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Journal articles on the topic 'Sanitation in the Bible'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Prudkov, M. I., and A. D. Kovalevskii. "Transfistula fibrocholangioscopy: diagnosis and correction for major duodenal papilla drainage disturbances." Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii = Annals of HPB Surgery 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.16931/1995-5464.2022-4-91-99.

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Aim. To explore the potential of transfistula fibrocholangioscopy for the definite diagnosis and correction of drainage disturbances in the major duodenal papilla and the terminal portion of the common bile duct.Materials and methods. In the period of 2017–2019, we examined 230 patients with functioning external biliary drains, who underwent surgery in the hospitals of the region. Residual concrements were identified and removed from the bile ducts of 158 patients through external biliary fistulas. The research methodology involved monitoring the external bile flow rate, fistulocholangiography and transfistula fibrocholangioscopy to examine bile outflow through the common bile duct and major papilla before and after stones removal, elimination of cholangitis and papillitis.Results. The examination of 37 patients revealed no obstruction to bile drainage. After eliminating the cause of papillitis (cholangiolithiasis, drainage) and inflammatory changes the bile outflow through the major papilla was restored in 112 patients. The bile outflow disturbance persisted in 81 patients after removal of abnormalities in the terminal portion of the common bile duct and major papilla. 70 of them underwent the graduated 'rendezvous' papillotomy, and seven – antegrade balloon dilatation. Four patients underwent a rendezvous papillotomy with antegrade balloon dilatation. The failure rate was 1.2%, complications – 9.9%, including III–IV grade complications (2.5%) according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. One patient died (1.2%).Conclusion. Antegrade transfistula fibrocholangioscopy methods of endobiliary examination and bile duct sanitation comprise a valuable contribution to modern biliary surgery. They are mostly appropriate to be applied in centers which a focus on residual diseases of the bile ducts.

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Belyuk, K. S., E. V. Mogilevets, A. V. Zabolotnaya, D. Y. Yakovchik, R. S. Shilo, L. F. Vasilchuk, and O. S. Soroka. "THE USE OF X-RAY ENDOVASCULAR METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT IN A PATIENT WITH POSTTRAUMATIC HEMOBILIA DUE TO PENETRATING WOUND OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. OUR OWN EXPERIENCE." Hepatology and Gastroenterology 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2616-5546-2021-5-1-85-88.

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Background. Hemobilia is the excretion of blood alongside with bile through intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. Despite the use of new methods of diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate from hemobilia remains high (20-40%). Objective. To demonstrate a clinical case and some methods of diagnosis and treatment of a patient with hemobilia. Material and methods. The article presents our own clinical observation of a patient with a penetrating knife wound of the abdominal cavity with liver injury complicated by hemobilia. Two-stage treatment was performed including upper midline laparotomy, cholecystectomy, and biliary tract sanitation with external drainage of the common bile duct according to Pikovsky in combination with angioembolization of the damaged artery of the 4th liver segment. Results. The analysis of the clinical case shows X-ray endovascular methods to be one of the promising ways of increasing surgical management efficiency of traumatic hemobilia. Conclusions. This observation shows the possibility of developing hemobilia without signs of intra-abdominal bleeding in penetrating abdominal wounds with liver injury. The use of X-ray endovascular diagnostic methods can improve treatment outcomes of patients with hemobilia of traumatic origin.

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Iorio, Luigi, Natale Gaspare De Santo, and Giovanni Aliotta. "Diuretic Plants Cited in the “Moretum” Poem from the Appendix Vergiliana." Nephrology @ Point of Care 2, no. 1 (January 2016): pocj.5000205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/pocj.5000205.

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The authors first deal with the poor man's diet in ancient times, considering the moretum a short poem of the Appendix Vergiliana (Ist century BC) that describes in detail the making of a focaccia by the farmer Simulo. Then, they compare the Moretum with the guidelines reported in ancient texts such as the Bible and Flos Medicinae or Regimen Sanitatis Salerni (13th century), a manual of practical medicine that describes all the rules that help us live a healthy life, with the human body as a harmonic part of all Creation. Finally, modern aspects are discussed. Core tip: Nutritional balance has been associated with some ancient diuretic plants of the Mediterranean Region used for making the focaccia known as moretum.

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Datsii, О., N. Datsii, O. Zborovska, O. Aleinikova, and O. Krasovska. "MARKETING RESEARCH OF THE STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SANITATION OF THE SETTLEMENT TERRITORY." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (April 30, 2021): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230679.

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Abstract. The purpose of the paper is to study the basis of state policy in the field of sanitation of the territory of the settlement, especially under decentralization of management. The survey is based on the analysis of the development of the legal framework of Ukraine, CIS countries and European countries on household waste management, and study of statistical information on the current stage of waste management with further identification of the current problems which Ukraine faces in this field, and providing practical recommendations taking into account the decentralization process which is currently taking place and as well as foreign experience. It is found that the need for separate collection of household waste has become essential in the field of environmental protection. However, due to inadequate system of solid household waste management in settlements, usually in the private sector, 26.9 thousand unauthorized landfills are detected annually. The solution to this problem is to cultivate the culture of the population and raise their motivation to sort waste. Besides, one of the reasons for such a phenomenon is the absence of a legal mechanism of utilization of waste in the rural area. It has been established that in order to increase the efficiency of administrative management of social development on the corresponding territory the decentralization of management has been chosen as priority. It has resulted in the possibility of the community’s cooperation which has a number of advantages for settlements improvement, in particular for sanitation of the territories. In order to solve the problem of reducing the unauthorized landfills in the private sector of the rural area the implementation of measures aimed at development of the culture of the population and raising their motivation to sort waste has been proposed. In order to increase the motivation of taxpayers for the rational management of waste, it is proposed to apply tax incentives, in particular, income tax and value added tax for companies that: carry out operations to supply equipment intended for use in the manufacture of waste products; promote investment in the manufacture of containers, garbage trucks and the construction of waste sorting plants. Keywords: marketing research, sanitary clearing of the territory, settlements, domestic waste, improvement of settlements. JEL Classification M31, R11 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; table: 2; bibl.: 23.

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Çiftçi, Mehtap, and Nilgün Öncül. "Fethiye Bölgesinde Açıkta Satılan Tüketime Hazır Bazı Gıdalarda Koliform Bakteri Sayısının Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, sp (January 6, 2022): 2552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9isp.2552-2559.4928.

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Since coliform bacteria are common both in the intestine and in nature (soil, plant, etc.), they are considered as a sanitation indicator in the food industry. It is known that the majority of bacteria defined as fecal coliform in the coliform group are Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria in any sample is an indication that the necessary hygienic measures are not taken during production, storage, and sale. That means the sample is directly or indirectly contaminated with faeces, and/or other intestinal pathogens may also exist. In this study, raw milk, freshly squeezed fruit juices, unpackaged ice cream, shaved ice, and ice-cold samples were purchased from the famous touristic destination Fethiye and analyzed for coliform bacteria. For this purpose, the samples were purchased from local marketplaces, buffets, cafes, patisseries, restaurants, and roadsides at Fethiye. In total 60 samples were analyzed using Violet Red Bile (VRB) Agar. The results of coliform bacteria ranged

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CHUNG, K. S., C. N. KIM, and K. NAMGOONG. "Evaluation of the Petrifilm Rapid Coliform Count Plate Method for Coliform Enumeration from Surimi-Based Imitation Crab Slurry." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.1.123.

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The 3M Petrifilm rapid coliform count (RCC) plate method was compared with two conventional methods, namely violet red bile agar (VRBA) and desoxycholate lactose agar (DLA), for enumerating coliforms. The VRBA plating method is a reference method in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual and the DLA plating method is the method recommended by the Food Sanitation Law of Korea for enumeration of coliforms. Serratia sp., a coliform that was isolated from frozen surimi, was incubated in surimi-based imitation crab (SBIC) slurries and enumerated on the Petrifilm RCC, VRBA, and DLA plates. Results from the Petrifilm RCC plate were not significantly different from results from VRBA or DLA plates at P < 0.05 level. The correlation coefficient for Petrifilm RCC plates versus the VRBA method and for Petrifilm RCC plates versus the DLA method were 0.994 and 0.996, respectively. With the Petrifilm RCC plate method, we were able to estimate presumptive coliforms (except Serratia sp.) after 14 h and to enumerate confirmed coliforms (including Serratia sp.) after 24 h.

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Bondariev, R. V., L. Yу Markulan, V. M. Ivantsok, O. O. Bondarieva, and M. M. Levon. "NATURE OF POST-SURGERY COMPLICATIONS AFTER CHOLECYSTECTOMY OF DESTRUCTIVE CHOLECYSTITIS IN PATIENTS OF AN OLDER AGE GROUP WITH A ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.4.2020.03.

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Аbstract. The significance of the problem of acute cholecystitis in the elderly and senile is due to a high increase in the incidence, the presence of marked concomitant diseases. There is no literature data on a comparative analysis of early post-surgery complications of acute destructive cholecystitis in elderly and senile patients with concomitant coronary heart disease after traditional cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The Aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the nature of early post-surgery complications after traditional cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy of acute destructive cholecystitis in the elderly and senile with concomitant coronary heart disease. Materials and methods of research. A comparative analysis of early post-surgery complications was performed in 392 patients aged 60 and over with concomitant coronary heart disease who underwent surgical treatment for acute destructive cholecystitis. Depending on the method of surgical treatment, patients were divided into two groups: the І group (n = 178) — surgical treatment was carried out in the amount of traditional cholecystectomy, sanitation of the abdominal cavity with saline and decasan solution; the ІІ group (n = 214) — surgical treatment included laparoscopic cholecystectomy, sanitation of the abdominal cavity with saline and «decasan» solution, extraction of the gallbladder in a rubber sterile container through a subxiphoid wound, which, after removal of the gallbladder, was sanitized with «decasan» solution. Research results. Complications from the cardiovascular system in the 1st group were noted in 2.8 % of patients, pneumonia — 1.1 %, from the abdominal cavity — 8.5 %, wounds — 25.8 %, postoperative intestinal paresis — 19, 1 %, mortality — 1.1 %. In the 2nd group, complications from the cardiovascular system — 0.5 %, from the abdominal cavity — 4.7 %, wounds — 4.2 %, postoperative intestinal paresis — 8.4 %, mortality — 0.5 %. Complications related to bile leakage, the development of biloma or biliary peritonitis in the groups did not differ. Conclusions. The use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute destructive cholecystitis in elderly people with concomitant coronary heart disease has reduced the number of postoperative complications from the cardiovascular system compared with traditional cholecystectomy from 2.8 % to 0.5 %, from the abdominal cavity — from 8.5 to 4.7 %, from the side of the wound — from 25.8 to 4.2 %, reduce mortality from 1.1 to 0.5 %.

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Dzidzava, I. I., B. N. Kotiv, A. A. Apollonov, A. V. Smorodsky, A. V. Slobodjanik, S. A. Soldatov, A. V. Kudrjavceva, I. V. Dmitrochenko, and A. A. Afanasyev. "Modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment of bacterial liver abscesses." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12323.

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Modern notions about etiology, pathogenesis and microbiological characteristics of bacterial liver abscesses are analyzed. Cholangiogenic abscess is a prevailing type among the incidences of liver abscesses. Today Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are the predominant cause of pyogenic hepatic abscess. Diagnosis of liver abscesses is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings and visualization survey methods. Success in the treatment of liver abscesses is provided by a multimodal approach, including sanation of purulent focus, rational antibacterial therapy and elimination of the main etiologic factor. Effective antibiotic therapy is based on the results of permanent microbiological monitoring of the abscess cavity, bile and blood contents. The question remains about what is the optimal time frame for antibiotic therapy. The main method of treatment of liver abscess is surgical. In the vast majority of cases, minimally invasive puncture-drainage under ultrasound or CT guidance proves to be an effective and sufficient method of treatment, regardless of the size, location and number of purulent foci. There is no consensus, however, on a differentiated choice of minimally invasive sanitation techniques, drainage periods and removal criteria in medical literature. An algorithm for treatment of cholangiogenic liver abscesses must include methods that ensure restoration of the bile ducts patency, relief of biliary hypertension and cholangitis. If the minimally invasive drainage techniques proves ineffective, as well as in cases of complicated abscess or presence of large sequesters in the destruction cavity, it is recommended to perform laparoscopic or traditional open surgery (including liver resections).

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Anita, Anita Anita, Tuty Widyanti, Effendy Rasiyanto, and Budiawan S. HI Karim. "IDENTIFIKASI TELUR CACING NEMATODA USUS SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) PADA MASYARAKAT DI PULAU LAE-LAE KOTA MAKASSAR." Lontara 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53861/lontarariset.v2i1.188.

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ABSTRACT Communities on Lae-Lae Island, Makassar City have sanitation facilities that are still poor and very limited with quality far from health standards. This causes people who live in these islands to face various health problems, one of which is the risk of being infected with eggs of intestinal nematode worms Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH). This study aims to identify the eggs of the intestinal nematode worm Soil Transmitted Helminthes in the feces of people on Lae-Lae Island, Makassar City. This type of research is a laboratory observation with a purposive sampling technique of 10 stool samples. Based on the results of research that has been carried out on 10 faecal samples, it was found 1 positive stool sample for Trichuris trichura worm eggs with distinctive egg-shaped characteristics such as the shape of crock worm eggs or wine barrels and at both ends there are two mucoid plugs. The egg wall is brown from the color of the bile at both ends, it is clear, while the other 9 stool samples are negative the type of worm Trichuris trichura and 9 other samples were negative.

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May, S. A., A. G. Korotkevich, and I. V. Savostyanov. "Evaluation of the influence of methods of sanitation of the common bile duct on the course of the postoperative period of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 5 (October 5, 2022): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-201-5-27-31.

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Rekhviashvili, Mikhail G., A. A. Yakovleva, A. Yu Kruglyakov, K. P. Chusov, M. Yu Kozlov, and V. V. Syt'kov. "Treatment of an open omphalomesenteric duct in newborns." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24, no. 4 (August 21, 2020): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2020-24-4-278-282.

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This article describes two clinical cases of surgical treatment of children with an unobliterated bile duct. The first boy, aged 21 day, was admitted to the hospital with complaints of constant “wetness” in the umbilicus area and a lack of effect of conservative treatment. The fistulography showed communication with the iliac lumen what confirmed involution violation of the omphalomesenteric duct and the formation of complete umbilicus fistula. An unobliterated bile duct was incised and umbilical ring plasty with a surgical stapler was made under general anesthesia. The second child, aged 10 days, was transferred from a cardiosurgical hospital after the staged correction of a congenital heart defect. He had the intussusception of small intestine loops through the umbilical ring, with signs of ischemia. In anamnesis few days before, a yellow-green discharge from the umbilical wound was noted. The additional examination revealed that it was a complication of unobliterated complete omphalomesenteric fistula. Transumbilical incision and resection of intestinal necrotic area with further anastomosis were made; revision and sanitation of abdominal organs and layer-by-layer suturing of the wound were performed too. The postoperative course was uneventful. The described clinical cases demonstrate that primary care specialists (especially of non-surgical profile) have to be cautious about pathological processes in the umbilical region in newborns. If the conservative treatment is ineffective and in order to verify the diagnosis, consultation with a pediatric surgeon is recommended. If the X-ray contrast fistulography is indicated, it should be performed at a specialized hospital.

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Boyko, V. V., A. V. Maloshtan, R. M. Smachylo, A. A. Nekliudov, A. M. Tyshchenko, V. A. Vovk, M. A. Klosova, and O. V. Volchenko. "PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BILEDURING THE ONSET AND MANIFESTATION OF CHOLANGITIS. ACUTE CHOLANGITIS: POSSIBLE TRIGGERING MECHANISMS." Novosti Khirurgii 29, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18484/2305-0047.2021.1.20.

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Objective. To determine the possible triggering mechanism for the development and manifestation of acute suppurative cholangitis based on the study of the rheological, physical and chemical properties of bile. Methods. The bile of choledoch was studied inpatients (n=41) with calculous obstruction of the biliary tract, 25 of them had clinical picture of cholangitis. For comparison, 32 patients with asymptomatic choledocholithiasis were examined. Bile sampling was performed in each patient twice: the first bile intake was obtained during duodenoscopy and cannulation of the major papilla of the duodenum and endoscopic papillosphincterotomy and the second portion - during a follow-up examination three days after the endoscopic papillotomy. The biliary pH, viscosity, the amount of solids in it, the concentration of primary bile acids, microbial contamination and the intraductal pressure were studied. Results. For the first time, it has been hypothesized that a reduced concentration of bile acids in the bile causes a subsequent chain of triggering and manifestation of acute cholangitis. In the first bile intake the concentration of bile acids is three fold decreased in patients with acute cholangitis in comparison with the patients of control group, and in the second case it reliable increased but was lower than in the control group. It was a small amount of bile acids caused sedimentation of a colloidal bile solution, increased its viscosity and amount of dry sediment, caused precipitation and sludge. This chain process caused the instantaneous inclusion of concretion in sludge and acute obstruction of the choledoch. As a result of bacterial contamination, the microbial dissemination of bile increases by 10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>4</sup> times, the choledoch becomes like an abscess. Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy breaks this chain and surgical management is the definitive mode of treatment for decompression and biliary track sanitation. Conclusion. A decrease of bile acids in the content of the bile causes a chain process of sedimentation, the formation of sludge and a complete block of the choledoch, which is the primary trigger for cholangitis. What this paper adds Scientific and theoretical principles which in their essencedetermine the possible mechanism of the development of cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis have been developed. The physicochemical properties of bile play a decisive role in the triggering mechanism of cholangitis. Reduction of the synthesis of bile acids in the liver or their resorption in the intestine starts an avalanche-like process of sedimentation in the micellar solution of bile in the choledoch, sludge with the stones appears, the pH decreases, intraductal pressure rises, as a result of bacterial infection microbial contamination the microbal dissemination increases by 10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>4</sup> fold.

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Thakur, Sanjeev Kumar, and Vijay Prakash. "Biliary Ascariasis: A difficult extraction." Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 06, no. 01 (January 2015): 026–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-5042.155249.

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AbstractHepatobiliary ascariasis (HBA) is a common complication of Ascaris infestation. It is reported mostly from developing countries. It is a common cause of biliary colic and cholangitis in some parts of India. It is also proposed as an etiology of a subset of patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (RPC). Conservative management, endoscopic removal of the worm wherever needed and deworming is the accepted treatment approach. We herewith present a unique challenge that we encountered during worm removal. The patient was a 35-year-old female with 3 days history of epigastric pain, fever with rigors and vomiting. Her biochemical evaluation showed mild neutrophilic leukocytosis, mild elevation of aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. Ultrasound abdomen showed a tubular filling defect in the common bile duct extending in to the left hepatic duct. On endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the extraction was difficult because of left ductal stricture and a knot at the end of the worm. Such a worm conformation is rarely reported in the literature. In addition to presenting a challenge during removal it may act as a nidus for further infections and damage to the biliary tree particularly if the worm is dead or decaying. RPC is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. HBA is argued as an inciting event in significant number of cases. Recognition of such worm conformations emphasizes the need of meticulous ductal clearance at the time of ERCP, subsequent deworming and improved sanitation to protect such case from subsequent dreaded complications.

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Cuthbert, Jennifer A. "Hepatitis A: Old and New." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.1.38-58.2001.

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SUMMARY The hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus, is a common cause of hepatitis worldwide. Spread of infection is generally person to person or by oral intake after fecal contamination of skin or mucous membranes; less commonly, there is fecal contamination of food or water. Hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries, and most residents are exposed in childhood. In contrast, the adult population in developed countries demonstrates falling rates of exposure with improvements in hygiene and sanitation. The export of food that cannot be sterilized, from countries of high endemicity to areas with low rates of infection, is a potentially important source of infection. After ingestion and uptake from the gastrointestinal tract, the virus replicates in the liver and is excreted into the bile. Cellular immune responses to the virus lead to destruction of infected hepatocytes with consequent development of symptoms and signs of disease. Humoral immune responses are the basis for diagnostic serologic assays. Acute HAV infection is clinically indistinguishable from other causes of acute viral hepatitis. In young children the disease is often asymptomatic, whereas in older children and adults there may be a range of clinical manifestations from mild, anicteric infection to fulminant hepatic failure. Clinical variants include prolonged, relapsing, and cholestatic forms. Management of the acute illness is supportive, and complete recovery without sequelae is the usual outcome. Research efforts during World War II led to the development of passive immunoprophylaxis. Pooled immune serum globulin is efficacious in the prevention and attenuation of disease in exposed individuals. More recently, active immunoprophylaxis by vaccination has been accomplished. Future eradication of this disease can now be contemplated.

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Zarkua, Nonna E., Alexandr P. Krivov, Vladimir P. Akimov, and Sergey Yu Lysenkov. "Minimally invasive technologies for treatment of gallstone disease complicated by mechanical jaundice in patients of elderly and senior age." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 14, no. 4 (January 20, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov112556.

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BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of patients of older age groups with cholelithiasis and its complications. Trans-light endoscopic and hybrid technologies for the treatment of cholelithiasis complicated by mechanical jaundice in such patients can reduce the proportion of traditional operations, the frequency of complications and mortality. AIM: To develop an algorithm for the treatment of cholelithiasis complicated by mechanical jaundice in elderly and senile patients based on the use of modern minimally invasive and hybrid technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis of the treatment of 116 elderly and senile patients with cholelithiasis complicated by mechanical jaundice from 2016 to 2021 has been carried out. RESULTS: After a comprehensive examination of patients, the following pathology has been diagnosed: choledocholithiasis (cholecystectomy in the anamnesis) in 7.8%; сholedocholithiasis (cholecystectomy in the anamnesis) + stricture of the distal choledochus in 9.5%; сholecystocholedocholithiasis in 82.7%, including choledocholithiasis without major duodenal papilla stricture in 7.3%, Mirizzi syndrome (including major duodenal papilla stenosis in 3.1%) in 5.2%, choledocholithiasis + stricture of the distal choledochus in 79.2% and choledocholithiasis + stricture of the distal choledochus + parafaterial diverticulum in 8.3% of the patients. The severity of the comorbidity index according to the Kaplan Feinstein scale in 2.6% of patients corresponded to a mild degree, in 70.7% to a moderate degree, in 26.7% to a severe degree. Trans-luminous endoscopic and hybrid technologies have been used to eliminate the stricture of the distal part of the bile duct and sanitation of the bile ducts. Traditional operations by endovideosurgical and mini-access as well as laparotomy have been performed in 5.2%, 13.8% and 2.6% of the patients, respectively. The mortality rate was 3.5%. Complications associated with endoscopic interventions have developed in 5 (4.3%) patients, including retrograde cholangiopancreatography-induced pancreatitis in 2, bleeding from the incision of the duodenal papilla in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Trans-light endoscopic and hybrid technologies for the treatment of cholelithiasis complicated by mechanical jaundice in patients with severe comorbidity index can reduce the proportion of traditional operations, the frequency of complications and mortality.

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Chandler, Timothy D. "Sanitation privatization and sanitation employees’ wages." Journal of Labor Research 15, no. 2 (June 1994): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685726.

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Alcoloumbre, Thierry. "La Bible d'avant la Bible." Pardès 51, no. 1 (2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/parde.051.0015.

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Wilken, Robert Louis. "Interpreting the Bible as Bible." Journal of Theological Interpretation 4, no. 1 (2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26421325.

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Abstract Modern historical criticism has disengaged understanding of the Bible from the long Christian tradition of interpretation, severing the bond between text and reader, between Scripture and the living church tradition. As a consequence, patristic and medieval interpreters are dismissed as serious commentators on the Holy Scriptures. This essay offers examples from classical Christian exegetes that illustrate how reading the Scriptures from within rather than against tradition deepens our understanding of the Bible.

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Wilken, Robert Louis. "Interpreting the Bible as Bible." Journal of Theological Interpretation 4, no. 1 (2010): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jtheointe.4.1.0007.

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Abstract Modern historical criticism has disengaged understanding of the Bible from the long Christian tradition of interpretation, severing the bond between text and reader, between Scripture and the living church tradition. As a consequence, patristic and medieval interpreters are dismissed as serious commentators on the Holy Scriptures. This essay offers examples from classical Christian exegetes that illustrate how reading the Scriptures from within rather than against tradition deepens our understanding of the Bible.

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Reynolds, A. "Food Sanitation." Food Control 1, no. 2 (April 1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(90)90096-u.

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Stephenson, Joan. "Poor Sanitation." JAMA 300, no. 7 (August 20, 2008): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.7.782-d.

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Sherwood, Yvonne. "Bush’s Bible as a Liberal Bible." Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2007): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v2i1.47.

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This essay introduces the four articles collected in this issue of Postscripts as a forum on the theme, “Bush’s Bible.” It also argues that Bush’s Bible can be explained as an example of the “Liberal Bible,” a Bible invented in early modernity, though often misunderstood as expressing the Christian Bible’s original, true nature. The recent history of the Liberal Bible needs to be told and analysed in order to understand the fudged religious–secular compromises of modernity. The very vagueness of Bush’s Bible as a loose repository of principles is a symptom of the paradoxical place of the Bible in modern democratic-(Christian) states.

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Daiber, Karl-Fritz, and M. van der Veer. "Bible and Devotion To the Bible." Journal of Empirical Theology 6, no. 2 (1993): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157092593x00117.

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Spomer, Michelle. "A Comparison of Three Bible Apps: Bible (Logos), Bible Study (Olive Tree), and Bible Gateway (Zondervan)." Charleston Advisor 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.14.4.12.

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Luzbetak, Louis. "Roman Catholics, Bible Societies and Bible Translation." Bible Translator 42, no. 2A (April 1991): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026009439104202a06.

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Stavely, Keith W. F. "Roger Williams: Bible politics and Bible art." Prose Studies 14, no. 3 (December 1991): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440359108586447.

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Munamati, Muchaneta, Innocent Nhapi, and Shepherd N. Misi. "Monitoring sanitation performance: unpacking the figures on sanitation coverage." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.180.

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An understanding of the sanitation situation is crucial for planning and evaluating effectiveness of sanitation interventions. Such knowledge is gained through monitoring sanitation performance. At the international level, sanitation monitoring is done by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The JMP tracks progress made towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) sanitation target using information collected from household surveys. This article critically describes and reviews the JMP sanitation monitoring approach based on information from literature. The paper argues that while JMP methods have been useful in reporting sanitation progress, it has a number of weaknesses which have led to questions being raised on the sanitation coverage figures. Specifically, the JMP has been criticized for its usage of the term ‘improved’ sanitation and the technology-based sanitation ladder. It is argued that this approach does not monitor other components of sanitation systems such as storage, transport, treatment and disposal and/or re-use of human excreta. In addition, the sustainability of the sanitation systems is also overlooked. All these factors have led to an overestimation of sanitation coverage. A monitoring approach which considers the function of sanitation and sustainability of sanitation systems is therefore recommended.

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Langergraber, Günter, and Elke Muellegger. "Ecological Sanitation—a way to solve global sanitation problems?" Environment International 31, no. 3 (April 2005): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.006.

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Ojo, Temitope Olumuyiwa, Adedeji A. Onayade, Patrick Ayodeji Akinyemi, and Adewole J. Adesanmi. "Environmental Working Conditions, Lung Function and Total Serum Bile Acids of Spray Painters Exposed to Organic Solvents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria." Journal of Health and Pollution 7, no. 13 (March 1, 2017): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-7-13.2.

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Background. Nigeria has a growing spray painting industry, however, the burden of occupational health problems related to organic solvent exposure among spray painters in Nigeria is under-studied. Objectives. This study aimed to assess workshop characteristics and ambient concentration of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spray painting workshops and to compare lung function status and total serum bile acid levels of spray painters and controls. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was employed to survey 120 spray painters and 120 controls (electronic technicians). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on socio-demographics characteristics of the respondents. Weight, height and lung function of respondents were measured. In addition, a checklist was used to survey the spray painting workshops. Total VOC levels were determined in 37 spray painting and 31 electronic workshops. Data were analyzed using Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and a p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results. Windows were present in only 5 (13.5%) spray painting workshops and 23 (62%) workshops had a retractable tarpaulin at the entrance. Only 9 (24%) workshops had changing rooms, while fire extinguishers and first aid kits were not present in any of the surveyed workshops. A respirator with filter was sighted in only 1 (3%) workshop. The 8-hour time weighted average concentration of total VOCs in spray painting workshops was 13.4 ppm, which is above the national permissible exposure limits of 1.9 ppm. Forced vital capacity (FVC) percent predicted was significantly lower in spray painters (93.9 ±10.8%) than controls (96.7± 8.2%) (t = −2.326, df=238 p< 0.001). In addition, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) percent predicted was lower in spray painters (94.6±12.2%) than controls (100.3±9.1%) (t=−4.058, df=238, p=0.002). FEV1/FVC% was significantly lower among spray painters (85.48±8.70%) compared with controls (87.88±6.22%) (t=−2.861 df=238, p= 0.005). Total serum bile acids was significantly elevated in painters (8.71±3.39 mmol/l) compared to controls (4.67 ±2.15 mmol/l) (t=10.358, df=213, p<0.05). Conclusions. Spray painters in the present study conduct their activities in hazardous work settings. More needs to be done concerning workplace regulation and enforcements to ensure that spray painters comply with minimum standards of occupational safety, workplace hygiene and sanitation. Patient Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. Ethical approval was granted by the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Barreto, Tobias Ribeiro, Betânia Muniz Pedrosa Rabelo, Henrique Rego Monteiro da Hora, and Milton Junior Erthal. "SANITATION PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT." RINTERPAP - Revista Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Aplicadas 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47682/2675-6552.v2n1p67-78.

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Decision-making in sanitation projects is complex, which is why it is necessary to analyze multiple factors for the efficient planning, control and management of water resources. The aim of this study is to apply a multicriteria method known as AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to aid decision making in sanitation projects management. applying the AHP to define the best basin for the implementation of the sewage system in a neighborhood in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, considering multiple factors.in a private company in the sanitation sector. The goal of this study was accomplished once the use of the method was successful and indicated the most preferable basin for the implantation.

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Lenart, Kate. "Bacteriology and Sanitation:." Delaware Journal of Public Health 4, no. 2 (March 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32481/djph.2018.03.015.

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Funamizu, Naoyuki. "Sanitation Value Chain." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 31, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.31.87.

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Rheinländer, Thilde, Flemming Konradsen, Bernard Keraita, Patrick Apoya, and Margaret Gyapong. "Redefining shared sanitation." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93, no. 7 (April 28, 2015): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.14.144980.

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34

Hoshino, Toshiaki. "Food Sanitation Act." Japanese Journal of Pesticide Science 39, no. 2 (2014): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.w14-12.

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35

Walczak, David. "The Sanitation Imperative." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 38, no. 2 (April 1997): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049703800226.

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36

Adukia, Anjali. "Sanitation and Education." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 23–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150083.

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I explore whether the absence of school sanitation infrastructure impedes educational attainment, particularly among pubescent-age girls, using a national Indian school latrine construction initiative and administrative school-level data. School latrine construction substantially increases enrollment of pubescent-age girls, though predominately when providing sex-specific latrines. Privacy and safety appear to matter sufficiently for pubescent-age girls that only sex-specific latrines reduce gender disparities. Any latrine substantially benefits younger girls and boys, who may be particularly vulnerable to sickness from uncontained waste. Academic test scores did not increase following latrine construction, however. Estimated increases in enrollment are similar across the substantial variation in Indian district characteristics. (JEL H75, H76, I21, I25, J16, O15, O53)

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Narain, Sunita. "Sanitation for all." Nature 486, no. 7402 (June 2012): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/486185a.

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Reid, Matthew. "Sanitation and climate." Nature Climate Change 10, no. 6 (June 2020): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0787-z.

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39

Edberg, Stephen C. "Environmental Sanitation Microbiology." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.1.127.

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40

Edberg, Stephen. "Environmental Sanitation Microbiology." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.251.

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41

Mackenbach, J. P. "Sanitation: pragmatism works." BMJ 334, suppl_1 (January 6, 2007): s17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39044.508646.94.

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Mara, Duncan, Jon Lane, Beth Scott, and David Trouba. "Sanitation and Health." PLoS Medicine 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2010): e1000363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000363.

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Seymour, Zakiya A., Eugene Cloete, Margaret McCurdy, Mira Olson, and Joseph Hughes. "Understanding values of sanitation users: examining preferences and behaviors for sanitation systems." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.119.

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Abstract Sanitation policy and development has undergone a paradigm shift away from supply-driven toward behavioral-based demand-driven approaches. This shift to increase sanitation demand requires multiple stakeholders with varying degrees of interest, knowledge, and capacity. Currently, the design of appropriate sanitation technology disconnects user preference integration from sanitation technology design, resulting in fewer sanitation technologies being adopted and used. This research examines how preferences for specific attributes of appropriate sanitation technologies and implementation arrangements influence their adoption and usage. Data collected included interviews of 1,002 sanitation users living in a peri-urban area of South Africa; the surveyed respondents were asked about their existing sanitation technology, their preferences for various sanitation technology design attributes, as well as their perspectives on current and preferred sanitation implementation arrangements. The data revealed that user acceptability of appropriate sanitation technology is influenced by the adoption classification of the users. Statistically significant motives and barriers to sanitation usage showed a differentiation between users who share private sanitation from those who use communal sanitation facilities. The user acceptability of appropriate sanitation systems is dependent on the technical design attributes of sanitation. The development of utility functions detailed the significance of seven technical design attributes and determined their respective priorities.

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McFadden, Kevin. "Printers' Bible." Antioch Review 58, no. 2 (2000): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4613989.

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Mistral, Gabriela. "Bible / Biblia." Mistral Review 1 (2018): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/mr201815.

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Schaefer, Trevor. "Luther Bible." ANZTLA EJournal, no. 17 (January 1, 2016): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31046/anztla.v0i17.545.

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Russo, Christine J. "Bible Broadcasts." Afterimage 22, no. 7-8 (February 1995): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.1995.22.7-8.5.

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Weinstein, James. "Bible stories." Afterimage 14, no. 2 (September 1, 1986): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.1986.14.2.20.

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Bach, Alice. "Bush’s Bible." Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2007): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v2i1.109.

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George Bush, 43, leans on the Hebrew Bible’s fierce criticism, not only of ancient Israel’s external enemies, but also of its perceived enemies within. The language of righteous empire, of God being on our side and our having this divine mission, has carried the Bush Presidency through torture, carnage, and slaughter. Like the kings against whom the prophets Jeremiah, Isaiah, and Ezekiel speak out, Bush has epitomized the dark side of power, a landscape where death abounds. Further, one wonders about the identity of the Jesus that Bush invokes. In my opinion, the gospel words have been rubbed away, leaving only the gold and glitter, revealing Jesus as an icon of royal power and triumph.

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McVeigh, Daniel M. "Coleridge's Bible." Renascence 49, no. 3 (1997): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/renascence19974939.

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