Journal articles: 'Sanitation – Zimbabwe'

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Morgan, Peter, and Sue Cavill. "Interview: Sanitation in Zimbabwe." Waterlines 30, no. 4 (October 2011): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.035.

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Morgan, Peter. "Village-level sanitation programmes in Zimbabwe." Waterlines 6, no. 3 (January 1988): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1988.004.

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Marks, R. F. "Appropriate Sanitation Options for Southern Africa." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0003.

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An overview is given of the present types of sanitation systems used in both rural and urban areas in Southern Africa, with particular reference to Zimbabwe. On-site and off-site dry sanitation methods are described, including different types of pit latrines, with special reference to the Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine. Wet systems with on or off-site disposal methods are briefly described, and details are given of two methods of off-site disposal which are widely used in Zimbabwe, viz Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSP) and the Modified Activated Sludge (MAS) system for biological nutrient removal. The difficulties of implementing low-cost and incremental sanitation systems are mentioned, and suggestions are made of ways to overcome these difficulties.

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Laver, Sue. "Communications for low-cost sanitation in Zimbabwe." Waterlines 4, no. 4 (April 1986): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1986.023.

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Chikwature, Whatmore, and Emilia Chikwature. "Factors Contributing To Low Sanitation Coverage In Mutare Rural Ward 15 Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 14 (February 28, 2019): 3104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v14i0.8163.

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The research was carried out to investigate the causes of low sanitation and hygiene coverage in Mutare rural ward 15 in Manicaland province, Zimbabwe. The study aimed at establishing factors contributing to low sanitation and hygiene coverage as well as determining the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community members on sanitation and hygiene. The study was carried out in Mutare rural Ward 15. The community members and programme implementers were selected as study elements. Information was gathered using focus group discussion, interviews and observations. Data collected was presented quantitatively using tables and also qualitatively, providing facts. The stratified and purposive probability sampling was used to draw out household members in the study population. Other subjects in the research included 2 sanitation and hygiene programme implementers, one from Ministry of Health & Child Care and Mutare rural Ward 15 Councilor respectively. The research findings revealed that, low sanitation and hygiene was due to, the community’s negative attitude towards sanitation and hygiene programs, their cultural values, inadequate resources, lack of supervision, as well as the type of soil. This study concluded that knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community, inadequate supervision and resources as well as the type of soil contributed to low sanitation and hygiene coverage. The research therefore recommended that, the community be adequately educated and be provided with enough resources so as to increase coverage in sanitation and hygiene

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Shangwa, Annie, and Peter Morgan. "Teaching ecological sanitation in a school environment in Zimbabwe." Waterlines 28, no. 4 (October 2009): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2009.032.

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Nhapi, Innocent, and Huub J. Gijzen. "Wastewater management in Zimbabwe in the context of sustainability." Water Policy 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0033.

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Conventional sanitation approaches are rather inappropriate and expensive ways of providing a satisfactory solution to increasing wastewater problems in developing countries. This paper looks at the financial and environmental implications of the sanitation approaches adopted in Zimbabwe, and from the weaknesses identified, suggests a paradigm shift in which wastewater treatment is geared towards resource recovery and reuse. It was observed that unsustainable methods continue to be used because of deficient institutional arrangements and irrational technology choices made in the past. Natural treatment methods were recommended because they are low cost, easy to operate and maintain, and allow for the re-use of effluent. To achieve this requires a responsive institutional and funding mechanism backed by realistic legislation.

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Musiwa, Anthony Shuko. "A Rights-Based Approach to Child Poverty Measurement and Child Rights Realisation in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Children’s Rights 29, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 148–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-29010007.

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Abstract Against the context of limited research in Zimbabwe on rights-focused child poverty research, policy and practice, this study employs the Bristol Approach to measure the extent and relationship with gender and location, respectively, of child poverty among children aged five years and below (N = 6418). Using Zimbabwe’s 2015 Demographic and Health Survey secondary data, 14 selected measures are tested for validity, reliability and additivity. Severe deprivation estimates are developed, showing the commonest deprivation forms as early childhood development (78 per cent), water (46 per cent), healthcare (44 per cent), sanitation (40 per cent), shelter (30 per cent) and nutrition (13 per cent). While boys and girls are similarly severely deprived, children in rural areas are the most severely deprived. While all deprivations are non-significantly correlated with gender, most are significantly correlated with location. Overall, the study highlights the extreme nature of child rights violations caused by poverty in Zimbabwe, and how rights-based child poverty measurement can better inform policy and practice responses.

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Whaley, L., and J. Webster. "The effectiveness and sustainability of two demand-driven sanitation and hygiene approaches in Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.015.

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Since 2000 a number of community-driven sanitation approaches have emerged that counter a historical trend to subsidise the provision of latrines to the poor. This study reports on a set of findings and conclusions concerning the effectiveness and sustainability of two such approaches operating in Zimbabwe, the community health club (CHC) approach and community-led total sanitation (CLTS). Surveys, interviews and focus groups were conducted in a total of ten project communities from three districts. Results show that, despite little resistance to the idea, a household's ability to own a latrine depends heavily on its ability to afford one. Affordability is also key in moving up the ‘sanitation ladder’, which is necessary if behaviour change is to be sustained in the long term. Whilst both approaches effectively encouraged measures that combat open defecation, only health clubs witnessed a significant increase in the adoption of hand washing. However, CLTS proved more effective in promoting latrine construction, suggesting that the emphasis the CHCs place on hygiene practices such as hand washing needs to be coupled with an even stronger focus on the issue of sanitation brought by CLTS.

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Banana, Evans, Beth Chitekwe-Biti, and Anna Walnycki. "Co-producing inclusive city-wide sanitation strategies: lessons from Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe." Environment and Urbanization 27, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247815569683.

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Madzingamiri, D., M. A. C. Schouten, and M. Blokland. "Water, sanitation and hygiene partners collaborating to combat severe cholera outbreaks during the State of Emergency in Zimbabwe." Water Policy 17, no. 2 (September 8, 2014): 370–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.100.

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This paper aims to understand the value of collaboration in a ‘state of emergency’ situation, featuring the case of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector in Zimbabwe over the period 2008–2012. During this period, a group of stakeholders engaged in a structured collaboration, called the WASH cluster. This initiative was taken to respond to severe and frequent cholera outbreaks. Over these 5 years, the collaborating partners engaged in a voluntary partnership, which attracted attention due to the ascribed improvements of some key health indicators. Drawing from the body of literature on collaboration, the research confirms the applicability of findings on both the process and key features of successful collaboration and was able to position the evolution of the Zimbabwean case in the continuum of collaboration arrangements proposed in the literature. Likewise, the specific sequencing and causality of steps in the creation and development of the Zimbabwean WASH cluster were found to match those of the collaborative pathway. Finally, the findings confirm the general applicability of principles of collaboration, although the evaluation of its outcomes poses challenges. In addition, the research found that inasmuch as prominent leaders enhance collaboration, leadership by permanent government bodies promotes sustainability of the collaborative approach.

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Waterman, Richard, and Stan Frost. "The impact of improvements in rural sanitation on wood supplies in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Environmental Studies 34, no. 1-2 (July 1989): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238908710515.

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Chazireni, Evans. "The Spatial Dynamics of Sanitation Conditions in Matebeleland South Province of Zimbabwe." European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences 3, no. 6 (2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20170306.13.

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Taderera, Hope, Alois Madhekeni, Gideon Zhou, and Tafadzwa Chevo. "Sector Wide Approach in Health: Policy Response and Framework in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i1.1570.

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The discourse is on the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) in health, a policy reform intervention by the World Health Organization, and focuses on Zimbabwe’s response, and the subsequent health policy framework. A SWAp is a government led partnership with donor agencies and the civil society, in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the health policy. The rationale is to systematically build the capacity of health delivery systems and structures, for the realization health policy objectives through effective and efficient utilization of collaboratively mobilized resources for the realization of sustainable development in health. Zimbabwe has responded to SWAps by adopting the WHO Country Cooperation Strategy (2008-2013), being implemented through the National Health Strategy (2009-2013). A collaborative approach involving the state and civil society is being pursued. Within this arrangement, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare is leading the strategic and operational function, at all levels of society, with the donor community, through the civil society playing a supportive role particularly in areas which include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, water and sanitation, and maternal health. Coordination is done through the National Planning Forum, made up of the health ministry and the voluntary sector, and the Health Development Partners Coordination Group, made up of donor agencies in health, in line with the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework and the Interagency Humanitarian Coordination Mechanism. It was concluded that a framework has been put in place through which the SWAp is being pursued, towards systematic capacity building of Zimbabwe’s health sector.

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Brocklehurst, Clarissa, Murtaza Malik, Kiwe Sebunya, and Peter Salama. "Engineering in the time of cholera: overcoming institutional and political challenges to rebuild Zimbabwe's water and sanitation infrastructure in the aftermath of the 2008 cholera epidemic." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.143.

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A devastating cholera epidemic swept Zimbabwe in 2008, causing over 90,000 cases, and leaving more than 4,000 dead. The epidemic raged predominantly in urban areas, and the cause could be traced to the slow deterioration of Zimbabwe's water and sewerage utilities during the economic and political crisis that had gripped the country since the late 1990s. Rapid improvement was needed if the country was to avoid another cholera outbreak. In this context, donors, development agencies and government departments joined forces to work in a unique partnership, and to implement a programme of swift improvements that went beyond emergency humanitarian aid but did not require the time or massive investment associated with full-scale urban rehabilitation. The interventions ranged from supply of water treatment chemicals and sewer rods to advocacy and policy advice. The authors analyse the factors that made the programme effective and the challenges that partners faced. The case of Zimbabwe offers valuable lessons for other countries transitioning from emergency to development, and particularly those that need to take rapid action to upgrade failing urban systems. It illustrates that there is a ‘middle path’ between short-term humanitarian aid delivered in urban areas and large-scale urban rehabilitation, which can provide timely and highly effective results.

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Sibanda, G., D. Musademba, H. C. Chihobo, and L. Zanamwe. "A Feasibility Study of Biogas Technology to Solving Peri-urban Sanitation Problems in Developing Countries. A Case for Harare, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.97-104.

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This study investigated the feasibility of converting organic waste into energy using biogas technology to address sanitation problems in peri-urban suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe.These suburbs with an estimated population of 156.975 are unique in that they are not connected to the Harare main water sewer system. A baseline survey was conducted to determine the quantity of biodegradable human and kitchen waste (N=60). Biodigester sizing and costing was done for various scenarios mainly household standalone, single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. In addition potential biogas conversion to electricity was done for single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. This was followed by a cost benefit analysis of employing combined suburbs biogas technology. A combined suburbs centralised biogas model was found to be the most feasible scenario producing 7378 m3 of biogas per day with electricity production capacity of 384 kW .There was a potential of wood savings of 6129 tonnes/year, paraffin savings of 2.556 tonnes/year and greenhouse benefits of 980 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions/ year and which would attract U$2940 from carbon credits sales per year. The study recommended the adoption of the biogas technology because of its potential toaddress both economic and sanitation challenges being faced by local authorities in developing countries particularly, improved hygienic conditions, energy supply chronic epidemics and sewerreticulation.

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Remigios, Mangizvo V. "Women – water – sanitation: The case of Rimuka high-density suburb in Kadoma, Zimbabwe." Agenda 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2011.576004.

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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Victor Nyamandi, Charles Siachema, Nesbert Shirihuru, Lovemore Dhoba, Alison Baggen, Trevor Kanyowa, et al. "Using the Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT) in Zimbabwe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in 50 COVID-19 Isolation Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115641.

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The availability of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is a key prerequisite for quality care and infection prevention and control in health care facilities (HCFs). In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance and urgency of enhancing WASH coverage to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and other healthcare-associated infections. As a part of COVID-19 preparedness and response interventions, the Government of Zimbabwe, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and civil society organizations conducted WASH assessments in 50 HCFs designated as COVID-19 isolation facilities. Assessments were based on the Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool (WASH FIT), a multi-step framework to inform the continuous monitoring and improvement of WASH services. The WASH FIT assessments revealed that one in four HCFs did not have adequate services across the domains of water, sanitation, health care waste, hand hygiene, facility environment, cleanliness and disinfection, and management. The sanitation domain had the largest proportion of health care facilities with poor service coverage (42%). Some of the recommendations from this assessment include the provision of sufficient water for all users, Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM)- and disability-friendly sanitation facilities, handwashing facilities, waste collection services, energy for incineration or waste treatment facilities, cleaning supplies, and financial resources for HCFs. WASH FIT may be a useful tool to inform WASH interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

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Bisung, Elijah, and Susan J. Elliott. "Psychosocial impacts of the lack of access to water and sanitation in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review." Journal of Water and Health 15, no. 1 (November 10, 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.158.

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The lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation has implications for the psychosocial well-being of individuals and households. To review the literature on psychosocial impacts, we completed a scoping review of the published literature using Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. Of the included studies, six were conducted in India, one in Nepal, one in Mexico, one in Bolivia, two in Ethiopia, one in Zimbabwe, one in South Africa, and two in Kenya. Four interrelated groups of stressors emerged from the review: physical stressors, financial stressors, social stressors, and stressors related to (perceived) inequities. Further, gender differences were observed, with women carrying a disproportionate psychosocial burden. We argue that failure to incorporate psychosocial stressors when estimating the burden or benefits of safe water and sanitation may mask an important driver of health and well-being for many households in low- and middle-income countries. We propose further research on water-related stressors with particular attention to unique cultural norms around water and sanitation, short and long term psychosocial outcomes, and individual and collective coping strategies. These may help practitioners better understand cumulative impacts and mechanisms for addressing water and sanitation challenges.

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Kwangware, Johnson, Aloyce Mayo, and Zvikomborero Hoko. "Sustainability of donor-funded rural water supply and sanitation projects in Mbire district, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 76-78 (2014): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2014.10.001.

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Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T., James A. Platts-Mills, Jean Gratz, Jixian Zhang, Lawrence H. Moulton, Kuda Mutasa, Florence D. Majo, et al. "Impact of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Enteric Infections in Rural Zimbabwe: The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 8 (April 20, 2019): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz179.

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Abstract Background We assessed the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) interventions on enteric infections in the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial in rural Zimbabwe. Methods We tested stool samples collected at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age and during diarrhea using quantitative molecular diagnostics for 29 pathogens. We estimated the effects of the WASH, IYCF, and combined WASH + IYCF interventions on individual enteropathogen prevalence and quantity, total numbers of pathogens detected, and incidence of pathogen-attributable diarrhea. Results WASH interventions decreased the number of parasites detected (difference in number compared to non-WASH arms, –0.07 [95% confidence interval, –.14 to –.02]), but had no statistically significant effects on bacteria, viruses, or the prevalence and quantity of individual enteropathogens after accounting for multiple comparisons. IYCF interventions had no significant effects on individual or total enteropathogens. Neither intervention had significant effects on pathogen-attributable diarrhea. Conclusions The WASH interventions implemented in SHINE (improved pit latrine, hand-washing stations, liquid soap, point-of-use water chlorination, and clean play space) did not prevent enteric infections. Transformative WASH interventions are needed that are more efficacious in interrupting fecal–oral microbial transmission in children living in highly contaminated environments.

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Chilunjika, Alouis, and Sharon R. T. Muzvidziwa-Chilunjika. "Dynamics surrounding the Implementation of the Primary Health Care Approach in Zimbabwe’s Rural Areas: The Case of Mt Darwin District." International Journal of Clinical Inventions and Medical Science 3, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijcims-0301.162.

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This research studied the implementation of the Primary Health Care approach to health service delivery in Zimbabwe’s rural areas from 2009 to 2012. The approach was launched in response to the Alma-Alta Declaration in 1978 which sought to end the inequalities in health care provision around the globe and was first adopted and implemented in 1982 in Zimbabwe. The approach almost collapsed due to the economic meltdown in the past decade but the period 2009 to 2013 marked a new economic paradigm in Zimbabwe which saw the economy being dollarized which subsequently led to the revival and the resuscitation of the health sector. It is therefore to explore the progress and the dynamics surrounding the implementation of the PHC at Mt Darwin Hospital in light of the dollarized economy. The study explores the dynamics surrounding the implementation of PHC at Mt Darwin District Hospital by particular attention to the following key elements: promotion of nutrition, sanitation, maternal and child care, immunization, treatment of common diseases and provision of essential drugs. Qualitative techniques such as face to face interviews with key informants and documentary research were used to generate data. The research findings revealed that PHC is a powerful tool in delivering health services in Mt Darwin. However, lack of material, financial and human resources have hindered the proper implementation of the PHC approach in Mt Darwin district. The study recommends multi sectoral collaboration in solving health related issues.

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Manyena, Siambabala Bernard, Sani Boniface Mutale, and Andrew Collins. "Sustainability of rural water supply and disaster resilience in Zimbabwe." Water Policy 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.066.

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Rural water supply, especially through the provision of village hand pumps, is implicated in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 to enhance the resilience of disaster-affected communities. Lessons from past programmes could help the design and implementation of future rural water supply and sanitation interventions as both a means and an end for sustainable and resilient communities, especially in disaster-prone areas. A study was carried out in the disaster-prone Binga District of Zimbabwe to ascertain whether rural water supply has helped in enhancing community resilience. The findings support the argument that, in addition to ‘hard’ technical inputs and ‘soft’ local human resource inputs, rural water supply is only effective if introduced with the ‘right’ reasons identified and made to operate sustainably, rather than for cost-cutting reasons. The latter is likely to reduce rather than enhance and sustain disaster resilience built by communities over centuries.

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Mvumi, Brighton, Learnmore Tatenda Matsikira, and Jackqeline Mutambara. "The banana postharvest value chain analysis in Zimbabwe." British Food Journal 118, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2014-0293.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the banana industry in Zimbabwe focusing on postharvest losses along the value chain (VC). Design/methodology/approach – The study evaluated the banana industry in Zimbabwe focusing on postharvest losses along the VC. Findings – Total postharvest losses for 2011-2012 were estimated to be 24-27 per cent of total production with a minimum economic loss of USD69,983/annum/firm, and a total loss of more than USD500,000/annum between the VCs analysed. The bulk of the losses occurred at farm level during handling and transportation. The major factors contributing to banana postharvest losses were: unreliable transport, poor communication and coordination between producers and processors; lack of or inefficient temperature management and poor sanitation. Practical implications – The study identified production capacity, quality and branding as opportunities and challenges in the banana industry. Currently, there is a 40 per cent unmet local demand for bananas and hence there are no exports. If modern banana handling systems are employed and more research and development is carried out along the VC, postharvest losses can be reduced significantly, resulting in increased income and potential expansion of the industry. Originality/value – This is the first known attempt to analyse the banana VC in southern Africa and quantify postharvest losses.

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Yao, M. N. "(A253) Integrated Community-Based Interventions to Overcome a Deadly Cholera Outbreak in Zimbabwe." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s69—s70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11002378.

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An unprecedented cholera outbreak affected Zimbabwe from August 2008 to July 2009 with 98,592 cases and 4,288 deaths, in 54 out of 62 districts. The main strategy used to overcome the outbreak was an integrated community-based interventions package. The present work is a case study to describe the strategy and lessons learned for future humanitarian crises and preparedness. The methodology was based on the review of epidemiological reports, assessment and surveys' reports, minutes of joint Health and Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Clusters' meetings, and direct observation as Health Cluster Coordinator. Epidemiological data showed an increasing number of cases in rural areas with community deaths representing 66% of the 1,948 deaths from 61,304 cases on 31 January 2009. Risk factors identified in communities were: lack of awareness about the disease, cultural and religious behaviors, lack of potable water with weak sanitation, lack and inappropriate use of water purification tablets, and lack of soap and water containers for effective behavior change. There also was late arrival to cholera to the few treatment centers by rural populations. In addition to treatment centers, a package of interventions was implemented by multi-sectoral stakeholders. The package included: health and WASH education tools and practice sessions for healthy and hygienic behavior change and for an effective use of oral rehydration salt as first aid measure; community-based surveillance with an early warning system and response teams; and distribution of containers and water purification tablets with drilling of water points. Epidemiological data showed a significant decrease of cholera cases where the full package was implemented. This work showed that an integrated package of interventions jointly targeting risk factors can be effective on public health threats in rural communities. Community-based preparedness and response should then take into account an integrated joint intervention package to mitigate public health threats.

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Chimbari, Moses J. "Enhancing Schistosomiasis Control Strategy for Zimbabwe: Building on Past Experiences." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/353768.

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Schistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniare prevalent in Zimbabwe to levels that make schistosomiasis a public health problem. Following three national surveys to map the disease prevalence, a national policy on control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths is being developed. This paper reviews the experiences that Zimbabwe has in the area of schistosomiasis control with a view to influence policy. A case study approach to highlight key experiences and outcomes was adopted. The benefits derived from intersectoral collaboration that led to the development of a model irrigation scheme that incorporates schistosomiasis control measures are highlighted. Similarly, the benefits of using plant molluscicides and fish and duck biological agents (Sargochromis codringtoniiandCairina moschata) are highlighted. Emphasis was also placed on the importance of utilizing locally developed water and sanitation technologies and the critical human resource base in the area of schistosomiasis developed over years. After synthesis of the case studies presented, it was concluded that while there is a need to follow the WHO recommended guidelines for schistosomiasis control it is important to develop a control strategy that is informed by work already done in the country. The importance of having a policy and local guidelines for schistosomiasis control is emphasized.

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Mhlanga-Gunda, Rosemary, Stephanie Kewley, Nehemiah Chivandikwa, and Marie-Claire Van Hout. "Prison conditions and standards of health care for women and their children incarcerated in Zimbabwean prisons." International Journal of Prisoner Health 16, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-11-2019-0063.

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Purpose The Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region remains at the epicentre of the HIV epidemic and disproportionately affecting women, girls and prisoners. Women in prison are a minority group and their special health needs relating to gender sensitivity, reproductive health, their children and HIV/AIDs are frequently neglected. Our study responded to this need, and aimed to investigate the issue. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study using focus group discussions and key informant interviews explored the perspectives of women in prison, correctional officers, correctional health professionals and non-governmental organisations around prison conditions and standards of health care while incarcerated in a large female prison in Zimbabwe. Narratives were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Findings The three key themes that emerged are as follows: “Sanitation and hygiene in the prison”, “Nutrition for women and children” and “Prison-based health services and health care”. Divergence or agreement across perspectives around adequate standards of sanitation, hygiene, quality and adequacy of food, special diets for those with health conditions, access to health care in prison and the continuum of care across incarceration and community are presented. Practical implications Understanding prison environmental cultures which shape correctional staff’s understanding and responsiveness to women in prison, environmental health conditions and access to health care are vital to improve conditions and continuum of care in Zimbabwe. Originality/value Policy and technical guidance continues to emphasise the need for research in SSA prisons to garner insight into the experiences of women and their children, with a particular emphasis on the prison environment for them, their health outcomes and health-care continuum. This unique study responded to this need.

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Chinyama, A., P. T. Chipato, and E. Mangore. "Sustainable sanitation systems for low income urban areas – A case of the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 50-52 (2012): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2012.08.010.

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Lenneiye, Mungai. "Testing Community Empowerment Strategies in Zimbabwe: Examples from Nutrition Supplementation, and Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes." IDS Bulletin 31, no. 1 (January 2000): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2000.mp31001003.x.

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Chifamba, Ephraim. "Mainstreaming Gender in Pursuit of Millennium Development Goals in Water Resource Governance in Buhera, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i1.8946.

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Women have the primary role for the management of household water supply, sanitation and health. Water is necessary for drinking, but also for food production and preparation, personal hygiene, care of the sick, cleaning, washing and waste disposal. Because of their dependence on water resources, women have accumulated considerable knowledge about water resources, including location, quality and storage methods. However, efforts geared towards improving the management of the finite water resources and extending access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, have often overlooked the central role that women play in water management. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The research noted that despite increased gender awareness and the availability of much more information on women’s and men’s roles in water management, gender is not yet mainstreamed into this sector. The study revealed that prospects for effective gender mainstreaming in water resource management will hinge on how the main agenda can address the transformation of gender relations and treat water as a human right so as to realize the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Buhera. A gender equity approach within the water sector, should strive for a more balanced division between women and men in access to information, sharing of contribution, the degree of decision making, access to resources and benefits and the control over water resources. Addressing women’s concerns and mainstreaming gender in water governance through a livelihood approach is critical because this generates an understanding of people’s livelihood strategies and their decision making mechanisms and processes. Significant support and capacity development are required to enhance the participation in decision making processes for the success of water management initiatives.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i1.8946 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(1) 2014 10-21

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Hirai, Mitsuaki, Arnold Cole, Moreblessing Munyaka, Steven Mudhuviwa, Taurai Maja, and Aidan Cronin. "Use of group maturity index to measure growth, performance, and sustainability of community health clubs in urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program in Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.023.

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Abstract Zimbabwe experienced an unprecedented cholera outbreak in 2008 and 2009. Reduced access to water, sanitation and hygiene, delayed community health education, and limited knowledge on cholera prevention were the major risk factors of this outbreak which were addressed by urban WASH interventions. Health and hygiene promotion through community health clubs (CHCs) is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the risk of cholera. In 2013, UNICEF Zimbabwe launched the Small Towns WASH Program (STWP) and used the CHC approach for hygiene promotion. To monitor the growth, performance, and sustainability of CHCs, STWP employed the Group Maturity Index, which measures the status of CHCs in five domains: objectives, governance, resources, group systems, and impacts. This study described the maturity status of CHCs as measured by GMI as a new monitoring tool and assessed if CHCs’ performances in GMI's output domains are associated with the impact domain. The results suggested that over 75% of CHCs had reached the managed stage or the mature stage by 2018. Three of the GMI's output domains were independently associated with the overall impact domain after controlling for potential confounders. CHCs and club members may experience overall positive impacts by developing their governance, resource, and group system domains.

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Gundry, Stephen W., James A. Wright, Ronán M. Conroy, Martella Du Preez, Bettina Genthe, Sibonginkosi Moyo, Charles Mutisi, and Natasha Potgieter. "Child dysentery in the Limpopo Valley: a cohort study of water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.032.

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The objective of this cohort study was to assess risk factors for child dysentery and watery diarrhoea. The study participants consisted of 254 children aged 12–24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe in households where drinking water was collected from communal sources. The main outcome measure was the most severe diarrhoea episode: dysentery, watery diarrhoea or none. For dysentery, drinking water from sources other than standpipes had a relative risk ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.5–9.8). Poor source water quality, as indicated by Escherichia coli counts of 10 or more cfu 100 ml−1, increased risk by 2.9 (1.5–5.7). There were no other significant risk factors for dysentery and none for watery diarrhoea. In this study, endemic dysentery is associated only with faecal contamination of source water. Sources other than standpipes, including improved groundwater, are of greater risk. Remediation of water quality by treatment at source or in the household will be required to achieve access to safe drinking water in accordance with the 7th Millennium Development Goal.

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Ncube, France, Artwell Kanda, Maude Chahwanda, Margaret Macherera, and Bigboy Ngwenya. "Predictors of hand hygiene behaviours among primary and secondary school children in a rural district setting in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional epidemiologic study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.126.

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Abstract Hand hygiene is one of the most effective and efficient ways of controlling faecal–oral diseases. However, little is known about the predictors of hand hygiene behaviours among school children. A predesigned checklist guide was used to observe hygiene behaviours of 460 pupils from four rural schools in Shamva South district, Zimbabwe. A pretested questionnaire was administered to obtain demographic data of the observed school children. Membership of a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) club, age, gender and the level of education were associated with hand hygiene practices (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that investing in hand hygiene behaviour change processes among school children using the promotion, formation, resuscitation and empowerment of WASH clubs in schools is important in disease prevention among communities in developing countries.

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Church, James A., Sandra Rukobo, Margaret Govha, Benjamin Lee, Marya P. Carmolli, Bernard Chasekwa, Robert Ntozini, et al. "The Impact of Improved Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity in Zimbabwean Infants: Substudy of a Cluster-randomized Trial." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 12 (March 29, 2019): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz140.

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Abstract Background Oral vaccines have lower efficacy in developing compared to developed countries. Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) may contribute to reduced oral vaccine immunogenicity. Methods We conducted a cluster-randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe. Pregnant women and their infants were eligible if they lived in clusters randomized to (1) standard of care (52 clusters); (2) improved infant feeding (53 clusters); (3) WASH: ventilated improved pit latrine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, infant play space, and hygiene counseling (53 clusters); or (4) feeding plus WASH (53 clusters). This substudy compared oral rotavirus vaccine (RVV) seroconversion (primary outcome), and seropositivity and geometric mean titer (GMT) (secondary outcomes), in WASH vs non-WASH infants by intention-to-treat analysis. Results We included 801 infants with documented RVV receipt and postvaccine titer measurements (329 from 84 WASH clusters; 472 from 102 non-WASH clusters); 328 infants with prevaccination titers were included in the primary outcome. Thirty-three of 109 (30.3%) infants in the WASH group seroconverted following rotavirus vaccination, compared to 43 of 219 (19.6%) in the non-WASH group (absolute difference, 10.6% [95% confidence interval {CI}, .54%–20.7%]; P = .031). In the WASH vs non-WASH groups, 90 of 329 (27.4%) vs 107 of 472 (22.7%) were seropositive postvaccination (absolute difference, 4.7% [95% CI, –1.4% to 10.8%]; P = .130), and antirotavirus GMT was 18.4 (95% CI, 15.6–21.7) U/mL vs 14.9 (95% CI, 13.2–16.8) U/mL (P = .072). Conclusions Improvements in household WASH led to modest but significant increases in seroconversion to RVV in rural Zimbabwean infants. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01824940.

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Koyratty, Nadia, Andrew Jones, Roseanne Schuster, Katarzyna Kordas, Chin-Shang Li, Mduduzi Mbuya, Godfred Boateng, et al. "Food Insecurity and Water Insecurity in Rural Zimbabwe: Development of Multidimensional Household Measures." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116020.

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Background: With millions of people experiencing malnutrition and inadequate water access, FI and WI remain topics of vital importance to global health. Existing unidimensional FI and WI metrics do not all capture similar multidimensional aspects, thus restricting our ability to assess and address food- and water-related issues. Methods: Using the Sanitation, Hygiene and Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial data, our study conceptualizes household FI (N = 3551) and WI (N = 3311) separately in a way that captures their key dimensions. We developed measures of FI and WI for rural Zimbabwean households based on multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) for categorical data. Results: Three FI dimensions were retained: ‘poor food access’, ‘household shocks’ and ‘low food quality and availability’, as were three WI dimensions: ‘poor water access’, ‘poor water quality’, and ‘low water reliability’. Internal validity of the multidimensional models was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with test samples at baseline and 18 months. The dimension scores were associated with a group of exogenous variables (SES, HIV-status, season, depression, perceived health, food aid, water collection), additionally indicating predictive, convergent and discriminant validities. Conclusions: FI and WI dimensions are sufficiently distinct to be characterized via separate indicators. These indicators are critical for identifying specific problematic insecurity aspects and for finding new targets to improve health and nutrition interventions.

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Waterkeyn, Juliet, and Sandy Cairncross. "Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs: A cost-effective intervention in two districts in Zimbabwe." Social Science & Medicine 61, no. 9 (November 2005): 1958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.012.

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Gran, H. M., A. N. Mutukumira, A. Wetlesen, and J. A. Narvhus. "Smallholder dairy processing in Zimbabwe: the production of fermented milk products with particular emphasis on sanitation and microbiological quality." Food Control 13, no. 3 (April 2002): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(01)00094-9.

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Zerai, Assata. "Millennium Development Goal shortfalls in Zimbabwe: Analysing the impact of access to water and sanitation on early childhood morbidity." Development Southern Africa 34, no. 6 (May 8, 2017): 802–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2017.1310031.

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Church, James A., Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade, Kuda Mutasa, Mami Taniuchi, Sandra Rukobo, Margaret Govha, Benjamin Lee, et al. "Enteropathogens and Rotavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity in a Cluster Randomized Trial of Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Rural Zimbabwe." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 38, no. 12 (December 2019): 1242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002485.

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Shelus, Victoria, and Orlando L. Hernandez. "The usefulness of a handwashing proxy in large household surveys." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 4 (August 20, 2015): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.184.

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Handwashing with soap is a cost-effective way of reducing diarrheal disease mortality in children under 5. Tracking this practice among child caretakers is a challenge, as the gold standard method – structured observations – is cumbersome, costly, and conducive to over-performance. The water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) field needs a valid, reliable proxy to track handwashing with soap in large surveys. This proxy is crucial as the new 2015–2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) may track hygiene. Using data from the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) from five countries, we conducted multivariate analyses to explore an association between the presence of functional handwashing stations (HWSs), (together with needed supplies) and the likelihood of lower reports of child diarrheal disease. A limited to moderate association exists in three of the five countries considered, characterized by comparable rates of childhood diarrhea: Malawi, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe. The relationship was detected when controlling for potential confounding factors (other WASH elements, socio-demographic factors, nutrition practices, and immunization status) and when accounting for cluster effects. The likelihood of reported diarrhea among children under 5 increases when there is no HWS, just a handwashing device with no supplies, only water or only soap. The relationship is moderate in Malawi and less strong in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. No relationship was found in Ethiopia and Ghana. Further exploration of the usefulness of this proxy in other African and non-African contexts is warranted.

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Demberere, Tendai, Tayedza Chidziya, Tatenda Ncozana, and Norman Manyeruke. "Knowledge and practices regarding water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) among mothers of under-fives in Mawabeni, Umzingwane District of Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 92 (April 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.09.013.

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Mukheli, Azwidowi, Gilbert Mosupye, and Larry A. Swatuk. "Is the Pungwe water supply project a solution to water accessibility and sanitation problems for the households of Sakubva, Zimbabwe?" Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 27, no. 11-22 (2002): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00058-x.

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Madziyauswa, Victor. "Assessing sustainability of community managed NGOs’ WASH interventions in rural Zimbabwe: the case of Chivi district in Masvingo province." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.049.

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Abstract Availability and accessibility to water and good sanitation add considerably towards improving human lives and in the development of every country. In a number of instances, central governments have been unable to meet the requirements and needs of their respective citizens in totality, mainly due to capacity constraints and other competing demands. This has seen non-government organizations (NGOs) inspired to provide communities with those services. Concern has been raised about sustainability of community managed NGOs’ services in rural areas of Zimbabwe. This study assesses sustainability of community managed NGOs’ rural WASH services with a view to producing recommendations on how sustainability of NGOs’ services might be enhanced by working with other stakeholders. The study's major finding was that NGOs’ services in rural areas lack a clear mechanism of enhancing continuity. Forty-five households, three water point committees, two schools and one clinic from three wards were interviewed. Respondents were chosen using purposive sampling techniques from ward 18, 19 and 20. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the use of an interview guide. The study recommends the need for government to prioritize the rural WASH sector in resource allocation. This will ensure that infrastructure maintenance and repairs are implemented in conjunction with involved communities.

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Saaristo, P., and T. Aloudat. "(A187) Red Cross Volunteers' Roles in Epidemic Control: Community-Level Interventions during Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe and Haiti." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1100183x.

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Managing epidemics, or preferably, preventing them, is a priority for the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC). The IFRC response to the cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe in 2009 and in Haiti in 2010 both included: the Emergency Response Unit system as the backbone, and the International Red Cross Movement helped the National Red Cross Society fulfill its humanitarian mandate during the emergency. Water and Sanitation units and Basic Health Care Units cooperated seamlessly to ensure consistency and effectiveness in the activities. A large part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement response is performed by community-based volunteers. During both outbreaks, the Red Cross put special focus on community-level interventions. In both countries, the National Red Cross Society, supported by the International Federation of the Red Cross, trained volunteer groups using a local adaptation and translation of the IFRC training package for emergency health and epidemic control. Research has shown that community volunteers frequently lack the background information necessary for a quick and efficient response to epidemics, especially when they are located in areas that do not benefit from the support and guidance of health professionals. This is particularly true in developing countries that often lack sufficient healthcare facilities and staff. To help fill those gaps, the IFRC launched a training package — Epidemic Control for Volunteers — more effectively involving volunteers in the epidemic management. It provides volunteers with a basic understanding of the diseases that can easily turn into epidemics. This training package is intended for volunteers and trainers in local branches of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. It teaches them how they can help limit the number of victims, act quickly and effectively, and define their role in the community before, during, and after an epidemic.

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Gough, Ethan K., Lawrence H. Moulton, Kuda Mutasa, Robert Ntozini, Rebecca J. Stoltzfus, Florence D. Majo, Laura E. Smith, et al. "Effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene and improved complementary feeding on environmental enteric dysfunction in children in rural Zimbabwe: A cluster-randomized controlled trial." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): e0007963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007963.

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Humphrey, Jean H., Mduduzi N. N. Mbuya, Robert Ntozini, Lawrence H. Moulton, Rebecca J. Stoltzfus, Naume V. Tavengwa, Kuda Mutasa, et al. "Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial." Lancet Global Health 7, no. 1 (January 2019): e132-e147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30374-7.

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Memory Rumbidzai V. Mandikiana, Yogesh Awasthi, and Isaac Ignatius Dambudzo. "COVID- 19 and its Effects on Refugee, Asylum Seeker and Migrant Children Aged 12-17 Years at Tongogara Refugee Camp in Zimbabwe." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 170–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i2.3235.

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Refugee, asylum seekers, and migrant (displaced) children are at protracted vulnerability levels, and COVID-19 has exacerbated the situation. Zimbabwe accepts refugees but enforces an encampment policy, and displaced populations are encamped at Tongogara Refugee Camp (TRC). The research gap is that there is very little literature on refugees in Zimbabwe. The research objectives for the study were to explore the challenges that refugees, asylum seekers, and displaced children at TRC face, ascertain how COVID-19 has affected children at TRC, and propose solutions to these challenges. This research relied upon a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approach considering the immediacy of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary data is referred from published articles and organizational reports. The population size of 2,304 children aged 12 to 17 was obtained through the United Nations refugee agency (UNHCR)’s January 2021 population statistics for TRC. A 10% sample of 230 respondents was selected. Non-probability sampling techniques were used in administering a questionnaire through individual and focus group interviews, which were fed into KoBo Toolbox. Data cleaning and analysis were conducted, with SPSS and NViVo for quantitative and qualitative data analysis, respectively. Ethical considerations of consent, confidentiality, do no harm, and statements to withdraw from the study were employed. The process involved strict observance of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on COVID-19. The research was conducted between April 2020 and February 2021. Results showed that displaced children suffered a spectrum of challenges before COVID-19. During the COVID-19 period, respondents had limited access to child protection services, experienced increased conflicts at home, and limited access to formal learning and entertainment: their already dire situation was exacerbated by COVID-19. The study recommends the upgrade of the local secondary school to advanced level status, adoption of educational innovations in lieu of the COVID-19 pandemic, including radio, television, and virtual learning platforms; improved child protection mechanisms; accommodation; dietary diversity; access to water and sanitation hygiene; provision of electricity; adequate street lighting; activities for entertainment; and increasing awareness against child abuse and gender-based violence (GBV).

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Chandna, Jaya, Robert Ntozini, Ceri Evans, Gwendoline Kandawasvika, Bernard Chasekwa, Florence D. Majo, Kuda Mutasa, et al. "Effects of improved complementary feeding and improved water, sanitation and hygiene on early child development among HIV-exposed children: substudy of a cluster randomised trial in rural Zimbabwe." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 1 (January 2020): e001718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001718.

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IntroductionHIV-exposed uninfected children may be at risk of poor neurodevelopment. We aimed to test the impact of improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on early child development (ECD) outcomes.MethodsSanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy was a cluster randomised 2×2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01824940). Pregnant women were eligible if they lived in study clusters allocated to standard-of-care (SOC; 52 clusters); IYCF (20 g small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement/day from 6 to 18 months, complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters); WASH (pit latrine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, play space, hygiene counselling; 53 clusters) or IYCF +WASH (53 clusters). Participants and fieldworkers were not blinded. ECD was assessed at 24 months using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT; assessing motor, cognitive, language and social skills); MacArthur Bates Communication Development Inventories (assessing vocabulary and grammar); A-not-B test (assessing object permanence) and a self-control task. Intention-to-treat analyses were stratified by maternal HIV status.ResultsCompared with SOC, children randomised to combined IYCF +WASH had higher total MDAT scores (mean difference +4.6; 95% CI 1.9 to 7.2) and MacArthur Bates vocabulary scores (+8.5 words; 95% CI 3.7 to 13.3), but there was no evidence of effects from IYCF or WASH alone. There was no evidence that that any intervention impacted object permanence or self-control.ConclusionsCombining IYCF and WASH interventions significantly improved motor, language and cognitive development in HIV-exposed children.Trial registration numberNCT01824940.

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Matare, Cynthia, Joice Tome, Rachel Makasi, Katherine Dickin, Gretel Pelto, Mark Constas, Bernard Chasekwa, et al. "Maternal Decision-Making Autonomy, Mental Health, Gender Norm Attitudes, and Social Support During Pregnancy Predict Child Care-Giving and Stunting in Rural Zimbabwe." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_071.

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Abstract Objectives To determine the predictive association of 7 maternal capabilities during pregnancy [physical and mental health (PH, MH), social support (SS), decision making autonomy (DMA), gender norm attitudes (GNA), mothering self-efficacy (MSE), and time stress (TS)] with subsequent child care behaviors and child length-for-age Z (LAZ) and stunting (LAZ< −2.0) at 18 months. Methods Capabilities were assessed by questionnaire among 4667 pregnant women enrolled in the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE). Child care behaviors and LAZ were assessed at infant ages 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. We used logistic regression or generalized estimating equation models accounting for within-cluster correlation and adjusted for pre-specified covariates to test the association between each maternal capability and each outcome. Results Food security was associated with stronger maternal capabilities, across all seven domains. Mothers with more egalitarian GNA were more likely to have an institutional delivery, initiate breastfeeding early, exclusively breastfeed (EBF) to 6 months, and have soap and water at a handwashing station. Mothers with TS were less likely to EBF. Mothers with greater SS were more likely to have an institutional delivery and feed their child a diverse diet; depressed mothers were less likely to have an institutional delivery and a fully immunized child. In fully adjusted analyses, GNA and SS were significantly associated with child LAZ at 18 months and DMA and SS were significantly associated with stunting (LAZ< −2.0). Depression was more weakly associated with LAZ (P = 0.08). Conclusions Mothers who hold more equitable GNA; who are empowered to independently make decisions affecting themselves and their children; who know someone they can count on for help during times of need; and who are not depressed, are more likely to provide optimal care for their children and their children are less likely to be stunted at 18 months of age. Interventions to strengthen these maternal capabilities within nutrition programs will likely increase impact on child nutritional status and health. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542, OPP1143707); UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust (09,3768/Z/10/Z,108,065/Z/15/Z), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (8,106,727).

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Prendergast, Andrew J., Bernard Chasekwa, Ceri Evans, Kuda Mutasa, Mduduzi N. N. Mbuya, Rebecca J. Stoltzfus, Laura E. Smith, et al. "Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on stunting and anaemia among HIV-exposed children in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised controlled trial." Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 3, no. 2 (February 2019): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30340-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sanitation – Zimbabwe'

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