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Journal articles on the topic 'Sanskrit language and grammar'
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M, Sankar. "Puthamithranar’s Morphological Theory." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22115.
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Language undergoes some changes over time. These changes contribute to the development of the language. Tamil Grammar texts including Agathiyam, Tolkappiyam, Yapparungalam, Yapparungalakarikai, Purapporul Venpamalai which appeared in Tamil have been grammarized according to the Tamil tradition. However, Veerasozhiyam, which appeared in the 11th century AD, is a slightly different grammar text from this tradition. In particular, the Sanskrit language is written following the grammatical tradition. The author of this text, Ponparri Kavalar Puthamithranar, has written with the thought that Sanskrit Language mother for all tamil words. This Text has five Chapters: Eḻuttu, col, poruḷ, yāppu, alaṅkāram. The comprehensive authority of this Text is the authority to say. It consists of Col Athikaram 55 Norpas: vēṟṟumaip paṭalam (9), upakārap paṭalam (6), tokaip paṭalam (8), tattitap paṭalam (8), tātup paṭalam (11), kiriyā patap paṭalam (13). This system of authority is also based on the grammar of the Sansktrit. This article is based on the Morphological theory of Puthamithranar, ‘Tamil language grammatical tradition and Sanskrit language grammatical tradition are combined’ the hypothesis is put forward and written.
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Kulkarni, Amba. "Sanskrit Parsing Following Indian Theories of Verbal Cognition." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3418061.
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Pāṇini’s grammar is an important milestone in the Indian grammatical tradition. Unlike grammars of other languages, it is almost exhaustive and together with the theories of śābdabodha (verbal cognition), this grammar provides a system for language analysis as well as generation. The theories of śābdabodha describe three conditions necessary for verbal cognition. They are ākāṅkṣā (expectancy), yogyatā (meaning congruity), and sannidhi (proximity). We examine them from a computational viewpoint and provide appropriate computational models for their representation. Next, we describe the design of a parser following the theories of śābdabodha and present three algorithms for solving the constraints imposed by the theories of śābdabodha . The first algorithm is modeled as a constraint satisfaction problem, the second one as a vertex-centric graph traversal, and the third one as an edge-centric binary join, each one being an improvement over the previous one.
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Salomon, Richard, and Walter Harding Maurer. "The Sanskrit Language: An Introductory Grammar and Reader." Journal of the American Oriental Society 120, no. 3 (July 2000): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606046.
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Rogers, David E. "The influence of Pānini on Leonard Bloomfield." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 89–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.1-2.11rog.
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Summary Leonard Bloomfield’s synchronic grammatical works were heavily nfluenced by the sixth century B.C. Indian grammarian Pānini. Word for-mation, compounds, suppletion, zero, form-classes, and generality and specificity in Bloomfield’s Language, Eastern Ojibwa, and The Menomini Language are correlated with their counterparts in Pānini’s grammar of Sanskrit. Selections from a manuscript of Bloomfield’s translation and annotation of the Kasika, a traditional Sanskrit work on Pānini’s grammar, provide concrete evidence for the influence of Panini on Bloomfield.
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Goren-Arzony, Sivan. "Sweet, sweet language: Prakrit and Maṇipravāḷam in premodern Kerala." Indian Economic & Social History Review 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620980905.
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This paper studies the connections between Prakrit and early Maṇipravāḷam literature from premodern Kerala. Maṇipravāḷam (literally, ‘gems and corals’) is the emic term for a dominant part of Kerala’s premodern vernacular literature, binding together Kerala’s local language and Sanskrit. As a highly Sanskritised register of a Dravidian language, Maṇipravāḷam has generally been viewed as having been inspired and influenced by either Sanskrit or Tamil literature, grammar, and poetics. This paper, however, highlights a rarely discussed aspect: the role of Prakrit in shaping both Maṇipravāḷam literature and theory. I discuss the relation between Prakrit and Maṇipravāḷam in two connected ways: first, by considering the similarities between the practices themselves, especially in terms of their themes and aesthetics; and second, by examining the implicit ways in which Maṇipravāḷam theory, as it is presented in the Līlātilakam, Kerala’s first grammar and work on poetics, is structured on Prakrit materials or on Sanskrit materials dealing with Prakrit.
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D’Avella, Victor B. "Recreating Daṇḍin’s Styles in Tamil." Cracow Indological Studies 22, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cis.22.2020.02.02.
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In Sanskrit poetics, the defining characteristics of poetry, its very life breath, are the guṇas, ‘qualities’. They make up the phonetic and syntactic fabric of poetic language without which there would be nothing to further to ornament. Many of these intimate features are by necessity specific to the Sanskrit language and defined in terms of its peculiar grammar including phonology and morphology. In the present article, I will describe what happens to four of these guṇas when they are transferred to the Tamil language in the Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram, a close adaptation of Daṇḍin’s Kāvyādarśa. I wish to demonstrate that the Tamil Taṇṭi did not thoughtlessly accept the Sanskrit model but sought, in some cases, to redefine the qualities so that they are meaningful in the context of Tamil grammar and its poetological tradition. A partial translation of the Tamil text is included.
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SUPARTA, IDA KADE. "IMPLEMENTASI SAMBHAṢAṆA DALAM UPAYA MENGEMBANGKAN KEMAMPUAN DASAR BERBAHASA SANSKERTA." GANEC SWARA 16, no. 2 (September 10, 2022): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v16i2.329.
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The view of sanskrit as a dead language and a language that is difficult to learn is not completely correct and must slowly be eliminated. Awareness to increase the existence of sanskrit has been initiated in several parts of the world by making it a daily communication language. The basic learning of sanskrit which is initiated at this time places more emphasis on communication skills, not on the grammatical structure. Learning is packaged more effectively and efficiently through the sambhaṣaṇa (conversation) method by applying simple grammar or communication patterns. Conversation is a very common method in learning other languages, but it has become a new design in teaching sanskrit. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze and develop the concept of implementing the sambhaṣaṇa method in relation to developing basic sanskrit language skills. This research was conducted through a qualitative approach by presenting the data descriptively. The results showed that the application of the sambhaṣaṇa (conversation) method was very effective and efficient in developing basic sanskrit language skills. Learning sanskrit through the sambhaṣaṇa method begins with the introduction of objects and activities in the surrounding environment. Sanskrit conversation material can be arranged in the form of special themes that are relevant to the daily lives of students. During the learning process, the teacher has the task of correcting errors that arise from conversations practiced by students. The success of the learning is determined by the motivation of the students, the competence of the teacher, the intensity of the exercise, and the vocabulary mastered by the students.
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Madaan, Vishu, and Prateek Agrawal. "Anuvaad." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.295088.
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Machine Translation is best alternative to traditional manual translation. The corpus of Sanskrit literature includes a rich tradition of philosophical and religious texts as well as poetry, music, drama, scientific, technical and other texts. Due to the modernization of tradition and languages, Sanskrit is not on everyone's lips. Translation makes it convenient for users to understand the unknown text. This paper presents a language Machine Translation System from Hindi to Sanskrit and Sanskrit to Hindi using a rule-based technique. We developed a machine translation tool 'anuvaad' which translates Sanskrit prose text into Hindi & vice versa. We also developed bi-lingual corpora to deal with Sanskrit and Hindi grammar rules and text applied rule based method to perform the translation. The experimental results on different 110 examples show that the proposed anuvaad tool achieves overall 93% accuracy for both types of translations. The objective of our work is to ensure confidentiality and multilingual support, which can be tedious and time consuming in case of manual translation.
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P, Ganeshwari. "Religious Theory in the Thinai Grammar." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-2 (April 30, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s223.
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The Tamil word is basic ally from the grammar of the Tamil word. The grammar system that divides world life into 'Thinai' is a very important system in Tamil. Language changes are taking place in a scientifically functioning society. The cultivation and productivity of the foundation of society have an impact on the superstructure of the society, the art, literature and culture. The religious god thought is in the life classification of the Tamil grammar which is the basis for the creation of words. The tholkappiyam period of the resurrection of the collective life is a symbol of the non-religious protodravidian ism and directly links the doctrine of God to the people. The authors of the well developed landslide society, who wrote to tholkappiyam, have also incorporated the theory of God, based on the various religious and social contexts. The Veera Choliam with buddhist background and Neminatha with Jainism link the god sandals in the higher dina. The nannul also inscribes the sanskrit influence of the deity and the naraka of the sanskrit influence, and the sanskrit influential theory of the proto Dravidian grammar of the grammar, the devar and the narakar a number of religious theories.
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Selot, Smita, Neeta Tripathi, and A. S. Zadgaonkar. "Neural Network Model for Semantic Analysis of Sanskrit Text." International Journal of Natural Computing Research 7, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijncr.2018010101.
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Semantic analysis is the process of extracting meaning of the sentence, from a given language. From the perspective of computer processing, challenge lies in making computer understand the meaning of the given sentence. Understandability depends upon the grammar, syntactic and semantic representation of the language and methods employed for extracting these parameters. Semantics interpretation methods of natural language varies from language to language, as grammatical structure and morphological representation of one language may be different from another. One ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, has its own unique way of embedding syntactic information within words of relevance in a sentence. Sanskrit grammar is defined in 4000 rules by PaninI reveals the mechanism of adding suffixes to words according to its use in sentence. Through this article, a method of extracting meaningful information through suffixes and classifying the word into a defined semantic category is presented. The application of NN-based classification has improved the processing of text.
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Uma, B. "The Structural Compression of Kāvyprakāsa and Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i4.2318.
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Tolkāppiyam, the first extant work of Tamil grammar covers the descriptions on the ‘Rhetoric Grammar’ (aṇiyilakkaṇam; figures of language) under the chapter simile. Later on, In ‘Vīracōḻiyam’ which is one of the five grammatical thoughts of Tamil, (Eḻuttu, Col, Poruḷ, Yāppu, Aṇi) the rhetoric aspects of the language was described as following Sanskrit work ‘kāviyātarca’. Subsequently, more works such as Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra, Māṟāṉalaṅkāram, Toṉṉūl Viḷakkam, Muttuvīriyam were written based on the Sanskrit rhetorical conventions. Though the rhetoric works in Tamil were written on the basis of Sanskrit rhetoric aspects, it would have been authored in the Tamil context. Considering the requirement of a comparative research to understand this, the present study proposes to analyses the Sanskrit work ‘Kāvyprakāsa’ written in 11thAD and Tamil work ‘Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra’ written in 12thAD. Noteworthy, both the books were authored in the same time period. This work is comparing the structure of the rhetoric grammatical work of kāvyaprakāsa in Sanskrit and Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra in Tamil. Kāvyaprakāsa divided into ten chapter (ullāsa) and comprises three parts, the kārikās (the stanzas), the vrutti (the explanatory prose gloss), and the examples. This book has 143 rules for poetics. Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram is the earliest complete rhetoric grammar of Tamil written by Dandi. He explains ‘Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram’ under ‘Potuvaṇiyiyal’ (common rhetoric), ‘Poruḷaṇiyiyal’ (rhetoric meaning) and ‘Collaṇiyiyal’ (rhetoric terms). I would like to look at the internal structure and external structure of both texts. Internal structure will deals with auspicious verse, purpose of poetry, divisions of poetry, poetry defects, poetry gunās and rhetoric terms. The chapter divisions will be considering as external structures.
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Goren-Arzony, Sivan. "Feels Like Our Language: Vernacular Poetics in Premodern Kerala." Journal of South Asian Intellectual History 4, no. 2 (December 9, 2022): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425552-12340032.
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Abstract This paper deals with the Līlātilakam, a premodern work from Kerala that analyzes the grammar and poetics of “Rubies and Coral” (Maṇipravāḷam), Kerala’s main premodern literary form, which combines Sanskrit and the local language. By examining the poetic sections of the Līlātilakam, I show some of the ways in which they are used to demonstrate that Rubies and Coral is not only a fitting tool for writing poetry in the Sanskrit style but also an autonomous literature with an internal structure of its own. In my analysis I illustrate this through the use of three case studies focusing on syntax, bi-textuality, and poetic convention.
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Elizarenkova, Tatiana. "Review of Oberlies (2003): A grammar of Epic Sanskrit." Studies in Language 30, no. 1 (January 12, 2006): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.1.11eli.
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Adnyana, Putu Eka Sura. "PENYERAPAN FONOLOGI BAHASA SANSKERTA DALAM TEKS ADIPARWA." Pangkaja: Jurnal Agama Hindu 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/pjah.v25i1.976.
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Acculturation of Indian culture with the archipelago has occurred in the past. Old Javanese language is a very important language in the development of literary works in the archipelago. Kawi language is very much absorbed from Sanskrit, but Kawi language does not imitate Sanskrit grammar. One of them is the absorption of sound or Sanskrit phonology which can be found in the Adiparwa text. The type of research carried out is qualitative research based on data in the Adiparwa text using research methods and techniques. Data collection techniques based on literature study on Adiparwa text, note-taking techniques, through qualitative data analysis. Such data from the literature is then analyzed and presented descriptively. The data is taken from the abbreviated Adiparwa Zoetmulder (2005) text (APZ) and the abbreviated Sankerta Dictionary (KBS). Language contact between Sanskrit and Old Javanese/Kawi which resulted in the sound absorption process. Sound absorption includes 1) Sanskrit absorption experiencing an increase in sound, 2) Sanskrit absorption experiencing a reduction in sound 3) Sanskrit absorption experiencing a change in sound symbolization. In the absorption of Sanskrit on sound changes, it is known that several changes were found, such as: 1) Changes in the sound symbol /v/ to /w/ and changes in the symbol /ṛ/ to /rè/. 2) Change the sound /u/ to /o/ or vice versa. 3) Change the sound /j/ to sound /k/. 4) Change the sound /i/ to /ī/. 5) Change the sound /ī/ to /i/ and 6) Change the sound /a/ to /ā/.
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Ryan, Kevin. "Attenuated Spreading in Sanskrit Retroflex Harmony." Linguistic Inquiry 48, no. 2 (April 2017): 299–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00244.
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Drawing on a two-million-word corpus of Sanskrit, the article documents and analyzes two previously unrecognized generalizations concerning the morphoprosodic conditioning of retroflex spreading ( nati). Both reveal harmony to be attenuated across the left boundaries of roots (i.e., between a prefix and a root or between members of a compound), in the sense that while harmony applies across these boundaries, when it does so, it accesses a proper subset of the targets otherwise accessible. This attenuation is analyzed here through the “ganging up” of phonotactics and output-output correspondence in serial Harmonic Grammar. The article also simplifies the core analysis of the spreading rule, primarily through recognizing FLAPOUT, an articulatorily grounded constraint.
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Hussain, S. M. Alfarid, and Neelatphal Chanda. "Integrating Classical Language to Modern Media Platforms: A Multimodal Approach towards Mainstreaming Sanskrit." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v4i1.16337.
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This ancient language, considered to be the mother language of a majority of Indian languages, today appears to be fighting a losing battle with only about 14,000 people in India claiming Sanskrit as their mother tongue in a country of over 1.2 billion people, as the 2011 census data reveal. In an era increasingly engulfed by the forces of globalization amidst the debates surrounding linguistic homogenization and cultural neo-imperialism, mass media as well as various digital media platforms, including social media can contribute towards restoring the rich literary tradition of the Sanskrit language that defines the very essence of what we understand as ‘Indian culture.’ This paper argues that state-run public service broadcasters like Doordarshan and All India Radio, are obligated to create and transmit content that generate awareness about Sanskrit and its significance to modern Indian knowledge like Ayurveda, yoga, music, grammar, philosophy, Vedic mathematics etc. Yet, this paper argues that the public broadcasters should be careful not to create an arcane and pedantic programming structure meant exclusively for a select oligarchy of Sanskrit specialists, but should rather embark on creative programming formats that would actually attract the young people towards learning the language and understanding its relevance. The social media ecosystem reflects the continued dominance of English as a mode of communication, which implies the complex hegemonic processes that are at work. Yet, there is a growing population of people engaging in social media in their own respective languages. This paper argues that the egalitarian nature of social media coupled with the horizontal type of user-generated content flow architecture provides the perfect spawning ground for the preservation and promotion of Sanskrit in the 21st century society.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-1: 5-8
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T, Prabakaran, and Sundaram L. "Guidance to Transcription in Tamil Language with Reference to Tamil Grammar Texts." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (June 27, 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s85.
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The mix of foreign words in Tamil is inevitable due to the mix of foreign languages, translation, globalization, scientific and technological development, new discoveries, and passion for English. Other scripts that are not in Tamil are used in some of the words, so they are mixed. When writing Northern language words, including Sanskrit in Classical Tamil, we used the phonetic letters s, j, sh, h, x, and sri, which are called Grantha letters. Later, when writing English and other words in Tamil, it became necessary to write with such letters for sounds that are not in Tamil. Apart from this, Tamil grammar texts have from time to time stated some instructions for transcribing in Tamil script in accordance with the Tamil phonetic system. This article seeks to summarise the grammar of Tamil grammar texts from Tolkappiyam to Tamilkaappu Iyam, published in 2005, and how their grammar is referred to as Northern Translation/Other Translation and their current use.
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Subalalitha, Chinnaudayar Navaneethakrishnan, and Parthasarathi Ranjani. "A Unique Indexing Technique for Discourse Structures." Journal of Intelligent Systems 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2013-0034.
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AbstractSutra is a form of text representation that has been used in both Tamil and Sanskrit literature to convey information in a short and crisp manner. Nanool, an ancient Tamil grammar masterpiece has used sutras for defining grammar rules. Similarly, in Sanskrit literature, many of the Shāstrās have used sutras for a concise representation of their content. Sutras are defined as short aphorisms, formulae-like structures that convey the complete essence of the text. They act as indices to the elaborate content they refer to. Inspired by their characteristics, this article proposes an indexing mechanism based on sutras for discourse structures built using rhetorical structure theory (RST) and also using Sangati, a concept proposed in Sanskrit literature. The indices identified by the indexer are ideal for question answering (QA), summary generation, and information retrieval (IR) systems. The indexer has been tested on IR system using 1000 Tamil language text documents. A performance comparison has also been made with one of the existing RST-based indexing technique.
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Sharma, Sumit, and Subhash Chandra. "Development of Participle Analyst and Sasutrarupsiddhi System." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 6, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i11.007.
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The literature of Sanskrit language is very rich. All the traditions of ancient Indian knowledge and science are available in this language only. Therefore, to understand the advanced science, technology and other traditions of ancient India, it is necessary to have proper knowledge of Sanskrit language. To understand any language, it is necessary to have proper knowledge of grammar. Ashtadhyayi written by Panini is the main grammar of Sanskrit. Written in less than 4000 formulas, the structure of this grammar is similar to that of a modern computer programming language. There are two types of words (words) in Sanskrit, Kriyapad and Namapad. The noun phrase consists of compound, tadhit, feminine words and participles, etc. These participles are used extensively in Sanskrit literature. In this era of information technology and the increasing use of smart phones and computer devices, the medium of exchange of knowledge tradition has changed. Massive books have been replaced by e-books and online materials. Although online material is available for all subjects but it is very lacking for Sanskrit language. In this episode, this is an effort to bring Sanskrit on the online platform. The main objective of the present paper is to present a developed online platform for the complete process of analysis of Sanskrit participles and their creation on the basis of Panini sutras. To develop this system, the analysis of participles with the help of various databases of Panini grammar formulas, suffixes and metals has been done. At the same time, on the basis of this analysis, this system also provides Rupasiddhi. This system is available on the website of Department of Sanskrit, University of Delhi http://cl.sanskrit.du.ac.in. This system can play a very important role in the field of teaching and research through online medium in an effective manner. Along with this, along with proper guidance to future researchers, it also provides motivation to do interdisciplinary research work.
Abstract in Hindi Language:
संस्कृत भाषा का साहित्य बहुत ही समृद्ध है । प्राचीन भारतीय ज्ञान-विज्ञान की सभी परम्पराएं इस भाषा में ही उपलब्ध हैं । अतः प्राचीन भारत के प्रगत विज्ञान, तकनीक एवं अन्य परम्पराओं को समझने के लिये संस्कृत भाषा का सम्यक ज्ञान होना अत्यावश्यक है । किसी भी भाषा को समझने के लिए व्याकरण का समुचित ज्ञान होना अत्यावश्यक होता है । पाणिनि द्वारा लिखित अष्टाध्यायी संस्कृत का प्रमुख व्याकरण है । लगभग 4000 से भी कम सूत्रों में लिखे गए इस व्याकरण की संरचना एक आधुनिक कम्प्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा के ही समान है । संस्कृत में पद (शब्द) दो प्रकार के होने हैं क्रियापद एवं नामपद । नामपद में समास, तद्धित, स्त्रीप्रत्ययान्त शब्द एवं कृदन्त आदि शामिल होते हैं । संस्कृत साहित्य में इन कृदन्तों का प्रयोग प्रचुर मात्रा में होता है । सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी के इस युग में एवं स्मार्ट फ़ोन तथा कम्प्यूटर डिवाइसेज़ के बढ़ते प्रयोग से ज्ञान परम्परा के आदान प्रदान के माध्यमों में परिवर्तन आया है । भारी भरकम पुस्तकों का स्थान ई-पुस्तकों एवं ऑनलाइन सामग्रियों ने ले लिया है । यद्यपि सभी विषयों के लिए ऑनलाइन सामग्री उपलब्ध हैं परन्तु संस्कृत भाषा के लिये इसकी बहुत कमी है । इसी कड़ी में संस्कृत को ऑनलाइन प्लेटफॉर्म पर लाने के लिए यह एक प्रयास है । प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र का प्रमुख उद्देश्य संस्कृत कृदन्तपदों (participles) के विश्लेषण एवं पाणिनि सूत्रों के आधार पर उनके निर्माण की सम्पूर्ण प्रक्रिया के लिए एक विकसित ऑनलाइन प्लेटफॉर्म को प्रस्तुत करना है । इस सिस्टम को विकसित करने के लिए पाणिनीय व्याकरण के सूत्रों, प्रत्ययों तथा धातुओं के विभिन्न डेटाबेस की सहायता से कृदन्तपदों के विश्लेषण किया गया है । साथ ही साथ इसी विश्लेषण के आधार पर यह सिस्टम रुपसिद्धि भी प्रदान करता है । यह सिस्टम दिल्ली विश्वविद्यालय के संस्कृत विभाग की वेबसाईट http://cl.sanskrit.du.ac.in पर उपलब्ध है । यह सिस्टम प्रभावी तरीके से ऑनलाइन माध्यम द्वारा शिक्षण और शोध के क्षेत्र में अत्यधिक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है । साथ ही यह भावी शोधार्थियों को उचित मार्गदर्शन के साथ ही साथ अन्तर्विषयक शोधकार्य करने की प्रेरणा भी प्रदान करता है ।
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M, Kavitha. "Nachinarkiniyar History and Textual Ability." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (July 21, 2022): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s834.
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Tamil language and literature have flourished with speeches composed by speechwriters. Are greatly aiding researchers who think innovatively. Texts serve as a bridge between linguistic research and e-literary criticism. The texts convey how the Tamil language has changed over time, as well as the living conditions, political changes and customs of the Tamil people. This article explores the history and textual ability of Nachinarkiniyar. Nachinarkiniyar was a knowledgeable and knowledgeable man of various arts, writing semantics for songs, and also possessing the art of religious ideas, music, drama, etc., which are included in the book. He is well versed in grammar, literature, dictionary, epic and puranam in Tamil. He is well versed in astrology, medicine, architecture, and crops. Nachinarkiniyar, who has written for Tamil grammar books, is well versed in the Vedic and phylogenetic theory of Sanskrit and is a university-oriented scholar of Tamil, Sanskrit scholarship, religious knowledge, land book knowledge, life and biology. This article explores the history and textual ability of Nachinarkiniyar.
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Pskhu, Ruzana V. "Possible correlation of Genetivus Objectivus semantics with socio-practice in different philosophical cultures." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-4-78-87.
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The article suggests specific grammatical features of some languages of the leading philosophical traditions of Eurasia, which can explain some of the differences in philosophical thinking that exist in these traditions. In particular, the use of Genetivus Objectivus in Sanskrit, New European, Latin and Arabic languages is considered, its possible correlation with the socio-practice of cultures in which these languages are dominant is analyzed. As a theoretical preamble, which allows not only to raise, but also to comprehend the designated problems, the author refers to the logical-semantic theory proposed by the Russian philosopher and arabist Andrei V. Smirnov (b. 1958), which deals with subject-predicate constructions in substantive and procedural logic, the problems of correlation of language and thinking, as well as the commensurability of the bases rationality in different philosophical cultures. Analyzing the peculiarities of the use of the so-called object genitive case (Genetivus Objectivus) in different linguistic traditions, the author comes to the conclusion that it is the grammar of a language that often determines the peculiarities of a person’s thinking, which in turn are reflected in the socio-practice of a particular culture. Using the example of the Sanskrit fragment “Śrībhāṣya” by the Indian medieval philosopher Rāmānuja (XI–XII), in which the compound word (brahmajijñāsā) is proposed to be read as a combination of two nouns in the construction of Genetivus Objectivus (brahmano jijñāsā) (with reference to the grammar of Pāṇini), the author of the article shows the peculiarity of Sanskrit-speaking thinking in comparison with New European, Arabic and Latin languages. This feature is understood in the light of the definitions offered by philosophical traditions to understand the nature of God or the Absolute Principle.
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Ulanskii, Evgenii Aleksandrovich. "On the main metarule of the Sanskrit grammar of Pāṇini." Litera, no. 8 (August 2022): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.8.38514.
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The subject of this study is the most famous and most frequently used metarule of the Sanskrit grammar "Aṣṭādhyāyī" compiled by the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini. This metarule is called "bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā" and serves to determine the correct sequence of grammatical operations prescribed in the "Aṣṭādhyāyī". The material of the study are various interpretation of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā in Sanskrit commentaries on the "Aṣṭādhyāyī", as well as in the collections of metarules compiled by Sanskrit grammarians. The purpose of the work is to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the most important interpretative tool of the grammar of Panini — bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā, as well as with the history of the interpretation of this metarule in Sanskrit grammatical literature. The research method is a comparative analysis of Sanskrit primary sources containing interpretations of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā. For the first time in the Russian-language literature, a detailed analysis of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā has been made. The history of the origin of this metarule and its interpretation by Sanskrit grammarians has been studied. The signs of acquaintance of Panini with bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā are investigated. It is shown that, despite the widespread use of this metarule, the mechanism of its application was not explicitly described until the XVIII century AD, when this problem was completely solved by the grammarian Nāgojībhaṭṭa in his work "Paribhāṣenduśekhara". It is established that one of the main achievements of Nāgojībhaṭṭa was the strict definition of the concepts of antaraṅga and bahiraṅga — the most important elements of the statement of bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā.
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Romaschko, Sergej A. "Sprachwissenschaft, Ästhetik und Naturforschung Der Goethe-Zeit." Historiographia Linguistica 18, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1991): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.18.2-3.04rom.
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Summary In the emergence of comparative grammar at the beginning of the 19th century, Sanskrit played a crucial role. The manner in which Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) characterized the grammatical structure of this language in his Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier of 1808 was of great importance for the early phases of development of Indo-European linguistics. As is shown in this paper, the characteristics attributed to Sanskrit derived not only from F. Schlegel’s romantic views on language and literature, but were also influenced by his general philosophical and natural-science views which largely reflected the intellectual climate of the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany. During this period biology, physiology, and comparative anatomy experienced rapid progress, and the ‘organic’ concept of nature they espoused provided cognitive models for other disciplines, notably philosophy (cf. Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft of 1790), aesthetics, poetics, and linguistics. These natural-science concepts proved particularly fruitful within the romantic movement; they convinced F. Schlegel to see in Sanskrit a language whose organization resembled most perfectly the ideal Ursprache of Indo-European.
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Danesi, Serena, Cynthia A. Johnson, and Jóhanna Barðdal. "Between the historical languages and the reconstructed language." Indogermanische Forschungen 122, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 143–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2017-0007.
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Abstract The “dative of agent” construction in the Indo-European languages is most likely inherited from Proto-Indo-European (Hettrich 1990). Two recent proposals (Danesi 2013; Luraghi 2016), however, claim that the construction contains no agent at all. Luraghi argues that it is a secondary development from an original beneficiary function, while Danesi maintains that the construction is indeed reconstructable. Following Danesi, we analyze the relevant data in six different Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Avestan, Ancient Greek, Latin, Tocharian, and Lithuanian, revealing similarities at a morphosyntactic level, a semantic level, and to some extent at an etymological level. An analysis involving a modal reading of the predicate, with a dative subject and a nominative object, is better equipped to account for the particulars of the construction than the traditional agentive/passive analysis. The proposal is couched within Construction Grammar, where the basic unit of language is the construction, i. e. a form-function correspondence. As constructions are by definition units of comparanda, they can be successfully utilized in the reconstruction of a proto-construction for Proto-Indo-European.
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Dobre Brat, Florina. "The Divine Word and its Expression in Sanskrit: Continuity and Change in Vedic and Classical India." Diakrisis Yearbook of Theology and Philosophy 5 (July 31, 2022): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/diakrisis.2022.5.
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The Vedas are said to be not a human creation (apauruṣeya), but Revelation imparted to the Vedic sages who have put it down in inspired verses. Vedas’ words are therefore divine and eternal, and thus extensively praised. Vāc, the Vedic word, is eulogised in several hymns, among which Vāk Sūkta (X.125) is by far the most illustrative of all. In some teachings of the Upanishads, Vāc is equated to Brahman alongside other interpretations. When analysing the nature of the word, centuries later, philosophers and grammarians refer to it as śabda, and no longer as Vāc, the latter remains somehow confined to a rather poetical and mystical reality. Yet, the idea of the eternal and divine character of the scriptures is superimposed on the Sanskrit language also, despite certain historical change remarks on the grammarians' side. In the 5th century CE, Bhartṛhari displays a genuine linguistic and philosophical thought of the folding and unfolding of Reality and its understanding as Word-Principle (brahman śabda-tattva). From an auxiliary science of preserving the correct forms of the Vedas, Sanskrit grammar acquires a hermeneutical role and empowers itself as a way to salvation, an idea supported by previous evidence of grammar's role in producing celestial happiness (abhyudaya), merit and righteousness (dharma). I seek in this paper to analyse and point out the strongholds that underpin Sanskrit as a divine language and how continuity and change coexist to support over millennia this undaunted approach.
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Lysenko, Viktoria G. "Grammar and Ritual in Indian Theoretical Culture and the Western Ideal of “Pure Theory”: an Intercultural Approach." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-15-26.
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The article reveals the intercultural significance of the impact of the Paninean grammar of Sanskrit (ca. IV century B.C.) on the formation of Western linguistics – the general theory of language, comparative historical linguistics, other comparative disciplines, as well as generative grammar, structuralism and formalism. We are dealing here with a specific contribution of Indian theoretical knowledge to a number of important areas of Western science and philosophy. In ancient India itself, the genesis of grammatical and linguistic discourse was closely connected with the Brahmanical theory of Vedic sacrifice, which had the character of ritual- and sound-centrism. Ritual was regarded as a model of activity and behavior under the condition of an unstable confrontation between the forces of chaos and order. Sound-centrism constituted a priority of the oral transmission of knowledge in ancient India. The author associates ritual- and sound-centric doctrines with the conceptual expression of the dynamic nature of reality by means of the “perfect language” – Sanskrit. The fact that in ancient India the grammar was a part of the “software” for ritualistic discursive practices introduces some new perspectives within the study of the genesis of theoretical knowledge. In contrast to the hypothesis of “pure theory” suggested in Ancient Greece and acknowledged as a trigger for the development of philosophy and science in the West, an opportunity opens up to study the genesis of theoretical culture within the framework of justifying religious praxis (F. Staal’s hypothesis). This may actualize the reflection of “Indo-European language family relations” between Western civilization and Indian culture and enrich their self-understanding by the introduction of an intercultural perspective.
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Van Hal, Toon. "Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 99–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.04van.
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Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.
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Hnatovska, Нanna. "LEXICAL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE CONCEPT OF "BEING" IN THE MONIER-WILLIAMS ENGLISH-SANSKRIT DICTIONARY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Philosophy, no. 6 (2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2523-4064.2022/6-2/13.
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The article is devoted to the study of the etymology and semantic connotations of Sanskrit terms: sat, bhāva, sambhava, bhavitṛ, bhavya, bhavat, bhūti, bhūta, sarvabhūta, bhavaka, sattva, sattā, saṃvṛtti, jāstāmātā sampatti, vartamāna, āvitta, āvinna as lexical representatives of the conceptosphere of being in the Sanskrit-English dictionary of Monier-Williams. The method of conceptual analysis is implemented based on the assumption of the determining influence of language culture on the content and nature of philosophical creativity. This study is only the first stage of the project to reveal the way of interpreting "being" in the history of Indian philosophy. The key semantic connotations of this concept in the Monier-Williams English-Sanskrit dictionary are revealed. The semantic connection of the concept of "being" with the concepts: "life" and "time" is defined. In this context, "to live" is to be "someone" in order to embrace "one's place" and play "one's role" that can provide "possession" for "subsistence", and the relationship between "being" and "time" is the concreteness of the existing event that is happening or has happened and belonging to the future that is about to happen. Although we do not trace a transparent connection between the concepts of "being" and "space" in Sanskrit, there are reasons to believe that the first of all, the etymology of the terms of our chosen conceptosphere clearly presents the interpretation of being as a long and a spatially defined location. Noticeable is the fact that the connection between the interpretation of the concept of "being" in Sanskrit and the ethical concept of "good" and aesthetic "beauty" we trace only in terms derived from as and bhū, and at the same time only the terms sat and bhava can be translated as "truth", and the meaning of "essence" we find only in the translation of the terms sat and sattva. This explains the fact why the term sat is considered as close as possible to the "Western" interpretation of the concept of "being". It has been suggested that the polysemy of lexical representatives of the concept of being in Sanskrit and the complexity and variability of the grammar compliance of this language can be interpreted as an obstacle to the extreme problematization of this concept.
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Biagetti, Erica, Oliver Hellwig, Salvatore Scarlata, Elia Ackermann, and Paul Widmer. "Evaluating Syntactic Annotation of Ancient Languages." Old World: Journal of Ancient Africa and Eurasia 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26670755-01010003.
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Abstract In this paper we introduce an extended version of the Vedic Treebank (vtb, Hellwig et al. 2020) which comes along with revisited and extended annotation guidelines. In order to assess the quality of our annotations as well as the usability and limits of the guidelines we performed an inter-annotator agreement test. The results show that agreement between annotators is hampered by various factors, most prominently by insufficient understanding of the content because of the cultural and temporal gap and incomplete knowledge of Vedic grammar. An in-depth discussion of disagreeing annotations demonstrates that the setup of the workflow, too, has a major influence on inter-annotator agreement. We suggest some measures that can help increase the transparency and annotation consistency according to current knowledge of the language when annotating Vedic Sanskrit, or ancient language varieties in general.
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Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Oberlies, Thomas, A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit. [Indian Philology and South Asian Studies 5]." Indo-Iranian Journal 51, no. 1 (March 2008): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10783-008-9086-x.
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LIBRENJAK, Sara, Kristina KOCIJAN, and Marijana JANJIĆ. "Improving Students' Language Performance Through Consistent Use of E-Learning: An Empirical Study in Japanese, Korean, Hindi and Sanskrit." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.6.2.79-94.
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This paper describes the backing theories, methodology, and results of a two-semester long case study of the application of technology in teaching four Asian languages (Japanese, Korean, Hindi, and Sanskrit) to Croatian students. We have developed e-learning materials to follow the curriculum in Croatia and deployed them in Asian language classrooms. Students who agreed to participate in the study were tested before using the materials, and after each semester, and their progress was surveyed. In the case of Japanese students (N=53), we have thoroughly monitored their usage and compared the progress of students who have diligently studied vocabulary and grammar using our materials on Memrise, and those who have neglected their studies. This was measured through their scores on the Memrise, which shows the user's activity. Also, their progress was measured using standardized tests that were designed in such a manner to resemble Japanese Language Proficiency Test. We have found that frequent users progressed averagely 20,3% after each semester, while non-frequent users have progressed only 11,6%, proving this method to be related to stable and constant use of e-materials.
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Desnitskaya, Evgeniya A. "A Popular Survey of Indian Linguistic Traditions." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 10 (December 20, 2021): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-10-136-140.
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“Linguistics in Ancient India in the Context of Culture and Ritual” (Moscow, Vodoley, 2020, 244 p.) by O. A. Voloshina, published in Russian, presents a popular survey of Indian linguistic traditions, with a particular focus on descriptive methods of Pāṇini's grammar. A popular book on this topic written in Russian is indeed highly in demand. However, the book by Voloshina is not a popular, high-quality book, rather an imperfect compilation. The references in the book are mainly irrelevant or out of date. Works of contemporary leading scholars in Vedic studies are totally ignored. As a result, the book contains a number of errors and wrong conclusions, let alone numerous typos in Sanskrit. The author fails to distinguish consistently between historical description, the ideology of Vedic texts, and their subsequent interpretation in the frames of Hinduism. Chapters of the book that deal with Pāṇini's grammar provide parallels with concepts of modern linguistics. These seem promising, though sometimes a bit straightforward. The author is suggested to distinguish between descriptive and comparative parts in the chapters on Pāṇini.
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McLelland, Nicola. "Justus Georgius Schottelius (1612–1676) and European Linguistic Thought." Historiographia Linguistica 37, no. 1-2 (May 21, 2010): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.37.1-2.01mcl.
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Summary This article re-evaluates the significance of the 17th-century grammarian Justus Georgius Schottelius (1612–1676) not just for German linguistic thought (where the importance of his cultural-patriotic Spracharbeit and his contribution to grammatography and lexicography is undisputed), but also in Europe more widely. Contributing to the complex story of the rootword in European linguistic thought, it also demonstrates how the notion of grammatical analogy which Schottelius took from Vossius was applied, through his influence, in grammars of Dutch, Danish, Swedish and Russian, and how his development of the humanist cultural-patriotic concept of the rootword influenced debates on the origin of language, and European studies of the Semitic and even Sanskrit languages.
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Ghosh, Roni. "Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s Contribution in the Development of Bengali Language and Literature and Its Relevance in Present Context." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1439.
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Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a great person and great human being. He is known not only for his contribution in the field of educational and social reformation, but also for his literary works and contribution in the development of modern Bengali language. He is the pioneer who understood the problem of the then readers in understanding the complicated Bengali language, whose origin was purely Sanskrit. Thus, he took initiatives for simplifying and modernizing this language. Before him there was no such simple, easy and systematic text books for the learners. So, the researcher aims to find out the literary works of Ishwar Chandra, his contributions in the development of modern Bengali language and its present day relevancy in education. To fulfill these aims and objectives the researcher has framed some research questions. This is a Historical and Bibliographical research. Necessary data are collected from the primary and secondary data sources. For the analysis and interpretation of collected data, researcher used documentary analysis method. According to the researcher this research has significance from many aspects. One of them is, it will reveal the contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar as the first writer of Bengal in creating the simple and modern Bengali language. But the study is delimited by the researcher from the time period, i.e. only the time between 1820-1891 is considered as the period under study. After collecting necessary data, the researcher has found that, large number of books has been written by Ishwar Chandra and he has memorable contribution in the development of modern Bengali language. One of his popular creations is “Barna Porichay”. It is also found that he had done many activities like, writing of text books, grammar books, bio-graphical books and was actively involved in the writings of some magazines. Following the third research question, the research has found that Ishwar Chandra’s all activities are not somehow done by him, but those were much planned works. His report regarding the reformation of the educational system of Sanskrit college is considered as the first Educational Plan by the Indians. His works and activities regarding language development and literature support the principles of educational philosophy and psychology even after a long period of three centuries.
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Dodson, Michael S. "Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2005): 809–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505000368.
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Translation has often been characterized as a ‘central act' of European colonialism and imperialism. For example, it has been argued that translation had been utilized to make available legal-cultural information for the administration and rule of the non-West, but perhaps more importantly, translation has been identified as important for the resources it provided in the construction of representations of the colonized as Europe's ‘civilizational other.' In the context of British imperialism in South Asia, Bernard Cohn has persuasively demonstrated the first point, namely, that the codification of South Asian languages in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries served to convert ‘indigenous' forms of textualized knowledge into ‘instruments of colonial rule.' Translational technology, in the form of language grammars and dictionaries, Cohn argues, enabled information gathering and the effective communication of commands, as well as the (at least partial) displacement of European dependence upon interlocutors of perceived dubious reliability. Most recent discussions of translation in this context, however, have focused rather more upon the act of translation as a strategic means for representing ‘otherness' to primarily domestic British reading audiences. In this case, the act of linguistic translation is more clearly being enumerated as a practice of cultural translation. English translations of the ‘ancient' Sanskrit texts of India, for example, have been analyzed for the rhetorical work that the text performs in certain contexts. On the one hand, European-produced translations of these texts might serve to reinforce the dominance of a European aesthetic sensibility through a process of ‘naturalization,' in which the culturally-specific is ‘sanitized,' subordinated to a European norm, thereby inherently limiting the ‘artistic achievement' of the colonized. The orientalist William Jones' erasure of the motif of sweat as an indication of sexual interest and arousal in his translation of Kālidāsa's fourth- or fifth-century Sanskrit play Śakuntala is a case in point. On the other hand, literary translations from Sanskrit might also foreground the ‘otherness' of Indian texts and cultural norms through a strategy of ‘foreignization'; that is, by registering for the European reader differences in language and cultural content. For example, European translations from Sanskrit might include anthropological notations which explain the cultural relevance of the text, or might instead adopt an overly literal rendering of prose, thereby foregrounding differences in syntax, vocabulary, symbol, or motif. Both such rhetorical devices, it can be argued, leave the reader tripping over the text, giving him pause to consider the very strangeness of its appearance and contents.
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Desnitskaya, Evgeniya A. "Educational practices in urban spaces of Ancient India." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 3 (2021): 516–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.312.
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The urbanization of Ancient India dates back to the middle of the first millennium BCE. In the early days, urban culture was influenced by unorthodox religious movements from the East of India, and by social practices adopted from western Hellenistic states. Urban culture contributed to the genesis and spread of scripts and literacy in India. It was in urban spaces and at royal courts that Sanskrit evolved from the oral language of Brahmanic ritualism to the written language of the cosmopolis, the language of literature and philosophy. By the beginning of CE, urban spaces in India became the place of modernization of Brahmanism. Arts and theoretical disciplines blossomed in towns and at royal courts. Urban educational practices were focused on practical disciplines and on skills connected with aesthetic pleasure. The basis of education was reading and writing. Urban culture in the 1st millennium CE was multireligious. Buddhist universities at the monasteries were leading educational centers supported by kings, including the non-Buddhist ones. Buddhist philosophy was taught there along with traditional Brahmanic and lay disciplines (grammar, normative poetics, etc.). Therefore, the urban space in ancient India was the place of mutual interaction between Brahmanical, Buddhist, and secular scholarship as well as educational traditions. It was in towns, at Buddhist monasteries and royal courts that written culture and the corresponding educational practices were established.
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M, Rukmani. "Feminist portrayal in the poems of Salma and Malati Maitri." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (August 9, 2022): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s845.
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Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his linguistic ability. By learning the language of counting and writing as the body and soul direct the human being, it is possible to know through the Tamil numerals that the numbers representing the measurements are also designed while the letters are being created. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the measurements that have taken place in human life, with descriptions of messages, numbers, and nouns. The importance of numbers has been highlighted in explaining the alphabetical order of the letters and the alphabetical alphabets created for the Tamil language under the heading of letters and numbers, as well as the design of the vowels formed with the primary letters. The use of numbers in the classification of letters by alphabetical order is illustrated by the use of numbers to distinguish vowel letters into vowel, melody, and interjection types, and to point and quote characters. The words created for measurements such as size and mass are the primary letters of the words and the reasons for giving a special place to measurements in Tamil are explained. In order to give Tamil a lofty place in the world languages in the end, there are poems in which the Tamils use their numbers to indicate the year of publication, the year of an action, the time of action, and the number of soldiers involved in the war. The conclusion of the study is outlined.
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R, Subbulakshmi. "Numbers in Tholkappiyam Eluthathikaram." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (February 28, 2022): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s252.
Full textAbstract:
Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his linguistic ability. By learning the language of counting and writing as the body and soul direct the human being, it is possible to know through the Tamil numerals that the numbers representing the measurements are also designed while the letters are being created. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the measurements that have taken place in human life, with descriptions of messages, numbers, and nouns. The importance of numbers has been highlighted in explaining the alphabetical order of the letters and the alphabetical alphabets created for the Tamil language under the heading of letters and numbers, as well as the design of the vowels formed with the primary letters. The use of numbers in the classification of letters by alphabetical order is illustrated by the use of numbers to distinguish vowel letters into vowel, melody, and interjection types, and to point and quote characters. The words created for measurements such as size and mass are the primary letters of the words and the reasons for giving a special place to measurements in Tamil are explained. In order to give Tamil a lofty place in the world languages in the end, there are poems in which the Tamils use their numbers to indicate the year of publication, the year of an action, the time of action, and the number of soldiers involved in the war. The conclusion of the study is outlined.
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Botsman, Andriy, and Olga Dmytruk. "Trans-germanic peculiarities of preterite-present verbs." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 40 (2020): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2020.40.140-155.
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This article contains systematic and detailed analysis of morphological and semantic parameters of Germanic preterite-present verbs, dividing them into major and minor subgroups. The development of both preterite-present subgroups and their steady transformation into the modal verbs is a specific feature of all Germanic languages. Since the modal verbs of the Modern Germanic languages are morphologically defective, it is commonly assumed that preterite-present verbs of the old Germanic languages lost some of their morphological features in the process of turning into modal verbs. The semantic aspects of this process are rather obscure. All Germanic languages were losing some preterite-present verbs in the process of transformation from the Gothic language, which had fourteen preterite-present verbs. In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them survived in NE. The morphological description focuses on the finite and non-finite forms of the preterite-present verbs, which belong to the minor subgroup. The detailed description helps to see the origin and development of the minor subgroup in the new light. The description encompasses the data of classical Indo-European languages and Old Germanic languages. The authors emphasize the expediency of turning to the theory of preterite/strong verb origin, the verbs in question may be regarded as inter-group, hybrid units. In order to gain insight into the origin of the Germanic languages it is necessary to look into the history of the Gothic and West Germanic and North Germanic languages. The authors find it useful to compare common and different phenomena, highlighting individual specific processes taking place in the process of development of the Germanic languages. These languages are analyzed on different stages of their development, but inline with the view that the languages co-operated and coexisted in the same area. The data given in the article are used to analyze the problem implementing comparative grammar tools. The authors were particularly careful to take all grammatical forms into consideration while working with the lexical units from the ancient sources. Some additional information was taken from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit to produce reliable and consistent comparison of the German language with the rest of Indo-European languages.
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Inglese, Guglielmo, and Ulrich Geupel. "The encoding of ad hoc categories in Sanskrit: A synchronic and diachronic analysis of “compounds” with ādi-." Folia Linguistica 52, s39-1 (July 26, 2018): 225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2018-0005.
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Abstract This paper provides a new description of nominal compounds featuring the noun ādi- ‘beginning’ in Sanskrit. When used as second member of a compound, ādi- is commonly translated as ‘etcetera’ and the resulting compound displays a number of semantic and morphological oddities, as observed in reference grammars. Based on a thorough corpus analysis, we show that ādi-compounds are in fact associated with different functions, and that among other things they can be employed for the task of on-line categorization. Specifically, we argue that they can also encode ad hoc categories. In the second part of the paper, we describe the diachronic process whereby ādi-compounds developed into ad hoc category markers. In so doing, we adopt the perspective of constructionalization and suggest, against the traditional analysis of these forms as compounds, that when meaning ‘etcetera’, ādi- behaves as an affixoid. In this respect, the findings of this paper contribute to the general understanding of the diachronic typology of ad hoc category markers.
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Chevillard, Jean-Luc. "On the Two Lists of ‘Four [Types Of] Words’ (Nāṟ-col) in the Śāstric Descriptions of Tamil." Lingua Posnaniensis 55, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0010.
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Abstract This article examines, from the perspective of the History of Linguistics, the specifications and the genesis of two distinct lists of four sets of words which are often found in the ancient shastric corpus of the Tamil-speaking South. One of those lists, which is found inside the “pure grammar” component of that technical literature, enumerates ‘nouns’ (peyarc col), ‘verbs’ (viṉaic col), ‘particles’ (iṭaic col), and uric col (lit. ‘appropriate words’), whereas the other list, which reflects the fact that one of the main aims of “grammar” was to describe literature, enumerates ‘simple words’ (iyaṟcol), tiricol (lit. ‘mutant words’ or ‘twisted words’), ‘regional words’ (ticaic col), and ‘Northern words’ (vaṭacol). In both lists, there is an item for which it is difficult to find a simple translation, namely uriccol for the first list and tiricol for the second list. T he difficulty in identifying and explaining the intention of those who coined those terms seems to be in part due to the fact that the texts which the Tamil tradition has transmitted to us are an assemblage of various parts that were once fragments of a “work in progress”, now fossilized, which was partly abandoned, either because another śāstra (that of lexicography) took over part of the descriptive effort, and/or because the ambition to compile a dhātu-pāṭha (the Sanskrit term for a list of verbal roots) for the Tamil language was abandoned, if such a project ever existed. The fact that discontinuities in the transmission of Tamil śāstric literature do exist is attested to, for instance, by the hesitation of traditional commentators, while explaining sūtra TP 385i (alias TP 392p), which is a characterization of marapu (approx. ‘usage’), said to be dependent on the power of ‘the four words’. The commentators are cautious in deciding which of the two lists of ‘four words’ is meant, possibly hoping to suggest that the sūtra might refer to both, because they believe in the “beauty of compromise”.
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Łucyszyna, Ołena. "On the Notion of Linguistic Convention (samaya, saṃketa) in Indian Thought." Sententiae 41, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent41.01.043.
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Linguistic convention (samaya/saṃketa) is one of the central notions of Indian philosophy of language. The well-known view of samaya/saṃketa is its conception as the agreement initiating the relationship between words and their previously unrelated meanings. However, in Indian philosophy of language, we also encounter two other important but little-researched interpretations of samaya/saṃketa, which consider it as the established usage of words. I present a new classification of traditions of Indian thought based on their view of linguistic convention. This classification is to be verified and expanded in further studies. As far as I know, such a classification has never been undertaken before. 1) Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Buddhism, and later classical Yoga of the Tattvavaiśāradī accept samaya/saṃketa as an agreement initiating the relationship between words and their previously unrelated meanings. 2) Bhartṛhari the Grammarian and the continuators of his thought acknowledge samaya/saṃketa as the established usage of words that is rooted in the natural relationship between words and their meanings; the convention manifests (makes known) the relationship. This view was probably also shared by Mīmāṃsakas and Advaitins. 3) Classical Yoga of the Yogasūtrabhāṣya and probably also earlier Grammar thought of the Mahābhāṣya accept linguistic convention as the established usage of words, but this usage, though having neither a beginning nor an end, is not based on any natural and necessary word–meaning relationship. In this view, linguistic convention not only manifests the word–meaning relationship but also keeps it in existence. Another new contribution of this research is my explanation for why the same Sanskrit term samaya/saṃketa was applied to the different ways of understanding linguistic convention. I explain this through the common aspects of all three kinds of samaya/saṃketa. The first aspect is the content of all these kinds of samaya/saṃketa. Irrespective of how linguistic convention is understood, its content is the same: “such and such a word has such and such a meaning”. The second aspect is the crucial role of linguistic convention in language acquisition, communication, and transmission.
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A, Rajamaragatham. "Values in ‘Perunkathai’ Family System." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-9 (July 28, 2022): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s913.
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In the world of Tamil poetry, Perunkathai is held in equal esteem with the five great epics. The original text of Perunkathai was written by Gunadithiyar in the Paisasam language, a vernacular dialect of Prakrit, in the name of Pragatatha. After that, it was written in Sanskrit under the name Prigathkathai by a Ganga king named Durvineethan in the fifth or sixth century AD. Konguvelir wrote it in Tamil under the name of Udhayanan Kathai. He is considered to belong to the Velalar class of Kongu Country. This book, which was written in the seventh century AD by Konguvelir, is also known as Udhayanan Kathai, Konguvel Maakathai, and Perunkathai. This epic poem is composed by focusing on the lives of the kings. The grammar, literature, and epics of the Tamil language are all written with the aim of making the readers refined and virtuous. The aim of this book is that man should live a long time with perfect human nature. A family is a system in which one has children and lives together. This system undergoes many changes from time to time. Family structure is determined based on occupation, job, preference, need, etc. They classify family systems as joint family systems where grandfather, grandmother, paternal aunt, maternal uncle, elder paternal uncle, elder maternal aunt, younger maternal aunt, younger paternal father, grandson, granddaughter, etc., live together and classify them as single family systems where mother, father, and child live together. No matter what the system is, the family system will gain specialness and value only if it accepts the personal feelings, desires, needs, obligations, and duties of each individual. Many changes occur in human characteristics according to the living conditions of the changing and growing living conditions of people. The purpose of this article is to highlight the family values that are mentioned in the story in order to properly refine these changes and make us live in a good way.
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Э.Б., САТЦАЕВ,, and АБДОЛЛАХИ, М. "FORMATION AND FEATURES OF THE GENDER CATEGORY IN IRANIAN LANGUAGES." Известия СОИГСИ, no. 46(85) (December 19, 2022): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2022.85.46.013.
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Род – грамматическая категория, она свойственна разным частям речи и состоит из распределений слов или форм по двум или трем классом, которые называются: мужской, женский и средний. Семантика родовой классификации размыта и неясна, лишь в части существительных можно наблюдать отражение реальных половых различий. Наличие рода – характерная особенбьность грамматики многих языков, в том числе индоевропейских. Однако степень сохранности рода в разных европейских языках различна. Это связано во многом с устойчивостью синтетизма в системе словообразования. Древние индоевропейские языки (санскрит, авестийский, древнегреческий, латинский и др.) показывают трехродовую систему. Однако в более древнем по сравнению с ними хеттском языке наблюдаем лишь два рода – общий (одушевленный) и средний. Хеттский же язык является первым в истории индоевропейским языком с письменной фиксацией. Среди современных индоевропейских языков встречаются как трехродовые, так и двухродовые, в число которых входят и некоторые иранские языки. Система рода свойственна и семитским языкам. Род отсутствует в тюркских, финно-угорском, монгольском, нахско-дагестанском, картвельском и других языках. Кавказские языки вместо рода используют именные классы, которые, как правило, более богаты, чем родовые различия. Род при это может существовать как автономная подсистема в пределах одного из именных классов. Количество классов доходит до сорока. Происхождение классов, как и рода, неясно. В большинстве современных иранских языков род как грамматическая категория утрачен. В древнеиранских языках существовало три рода – мужской, женский и средний. В среднеиранскую языковую эпоху в части иранских языков категория рода исчезла. В среднеперсидском и парфянском языках система рода не прослеживается. Что касается восточноиранских языков, то здесь категория рода сохранилась хорошо. Это согдийский, хотаносакский и хорезмийский языки. Письменный материал аланского и бактрийского языков не может однозначно ответить, существовал в них род или нет. В новоиранских языках также система рода сохранилась неодинаково. Во многих из них категория рода исчезла. Лучше всего система рода сохранилась в курдском (курманджи), шугнанском и особенно афганском (пушту) языках. В осетинском языке категории рода нет, однако наблюдаются некоторые реликты в плане ономастики, что говорит о наличии рода в скифском языке. Gender is a grammatical category; it is characteristic of different parts of speech and consists of the distribution of words or forms into two or three classes, which are called male, female and middle. The semantics of the generic classification is vague and unclear, only a part of nouns reflects real gender differences. The presence of gender is a characteristic feature of the grammar of many languages, including Indo-European. However, the degree of preservation of the gender in different European languages is different. This is largely due to the stability of synthetism in the system of word formation. The ancient Indo-European languages (Sanskrit, Avestan, Ancient Greek, Latin etc.) show a three-tier system. However, in the more ancient Hittite language compared to them, we observe only two genders – common (animate) and middle. The Hittite language is the first in the history of Indo-European languages with written fixation. In modern Indo-European languages there are both three-gender and two-gender, which include some Iranian languages. The gender system is also characteristic of Semitic languages. The genus is absent in Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Mongolian, Nakh-Dagestan, Kartvelian and other languages. Caucasian languages use noun classes instead of gender, which tend to be richer than gender distinctions. In this case, the genus can exist as an autonomous subsystem within one of the named classes. The number of classes reaches forty. Origin of the classes, as well as of the genus, is unclear. In most modern Iranian languages gender as a grammatical category has been lost. In ancient Iranian languages, there were three genders – masculine, feminine and neutral. In the Middle Iranian language epoch in part of the Iranian languages the gender category disappeared. In Middle Persian and Parthian languages the gender system is not traced. As for the Eastern Iranian languages, the gender category is well preserved there. These are Sogdian, Khotanosak and Khorezmian. The written material of the Alanian and Bactrian languages cannot unequivocally answer, whether a genus existed in them or not. In new Iranian languages the gender system also was not preserved in the same way. In many of them the gender category has disappeared. The gender system is best preserved in Kurdish (Kurmanji), Shughni and especially in Afghan (Pashto) languages. There is no category of gender in Ossetian language. However, there are some relics in terms of onomastics, which indicates the presence of a gender in Scythian language.
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Hanneder, J. "Grimal, François; V. Venkataraja Sarma; V. Srivatsankacharya; Lakshminarasimham, Pāṇinīyavyākaraṇodāharaṇakośaḥ. La grammaire paṇinéenne par ses examples. Paṇinian Grammar through Examples. Vol. I: Udāharaṇasaṃhāraḥ. Le livre des exemples: 40 000 entrées pour un texte. [The Book of Examples: 40 000 Entries for a Text. Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Series No. 121. Collection Indologie 93.1.]." Indo-Iranian Journal 51, no. 1 (March 2008): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10783-008-9084-z.
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Jamison, S. W. "OBERLIES, TH.: A Grammar of Epic Sanskrit." Kratylos 50, no. 1 (2005): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29091/kratylos/2005/1/9.
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Aussant, Émilie. "La Grammaire Sanskrite Étendue − État des lieux." Histoire Epistémologie Langage 39, no. 2 (2017): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/hel/2017390201.
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Бирагова, Б. М. "Tamerlan Alexandrovich Guriev and his contribution to modern Caucasus studies (on the IV International Guriev readings)." Kavkaz-forum, no. 5(12) (March 23, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2021.12.5.007.
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В статье представлен научный отчет о IV Международных Гуриевских чтениях – одной из флагманских конференций Северо-Осетинского института гуманитарных и социальных исследований им. В.И. Абаева (г. Владикавказ), посвященной памяти известного ученого-языковеда, доктора филологических наук, профессора, заслуженного деятеля науки Российской Федерации Тамерлана Александровича Гуриева (1929 – 2016). Трудно определить сферу научных изысканий Т.А. Гуриева: он внес весомый вклад в целый ряд направлений современного кавказоведения. Его исследования носили системный характер, что особенно актуализирует его творческое наследие, к которому все чаще обращаются в своих работах историки, этнологи, антропологи, филологи и лингвисты, фольклористы, литературоведы, культурологи, чья деятельность связана с изучением народов Кавказа. В своих трудах он осуществляет сравнительные исследования, обращает внимание на межъязыковые связи, работает над систематизацией грамматики осетинского языка. Ученый является автором базовых изысканий по кавказской и иранской ономастике, лексикографии и лексикологии, этимологии. Являясь знатоком иранских, славянских языков, санскрита, а также английского, французского языков, он трудился над составлением словарей. Неоценим его вклад в современное нартоведение: к его трудам обращаются специалисты в данной области во всем мире. Он был постоянным автором и редактором нескольких сборников научных трудов («Осетинская филология», «Проблемы осетинского языкознания», «Культура осетинской речи и стилистика»). «Гуриевские чтения» проходят в этом году уже в четвертый раз, и с каждым годом эта площадка для научного диалога только расширяется, привлекая все большее количество участников, для которых научное наследие Т.А Гуриева является важной ступенью в их исследованиях. The article presents a scientific report on the IV International Guriev Readings - one of the flagship conferences of the North Ossetian Institute of Humanitarian and Social Research named after V.I. IN AND. Abaev (Vladikavkaz), dedicated to the memory of the famous scientist-linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation Tamerlan Alexandrovich Guriev (1929 - 2016). It is difficult to define the scope of T.A. Guriev: he made a significant contribution to a number of areas of modern Caucasian studies. His research was of a systemic nature, which especially actualizes his creative heritage, which is increasingly being addressed in their works by historians, ethnologists, anthropologists, philologists and linguists, folklorists, literary critics, culturologists, whose activities are related to the study of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his writings, he carries out comparative research, draws attention to interlanguage connections, works on the systematization of the grammar of the Ossetian language. The scientist is the author of basic research on Caucasian and Iranian onomastics, lexicography and lexicology, etymology. Being a connoisseur of Iranian, Slavic languages, Sanskrit, as well as English, French, he worked on compiling dictionaries. His contribution to modern nartology is invaluable: specialists in this field all over the world refer to his works. He was a regular author and editor of several collections of scientific works ("Ossetian philology", "Problems of Ossetian linguistics", "Culture of Ossetian speech and stylistics"). "Guriev's Readings" are being held this year for the fourth time, and every year this platform for scientific dialogue is only expanding, attracting an increasing number of participants for whom the scientific heritage of T.A. Guriev is an important step in their research.
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Kharpude, Hriday S. "Sanskrit Programming Language." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 70, no. 4 (April 25, 2022): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v70i4p102.
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Pagniello, Frederick James, Siew-Yue Killingley, and Dermot Killingley. "Sanskrit." Language 73, no. 2 (June 1997): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416069.
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