietary diversity scores (HDDS). We also sought to understand participant's perceptions of program strengths and weaknesses. Women participated in a single education session that emphasized hygiene, selecting from a variety of food groups, risk awareness of diet-related non-communicable diseases, and a recipe demonstration of a locally-sourced, balanced meal. We hypothesized that program participation would be associated with increased HDDS. Methods We surveyed 20 female program participants sampled from two communities and compared their responses with 20 women sampled from two non-intervention communities (n = 40). Surveys collected 24-hour dietary recall to calculate a dietary diversity score using the 12-point HDDS scale. The mean difference in HDDS was evaluated between post-program and comparison groups using linear regression. Models controlled for household size, employment, education, marital status, and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. We conducted key informant interviews with post-program participants (n = 19) to understand message recall, reported behavior change, and feedback for future sessions. Results Women in intervention households reported higher HDDS than comparison households [Mean (SE) = 9.0 (0.39) vs. 7.65 (0.24), P = .003]. In the adjusted model, program participation was positively associated with HDDS (β = 1.16, P = .041). Household food insecurity was associated with lower HDDS (β = −0.52, P = .024). Program participants recalled the importance of reducing bouillon cube usage and eating from each food group. Participants reported changes in food preparation and hygiene routines, such as adding more beans or vegetables and changing dirty dishwater often. The key improvement suggestion was to increase session frequency and expand education on hygiene and sanitation. Conclusions Low intensity nutrition education programs that include meal demonstrations may be a low-cost, effective method for improving dietary diversity among a population with moderate food insecurity in rural Senegal. Funding Sources World Renew, Services Luthériens pour le Developpement au Sénégal, and the Wheaton Human Needs and Global Resources Program.
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Ssewanyana, Derrick, and Byron Kiiza Yafesi Bitanihirwe. "Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975917694597.
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Menstruation is a delicate physiological process through which a shedding of uterine lining occurs each month in females of reproductive age. Often considered a taboo subject, menstruation is seldom openly discussed in developing parts of the world. This article explores menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in sub-Saharan Africa and emphasizes the urgent and neglected need for feasible solutions, especially among adolescent girls. Optimizing menstrual hygiene interventions will require an integration of both knowledge and skill training gained through education on MHM alongside an improvement of access to girl-friendly water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in addition to access to low-cost hygienic sanitary products. To facilitate the identification and implementation of feasible and cultural relevant programs we recommend the utilization of public health intervention research.
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Putra, Andre Yusuf Trisna, Nove Kartika Erliyanti, and Ira Wikartika. "EDUKASI PENGETAHUAN SANITASI PADA PRODUKSI KERUPUK IKAN DI UD SUMBER REJEKI SURABAYA." LOGISTA - Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/logista.5.1.240-247.2021.
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Sanitasi makanan adalah kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk membebaskan makanan dari kontaminasi makanan sehingga makanan tetap aman selama proses produksi makanan mulai dari penanganan bahan baku sampai distribusi produk kepada konsumen. Pengetahuan sanitasi sangat penting dimiliki oleh para pelaku industri makanan terutama pemilik usaha mikro kecil dan menengah (UMKM). Pengetahuan sanitasi yang baik akan mendukung terciptanya produk yang bersih, aman bebas dari bahaya kesehatan. Edukasi tentang sanitasi makanan dilakukan kepada UD Sumber Rejeki yang bergerak pada produksi kerupuk ikan di kota Surabaya. Pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat berlangsung dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah proses koordinasi dengan mitra untuk melaksanakan rangkaian kegiatan. Tahap kedua adalah kegiatan inti yang terdiri dari pre-test, edukasi dan post-test. Materi yang disampaikan antara lain personal hygiene, sanitasi peralatan, dan sanitasi ruangan. Hasil pengamatan setelah kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan sanitasi yang ada di UD Sumber Rejeki terjadi peningkatan positif. Pengetahuan tentang sanitasi meningkat dari 62% menjadi 82% dan pada penerapannya meningkat dari 44% menjadi 56%. Dari hasil kegiatan tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa edukasi dalam bentuk penyuluhan merupakan salah satu cara efektif dalam menyampaikan materi sanitasi pada mitra. Hasil positif yang dicapai yaitu peningkatan pengetahuan sanitasi sebesar 10% dan penerapan program sanitasi sebesar 12%.
Kata kunci: Kerupuk Ikan, Sanitasi, UMKM
ABSTRACT
Food sanitation is the practice of following certain rules and procedures to prevent the contamination of food, keeping it safe to eat during food processing from material handling to distribution. Sanitation knowledge is very important for food industry, especially UMKM (usaha kecil mikro dan menengah). Sanitation supports food products that are clea, safe and free from health hazards. Education was carried out to UD Sumber Rejeki, fish cracker industry in Surabaya. The program is implemented in two stages. The first stage is coordination with partner. The second stage consist of pre-test, counseling, and post-test. The content delivered includes personal hygiene, equipment sanitation and room sanitation. The result of post-activity observation showed that implementation of sanitation in UD Sumber Rejeki had a postif increase. Knowledge of sanitation increased from 62% to 82% and in practice increased from 44% to 56%. From the results of this activities, it can be said that counseling is an effective way to convey to sanitation knowledge to partners. Postif results were achieved for sanitation knowledge by 10%, and implemention of sanitation program by 12%.
Keywords: Fish Cracker, Sanitation, UMKM
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Habtegiorgis, Yohannes, Tadesse Sisay, Helmut Kloos, Asmamaw Malede, Melaku Yalew, Mastewal Arefaynie, Yitayish Damtie, et al. "Menstrual hygiene practices among high school girls in urban areas in Northeastern Ethiopia: A neglected issue in water, sanitation, and hygiene research." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e0248825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248825.
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Background Poor menstrual hygiene practices influence school girls’ dignity, well-being and health, school-absenteeism, academic performance, and school dropout in developing countries. Despite this, menstrual hygienic practices are not well understood and have not received proper attention by school WASH programs. Therefore, this study examined the extent of good menstrual hygiene practices and associated factors among high school girls in Dessie City, Amhara Region, northeastern Ethiopia. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was employed to examine 546 randomly selected high school students in Dessie City, northeastern Ethiopia. Pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires and a school observational checklist were used for data collection. EpiData Version 4.6 and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 25.0 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Bivariate and multivariable logistics regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with good menstrual hygiene practices. During bivariable analysis, variables with P-values less than 0.25 were retained for multivariable analysis. In the multivariable analysis, variables with a P-value less than 0.05 were declared to be significantly associated with good menstrual hygiene practices. Results Of the respondents, 53.9% (95% CI [49.6, 58.2]) reported good menstrual hygiene practices. The following factors were found to be significantly associated with good menstrual hygiene practices: age range 16–19 years (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: [1.22–3.06]); school grade level 10 (AOR = 1.90, 95% CI: [1.18–3.07]); maternal education (primary) (AOR = 3.72, 95% CI: [1.81–7.63]), maternal education (secondary) (AOR = 8.54, 95% CI: [4.18–17.44]), maternal education (college) (AOR = 6.78, 95% CI: [3.28–14.02]) respectively]; having regular menses [AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: (1.03–3.32); good knowledge regarding menstruation (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI: [1.32–3.09]); discussing menstrual hygiene with friends (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI: [1.12–2.86]), and obtaining money for pads from the family (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: [1.15–3.78]). Conclusion We found that more than half of high school girls had good menstrual hygiene practices. Factors significantly associated with good menstrual hygiene practices include high school girls age 16–18 years, girls grade level 10, maternal education being completed primary, secondary and college level, having regular menses, good knowledge regarding menstruation, discussing menstrual hygiene with friends and obtaining money for pads from the family. Therefore, educating of high school student mothers about MHP should be a priority intervention area to eliminate the problem of menstrual hygiene among daughters. Furthermore, in order to improve the MHP among high school girls, further attention is needed to improving knowledge regarding menstruation among high school girls, encouraging high school girls’ families to support their daughters by buying sanitary pads and promoting discussions among friends about menstrual hygiene. Schools need to focus on making the school environment conducive to managing menstrual hygiene by increasing awareness of safe MHP and providing adequate water/sanitation facilities.
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Hsan, Kamrul, Shabnam Naher, Mark D. Griffiths, Hakimul Hasan Shamol, and Mohammad Azizur Rahman. "Factors associated with the practice of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.038.
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Abstract The Rohingya people are now living in overcrowded refugee camps and makeshift settlements with low standards of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This study was conducted to examine WASH practices and associated risk factors among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The present study comprised 350 participants with data collected via a semi-structured questionnaire. Most respondents (84%) did not have good knowledge concerning WASH. Furthermore, 50.3% had unsafe WASH practices, 38.6% had fair WASH practices, and 11.1% had safe WASH practices. WASH practices were significantly associated with age, education, marital status, and WASH knowledge. The implementation of an effective WASH awareness program is required along with improved water supply and sanitation to improve WASH practices among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.
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Saputri, Apik Anitasari Intan. "Implementation of Financing Compass for Welfare Partner Operational System Grameen Bank in Banyumas Regency." Ijtimā'iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research 3, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ijtimaiyya.v3i1.1674.
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Indonesia has a variety of microfinance service providers such as Commercial Banks, Rural Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions (LKBB), Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Savings and Loans Cooperatives (KSP) and other semiformal and informal institutions operating at the local community level. One Non-Bank Financial Institution operating in Indonesia is an institution with a group finance system - commonly referred to as Grameen bank. Its business objectives are to tackle poverty or other problems such as education, health, access to technology, and environmental issues that may threaten people and society. The research method used is field research with a sociological juridical approach. With the establishment of a poverty alleviation program involving many women, Grameen banks became one of the integrated institutions in public health programs by establishing sanitation and water programs as a health support product of its partners. This product is called KOMPAK and aims to develop financing products for the development of water quality and sanitation improvement among low-income people. Women Grameen bank actors are not only a target in the development of the business world, they also provide education on improving the quality of life and raise awareness of the importance of water hygiene and sanitation health. The company offers loans to economically active but low-income women especially those living in urban and rural areas.
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Karn, Rajiv Ranjan, Buna Bhandari, and Nilambar Jha. "A study on personal hygiene and sanitary practices in a rural village of Mornag District of Nepal." Journal of Nobel Medical College 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2012): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v1i2.7298.
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Background: Inadequate sanitation has direct effect on health of individual, family, communities and nation as a whole. Objective: To assess the personal hygiene and sanitary condition of the Katahari Village Development Committee (VDC). Methods: The cross sectional study was done in Katahari VDC of Morang district. A total of 80 households were randomly selected from two wards of VDC. The data were collected by interview method using interview schedule. Data were entered in Excel sheet and analyzed on SPSS program. Results: Many respondents (61%) were unable to read and write, 33% involved in private job in various factory. Knowledge of sanitation was high (90%) but only 65% of them were using soap water for hand washing. Sixty percent had no toilet facilities. There was significant association between education and toilet facilities among community people. Land holding and type of family had no significant association with toilet facilities. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding sanitation was high among community people but very poor in practice.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jonmc.v1i2.7298 Journal of Nobel Medical College (2012), Vol.1 No.2 p.39-44
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Skrip, Laura A., Veronique Dermauw, Pierre Dorny, Rasmané Ganaba, Athanase Millogo, Zékiba Tarnagda, and Hélène Carabin. "Data-driven analyses of behavioral strategies to eliminate cysticercosis in sub-Saharan Africa." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): e0009234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009234.
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Background The multi-host taeniosis/cysticercosis disease system is associated with significant neurological morbidity, as well as economic burden, globally. We investigated whether lower cost behavioral interventions are sufficient for local elimination of human cysticercosis in Boulkiemdé, Sanguié, and Nayala provinces of Burkina Faso. Methodology/Principal findings Province-specific data on human behaviors (i.e., latrine use and pork consumption) and serological prevalence of human and pig disease were used to inform a deterministic, compartmental model of the taeniosis/cysticercosis disease system. Parameters estimated via Bayesian melding provided posterior distributions for comparing transmission rates associated with human ingestion of Taenia solium cysticerci due to undercooking and human exposure to T. solium eggs in the environment. Reductions in transmission via these pathways were modeled to determine required effectiveness of a market-focused cooking behavior intervention and a community-led sanitation and hygiene program, independently and in combination, for eliminating human cysticercosis as a public health problem (<1 case per 1000 population). Transmission of cysticerci due to consumption of undercooked pork was found to vary significantly across transmission settings. In Sanguié, the rate of transmission due to undercooking was 6% higher than that in Boulkiemdé (95% CI: 1.03, 1.09; p-value < 0.001) and 35% lower than that in Nayala (95% CI: 0.64, 0.66; p-value < 0.001). We found that 67% and 62% reductions in undercooking of pork consumed in markets were associated with elimination of cysticercosis in Nayala and Sanguié, respectively. Elimination of active cysticercosis in Boulkiemdé required a 73% reduction. Less aggressive reductions of 25% to 30% in human exposure to Taenia solium eggs through sanitation and hygiene programs were associated with elimination in the provinces. Conclusions/Significance Despite heterogeneity in effectiveness due to local transmission dynamics and behaviors, education on the importance of proper cooking, in combination with community-led sanitation and hygiene efforts, has implications for reducing morbidity due to cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis.
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Rosenfeld, Jason, Ruth Berggren, and Leah Frerichs. "A Review of the Community Health Club Literature Describing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041880.
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The Community Health Club (CHC) model is a community-based health promotion program that utilizes water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) education as the first stage of a longitudinal development process. Although the CHC model has been implemented in fourteen countries over 20 years, this is the first review of the literature describing the model’s outcomes and impact. We conducted a review of the literature that provided quantitative or qualitative evidence of CHC interventions focused on WASH in low- and middle-income countries. We identified 25 articles that met our inclusion criteria. We found six major outcomes: WASH behaviors and knowledge, social capital, collective action, health, and cost or cost-effectiveness. The most consistent evidence was associated with WASH behaviors and knowledge, with significant effects on defecation practices, hand washing behaviors, and WASH knowledge. We also found qualitative evidence of impact on social capital and collective action. CHCs catalyze favorable changes in WASH behaviors and knowledge, yielding outcomes commensurate with other WASH promotion strategies. This review provides insights into the model’s theory of change, helping identify areas for further investigation. The CHC model’s holistic focus and emphasis on individual and collective change offer promising potential to address multiple health and development determinants.
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Khadka, Ajay, S. Sharma, S. Regmi, S. Chapagain, B. Lamichhane, S. Baral, P. Thapa, et al. "Micro Health Project." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 10, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v10i1.17918.
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Community health diagnosis is a comprehensive assessment of health status of the community in relation to its social, physical and biological environment. The purpose of community health diagnosis is to define existing problems, determine available resources and set priorities for planning, implementing and evaluating health action, by and for the community. The community health diagnosis program began on 4th September 2015 and continued till 13th September 2015 in ward no 1 and 5 Rupakot VDC, Kaski, Nepal. The program was organized in following phases: data collection, data analysis, first community presentation, prioritization of need and planning of micro health project (MHP), implementation and evaluation of MHP, and final community presentation. On the basis of the observed and the felt needs of the community, we found the real needs and prioritized them as follows. For community: Proper water purification, information about common diseases, KAP on diseases, knowledge on TB and DOTS. For school-going children: Education on environmental sanitation, education on personal hygiene - teeth brushing and hand washing, adolescent health education. We launched micro health project (MHP) on these topics, conducting school-based as well as community-based programs. Journal of Gandaki Medical College Vol. 10, No. 1, 2017, Page: 59-62
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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Arnold Cole, Moreblessing Munyaka, Steven Mudhuviwa, Taurai Maja, and Aidan Cronin. "Use of group maturity index to measure growth, performance, and sustainability of community health clubs in urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program in Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.023.
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Abstract Zimbabwe experienced an unprecedented cholera outbreak in 2008 and 2009. Reduced access to water, sanitation and hygiene, delayed community health education, and limited knowledge on cholera prevention were the major risk factors of this outbreak which were addressed by urban WASH interventions. Health and hygiene promotion through community health clubs (CHCs) is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the risk of cholera. In 2013, UNICEF Zimbabwe launched the Small Towns WASH Program (STWP) and used the CHC approach for hygiene promotion. To monitor the growth, performance, and sustainability of CHCs, STWP employed the Group Maturity Index, which measures the status of CHCs in five domains: objectives, governance, resources, group systems, and impacts. This study described the maturity status of CHCs as measured by GMI as a new monitoring tool and assessed if CHCs’ performances in GMI's output domains are associated with the impact domain. The results suggested that over 75% of CHCs had reached the managed stage or the mature stage by 2018. Three of the GMI's output domains were independently associated with the overall impact domain after controlling for potential confounders. CHCs and club members may experience overall positive impacts by developing their governance, resource, and group system domains.
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Botabara-Yap, Mary Jane Bercasio, and Leomel Jezter Bellosillo. "Integrated Sanitation and Hygiene Program to Curb the Case of Helminthiasis: An Experimental Study Among School-Age Children in a Coastal Town in the Philippines." Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference 7, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.897.
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Introduction: Approximately 24% of the world’s populations, mostly school-age children, are infected with soil-transmitted helminthes; with the majority in tropical and subtropical areas. The Philippine islands are endemic to soil-transmitted helminth with approximately 25 million Filipinos at risk of acquiring the infection. Despite the deworming program of the Department of Health (DOH), re-infection is very common. This study investigated the effect of integrated sanitation and hygiene program among the second grade students of a coastal town in the Philippines.
Methods: Utilizing quasi-experimental study, two group pretest and posttest design, 70 participants from the elementary school of a coastal town in the Philippines were chosen randomly to join the study.
Results: Overall result showed that experimental group maintained a zero re-infection during the first and second months after the intervention; while the control had one case of re-infection. Moreover, result showed significant difference during pretest and posttest on knowledge (p = <0.05) and self-efficacy (p = <0.05) but not significant on practice (p = 0.77). Analyzing the two groups, significant difference was noted between the experimental and control group on knowledge (p = <0.05) and self-efficacy (p = <0.05), with the experimental group faring better after one and two months post intervention; but no significant difference was noted on practice, one and two months post intervention (p = 0.56, 0.43). The odds of the experimental group acquiring helminthiasis was 68% lower than the control group but is not considered significant (OR = 0.32; p = 0.49).
Discussion: The program was successful in reducing the re-infection of helminthiasis and is recommended that continuous health education on hygiene and sanitation must be considered in the home and school.
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Brar, Samanpreet, Nadia Akseer, Mohamadou Sall, Kaitlin Conway, Ibrahima Diouf, Karl Everett, Muhammad Islam, et al. "Drivers of stunting reduction in Senegal: a country case study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, Supplement_2 (August 10, 2020): 860S—874S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa151.
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ABSTRACT Background Senegal has been an exemplar country in the West African region, reducing child stunting prevalence by 17.9% from 1992 to 2017. Objectives In this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic in-depth assessment of factors at the national, community, household, and individual levels to determine the key enablers of Senegal's success in reducing stunting in children <5 y old between 1992/93 and 2017. Methods A mixed methods approach was implemented, comprising quantitative data analysis, a systematic literature review, creation of a timeline of nutrition-related programs, and qualitative interviews with national and regional stakeholders and mothers in communities. Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys were used to explore stunting inequalities and factors related to the change in height-for-age z-score (HAZ) using difference-in-difference linear regression and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method. Results Population-wide gains in average child HAZ and stunting prevalence have occurred from 1992/93 to 2017. Stunting prevalence reduction varied by geographical region and prevalence gaps were reduced slightly between wealth quintiles, maternal education groups, and urban compared with rural residence. Statistical determinants of change included improvements in maternal and newborn health (27.8%), economic improvement (19.5%), increases in parental education (14.9%), and better piped water access (8.1%). Key effective nutrition programs used a community-based approach, including the Community Nutrition Program and the Nutrition Enhancement Program. Stakeholders felt sustained political will and multisectoral collaboration along with improvements in poverty, women's education, hygiene practices, and accessibility to health services at the community level reduced the burden of stunting. Conclusions Senegal's success in the stunting decline is largely attributed to the country's political stability, the government's prioritization of nutrition and execution of nutrition efforts using a multisectoral approach, improvements in the availability of health services and maternal education, access to piped water and sanitation facilities, and poverty reduction. Further efforts in the health, water and sanitation, and agriculture sectors will support continued success.
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Cha, Yu-E., Yuan-Zheng Fu, and Wei Yao. "Knowledge, Practice of Personal Hygiene, School Sanitation, and Risk Factors of Contracting Diarrhea among Rural Students from Five Western Provinces in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 9505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189505.
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Background: Diarrhea is a global public health issue and a leading cause of childhood malnutrition, growth disturbances, and mortality. The spread of diarrhea is closely linked to the knowledge and maintenance of personal hygiene and quality of drinking water and sanitation facilities. However, there are few such investigations and analysis in rural areas of China. This study aims to determine the association between the risk of contracting diarrhea and knowledge and practices of personal hygiene and school sanitation among rural students as well as provide a scientific basis for preventing the spread of diarrhea and other infectious diseases. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select 12 rural primary schools in each of 5 counties where the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Plus Program has been implemented. The counties are located in the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Chongqing municipality, Guizhou province, Yunnan province, and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. A single fourth-grade class was randomly chosen from each of the 60 schools for observation and a questionnaire survey. The study involved a total of 2330 students. The logistic regression method was adopted to determine the factors contributing to diarrhea in rural students. The results show that male students accounted for 49.40% (n = 1151) of the 2330 research subjects; the average age of the students was 9.9 ± 0.3 years. Approximately 33.09% of the students suffered from diarrhea in the three months leading up to the survey. The odds ratios (ORs) of students who did not know that “diarrhea can be prevented by washing fruits before eating them raw and not drinking untreated water” (OR: 1.303, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.063, 1.597) and that “the disease can be prevented by washing hands before meals and after going to the toilet” (OR: 1.522, 95% CI: 1.207, 1.920) were higher than those who knew the above stated facts. Students who “have drunk untreated water at school” (OR: 1.584, 95% CI: 1.268, 1.978), “have drunk untreated water at home” (OR: 1.643, 95% CI: 1.319, 2.048), and “did not wash hands before every meal” (OR: 1.490, 95% CI: 1.120, 1.983) were at a higher risk of contracting diarrhea than those who drank treated water at school and at home and washed their hands before every meal. Diarrhea was more likely to affect students who attended schools with unclean and poorly maintained toilets (OR: 1.586, 95% CI: 1.261, 1.995) or toilets with flies (OR: 1.383, 95% CI: 1.114, 1.717) and without adequate drinking water facilities (OR: 1.407, 95% CI: 1.009, 1.962). The knowledge of methods to maintain personal hygiene, general hygiene practices, and school sanitation are the three major risk factors that account for the spread of diarrhea among rural students from five western provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of China. Therefore, to prevent such diseases and maintain health, it is important to provide students with health education, help them develop good hygiene habits, ensure the provision of clean water at schools, and improve the overall school environments.
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Bradshaw, Abigail, Lambert Mugabo, Alemayehu Gebremariam, Evan Thomas, and Laura MacDonald. "Integration of Household Water Filters with Community-Based Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion—A Process Evaluation and Assessment of Use among Households in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041615.
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Unsafe drinking water contributes to diarrheal disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income contexts, especially among children under five years of age. Household-level water treatment interventions have previously been deployed in Rwanda to address microbial contamination of drinking water. In this paper, we describe an effort to integrate best practices regarding distribution and promotion of a household water filter with an on-going health behavior messaging program. We describe the implementation of this program and highlight key roles including the evaluators who secured overall funding and conducted a water quality and health impact trial, the promoters who were experts in the technology and behavioral messaging, and the implementers who were responsible for product distribution and education. In January 2019, 1023 LifeStraw Family 2.0 household water filters were distributed in 30 villages in the Rwamagana District of Rwanda. Approximately a year after distribution, 99.5% of filters were present in the household, and water was observed in 95.1% of filters. Compared to another recent water filter program in Rwanda, a lighter-touch engagement with households and supervision of data collection was observed, while also costing approximately twice per household compared to the predecessor program.
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Issahaku, Gyesi, Franklin Asiedu-Bekoe, Samuel Kwashie, Francis Broni, Paul Boateng, Holy Alomatu, Ekua Houphouet, Afua Asante, Donne Ameme, and Ernest Kenu. "Protracted cholera outbreak in the Central Region, Ghana, 2016." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i2s.8.
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Objective: On 24th October 2016, the Central Regional Health Directorate received report of a suspected cholera outbreak in the Cape Coast Metropolis (CCM). We investigated to confirm the diagnosis, identify risk factors and implement control measures.Design: We used a descriptive study followed by 1:2 unmatched case-control study.Data source: We reviewed medical records, conducted active case search and contact tracing, interviewed case-patients and their contacts and conducted environmental assessment. Case-patients' stool samples were tested with point of care test kits (SD Bioline Cholera Ag 01/0139) and sent to the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Laboratory for confirmation.Main outcomes: Cause of outbreak, risk factors associated with spread of outbreakResults: Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa caused the outbreak. There was no mortality. Of 704 case-patients, 371(52.7%) were males and 55(7.8%) were aged under-five years. The median age was 23 years (interquartile range: 16-32 years). About a third 248(35.2%) of the case patients were aged 15-24 years. The University of Cape Coast subdistrict was the epicenter with 341(48.44%) cases. Compared to controls, cholera case-patients were more likely to have visited Cholera Treatment Centers (CTC) (aOR=12.1, 95%CI: 1.5-101.3), drank pipe-borne water (aOR=11.7, 95%CI: 3.3-41.8), or drank street-vended sachet water (aOR=11.0, 95%CI: 3.7-32.9). Open defecation and broken sewage pipes were observed in the epicenter.Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa caused the CCM cholera outbreak mostly affecting the youth. Visiting CTC was a major risk factor. Prompt case-management, contact tracing, health education, restricting access to CTC and implementing water sanitation and hygiene activities helped in the control.Keywords: Cholera outbreak, Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa, Cholera treatment center, Water sanitation and hygiene, Cape Coast MetropolisFunding: This work was supported by Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (GFELTP), University of Ghana
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Kurnila, Valeria Suryani, Ricardus Jundu, and Yohanes Kurniawan. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Lewur Melalui Program Sanitasi dan Anak Natas Lewur." J-ABDIPAMAS (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30734/j-abdipamas.v2i2.224.
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ABSTRACTHigher Education must conduct community service. Community service is a variety of activities by socio-cultural conditions of society. One of the villages targeted for the service is the village of Lewur. The village is one of the communities located in West Manggarai Regency. Villagers of Lewur mostly have livelihoods as farmers, because Lewur found in areas of hills and valleys and high rainfall, with sufficient agricultural land area, so it is potential to continue to develop. The devotion activities undertaken are the Sanitasi and the Natas Lewur Children program. Sanitation program is carried out in the form of cleaning the village area around the neighbourhood of the garden and residents' houses and roads around the village. The Natas Lewur Children Program implemented in the form of unique guidance for children, based on local natural and cultural resources. This activity is in the way of tutoring and Scouting, designed in the style of games. Also, the the Natas Lewur Children program organised activities for teachers in the village, by conducting mathematical software training. Based on the evaluation results, this program can increase public awareness about hygiene as well as the importance of education. Indicators of program success are the cleaner village environment and the continuous running of the Natas Lewur Children group run by teachers and youths in the village. Keywords: Sanitation Program, Natas Lewur Children. ABSTRAKPerguruan Tinggi wajib menyelenggarakan pengabdian masyarakat. Pengabdian masyarakat merupakan berbagai bentuk kegiatan sesuai dengan kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat. Salah satu desa yang menjadi sasaran pelaksanaan pengabdian adalah desa Lewur. Desa tersebut adalah salah satu desa yang terletak di Kabupaten Manggarai Barat. Penduduk desa Lewur sebagian besar memiliki mata pencaharian sebagai petani, karena berada di wilayah yang perbukitan dan lembah serta curah hujan yang cukup tinggi, dengan luas areal pertanian cukup, sehingga sangat berpotensi untuk terus dikembangkan. Kegiatan pengabdian yang dilakukan adalah program Sanitasi dan Anak Natas Lewur. Program Sanitasi yang dilakukan berupa pembersihan wilayah desa di sekitar lingkungan kebun dan rumah warga serta jalan raya di sekitar desa tersebut. Program Anak Natas Lewur yang dilaksanakan berupa bimbingan khusus bagi anak-anak, yang berbasis kekayaan alam dan budaya setempat. Kegiatan ini berupa bimbingan belajar dan Pramuka, yang dirancang dalam bentuk permainan. Selain itu, Program Anak Natas lewur mengadakan kegiatan bagi para guru di desa tersebut, dengan mengadakan pelatihan software matematika. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi, program ini dapat meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kebersihan serta pentingnya pendidikan. Indikator keberhasilan program adalah, lingkungan desa yang semakin bersih, dan tetap berjalannya kelompok Anak Natas Lewur yang dikelola oleh guru dan para pemuda di desa tersebut. Kata Kunci: Program Sanitasi, Anak Natas Lewur.
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Tatar, Sena Ceren, Ayse Filiz Gokmen Karasu, and Sebnem Alanya Tosun. "Knowledge and Hygiene Practices of Pregnant Women Regarding CMV Infection." Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR 6, no. 11 (March 25, 2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46648/gnj.183.
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Aim: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpes virus and a common pathogen responsible for congenital infection in 4-23% of all newborns. The objective of this study was to assess the pregnant women’s knowledge of CMV infection and to investigate their hygienic practices when attending to their young children. Material and Method: This study was carried out at Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty obstetric outpatient clinic. Inclusion criteria were pregnant women 1) who were able to communicate in Turkish, 2) who had at least one child < 5 years of age. We excluded pregnant participants who were health workers. Participants were approached by a medical college student and informed about the study. After giving consent they were asked to fill out a questionnaire which included demographic questions, knowledge questions regarding CMV infection and questions regarding hygienic practices when giving care to their young children. The questionnaires were collected and a total behavioral score was calculated taking into account positive and negative hygienic practices. Results: A total of two hundred and twenty five participants were involved in the survey. Only 86 (38.2%) of the participants in our study had heard of congenital CMV infection. CMV awareness was correlated with having higher education (p:0.02) and employment status (p=0.03). The behavioral score was not correlated with age (p=0.98), educational attainment ( p=0.11), employment status (p=0.9) or number of children, (p=0.87). Conclusion: In this cross sectional study we have shown that CMV infection knowledge of mothers is low and that they do not adhere to adequate sanitation measures. Strategies to raise awareness and initiating education programs are necessary as further action.
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Rector, Colette, Nadhira Nuraini Afifa, Varun Gupta, Abbas Ismail, Dominic Mosha, Leonard K. Katalambula, Said Vuai, et al. "School-Based Nutrition Programs for Adolescents in Dodoma, Tanzania: A Situation Analysis." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 42, no. 3 (June 14, 2021): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03795721211020715.
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Background: Tanzania has a double burden of malnutrition, including a high prevalence of undernutrition and an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. Schools present a valuable opportunity to reach a large section of the country’s adolescent population with nutrition-oriented interventions. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the current state of adolescent school nutrition interventions in Dodoma, Tanzania, with emphasis on 3 potential school-based nutrition interventions, school vegetable gardens, school meals, and education (on nutrition, agriculture, and water, sanitation, and hygiene). Methods: Focus group discussions were conducted with several regional and district-level governmental stakeholders, including health, education, and agricultural officers. Ten public secondary schools were visited, and interviews with school administrators, teachers, students, and parents were conducted. Results: All stakeholders interviewed supported interventions to improve school-based nutrition, including school gardens, school feeding, and nutrition education. All 10 schools visited had some experience providing school meals, but parents’ contributions were essential for the program’s sustainability. Most schools visited had land available for a school garden program, but water availability could be challenging during certain times of the year. The teachers interviewed expressed that the curriculum on nutrition education was highly theoretical and did not allow students to practice the knowledge and skills they learned in the classroom. Conclusions: The current school-based approach to tackling the double burden of adolescent malnutrition in Dodoma is localized and ad hoc. To leverage the potential of schools as a platform for nutrition interventions, integrated and policy-mandated interventions are needed.
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Rajbhandari, Ajay Kumar, R. A. Sagtani, K. GC, and R. Dhaubanjar. "Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent School Girls of Bhaktapur, Nepal." Nepal Medical College Journal 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v20i4.25130.
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Adolescence is a transition phase from childhood to womanhood and is marked by onset of menstruation. But, it is still viewed as a religiously impure occurrence in Nepalese society due to social stigma and taboo attached to it. Menstruating females are susceptible to infections and thus, are required to maintain additional hygiene and sanitation. This study tried to explore the existing knowledge and practices on menstrual hygiene among adolescents in Bhaktapur, Nepal.The study included 168 adolescent girls studying in grade nine and ten from four different schools of Bhaktapur Municipality. A self-administered questionnaire developed in local language was used for data collection. These data were entered and analyzed using SPSS-17. Menstruation was considered as a natural physiological phenomenon by 94.6% of the adolescent school girls. Most (93.5%) of the girls used commercially available sanitary pads. The primary source of information on menstruation was their mother however, 35.1% of them reported that they had no prior knowledge on menarche. The major reasons for school absenteeism were discomfort, lack of continuous water supply and shame or fear of staining. Correct knowledge and practice score was not associated with paternal or maternal education while it was negatively correlated with age of adolescents. This study highlights the need to strengthen existing menstruation hygiene management programs in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Emphasis should be laid on providing information to girls who have not experienced menarche and also reinforce it among those who are becoming mature.
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Handayani, Gusti Lestari, and Abbasiah Abbasiah. "Hubungan Perilaku Kebersihan Perorangan dan Lingkungan Serta Status Gizi dengan Kejadian Infeksi pada Anak Usia Sekolah di Sekolah Dasar Kota Jambi." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 20, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v20i1.878.
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The spread of epidemiologically-based school-based disease among school children in Indonesia is still high. Cases of infection such as dengue hemorrhagic fever, diarrhea, intestinal worms, acute respiratory infections, and reactions to food due to poor sanitation and food safety. The risk of health problems in children due to environmental pollution from various processes of development activities is increasing. In addition to the environment, the problem that must be considered is to shape healthy behaviors in school children. Malnutrition can inhibit the immune response and increase the risk of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases with a person's nutritional status can be described as a reciprocal relationship. Objective of the research to find out the correlation between individual hygiene behavior and environmental hygiene and nutritional status with the incidence of infection in school age children in Jambi elementary school. Research design was cross sectional design. Data collection is done by using questionnaires. The research was conducted in 3 (three) primary schools namely SDN 40, SDN 151, SDN 131 Kota Jambi. The sample in this research is 138. Data analysis using cross chi-square statistical test. The result of statistical test showed that there was a significant correlation between individual hygiene behavior with the incidence of infectious diseases with P value 0.036, and the behavior of environmental hygiene and incidence of infectious diseases with P value 0,013 OR 3,361. While the relationship of nutritional status and incidence of infectious diseases found that there is no significant relationship with P value 0.469. It is expected that the school can improve personal and environmental hygiene efforts through cooperation with health and education providers in the form of counseling programs and personal hygiene and environmental training.
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Smith, Annie D., Alfred Muli, Kellogg J. Schwab, and Julie Hennegan. "National Monitoring for Menstrual Health and Hygiene: Is the Type of Menstrual Material Used Indicative of Needs Across 10 Countries?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 12, 2020): 2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082633.
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Surveys monitoring population health and sanitation are increasingly seeking to monitor menstrual health. In the absence of established indicators, these surveys have most often collected data on the type of menstrual material used. This study investigated whether such data provides a useful indication of women’s menstrual material needs being met. Using data from 12 national or state representative surveys from the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 program, we compared self-reported menstrual material use against respondents’ reported menstrual material needs (including needing clean materials, money, or access to a vendor). The use of menstrual pads did not indicate that menstrual material needs were met for many respondents. Of those exclusively using pads, a pooled 26.4% (95% Confidence Interval 17.1–38.5) of respondents reported that they had unmet material needs. More disadvantaged groups were particularly misrepresented; of rural women exclusively using pads, a pooled 38.5% (95%CI 27.3–51.1) reported unmet material needs, compared to 17.1% (95%CI 12.4–23.0) of urban women. Similar disparities were observed for levels of education and wealth, with a pooled 45.9% (95%CI 29.2–63.6) of women in the lowest wealth quintile reporting unmet material needs. Findings suggest that caution is needed when using menstrual material use as an indicator for menstrual health.
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Colston, Josh M., Abu S. G. Faruque, M. Jahangir Hossain, Debasish Saha, Suman Kanungo, Inácio Mandomando, M. Imran Nisar, et al. "Associations between Household-Level Exposures and All-Cause Diarrhea and Pathogen-Specific Enteric Infections in Children Enrolled in Five Sentinel Surveillance Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 8078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218078.
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Diarrheal disease remains a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity causing poor health and economic outcomes. In low-resource settings, young children are exposed to numerous risk factors for enteric pathogen transmission within their dwellings, though the relative importance of different transmission pathways varies by pathogen species. The objective of this analysis was to model associations between five household-level risk factors—water, sanitation, flooring, caregiver education, and crowding—and infection status for endemic enteric pathogens in children in five surveillance studies. Data were combined from 22 sites in which a total of 58,000 stool samples were tested for 16 specific enteropathogens using qPCR. Risk ratios for pathogen- and taxon-specific infection status were modeled using generalized linear models along with hazard ratios for all-cause diarrhea in proportional hazard models, with the five household-level variables as primary exposures adjusting for covariates. Improved drinking water sources conferred a 17% reduction in diarrhea risk; however, the direction of its association with particular pathogens was inconsistent. Improved sanitation was associated with a 9% reduction in diarrhea risk with protective effects across pathogen species and taxa of around 10–20% risk reduction. A 9% reduction in diarrhea risk was observed in subjects with covered floors, which were also associated with decreases in risk for zoonotic enteropathogens. Caregiver education and household crowding showed more modest, inconclusive results. Combining data from diverse sites, this analysis quantified associations between five household-level exposures on risk of specific enteric infections, effects which differed by pathogen species but were broadly consistent with hypothesized transmission mechanisms. Such estimates may be used within expanded water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs to target interventions to the particular pathogen profiles of individual communities and prioritize resources.
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Fonseca, Renata Elizabete Pagotti da, Michelle Christiane Rodrigues Barbosa, and Beatriz Rossetti Ferreira. "High prevalence of enteroparasites in children from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 70, no. 3 (June 2017): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0059.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and possible associated factors. Method: Cross-sectional epidemiological study of 962 children (3-12-years) from an area within the scope of a basic health unit in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected by home interviews and three-sample stool analysis and evaluated with the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was significantly high (57.5%). Giardia lamblia was the most prevalent (50.8%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (17.8%), Entamoeba histolytica, Hymenolepis nana, Entamoeba coli and Enterobius vermiculares (5.6-7.3%) and other parasites of lower prevalence, such as Schistosoma japonicum (1%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.5%). No statistically significant associations were detected between prevalence and the risk factors analyzed. Conclusion: Since the area presents good conditions of environmental sanitation, health education programs should be implemented that emphasize hygiene procedures for the hands and for food and water to be consumed by the population.
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Rahman, Mahbubur, Tania Jahir, Farzana Yeasmin, Farzana Begum, Mosammot Mobashara, Khobair Hossain, Rizwana Khan, et al. "The Lived Experiences of Community Health Workers Serving in a Large-Scale Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Intervention Trial in Rural Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073389.
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Community health workers (CHWs) are key to implementing community-based health interventions and quality can be enhanced by better understanding their lived experiences. The WASH Benefits, Bangladesh trial engaged 540 female CHWs to promote varying health intervention packages. We report on factors influencing their lived experiences during the trial, to aid future recruitment, training and retention of CHWs. Nine focus groups and 18 in-depth interviews were conducted with CHWs. Focus groups and interviews were transcribed and thematic content analysis performed to summarize the results. All CHWs described experiencing positive working conditions and many benefits both socially and financially; these contributed to their retention and job satisfaction. Their honorarium was commonly applied towards their children’s education and invested for income generation. CHWs gained self-confidence as women, to move unaccompanied in the community and speak in public. They earned respect from the community and their family members who helped them manage their family obligations during work and were viewed as a resource for advice on health and social issues. Many participated in family decision-making from which they were previously excluded. Health programs should foster a positive experience among their CHWs to aid the recruitment, retention and development of this important human resource.
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Mekonnen, Getachew Kabew, Bezatu Mengistie, Geremew Sahilu, Worku Mulat, and Helmut Kloos. "Determinants of microbiological quality of drinking water in refugee camps and host communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.148.
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Abstract Inadequate improved water supply and sanitation, particularly in refugee camps contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. The study objective was to assess determinants of microbiological quality of drinking water in refugee camps and host communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2016 based on structured questionnaire-based interviews and testing household water using the portable Potatest+ water quality testing kit. Data were analyzed and P values <0.05 with 95% confidence interval (CI) were considered statistically significant. Results showed there were significant differences in fecal coliform count (P value = 0.009) and free residual chlorine concentration (P value = 0.01) between the source and stored water samples. Surface water source, water shortages in the previous month, and unavailability of free residual chlorine and caregivers without formal education were the main determinants of microbiological quality of stored water. Stored water was contaminated in many households in both the refugee and host communities. Designing and implementing appropriate community education and effective hygiene promotion programs are essential in improving community knowledge of water contamination and reducing diarrhea prevalence among under-five children in refugee camps and host communities in Gambella Region.
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Yang, Dongjian, Ya Yang, Yingjian Wang, Yu Yang, Shurong Dong, Yue Chen, Qingwu Jiang, and Yibiao Zhou. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Cryptosporidium Infections in Elementary School Children in Southwestern China: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091809.
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Background: Intestinal parasitic infections pose great public health challenges in school children in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and Cryptosporidium among elementary school children in rural southwestern China. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study involving 321 elementary school children was conducted in 2014 in the southwest of China. They were invited to provide a stool sample and interviewed about the sanitary situation and hygiene behavior. Stool specimens were examined for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura using the Kato-Katz fecal thick-smear technique. The presence of Cryptosporidium was determined using a modified acid-fast staining method. Results: The prevalence of infection was 10.0% (95% CI: 6.9–13.8%) for A. lumbricoides, 25.2% (95% CI: 20.6–30.4%) for T. trichiura and 2.4% for (95% CI: 1.1–4.9%) Cryptosporidium. The prevalence of co-infection was 3.7% (95% CI: 1.9–6.4%) for A. lumbricoides/T. trichiura, 0.3% (95% CI: 0–1.7%) for A. lumbricoides/Cryptosporidium and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2–2.7%) for T. trichiura/Cryptosporidium. Children from households using well or river water were associated with a greater odds of A. lumbricoides infection (aOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.12–6.05). Having a household lavatory was associated with a lower odds of T. trichiura infection (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.84). Children who had three meals at the school canteen on week days were at a lower risk of Cryptosporidium infection. The use of spring water as a water source was associated with lower odds of any intestinal infection (aOR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.91). Conclusions: Our study calls for an intervention program of school-based deworming combined with health education, hygiene promotion and provision of safe water and improved sanitation.
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Singh, Konsam Dinachandra, Tashi Choedon, Arti Bhanot, Naman Kaur, Mansi Chopra, Manisha Sabharwal, Vani Sethi, et al. "Tipping the Scales: Population Estimates and Risk Factors for Severe Thinness, Thinness, Overweight and Obesity Among Pregnant Women and Mothers in India." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_047.
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Abstract Objectives Thinness and overweight/obesity are prevalent among women of reproductive age in India but there is limited evidence on the burden and predictors of this during pregnancy and post-partum. We estimated prevalence and risk factors for thinness and overweight among pregnant and recently delivered women (RDW). Methods We used India's National Family Health Survey (2015–2016), including 16,153 pregnant women <20 weeks of gestation and 19,430 RDW of 2–6-month-old infants. All women were classified as severe thin (ST), thin (TH), overweight (OV) or obese (OB) (body mass index, BMI <16, <18.5, ≥23 and ≥25 kg/m2, respectively), using cutoffs for Asian populations. Logistic regression was used to examine associated factors (including socio-demography, hygiene and sanitation, antenatal health services and diet) with those outcomes. Results Barely 40% of women were of normal BMI. ST, TH, OV/OB and OB were seen in 2%, 20%, 25% and 13% respectively among pregnant women, and for RDW, they were 2%, 21%, 24% and 13%. Factors associated with a lower odds of ST and TH among pregnant women and RDW included higher wealth quintile (adjusted odds ratios, AORs ranging from 0.58–0.63 for highest quintile), higher education (AORs: 0.64–0.81), age group ≥25 y (AORs: 0.58–0.83), and improved toilet facility (AOR 0.81). Multiparous pregnant women had higher odds of TH compared to primiparas (AORs: 1.24–1.31). Factors associated with OV and OB among pregnant women and RDW were belonging in higher socio-economic group (AORs: 1.34–1.53), higher wealth quintile (AORs: 1.56–8.49), age group ≥25 y (AORs: 2.73–5.09), urban residence (AOR 1.16–1.36), and having higher education (AORs: 1.44–1.60). Among RDW, receiving supplementary food and health and nutrition education increased odds of TH (AORs: 1.15) and reduced odds of OV and OB (AORs: 0.83–0.87), but this is likely attributable to selection bias in program use. Conclusions TN and OV/OB affect 1 in 5 pregnant women and 1 in 4 RDW in India. Socio-economic factors, sanitation, parity, education and age influence TN and OV/OB. Better diet and physical activity estimates are needed to understand OV and OB in this population. Given the high burden of both forms of malnutrition, a policy focus on healthy weight gain is essential. Funding Sources UNICEF; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (via POSHAN).
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Joseph, Jemy Elizabeth. "ICDS Scheme to the Growth Development in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review of Literature." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v3i2.4679.
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<p>The health scenario in our country is rapidly changing, both in terms of the public health challenges that we face as well as our response to these challenges. As India becomes more and more developed and we have greater means at our disposal, our response to our health challenges must reflect our changing health and socio-economic status. India faces enormous challenges in the area of women’s and children’s health. These findings point to the importance of investing in various growth factors and sanitation, and educating the public about hygiene to promote health knowledge and better child outcomes. As importantly, such investments have the potential of making the feeding program more effective. ICDS therefore takes holistic view of the development of the child and attempts to improve both his/her prenatal and postnatal environment. Accordingly, besides children in their formative years (0-6 years), women between 15 to 45 years are also covered by the programme as these are child bearing years in the life of a women and her nutrition and health status has a bearing on the development of the child.</p>
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Joseph, Jemy Elizabeth. "ICDS Scheme to the Growth Development in Preschoolers: A Systematic Review of Literature." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v3i2.4679.
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<p>The health scenario in our country is rapidly changing, both in terms of the public health challenges that we face as well as our response to these challenges. As India becomes more and more developed and we have greater means at our disposal, our response to our health challenges must reflect our changing health and socio-economic status. India faces enormous challenges in the area of women’s and children’s health. These findings point to the importance of investing in various growth factors and sanitation, and educating the public about hygiene to promote health knowledge and better child outcomes. As importantly, such investments have the potential of making the feeding program more effective. ICDS therefore takes holistic view of the development of the child and attempts to improve both his/her prenatal and postnatal environment. Accordingly, besides children in their formative years (0-6 years), women between 15 to 45 years are also covered by the programme as these are child bearing years in the life of a women and her nutrition and health status has a bearing on the development of the child.</p>
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Conway, Kaitlin, Nadia Akseer, Raj Kumar Subedi, Samanpreet Brar, Basudev Bhattarai, Raja Ram Dhungana, Muhammad Islam, et al. "Drivers of stunting reduction in Nepal: a country case study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, Supplement_2 (September 2020): 844S—859S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa218.
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ABSTRACT Background Chronic child malnutrition represents a serious global health concern. Over the last several decades, Nepal has seen a significant decline in linear growth stunting – a physical manifestation of chronic malnutrition – despite only modest economic growth and significant political instability. Objective This study aimed to conduct an in-depth assessment of the determinants of stunting reduction in Nepal from 1996 to 2016, with specific attention paid to national-, community-, household-, and individual-level factors, as well as relevant nutrition-specific and -sensitive initiatives rolled out within the country. Methods Using a mixed-methods approach, 4 types of inquiry were employed: 1) a systematic review of published peer-reviewed and gray literature; 2) retrospective quantitative data analyses using Demographic and Health Surveys from 1996 to 2016; 3) a review of key nutrition-specific and -sensitive policies and programs; and 4) retrospective qualitative data collection and analyses. Results Mean height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) improved by 0.94 SDs from 1996 to 2016. Subnational variation and socioeconomic inequalities in stunting outcomes persisted, with the latter widening over time. Decomposition analysis for children aged under 5 y explained 90.9% of the predicted change in HAZ, with key factors including parental education (24.7%), maternal nutrition (19.3%), reduced open defecation (12.3%), maternal and newborn health care (11.5%), and economic improvement (9.0%). Key initiatives focused on decentralizing the health system and mobilizing community health workers to increase accessibility; long-standing nationwide provision of basic health interventions; targeted efforts to improve maternal and child health; and the prioritization of nutrition-sensitive initiatives by both government and donors. National and community stakeholders and mothers at village level highlighted a mixture of poverty reduction, access to health services, improved education, and increased access to water, sanitation, and hygiene as drivers of stunting reduction. Conclusions Improvements in both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive sectors have been critical to Nepal's stunting decline, particularly in the areas of poverty reduction, health, education, and sanitation.
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Sharma, Shantanu, Devika Mehra, Charu Kohli, and M. M. Singh. "Menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in a resettlement colony of Delhi: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2017): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171954.
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Background: Menarche is an important milestone in the life of a girl which signifies the onset of fertility in a woman. To understand the health consequences and importance of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls, it is important to study the current practices about the same so that future interventions can be planned accordingly.Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional study design. A total of 85 adolescent girls (10-19 years old) were interviewed by the investigator over a period of 3 months (Jan-Mar 2015). Data were analyzed using the software SPSS version 17.Results: Out of 85 adolescent girls studied, the majority was between 15 to 19 years. In our study 71(83.5%) out of 85 adolescent girls had already started their menstruation. The mean (±SD) age of menarche in the study subjects was 11.4±5.3 years. Around 33 out of 71 (46.4%) girls practiced different restrictions during menstruation. Out of 71 (85.9%) girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. In cases of reused cloth, the place of its drying was observed, responses stated were; outside the house in sunlight in 1 (5.8%) girl, 14 (82.2%) dried them inside the house, and 2 (11.7%) girls dried them outside in a dark place.Conclusions: It is imperative to strengthen the menstrual hygiene management (MHM) programs of the country and have a greater outreach. Multiple strategies need to be used to address this such as education on reproductive health and menstruation provided in schools, media campaign’s and improving water and sanitation for improving school retention of adolescent girls and their overall health.
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Ulfani, Dian Hani, Drajat Martianto, and Yayuk Farida Baliwati. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT KAITANNYA DENGAN MASALAH GIZI UNDERWEIGHT, STUNTED, DAN WASTED DI INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN EKOLOGI GIZI." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2011.6.1.59-65.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 5.65pt 6pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Malnutrition is an ecological problem in the sense influenced by various aspects, as explained in the framework of UNICEF (1988).<span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;"> Indonesia as developing country at present still faced such a problem.</span> Eco-nutrition is important to understand related factors affect</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ing</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> malnutrition in Indonesia to find out more effective programs. Eco-nutrition have three key areas : public health (access to quality water, sanitation and health services), socio economic (livelihood assets) and malnutrition. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">The purpose of this research was to study the linkages between socioeconomic and public health factors with the problem of underweight, stunted, and wasted in Indonesia.</span>This research was conducted using cross-sectional study design, analyzed the 424 districts/cities in Indonesia. Data prevalence of underweight, stunted, wasted, level of education and public health factors (access to quality water, hygiene behavior, utilization of Posyandu, complete immunization coverage, incidence of diarrhea, and the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) obtained from Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas ) 2007. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">Socio-economic data (level of poverty and GDP/capita) obtained from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS). </span>Statistical test of Pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression method were implemented to understand factors affecting underweight, stunted, wasted and correlation among variables.<strong> </strong>The study shows that factors affecting underweight were educational level, poverty level, hygiene behavior and use of Posyandu. <span style="background: #FFFFFF none repeat scroll 0% 0%;">While factors affecting stunted w</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">e</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">re GDP/capita, education level, poverty level, hygiene behavior, and utilization of Posyandu. Factors affecting wasted were hygiene behavior, utilization of Posyandu and complete immunization.</span></p>
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Alemayehu, Mulusew, Tsegaye Alemu, and Ayalew Astatkie. "Prevalence and Determinants of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Benna Tsemay District, South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Pastoralist and Agropastoralist Context." Advances in Public Health 2020 (June 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4237368.
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Background. Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under-five years globally and accounts for about 1.5 million deaths each year. In low-income countries, children under three years of age experience three episodes of diarrhea on average every year. In Ethiopia, diarrheal disease is one of the common causes of mortality in under-five children. In Benna Tsemay district, pastoralist community lives with lack of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene problems, which increase the risk of childhood diarrhea. Objective. To assess the prevalence and determinant of diarrheal disease among under five children in Benna Tsemay District, South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 722 under five children selected randomly from eight pastoralists and two agropastoralist kebels. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Logic regression was performed to identify the association between diarrheal disease and independent variables. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to judge the presence of association. Results. The two-week period prevalence of childhood diarrheal disease in the study was 23.5% (95% CI: 20.4%–26.6%). Diarrheal illness was associated with nonavailability of latrine (AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.66–4.63), faeces seen around the pit hole or floor of latrine (AOR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.38–6.19), improper kitchen waste disposal (AOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.26–4. 24), unprotected drinking water source (AOR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.14–2.88), mother’s or caretaker’s diarrhea history in the last two weeks (AOR: 6.74, 95% CI: 2.51–18.07), materials used for feeding the child (cup and spoon) (AOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.36–0.97), and being unvaccinated for “rotavirus” (AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.86–4.44). Conclusion. Nearly one-fourth of children had diarrheal illness in the preceding two weeks. Water, sanitation and hygiene-related factors, child feeding practice, and children’s vaccination status for rotavirus were the determinants of the occurrence of diarrhea among under-five children. The health office should conduct sustainable health education programs that emphasize on risk of open defecation, waste disposal mechanisms, and child feeding practices and also should strengthen rotavirus vaccination activities. The district administration and partners’ needed to improve water sources.
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Getie, Addisu, Tegene Atamenta, Ribka Nigatu, Aklilu Abera, and Mingizem Girma. "Magnitude of Podoconiosis and Its Associated Factors among an Adult Population in Waghmra Zone, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." BioMed Research International 2020 (August 7, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9107562.
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Background. Podoconiosis is one of the neglected tropical diseases, and it is a nonfilarial elephantiasis caused by prolonged barefoot exposure to irritant soil. This is manifested by slowly progressive swelling of the foot and lower leg which may lead to an irreversible disability among affected people. Podoconiosis is an entirely noncommunicable preventable disease with a low-cost preventive mechanism. This study is aimed at assessing the magnitude and factor affecting Podoconiosis in Waghmra zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 808 household members. A multistage sampling method was used to select study participants. A pretested semistructured questionnaire, observation, and clinical screening were used to collect data. The data were entered using EpiData version 4.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with Podoconiosis. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance; in multivariable analysis, variables with a P value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Result. According this study’s results, 4.3% of study participants were affected by Podoconiosis. A family number of four and above [AOR=3.29, 95% CI (1.013-10.661)], family income of less than 500 ETB [AOR=3.69, 95% CI (1.271-10.727)], distance from a health facility greater than 3 km [AOR=6.69, 95% CI (1.610-27.863)], no shoe wearing habits [AOR=5.02, 95% CI (1.969-12.778)], age at first wearing of shoes at 10 and above [AOR=4.46, 95% CI (1.792-11.102)], and no feet washing habits [AOR=3.87, 95% CI (1.516-9.883)] are significant factors of Podoconiosis. Conclusion. Creating awareness about the importance of shoe wearing, feet hygiene, and building infrastructure such as a road, health facility, and water supply were essential preventive strategies. Training about early diagnosis and effective management of lymphedema, giving emphasis on hygiene education and sanitation program, and reporting any suspected Podoconiosis case as early as possible are some of the recommendations forwarded.
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Simamora, Hetty Gustina. "HUBUNGAN FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI, HIGIENE SANITASI LINGKUNGAN, TINGKAT KONSUMSI, DAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK USIA 2-5 TAHUN DI DESA TUBLOPO TAHUN 2014." Elisabeth Health Jurnal 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52317/ehj.v2i2.221.
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he existence of multidimensional crisis has menurnkan nutritional status of society. one of the community groups that are susceptible to the decline of nutritional status of children aged 2-5 years, because at this age the child was not getting milk while the food consumed has not been sufficient to meet the growing nutritional needs. Nutritional status is indirectly related to socioeconomic factors, sanitation hygiene, consumption level and the incidence of infection. Method : This research is an observational study with survey method and desaim cross sectional. Samples are children aged 2-5 Years residing in the village Tublopo. The sample size is 76 children taken proportionally. Respondents were mothers of the sample. The statistical test used is Rank Spearman and Chi-Square. Result : Respondents came from low socio economic groups with low knowledge of nutrition, 93.4% energy consumption level, sample including deficit and protein consumption rate of 35.5% sample including deficit. In the last three months and at the time of the study, 63.2% of the samples had upper respiratory tract infection (ISPA) and 1.3% of samples suffering from diarrhea, 39.6% of the samples had nutritional status of ARI occurrence related to ZBB / U score in child age 2-5 years. The level of education of the mother is related to the level of energy and protein consumption. Conclusion: To anticipate the improvement of malnutrition status, it is suggested to the community, especially the mothers who have not fulfilled their obligation to learn 9 years to participate in the C package program and for TTU District Health Office to provide interesting counseling
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Spencer, Stephen A., Cortland Linder, James M. StJ Penney, Hannah J. Russell, Kate Hyde, Caitlin Sheehy, Alice Reid, et al. "Five-Year Follow-Up on the Prevalence and Intensity of Infections of Schistosoma mansoni in a Hard-to-Reach District of Madagascar." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1433.
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ABSTRACTSchistosomiasis is a major public health problem in Madagascar. The WHO recommends preventive chemotherapy by mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel as the primary approach to control Schistosoma mansoni–related morbidity in endemic populations, alongside complementary interventions such as health education. The impact of annual MDA and health education programs was assessed in the hard-to-reach Marolambo district of eastern Madagascar, an area endemic for S. mansoni. Repeated cross-sectional studies undertaken 2015–2019 examined between 300 and 381 school-aged children (aged 5–14 years) annually. The prevalence and infection intensity of S. mansoni were assessed by urine-circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) dipsticks and coproscopy using Kato–Katz (KK) methodologies. After four rounds of annual MDA, a reduction in S. mansoni prevalence was seen in CCA (93.9% in year 1–87.7% in year 5; P = 0.007) and KK (73.9% in year 1–59.4% in year 5; P < 0.0001). The prevalence of heavy-intensity infections roughly halved from 23.7% to 10.1% (P < 0.0001), and the mean intensity of infection fell by 55.0% (480.2–216.3 eggs per gram of feces). A malacological survey found Biomphalaria pfeifferi snail intermediate hosts in multiple water contact sites including rice paddies, streams, and Nosivolo River. Despite reductions in infection prevalence and intensity, schistosomiasis still poses a significant public health challenge in Marolambo district. Twice yearly MDA cycles and/or community-wide MDA are suggested to better reduce infections. Expanding health education, improving standards of water, sanitation and hygiene, and attention on snail-related control will also be important, especially in rice paddy irrigated areas.
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Dhurhania, Crescentiana Emy, and Agil Novianto. "UPAYA PREVENTIF DAN KURATIF DEMAM BERDARAH MELALUI PEMANFAATAN HERBAL BERKHASIAT DI DESA GADINGAN KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH." JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT 24, no. 2 (July 4, 2018): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkm.v24i2.10116.
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AbstrakDesa Gadingan yang berada di kecamatan Mojolaban, Kabupaten Sukoharjo merupakan salah satu desa yang mengalami kenaikan prevalensi Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Hal ini didukung dengan rendahnya pola perilaku dan fasilitas untuk sanitasi dan higienitas warga. Rendahnya tingkat pengetahuan mengurangi kesadaran tentang bahaya DBD. Program ini dilakukan sebagai upaya preventif dan kuratif DBD melalui pemanfaatan herbal berkhasiat yang merupakan potensi wilayah menjadi produk berbasis herbal. Pengabdian masyarakat dengan mitra Kismosari dan Badran desa Gadingan diawali dengan melakukan edukasi DBD dan pemanfaatan herbal berkhasiat, dilanjutkan dengan pelatihan herbal berkhasiat. Potensi herbal berkhasiat wilayah tersebut diaplikasikan dengan pembuatan produk yaitu mosquito repellent patch, granul herbal larvasida dan teh herbal. Produksi dilakukan oleh warga kedua mitra dengan pendampingan tim pelaksana melibatkan mahasiswa dan stakeholder. Monitoring evaluasi terhadap program edukasi dilakukan dengan pretest dan posttest. Pengembangan produk dilakukan dengan melihat hasil evaluasi mitra pada saat pelaksanaan pelatihan herbal berkhasiat. Pelaksanaan program mampu memberikan perubahan tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat secara signifikan. Hal ini juga didukung dengan penurunan angka kejadian DBD di desa Gadingan pada tahun 2017. Evaluasi pengembangan produk diperoleh hasil 55,68 % teh herbal; 30,68 % mosquito repellent patch dan 13,64 % granul larvasida. Pengembangan produk teh herbal dilakukan di Kismosari sedangkan mosquito repellent patch di Badran.Kata kunci: DBD, Mosquito Repellent Patch, Herbal Larvasida, Teh Herbal, Gadingan AbstractGadingan village which is located in Sukoharjo district of Mojolaban is one of the highest prevalence of dengue fever in Central of Jawa. It is supported with the low of behaviour and facilities for sanitation and hygiene of villagers. The low level of knowledge reduces awareness about the dangers of DBD. This program is conducted as preventive and curative DBD efforts through the utilization of nutritious herbs that are potential of the region to be herbal based products. Community service with partners Kismosari and Badran in Gadingan village begins by educating DBD and utilization of nutritious herbs, continued with a nutritious herbs workshop. Potential herbs of that region are applied with the manufacture of products, that is mosquito repellent patch, herbal larvacide granule and herbal tea. The production is done by the villagers of two partners with accompaniment by the implementing team involving students and stakeholders. Monitoring of evaluation of education program is done by pretest and posttest. Product development is done by looking at partners evaluation result during the nutritious herbs workshop. Implementation of the program is able to provide significant changes in the level of community knowledge. It is also supported by the decrease in the incidence of DBD at Gadingan in 2017. Evaluation of product development obtained results 55.68% herbal tea;30.68% mosquito repellent patch and 13.64% granule larvacide. Herbal tea product development is done in Kismosari while mosquito repellent patch in Badran.Keywords: Dengue Fever, Mosquito Repellent Patch, Herbal Larvacide, Herbal Tea, Gadingan
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Ghimire, L., S. Dhakal, YR Pandeya, S. Chaulagain, BR Mahato, RC Satyal, and DK Singh. "Assessment of pork handlers’ knowledge and hygienic status of pig meat shops of Chitwan district focusing campylobacteriosis risk factors." International Journal of Infection and Microbiology 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i1.8004.
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Introduction: Campylobacter causes more cases of diarrhoea than Salmonella and pork is considered as a potential source of Campylobacter infection after poultry. This study aims to assess the butchers’ knowledge and hygienic condition of slaughter slabs and retail pork shops of Chitwan district, Nepal focusing campylobacteriosis risk factors. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from September-2012 to December-2012. Three sets of semi-structured questionnaires were formed each for slaughter slabs, retail pork shops and pork handlers focusing on butchers’ knowledge and hygienic status of pig meat shops. Each of the workers (n=40) of 10 different pork meat shops were interviewed. Results: Sixty-five percent of the pork handlers were aware about pork borne disease but none of them had heard about campylobacteriosis. Chilling practice was adopted only in 16.7% of the slaughter slabs. None of them had separate dirty section. Only 30% of the pork handlers wore apron regularly. None of them wore gloves and masks and 40% even did not wash hands regularly before and after pork handling. The hygienic practices like sanitation of equipments and regular washing of hands were significantly associated (p<0.05) with level of education. Conclusions: Hygienic condition of pig meat shops of Chitwan is poor which exposes workers as well as meat consumers at risk for campylobacteriosis and other meat borne diseases. Since education was found to affect hygienic practices, awareness generation program focusing pig borne zoonotic diseases seems necessary together with trainings on hygienic meat production and selling techniques. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i1.8004 Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(1):17-21
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Gribble, Karleen, and Christine Fernandes. "Considerations regarding the use of infant formula products in infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E) programs." World Nutrition 9, no. 3 (December 29, 2018): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.201893261-283.
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Infants and young children are vulnerable in emergencies. The Operational Guidance on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies (OG-IFE) provides direction to governments, aid organisations and individuals on how to support the wellbeing of this population. The importance of breastfeeding in promoting child survival in emergencies cannot be overestimated. Therefore, the primary intervention in infant and young child feeding in emergencies (IYCF-E) is to support exclusive breastfeeding for infants 0-6 months and then continued breastfeeding alongside complementary feeding for children 6-24 months. However, non-breastfeeding children are vulnerable in emergencies and require intensive support. The OG-IFE outlines requirements and protocols to minimise the risks of artificial feeding in emergencies. This paper explains the reasoning behind, and the application of, these requirements. The OG-IFE emphasises that infant formula should not be provided unless breastfeeding is not possible and that except in extraordinary circumstances, individual assessment of the need for infant formula is required. It states that infant formula should be purchased and not donated and that neither follow-on formula nor toddler milks should be used. It notes that whether ready-to-use liquid infant formula or powdered infant formula is most suitable for a program will depend upon factors such as the availability of funds, of products, of water and fuel, and of storage facilities. It says that infant formula labelling should meet the requirements of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and be in the language of the recipient population, with appropriate instructions and warnings. It describes how caregivers should be discouraged from using bottles and supported to use easily cleanable cups for feeding infant formula. It notes that infant formula should be provided to infants unable to access breastmilk until they are at least 6 months of age. It also says that caregivers of formula-fed infants should be supported with a package of other resources to support safer feeding that includes: fuel, clean water, equipment for household preparation and feeding of infant formula, one-to-one education and demonstrations on safe preparation of infant formula feeds, and growth and health monitoring of the infant. It stresses that breastfeeding support should be provided alongside any artificial feeding program so as not to displace breastfeeding. Finally, it notes that in order to maximise effectiveness, IYCF-E requires a cross sectorial response with the involvement of various sectors, including child protection, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH), health, HIV, mental health and psychosocial support, education, disability, logistics, shelter, food security and livelihoods, and cash transfer programs.
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Kumar, Pankaj, and Jayshree J. Upadhye. "Swine flu awareness in general population." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190063.
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Background: By simple hygiene and sanitation measures for cough, swine flu transmission can be effectively prevented. The purpose of this study was to know whether the people had enough knowledge about swine flu (H1N1) and to assess their knowledge about possible preventive measures to be taken including vaccination against swine flu epidemics.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during November to December 2018. 200 residents were surveyed.Results: In our study, 196 (98%) of respondents were aware of swine flu infection, 170 (85%) of respondents knew that swine flu is due to viral infection while 130 (65%) of respondents were aware that swine flu infection spreads through air while sneezing and coughing. 192 (96%) of respondents knew fever as symptom of swine flu, 166 (83%) of respondents knew cough and cold as symptoms while 128 (64%) of respondents knew headache and body ache as symptoms. 188 (94%) of respondents were aware that vaccination against Swine flu can prevent swine flu infection. 160 (80%) of respondents knew that covering mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing can prevent spread of Swine flu infection while 104 (52%) of respondents knew that frequent hand washing helps in preventing spread of Swine flu infection.Conclusions: The present review concluded that majority of the respondents had substantial knowledge regarding swine flu, yet there were notable deficiencies regarding the transmission, preventive measures and availability of vaccine. There is need for appropriate training regarding infectious diseases and continuous education programs.
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von Salmuth, Victoria, Eilise Brennan, Marko Kerac, Marie McGrath, Severine Frison, and Natasha Lelijveld. "Maternal-focused interventions to improve infant growth and nutritional status in low-middle income countries: A systematic review of reviews." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0256188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256188.
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Background Small and nutritionally at-risk infants under 6 months (<6m) are a vulnerable group at increased risk of mortality, morbidity, poor growth and sub-optimal development. Current national and international (World Health Organization) management guidelines focus mainly on infants’ needs, yet growing evidence suggests that maternal factors also influence infant outcomes. We aimed to inform future guidelines by exploring the impacts of maternal-focused interventions on infant feeding and growth. Methods We conducted a systematic review of reviews published since 2008 (PROSPERO, register number CRD 42019141724). We explored five databases and a wide variety of maternal-focused interventions based in low- and middle-income countries. Infant outcomes of interest included anthropometric status, birthweight, infant mortality, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Given heterogenous interventions, we present a narrative synthesis of the extracted data. Results We included a total of 55 systematic reviews. Numerous maternal interventions were effective in improving infant growth or feeding outcomes. These included breastfeeding promotion, education, support and counselling interventions. Maternal mental health, while under-researched, showed potential to positively impact infant growth. There was also some evidence for a positive impact of: women’s empowerment, m-health technologies, conditional cash transfers, water, sanitation and hygiene and agricultural interventions. Effectiveness was increased when implemented as part of a multi-sectoral program. Antenatal supplementation with macronutrient, multiple micronutrients, Vitamin D, zinc, iron folic acid and possibly calcium, iodine and B12 in deficient women, improved birth outcomes. In contrast, evidence for postnatal supplementation was limited as was evidence directly focusing on small and nutritionally at-risk infants; most reviews focused on the prevention of growth faltering. Conclusion Our findings suggest sufficient evidence to justify greater inclusion of mothers in more holistic packages of care for small and nutritionally at-risk infants aged <6m. Context specific approaches are likely needed to support mother-infant dyads and ensure infants survive and thrive.