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Journal articles on the topic 'Sanskrit alphabet'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

EVTIMOVA, Tatyana. "FROM THE ISLAND OF MAURITIUS TO THE NEW TESTAMENT OF SAINT KLIMENT." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum) 18, no. 1 (2020): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v18i1.13.

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a professor in Indian Studies, in February 2019 the author was a special guest to the Mahatma Gandhi Institute in Moka, Mauritius. During her visit she delivered a public lecture entitled “Tracing India in an Old Bulgarian Alphabet”. This text is practically based on it. The name of the first Bulgarian alphabet – Glagolitsa of Saint Cyril – may formally be translated as “speaking script”, or “speaking letters”. As far as each and every letter in it carries a separate name and therefore meaning, given the order of alphabets, the approach to it as to an alphabetical blessing and Benedictio to Bu

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Borovsky, Andrei, Elena Rakovskaya, and Inna Karteeva. "Study of the Correlation Between Toponyms of the Irkutsk Region and Sanskrit Words." Bulletin of Baikal State University 32, no. 3 (2022): 610–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2022.32(3).610-622.

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The study considered the theory of correlation between sets of composite index objects. Index objects are letters of the alphabet, compound objects are words. The theory is used to find a correlation between the toponyms of the Irkutsk region and the words of the ancient language — Sanskrit. Toponyms grouped according to the names of settlements (in the amount of 1 145), rivers (141) and mountains (451) have been studied. Toponyms are compared with the vocabulary of the Sanskrit dictionary, consisting of 1 100 words. The study found a correlation between Buryat and Evenk toponyms and words fro

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Sartkoja, K. "Ancient Turkish reading of the Brahmi text Kuis-Tolgoi (HT1)." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. HISTORICAL SCIENCES. PHILOSOPHY. RELIGION Series 136, no. 3 (2021): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2021-136-3-105-132.

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The article considers published historical documents related to the language and history of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia from the eighth to the eleventh centuries and preserved to this day. Such as Old Turkic scripts (runic), ancient Sogdian, Manichean texts. In 1974, a pillar written in ancient Sanskrit in the Brahmi alphabet was first discovered in Central Mongolia. Until 2017, the text of the column was not deciphered, and the inscription had been ignored for 43 years. In 2017, German Sanskrit specialist Dieter Maue found the key to this text and published only transliteration (D. Ma

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Sankar, Prasad Mukherjee, and Ghanta Sandip. "Conceptualisation of Ancient Indian Concept/Representation of Numbers through Word Numerals and Alphabetic Numerals Existent till Today." Journal of Statistics and Mathematical Engineering 6, no. 1 (2020): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3714314.

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<strong>This article is an effort to reveal that – It was ancient India which guided the world how to represent systematically the numbers in word forms as well as in alphabets maintaining ascendancy of the alphabets which is still in use by the beginners in the study of Arithmetic. It was the Ancient Indian Mathematicians who probably used first and developed these numeral systems. They used word numerals and alphabetic numerals system for their astronomical studies. The aim of this article is to present an account on the evolution and development of </strong><strong>word numeral system

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Jadhav, Prajna. "An Analytical Approach to Understanding the Principles of Cryptography within the kaṭapayadi System as Reflected in the Works of Nemicandra". Indian Journal of Cryptography and Network Security 4, № 2 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijcns.b1432.04021124.

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The kaṭapayadi system is an alphabetic system of numeral notation developed in India. This paper aims to understand the ideas related to cryptography within the katapayadi system, although this system was not developed to hide information. To do this, this paper studies the use of this system in the Gommatasara Jivakaṇḍa and Trilokasaara of Nemicandra (981 CE) using an analytical approach. This paper finds that, like the Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher, the ciphertext in this system is also a substitution cypher, but unlike them, the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet substitute the digits of

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Prajna, Jadhav. "An Analytical Approach to Understanding the Principles of Cryptography within the kaṭapayādi System as Reflected in the Works of Nemicandra". Indian Journal of Cryptography and Network Security (IJCNS) 4, № 2 (2024): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijcns.B1432.04021124.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The kaṭapayādi system is an alphabetic system of numeral notation developed in India. This paper aims to understand the ideas related to cryptography within the kaṭapayādi system, although this system was not developed to hide information. To do this, this paper studies the use of this system in the Gommaṭasāra-Jīvakāṇḍa and Trilokasāra of Nemicandra (981 CE) using an analytical approach. This paper finds that, like the Caesar cipher and Vigenère cipher, the ciphertext in this system is also a substitution cypher, but unlike them, the letters of the Sanskrit a

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Fatema, Kaniz. "The Construction of Grammar: Perspectives from Bangla." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics 7-8, no. 13-16 (2016): 89–102. https://doi.org/10.70438/dujl/781316/0006.

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The main focus of this research paper is to learn how the post-structuralist language theory specially disconstractionism is partinent for analyzing Bangla grammar. Even though Bangla language bears a very rich level of grammatical structures, detail and up-to-date analysis of this grammar is still unavailable. This paper tries to find the philosophical gap behind this deficit and explain the incompatibilty of Bangla grammar with the Sanskrit framework. Along with this, a proposal contained post-structural analysis of Bangla grammar has been presented. As a part of it different elements of dic

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Karimah, Azzahrotul. "Aksara Jawa: Do the Javanese Students can Read and Write It?" Tradition and Modernity of Humanity 2, no. 2 (2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/tmh.v2i2.10132.

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The Javanese language is one of the languages used by people in Indonesia. However, one issue arises when many people speak in Javanese while only a few people can read and write in the alphabet of the Javanese, which is called Aksara Jawa. This Aksara Jawa is mainly used to write Javanese. In its development, it is also used to write several other regional languages, such as Sundanese, Madurese, Sasak, and Malay, as well as historical languages, such as Sanskrit and Kawi. The Javanese script is a derivative of the Indian Brahmi script through the Kawi script and is closely related to the Bali

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Kang, Sangbum. "Reinterpretation of Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon From The Perspective Of King Sejong: A Musical Consideration Considering Traditional 5-Note Scale ; “Gung-Sang-Gak-Chi-Wu”." Barun Academy of History 18 (February 29, 2024): 257–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.55793/jkhc.2024.18.257.

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Hunminjeongeum[Korean alphabet published by King Sejong in September 1446, meaning : the proper sound for the instruction of the people] is a very creative character in human history, but there is a lot of controversy over the creation principle of Hunminjeongeum because the Neo-Confucian interpretation of 『Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon』[An explanatory booklet on how Korean alphabet was created based on what principles] is not clear in sound. It is even known that the creator of Hunminjeongeum was not King Sejong, and Hunminjeongeum is regarded as a character that imitates Sanskrit or Phags-pa char

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Lepekhova, Elena S. "Buddhist Esoteric Theory of Language in the Kokugaku School." Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, no. 3 (December 15, 2024): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131281224030106.

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This paper is devoted to the analysis of the esoteric version of the origin of the Japanese language, put forward by the Buddhist monk Keichū 契沖 (1640–1701), who is considered the founder of the national cultural and philosophical movement kokugaku 國學, emerging during the Tokugawa period. In his main treatise Man'yō Daishōki 万葉代匠記, relying on his own set of orthographic rules for spelling Japanese in kana (kanazukai 仮名遣い), Keichū tries to prove the inconsistency of the former Fujiwara Teika system and at the same time to reveal the esoteric nature of the structure of speech. According to Keich

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சி., சங்கீதா /. S. Sangeetha. "மரபிலக்கண நூல்களில் இடைச்சொற்களின் அமைப்பு முறை / Structure of Interjections in Traditional Grammar Texts". IJTLLS 7, № 2 (2025): 46–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830311.

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<em>Tamil is one of the classical languages with ancient grammar texts. Grammar helps to speak and write a language without mistakes. Tamil Grammar is divided into five categories namely Yeluthu (Alphabet), Sol (Word), Porul (Meaning), Yappu (Texture) and Ani (Figures of Speech). “Tolkappiyam” is considered a unique grammatical and life-oriented text that enriches grammar and its categories in a detailed manner. Among the grammar books available in Tamil, “Tolkappiyam” is the oldest book that best deals with the theory of grammar. No grammar books were written for many

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Kalpesh, Gajiwala. "The use of Sanskrit, an ancient language, as a tool to evaluate cleft palate speech problems." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 40, no. 02 (2007): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699187.

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ABSTRACTSpeech is a complex process. The evaluation of speech in an individual with cleft palate is difficult, and the existing classification of phonemes is complicated. Sanskrit, an ancient language, has an arrangement of alphabets that is orderly and scientific and therefore provides a simple means to understand the production of phonemes and memorize them. This article demonstrates the inherent advantage of this arrangement of Sanskrit alphabets to effectively analyze defective cleft palate speech and provides a tool for surgeons to decide a course of action in their routine clinical pract

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Acharya, Eka Ratna. "Ranjana Numeral System: A Brief Information." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 13, no. 1 (2018): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v13i1.20370.

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The Ranjana script, which is also known as Kutila or Lantsa, is one of the many alphabets derived from the Brahmi script. This numesmetic inscription was developed 2216 years ago, so its time period was along the 199 BC and it was popular from 11th century AD and was used until the mid-20th century in Nepal and India. It is popularly used by Nepali in the Newari language. This script also known as Lantsa, for writing the Sanskrit titles of books which have been translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan for decoration in temples and mandalas. There were few texts printed with alternating lines in San

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Yazidi, Akhmad. "PEMAKAIAN AKSARA DALAM PENULISAN BAHASA MELAYU HINGGA BAHASA INDONESIA (THE USAGE OF LETTERS ON MALAY TO INDONESIAN LANGUAGE WRITING)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 3, no. 1 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v3i1.4484.

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AbstractThe Usage of Letters on Malay to Indonesian Language Writing. This paper discussesthe history of the Indonesian language, literacy in the writing of a variety of languages, Malay letter in writing to the Indonesian language, and spelling in Indonesian. Ofthis section may conclude that in writing the history of written language or alphabetletters contained Paku, the letter Babylonian, Assyrian letters, letters of Ancient Persia;Pallawa, Kawi Letter used in Sanskrit; Arabic, Kanjiin Japanese and Chinese, letters,Jawi Premodern, Modern Java, Bali Modern: literacy Hanacaraka from Lampung,R

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Loundo, Dilip. "Razão (jñāna) e Devoção (bhakti) no Advaita Vedānta: Madhusūdana Sarasvatī (séc. XVI) e o Bhagavad Gītā." EDUCAÇÃO E FILOSOFIA 33, no. 69 (2020): 1323–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/revedfil.v33n69a2019-56404.

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Razão (jñāna) e Devoção (bhakti) no Advaita Vedānta: Madhusūdana Sarasvatī (séc. XVI) e o Bhagavad Gītā 1 Resumo: O artigo tem por objetivo empreender a análise dos princípios constitutivos da práxis devocional (bhakti) proposta pelo Bhagavad Gītā, segundo a interpretação do filósofo Madhusūdana Sarasvatī (séc. XVI). Excelso representante do Advaita Vedānta (“[Escola da] Não-Dualidade”), Madhusūdana Sarasvatī buscou incorporar as práticas devocionais à epistemologia tradicional da escola, centrada num exercício radical de reflexão racional (jñāna), em sintonia com os ensinamentos d

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Yılmaz. "Poetic Translation of Mathnawī by Fayḍullah Sājid". Eskiyeni, № 44 (20 вересня 2021): 611–28. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.907930.

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<em>Mathnawī</em><em>,</em> one of the basic works of Islamic civilization, has received great attention since the day it was written. In addition to Eastern languages such as Arabic, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu, it has also been transleted to Western languages such as German, Dutch, French, English, Spanish and Italian. Feyḍullah Sājid (1892-1978) was one of the translators of the <em>Mathnawī</em>, many translations and commentaries of which were made into Turkish literature. Sājid translated the first book of <em>Mathnawī</em> in 4,118 couplets in syllabic meter and published the first thirty-

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Ansari, Zahra, Shaukat Ali, and Fatima Khan. "USE OF ROMAN SCRIPT FOR WRITING URDU LANGUAGE." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 1, no. 2 (2020): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i2.20.

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The purpose of the paper is to highlight the need of evolving a standardized Romanization table, which is used for writing Urdu language on mobile phones, laptops or tabs etc. Use of Urdu language in Roman script is in vogue in our daily life. Internet and mobile users have conveniently adopted Roman script since long for writing Urdu. But it is being used in an irregular and disorganized way. Therefore, an organized and systematic Roman script is imperative to explore ample possibilities of its usage. The current study is qualitative in nature. The Urdu Romanization table is used as a tool in

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Holle, K. F. "Table of Old and New Indic Alphabets." Written Language and Literacy 2, no. 2 (1999): 167–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.2.2.02hol.

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Editor's note: Although the general policy of this journal is to publish only new research, an exception is being made in the present case, in order to publish a work of unusual value which has been inaccessible to most scholars for a century or more, and which has now been translated into English for the first time. In 1877, K. F. Holle published his Tabel van oud en nieuw-indische alphabetten, with the support of the Batavia Society of Arts and Letters (the Batavia of that period is the Jakarta of today); it was printed by C. Lang at Buitenzorg, Java. Hoik's "Table" is spread over 49 pages f

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Ghalekhani, Golnar, and Mahdi Khaksar. "A Thematic and Etymological Glossary of Aquatic and Bird Genera Names in Iranian Bundahišm." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 62 (October 2015): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.62.39.

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The purpose of this study is to present a thematic and etymological glossary of aquatic and bird genera names which have been mentioned in Iranian Bundahišn. In this research, after arranging animal names in Persian alphabetic order in their respective genus, first the transliteration and transcription of animal names in middle Persian language are provided. Afterwards, the part of Bundahišn that contains the actual animal names and the relevant translations are mentioned. The etymology of every animal name is described by considering the morphemic source. Finally, mention is made of the myt

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Richardson, H. E. "Collected works of Alexander Csoma de Körös. 4 Vols. Edited by J. Terjék. Tibetan-English Dictionary, pp. lx, 351. front. £20.50. - A grammar of the Tibetan language. pp. xvi, 204 + syllabic scheme and Tibetan alphabet, pp. 40. Biographical booklet enclosed, pp. xxxii. £14.50. - Tibetan studies: being a reprint of the articles contributed to the Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal and Asiatic Researches, pp. ix, 459. £26.50. - Sanskrit-Tibetan-English vocabulary: being an edition and translation of the Mahāvyutpatti. pp. xxxvii, 390. £22.75. - Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984. All 4 Vols., £72.00." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 117, no. 1 (1985): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00155352.

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M, Rukmani. "Feminist portrayal in the poems of Salma and Malati Maitri." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (2022): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s845.

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Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his linguistic ability. By learning the language of counting and writing as the body and s

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R, Subbulakshmi. "Numbers in Tholkappiyam Eluthathikaram." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (2022): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s252.

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Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his linguistic ability. By learning the language of counting and writing as the body and s

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Dr., Gaurav Gaud. "The Role of English Language and Literature in Cultivating Students' Language Skills." Educational Resurgence Journal 8, no. 1 (2025): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14723177.

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Abstract Many non-native and native speakers all around the world have proven that English is an international language. It is sometimes referred to as the global language since it is the primary means of communication across countries. In our nation, the usage of English as a common language play an essential role in education. English learners must place strong emphasis on the use of communication. The ultimate goal of language instruction is to improve communication skills. Pragmatics is the method in which meaning is transferred through communicating, and linguistic skill is regarded as an

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Buchta, David. "Unknown Like Ḹ". JAOS 144, № 3 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.7817/jaos.144.3.2024.ar023.

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Beginning with Rūpa Gosvāmin (late fifteenth century–1564), at least four poets composed poems in the Sanskrit virudāvalī genre that included akṣamayī kalikās, rhythmic compositions wherein each successive segment begins with the letters of the Sanskrit varṇakrama, from a to kṣa, in sequence. The fact that a number of the letters of the varṇakrama rarely or never occur in word-initial position, including the nasals ṅa, ña, and ṇa, the retroflex consonants, the aspirated consonants jha and tha, the anusvāra and visarga, and the vowels ṝ, ḷ, and especially ḹ, creates potential o

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Ganguly, Tirthendu. "Celebrating Female Desire in the Medieval Era: an Exegesis of the Erotic Verses from Jayadeva’s G?tagovinda." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12, no. 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s29n4.

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Discussing women’s sexual desire has long been perceived as a taboo in the East and the West as well. Undeniably, there is a stigma attached to it which, unfortunately, continues even today. However, surprisingly enough, the ancient and the medieval Indians had always been open to female sexuality before their philogynist culture was obliterated and replaced by the ‘zenana culture’ of the Mughals and the ‘Victorian morality’ of the British Raj. Even in the Medieval Era, which is often labelled as conservative and orthodox, people accepted female desire as a biological reality. Composed in twel

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Beinorius, Audrius. "The Word (Vāc) in the Cosmology and Soteriology of Kashmir Śaivism." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 2 (December 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2001.18348.

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The article deals with the meaning of the Divine Word in the agamic Kashmiri Śaiva tradition. At first, making a brief overwiev of the history of the sacred word in Indian culture, attention is drawn to the fact, that the function of word and oral language as an agent of transformation from the human realm to the divine has been perennial concern of Indian theological speculation, since language in Hinduism is nearly always identified with both human consciousness and the divine cosmos. It has been pointed out, that an elaborate mysticism of the word found in the Śaiva Tantras has Vedic precen

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Singh, Saarthak. "A serpentine scimitar of letters from Udaypur, district Vidisha, M.P." November 10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7440732.

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Singh, Saarthak, "A serpentine scimitar of letters from Udaypur, district Vidisha, M.P.", <em>Studies in Indian Epigraphy (Bhāratīya Purābhilēkha Patrikā</em>)<em>, </em>Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, vol. 47 (2022), pp. 115-119. This paper presents a newly-discovered inscription from Udaypur (district Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh). Engraved on a rectangular sandstone slab in the parapet wall of the Udayeśvara temple, this inscription features a serpent’s knotted body comprising letters of the Sanskrit alphabet along with the grammatical endings of nouns and

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Dagmar, Schwerk. "Drukpa Kagyü School (Bhutan)." Database of Religious History, June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12572458.

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The Drukpa Kagyü school belongs to the Kagyü school of Tibetan Buddhism. Standard Tibetan religious historiographies divide the Kagyü school into four main lineages: (1) the Phagdru Kagyü school with eight minor lineages founded by students of Phagmodrupa Dorje Gyelpo (1110–70), (2) the Karma Kagyü school, (3) the Barom Kagyü school, and (4) the Tshelpa Kagyü school. The Drukpa Kagyü school is counted among the minor lineages of (1) the Phagdru Kagyü school. However, the Drukpa Kagyü school is also heterogeneous with different sub-branches, such as the Bhutanese branch (lho 'brug) with which t

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முனைவர், சி. சாவித்ரி |. Dr.Ch.Savithri. "சமஸ்கிருதம், திராவிட மொழி அமைப்பு The Language Structure of Sanskrit and Dravidian Languages". 30 травня 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8264893.

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<strong>ஆய்வுச்சுருக்கம்</strong> இந்தோ ஐரோப்பிய மொழிக்குடும்பத்தைச் சார்ந்த சமஸ்கிருத மொழியினையும், திராவிட மொழிகளான தமிழ், தெலுங்கு மொழியினையும் ஒப்பிட்டு அவற்றின் மொழி அமைப்பினை வெளிப்படுத்தும் வகையில் இக்கட்டுரை அமைந்துள்ளது. இதில் <strong>எழுத்துநிலை அமைப்பு, எண்ணுப்பெயர்கள், பால், பதிலிடு பெயர்கள், நிருக்தம் (நிகண்டு) போன்ற உட்தலைப்புகளில் ஆராயப்பட்டுள்ளன. </strong>அவ்வாறு ஆராய்ந்து பார்க்கும்போது சமஸ்கிருதம், தமிழ், தெலுங்கு மொழிகளுக்கு இடையில் எவ்விதத் தொடர்புமில்லை என்பதை உணரமுடிகின்றது. அவற்றை சான்றுக் காட்டி இக்கட்டுரையில் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. <strong>Abstract</strong> <stro

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Dr., Chayya Sheth. "SIRIBHOOVALAYA." May 22, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958211.

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“Siribhoovalaya” is a rare unique mathematical multilingual distinctive literary piece of religious poems scripted in Kannada numerals and not alphabets by great genius Jain Muni Kumudhendu. Integers from the value of 1 to 64 are employed in 1270 Chakras where each Chakra is a matrix of 27x27 integers. Deciphering the sequence of the numerals which are encoded with phonetic character in a specific manner reveals poetry and verses in several languages as, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Kannada, Marathi. As each of the pattern encompassing 718 languages of the world is identified and decoded the

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Zhou, Guangrong. "试论梵语声字在般若经典中的形态与功能 On the Form and Function of Sanskrit Akṣara in Prajñā-pāramitā-Sūtras and Śāstras". Acta Orientalia 80 (7 січня 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/ao.9397.

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内容提要梵语“阿剎罗”（akṣara）一词在印度古代文化背景中具有哲学、语言学两个方面的意义。从哲学层面言之，akṣara 一词具有不灭、不朽之义，因而用来指称常住不灭的终极存在；就语言学层面而言，其义项为不可分析、不可拆分之义，通常指音节、字母，即梵语言文字最根本的拼读、书写单位。在汉译佛典中，“阿剎罗”通常被译作声字、字、字本、字母，以陀罗尼、真言、明、咒、秘密语等形式，在以《般若经》为代表的大乘佛教经典中有广泛应用。《般若经》是出现最早的大乘佛典，是大乘佛教成立的标志；自公元前后起般若类经典一直在不断地增广，到十三世纪前后仍有相应的新经典产生，堪为大乘佛教发展演变的活化石。在早期般若经典中，声字是以陀罗尼的形式出现的。其中最根本、最典型的陀罗尼，即是被称为陀罗尼门的四十二字门。从其语言学属性来看，四十二字是犍陀罗语的根本字母或字母表，这种字母最初是用佉卢文来书写的；从义理层面来看，四十二字门诠表的法义是初期大乘佛教义的浓缩与集粹。六、七世纪以后，随着秘密佛教的兴起，梵语声字在新出现的般若类经典中应用的更为普遍，其形态也更为多样，其功能也越来越丰富。在初期的密教经典《金刚大道场经》中，编纂者将此期依据般若类经典发展出的印咒法门都为一集。伴随着佛教秘密化倾向的加剧，七、八世纪出现了依般若经成立的秘密经法，如理趣经法、仁王经法等。在理趣经法中，梵语声

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Muhammad, Abdull, Ashraf Ramzan, and Abu Zar Khalil ah. "(The impact of the Arabic language on the Saraiki language." Al-Azhar 9, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8085138.

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  The Saraiki language is one of the ancient languages on the plain of the earth, and it is a sweet  language, possessing a rich treasure of words and an abundant sea of organized and scattered literature.  1- The orientalists held that the Saraiki language originated from the language of the Aryan nation, which is called Sanskrit.  2- Some linguists and researchers of the Syriac language have argued that it is a branch of the Syriac language.  This view was unique to the Saraiki researcher and investigator, Bashir Ahmed Al-Dhami, who believes that the Saraiki language

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