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Journal articles on the topic 'Sanitation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Chandler, Timothy D. "Sanitation privatization and sanitation employees’ wages." Journal of Labor Research 15, no. 2 (1994): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685726.

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Dasi, Idharsyah Termanu, Agus Setyobudi, and Mustakim Sahdan. "Study of Sanitation Levels of Passenger Ships Boying at Tenau Port." Cross Current International Journal of Medical and Biosciences 4, no. 3 (2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijmb.2022.v04i03.003.

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Ship sanitation is one of the efforts at environmental risk factors on ships to break the chain of disease transmission in order to maintain and enhance health status .Poor ship sanitation will cause many problems in terms of physical, health, aesthetics and human survival The aim of this study is to know the description of the sanitation conditions on passenger ships that docked at the Kupang Tenau Port in 20 22. The type of this study is descriptive. Population in this study is all passenger ships that dock at the Port of Tenau Kupang from 4 to 17 March 2022 totaling 8 vessels. Accidental Sa

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3

Reynolds, A. "Food Sanitation." Food Control 1, no. 2 (1990): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7135(90)90096-u.

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4

Stephenson, Joan. "Poor Sanitation." JAMA 300, no. 7 (2008): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.7.782-d.

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5

Malkov, I. S., and E. K. Salakhov. "Laparoscopic sanitation of the abdominal cavity in complex treatment of patients with generalized peritonitis." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 2 (2012): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2310.

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Aim. To develop a method of programmed laparoscopic sanitation in patients with generalized forms of peritonitis with the use of low-frequency ultrasound energy. Methods. Conducted was an analysis of results of treatment of 211 patients with generalized peritonitis admitted to the surgical department of the City Clinical Hospital №7 from 2000 to 2010. The main group comprised 37 patients in whom laparoscopic sanitation with the use of low-frequency ultrasound was performed. The control group included 174 patients who underwent conventional relaparotomy due to progression of the pathological pr

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6

S, Lukkumanul Hakkim. "Environmental Health and Sanitation." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (2019): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23107.

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7

Munamati, Muchaneta, Innocent Nhapi, and Shepherd N. Misi. "Monitoring sanitation performance: unpacking the figures on sanitation coverage." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (2015): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.180.

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An understanding of the sanitation situation is crucial for planning and evaluating effectiveness of sanitation interventions. Such knowledge is gained through monitoring sanitation performance. At the international level, sanitation monitoring is done by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The JMP tracks progress made towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) sanitation target using information collected from household surveys. This article critically describes and reviews the JMP sanitation monitoring ap

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8

Langergraber, Günter, and Elke Muellegger. "Ecological Sanitation—a way to solve global sanitation problems?" Environment International 31, no. 3 (2005): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.08.006.

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9

Susanti, Rina, Rifardi Rifardi, and Yoskar Kadarisman. "Peran Masyarakat dalam Pencapaian Target Sustainable Development Goals Desa Layak Air Bersih dan Sanitasi." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 3, no. 3 (2021): 1253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i3.535.

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The article aims to analyze the forms of role of community in the efforts to support the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals Village of clean water and sanitation. The study used perspective review over community participation by Keith Davis to take an approach over the problem. The data were collected through documentation and filling in the questionnaires by 158 households of Talontam village. The data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive approach. The result of the study showed that to attain the sixth of Sustainable Development Goals village community who did not have ac

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10

Laro, K. O., E. A. Banjo, N. Saka, and E.A. Makinde. "Impact of Environmental Sanitation and Livability of People in Ibadan South-West Local Government." Environmental Issues 10, no. 1 (2023): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14778554.

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In Nigeria adequate environmental sanitation has not been strictly adhered to. The inadequate supply of sanitation facilities such as: public toilets, drainage, sewage networks, and poor sanitation practices does not support livability. Thus, it has contributed to various social and health problems in the country. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the impact of environmental sanitation on livability in Ibadan South West Local Government. to achieve this aim, the basic objectives are to: identify the sources of water, investigate access to water, examine vec

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11

siba, sankar mohanty, Prakash Amar, Jaiswal Bharti, and Bisht Madhu. "Misplaced Prioritisation in Sanitation Battle in India– Some Insights from the Global Experience." Journal of Studies in Dynamics and Change -JSDC 3, no. 2 (2016): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7782038.

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<em>While the role of safe water and sanitation facilities in ensuring better health and nutritional facilities are well-recognised in the literature and policy discourses, more often than not, they are approached in isolated manners in specific policies to address the issues. The present paper seeks to establish the need to address the issues of access to water and sanitation comprehensively, by analysing World Development Indicator data on a cross-section of 185 countries. With the help of principal component analysis for data reduction and multiple regression of principal components, the pa

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12

Smita, Gupta, and Singh Malik Namita. "Why We Lack in Basic Sanitation? An Assessment of Challenges in Ajmer and Solution Strategies." Journal of Social and Political Sciences 4, no. 3 (2021): 119–30. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.04.03.308.

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Purpose of the study: The paper attempts to find the answer to the question – Why do we lack in basic sanitation? What are the reasons for it? Paper introspects the challenges encountered in sanitation services for Ajmer district in Rajasthan. It identifies the key bottlenecks of the sanitation system to the ground realities of implementation for a non-metropolitan city. The article also outlines the way forward which is suggested to make the sanitation system in the city more available to all. Methodology: The paper is drawn on policy document analysis, urban sanitation policy and other

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13

Murdani, Ihsan, Zakiyuddin Zakiyuddin, Jun Musnadi, Muhammad Iqbal Fahlevi, and Maiza Duana. "The Relationship Of Hygine Sanitation, Sanitation Facilities and Exchanger Actions With Fly Density Levels in Dining House in Meulaboh City." Journal of Nutrition Science 1, no. 2 (2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jns.v1i2.2766.

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It is known that the number of restaurants in the city of Meulaboh there are 66 restaurants. After observing the eating houses in the town of Meulaboh, can be in the know that sanitation eat less qualified home health such as ownership of the means of waste disposal, garbage disposal facilities, hand-washing facilities, washing facilities appliance. The purpose of this study is the relationship Sanitati:ion Hygiene, sanitation facilities, and action handlers Density With Flies On Eating In the city of Meulaboh. This research is an analytic method with cross sectional design. This research was

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14

Barreto, Tobias Ribeiro, Betânia Muniz Pedrosa Rabelo, Henrique Rego Monteiro da Hora, and Milton Junior Erthal. "SANITATION PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT." RINTERPAP - Revista Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Aplicadas 2, no. 1 (2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47682/2675-6552.v2n1p67-78.

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Decision-making in sanitation projects is complex, which is why it is necessary to analyze multiple factors for the efficient planning, control and management of water resources. The aim of this study is to apply a multicriteria method known as AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to aid decision making in sanitation projects management. applying the AHP to define the best basin for the implementation of the sewage system in a neighborhood in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, considering multiple factors.in a private company in the sanitation sector. The goal of this study was accomplished once t

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15

Lenart, Kate. "Bacteriology and Sanitation:." Delaware Journal of Public Health 4, no. 2 (2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32481/djph.2018.03.015.

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16

Funamizu, Naoyuki. "Sanitation Value Chain." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 31, no. 2 (2020): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.31.87.

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17

Rheinländer, Thilde, Flemming Konradsen, Bernard Keraita, Patrick Apoya, and Margaret Gyapong. "Redefining shared sanitation." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93, no. 7 (2015): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.14.144980.

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18

Hoshino, Toshiaki. "Food Sanitation Act." Japanese Journal of Pesticide Science 39, no. 2 (2014): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.w14-12.

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19

Walczak, David. "The Sanitation Imperative." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1997): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049703800226.

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20

Adukia, Anjali. "Sanitation and Education." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 9, no. 2 (2017): 23–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20150083.

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I explore whether the absence of school sanitation infrastructure impedes educational attainment, particularly among pubescent-age girls, using a national Indian school latrine construction initiative and administrative school-level data. School latrine construction substantially increases enrollment of pubescent-age girls, though predominately when providing sex-specific latrines. Privacy and safety appear to matter sufficiently for pubescent-age girls that only sex-specific latrines reduce gender disparities. Any latrine substantially benefits younger girls and boys, who may be particularly

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21

Narain, Sunita. "Sanitation for all." Nature 486, no. 7402 (2012): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/486185a.

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22

Reid, Matthew. "Sanitation and climate." Nature Climate Change 10, no. 6 (2020): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0787-z.

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23

Edberg, Stephen C. "Environmental Sanitation Microbiology." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 1 (1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.1.127.

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24

Edberg, Stephen. "Environmental Sanitation Microbiology." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (1996): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.251.

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25

Mackenbach, J. P. "Sanitation: pragmatism works." BMJ 334, suppl_1 (2007): s17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39044.508646.94.

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26

Mara, Duncan, Jon Lane, Beth Scott, and David Trouba. "Sanitation and Health." PLoS Medicine 7, no. 11 (2010): e1000363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000363.

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27

Himes, Marie, Hiller Spires, Erin Krupa, and Cameron Good. "Water and Sanitation." Science Teacher 88, no. 2 (2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00368555.2020.12293569.

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28

Mehta, Meera, and Dinesh Mehta. "City sanitation ladder: moving from household to citywide sanitation assessment." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (2013): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.134.

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Monitoring sanitation has generally focused on basic access with its implicit links to health impacts. The new thinking on urban sanitation monitoring goes beyond the household level facilities to encompass wider dimensions of equity, public health and natural environment. This requires an assessment of the full value chain from the user interface to storage, conveyance, treatment and disposal or reuse. In developing country context, this also necessitates incorporating other sanitation dimensions beyond excreta management, especially management of greywater, storm water and solid waste as the

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29

Budge, Sophie, Argaw Ambelu, Jamie Bartram, Joe Brown, and Paul Hutchings. "Environmental sanitation and the evolution of water, sanitation and hygiene." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 100, no. 04 (2022): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.21.287137.

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30

Hughes, Mark. "The Victorian London sanitation projects and the sanitation of projects." International Journal of Project Management 31, no. 5 (2013): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.009.

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31

Exley, Josephine L. R., Bernard Liseka, Oliver Cumming, and Jeroen H. J. Ensink. "The Sanitation Ladder, What Constitutes an Improved Form of Sanitation?" Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 2 (2015): 1086–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es503945x.

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32

Seymour, Zakiya A., Eugene Cloete, Margaret McCurdy, Mira Olson, and Joseph Hughes. "Understanding values of sanitation users: examining preferences and behaviors for sanitation systems." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 11, no. 2 (2021): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.119.

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Abstract Sanitation policy and development has undergone a paradigm shift away from supply-driven toward behavioral-based demand-driven approaches. This shift to increase sanitation demand requires multiple stakeholders with varying degrees of interest, knowledge, and capacity. Currently, the design of appropriate sanitation technology disconnects user preference integration from sanitation technology design, resulting in fewer sanitation technologies being adopted and used. This research examines how preferences for specific attributes of appropriate sanitation technologies and implementation

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33

Seymour, Zakiya, and Joseph Hughes. "Sanitation in developing countries: a systematic review of user preferences and motivations." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 4 (2014): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.127.

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Empirical research on sanitation in emerging regions has shown that user preferences and behaviors do influence usage of sanitation technologies. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing literature investigating user preferences and perceptions on sanitation, with particular focus on satisfaction and motivation for usage. The scope was limited to research that provided detailed statistical information about the sample population and sanitation technologies examined. Selected literature is summarized into four areas: descriptive studies about sanitation user satisfaction; comparati

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34

J Balamurugan, J. Balamurugan, M. Ravichandran M Ravichandran, and P. T. Nithiya P T Nithiya. "Ecological Sanitation and Green Economy." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/57.

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35

Sidjabat, Filson M., and Michelle Gunawan. "Evaluation of Community-based Sanitation Program Implementation in Central and East Java." Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 5, no. 2 (2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/alard.v5i2.849.

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Goal 6 of the SDGs has a target for clean water and sanitation, by 2030 the UN has a target of providing universal access to sanitation. Safely managed sanitation can support the progress to supporting socioeconomic development and promoting equality. In developing countries, a majority of the general population does not have access to proper sanitation. Therefore, there are still many challenges faced for sanitation in developing country. Unmanaged sanitation has a negative impact to human health and the environment. In developing countries that has a lot of under developed and rural area, co

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36

Ezeaka, Nonye Benedeth, and Chinenye Evelyn Bartholomew. "Navigating Environmental Sanitation and Health Communication in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science IX, no. I (2025): 3381–89. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2025.9010272.

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In Nigeria, environmental sanitation is a major health issue due to poor waste disposal, open defecate on, and insufficient sanitation facilities. These factors lead to the spread of waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea. Despite government efforts like the National Environmental Sanitation Policy and international initiatives like the Sustainable Development Goals, Nigeria still struggles to implement sustainable sanitation practices. This study investigates the link between environmental sanitation and health communication by examining the obstacles and opportunities for ra

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37

Gunawati, Dewi, and Mohammad Ismath Ramzy. "Building a sustainable sanitation culture in indigenous people of Malaysia: A systematic literature study." Multidisciplinary Reviews 8, no. 2 (2024): 2025031. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025031.

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The sanitation challenges faced by indigenous Malaysian communities are driving an urgent paradigm shift in sanitation approaches. This article highlights the journey toward the formation of a sustainable sanitation culture among indigenous Malaysians. Against the background of poor sanitation conditions in these communities, the main problems raised were a lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities and low awareness of hygiene practices. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze normative and empirical approaches that can be used to improve sanitation conditions. The research met

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38

Faisal Rizal, Achmad, Tia Monika Wulandari, Nopia Wati, and Yemmy Putri Sary. "Evaluasi Program Penyehatan Air dan Hygine Sanitasi Makanan dan Minuman." Avicenna: Jurnal Ilmiah 19, no. 2 (2024): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.36085/avicenna.v19i2.6822.

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Background: nvironmental sanitation program consists of four indicators namely water sanitation, hygiene, food and beverages sanitation, public places sanitation.. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the environmental sanitation program. Metodh: This research used descriptive qualitative with data collection techniquesby conducting in-depth interviews toward 5 core informants and 2 triangulation informants, and for observations by using a check sheet and document review on the indicatorsof achievement report of sanitation program.. The results showed that the achievements of water sa

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39

Rary, Emma, Sarah M. Anderson, Brandon D. Philbrick, Tanvi Suresh, and Jasmine Burton. "Smart Sanitation—Biosensors as a Public Health Tool in Sanitation Infrastructure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (2020): 5146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145146.

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The health of individuals and communities is more interconnected than ever, and emergent technologies have the potential to improve public health monitoring at both the community and individual level. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed and gray literature from 2000-present was conducted on the use of biosensors in sanitation infrastructure (such as toilets, sewage pipes and septic tanks) to assess individual and population health. 21 relevant papers were identified using PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CDC Stacks and NexisUni databases and a reflexive thematic analysis was conducte

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40

Ushijima, Ken, Naoyuki Funamizu, Takako Nabeshima, et al. "The Postmodern Sanitation: agro-sanitation business model as a new policy." Water Policy 17, no. 2 (2015): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.093.

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41

Cid, Clément A., Francine Abiola, and Markus Starkl. "Can International Nonsewered Sanitation Standards Help Solve the Global Sanitation Crisis?" Environmental Science & Technology 56, no. 2 (2022): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03471.

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42

Jo, Jeongeun. "Sanitation or Profit : Urban Sanitation and Water Supply of Modern Shanghai." Critical Review of History 126 (February 28, 2019): 300–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.38080/crh.2019.02.126.300.

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43

Mhaskar, Bhupali. "Making Sanitation a Clean Habit: A School Sanitation Project in India." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (2013): 4866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.o-1-23-04.

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44

Clément, A. Cid, Abiola Francine, and Starkl Markus. "Can International Nonsewered Sanitation Standards Help Solve the Global Sanitation Crisis?" Environmental Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (2022): 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03471.

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This is the accepted manuscript version of the work published in its final form as Clément A Cid; Francine Abiola; Markus Starkl. Environmental Science and Technology, 56 (2), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c0347 Deposited by shareyourpaper.org and openaccessbutton.org. We've taken reasonable steps to ensure this content doesn't violate copyright. However, if you think it does you can request a takedown by emailing help@openaccessbutton.org.

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45

Wulandari, Nita, and Yusriani Sapta Dewi. "PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN SANITASI DAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH TERHADAP KUALITAS SANITASI MANDI CUCI KAKUS DI KAMPUNG BENGEK MUARA BARU." JURNAL TECHLINK 7, no. 2 (2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.59134/jtnk.v7i2.572.

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Sanitation in Kampung Bengek, which is located in the RW 17 Muara Baru area, Penjaringan, North Jakarta, will be a portrait that needs to be considered for alleviating sanitation problems. Sanitation problems in Bengek Village in general can be seen from the low quality and level of sanitation services, especially the large number of residents who do not have private toilets, even though there are toilet and washing facilities (MCK) but their utilization and management are still not optimal. This study aims to determine the relationship between community knowledge about environmental sanitatio

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46

Chen, Ran, Ming Chen, and Jian-hua Lyu. "Innovation Design and Empirical Research Based on Presentation of Lumbar Muscle Strain and Sanitation Products." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823703012.

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This article takes the lumbar muscles of degeneration status of Chinese sanitation workers as the starting point, analyzed the waist health status of sanitation workers in China. The design conception of sanitation products for the lumbar muscles of degeneration of sanitation workers was obtained by analysis, and the design of today's sanitation products are rethought, use relevant research results to demonstrate that. With sanitation products as the design center, it integrates many research contents such as ergonomics, appearance, function, process and cost. To this article has designed tool

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47

Appiah-Effah, Eugene, Godwin Armstrong Duku, Naziru Yakubu Azangbego, Ransford Kojo Aduafo Aggrey, Barbara Gyapong-Korsah, and Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko. "Ghana's post-MDGs sanitation situation: an overview." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (2019): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.031.

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Abstract This paper presents an overview of Ghana's sanitation situation post-Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It specifically examines why the MDG target on sanitation was missed, Ghana's preparedness towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) sanitation target, potential barriers and opportunities for the sanitation sector. An eight step policy analysis framework guided the review. The findings indicate that the low sanitation has largely been driven by rather complex economics, institutional and sociocultural factors including inadequate financial commitment, poor implem

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48

Mertely, J. C., C. K. Chandler, C. L. Xiao, and D. E. Legard. "Comparison of Sanitation and Fungicides for Management of Botrytis Fruit Rot of Strawberry." Plant Disease 84, no. 11 (2000): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.11.1197.

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To determine the effects of sanitation on yield and incidence of Botrytis fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea) in annual strawberry, replicated experiments were conducted during the 1995-96, 1996-97, and 1998-99 seasons. Leaf sanitation (removal of senescent and necrotic leaves) and fruit sanitation (removal of unmarketable fruit from alleys between beds) were compared to a standard fungicide control program (weekly applications of captan plus four bloom applications of iprodione) and combined sanitation and fungicide treatments. Leaf sanitation reduced Botrytis fruit rot incidence from 12.6 to 8.2% o

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49

Daramola, Oluwole, Oluwaseun Olowoporoku, and David Mobolaji. "BITING THE BULLET: THE CASE OF HOUSEHOLDS’ RESILIENCE TO WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEFICIT IN NIGERIA." Environmental Problems 8, no. 1 (2023): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2023.01.037.

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This study conceptually assesssed household resilience to water supply and sanitation deficit in Nigeria. It expressed water supply and sanitation situation in Nigeria in terms of historical background and organisation structure of water supply and sanitation and highlighted cases of water supply and sanitation across states and geopolitical zones to reflect the precarious water supply and sanitation condition in Nigeria. Coping strategies that households have adopted in addressing water supply and sanitation deficit were categorised into four: enhancing or supplementing available quantity of

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50

Bera, Sujata, and Adwaita Maiti. "Sanitation Coverage and Open Defecation Rate in Indian States: A Pooled Data Analysis." Vidyasagar University Journal of Economics XXVIII, no. 00 (2024): 291–301. https://doi.org/10.62424/vuje.2024.28.00.19.

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To fulfil the sanitation needs of the people, Government of India has implemented the several sanitation programmes during its planning period. Still there is a nearly 30 percent household having no sanitation /latrine facilities (National Family Health Survey-5, 2019-21). The enormous negative externalities of lack of sanitation facilities motivate us to measure sanitation situation across states in India and identify the factors that affect the sanitation coverage. Sanitation status across states has been measured in terms of changing sanitation coverage during the period 1998-99 to 2019-202

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