Journal articles: 'Santali'

1

CHOKSI, NISHAANT. "From Language to Script: Graphic practice and the politics of authority in Santali-language print media, eastern India." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (September 2017): 1519–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000470.

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AbstractThis article discusses the way in which assemblages of technologies, political institutions, and practices of exchange have rendered both language and script a site for an ongoing politics of authority among Santals, an Austro-Asiatic speaking Adivasi (Scheduled Tribe) community spread throughout eastern India. It focuses particularly on the production of Santali-language print artefacts, which, like its dominant language counterparts, such as Bengali, has its roots in colonial-era Christian missions. However, unlike dominant languages, Santali-language media has been characterized by the use of multiple graphic registers, including a missionary-derived Roman script, Indic scripts such as Devanagari and Eastern Brahmi, and an independently derived script, Ol-Chiki. The article links the history of Santali print and graphic practice with assertions of autonomy in colonial and early post-colonial India. It then ethnographically documents how graphic practices, in particular the use of multiple scripts, and print technologies mediate a contemporary politics of authority along vectors such as class and generation within communities that speak and read Santali in the eastern state of West Bengal, India.

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Das, Ruchira. "Mother Tongue in Indigenous Script as Medium of Instruction." Contemporary Education Dialogue 14, no. 1 (January 2017): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973184916678699.

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Olchiki is the indigenous script of Santals, a dominant tribal community of West Bengal, formulated to promote and represent ‘adi’ cultural heritage and traditions in their mother tongue Santali. The script was recognised by the Government of West Bengal in 1978 and was introduced at the primary level of education. However, there have been contestations around its appropriateness as the medium of instruction for the migrant tribal community in the emerging context of the city and globalisation. These discourses have led to the formation of two distinct groups—those who support the introduction of Santali language in Olchiki as a means to formal education and those who resist usage of its script for schooling. In my article, I will present these conflicting views prevailing among the migrant Santals of a settlement called Santragachi, in Kolkata.

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Sahoo, Sunil Kumar, Brojo Kishore Mishra, Satya Ranjan Dash, Shantipriya Parida, Jatindra Nath Besra, and Atul Kumar Ojha. "Universal Dependency Treebank for Santali Language." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 2837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.2837ecst.

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A major effort is currently underway to develop a large-scale treebank for Indian low resource Languages (ILRLs). Apart from that, a rich and large-scale treebank can be an essential resource for linguistic investigations. This paper presents the first publicly available treebank of Santali low resource Indian language. The treebank contains 307 tokens (51 sentences) in the Santali language. All the selected sentences are manually annotated following the Universal Dependency guidelines. The morphological analysis of the Santali treebank was performed using machine learning techniques. The Santali annotated treebank will enrich the Santali language resource and will help in building language technology tools for cross-lingual learning and typological research. We also built a preliminary Santali parser using a machine learning approach. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the linguistic analysis of the Santali UD treebank.

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DILIP, Mayuri J., and Rajesh KUMAR. "Clitic or Agreement Restriction in Santali: A Typological Analysis." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 9–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.1.9-33.

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This paper investigates the syntactic configuration of pronominal number marking in Santali. Syntactic, morphological and prosodic restrictions show that pronominal number markers have properties of an affix as well as a clitic. A marker is an affix due to the fact that it cannot participate in a binding relation with other arguments. A pronominal number marker also functions as a clitic since it is attached to prosodically the most prominent constituent. The arguments that trigger object agreement do not manifest one particular case, but instead indicate a dissociation between a case and object agreement. On the other hand, the argument with subject agreement manifests nominative case only, indicating an association between nominative case and subject agreement. Both subject and object agreement are sensitive to case that indicates a property of an affix. Keeping in view the distribution of the pronominal number markers, we analyze feature checking of the two parameters, namely agreement and case in Santali.

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Hock, Hans Henrich. "Backernagel is Wackernagel Lite. On the “P-Minus 2” Clitics of Santali." Lingua Posnaniensis 55, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0014.

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Abstract Santali presents structures with subject clitics in “P minus 2” (P-2) position, before the final verb and enclitic on the preverbal element, a position called “Backernagel” by Kidwai (2005). P-2 is commonly considered to lack clear cross-linguistic support; moreover, while generative accounts can accommodate utterance-second position (P2) as adjunction to a left-peripheral projection, they have no ready way of accommodating P -2. The history and synchrony of Munda “P-2” have elicited several accounts. Anderson (2007) considers three possibilities: Reanalysis of Proto-Munda subject proclitics as enclitic; extension of postverbal object clitics to preverbal subject function; attachment of original resumptive pronouns to the preverbal element. I present evidence for a different hypothesis: The Santali Backernagel clitics originate as P 2 or classical Wackernagel elements. A more fine-grained definition of Wackernagel in terms of different prosodic domains (such as utterance/theme vs. rheme) permits the hypothesis that the apparent P -2 is still a W ackernagel position, but within the rheme rather than the entire utterance, and that within the rheme, the prosodically strongest, preverbal-focus element is the most attractive clitic host. I support my account with evidence from Santali and other Kherwarian languages (which offer traces of an original P 2 position) and parallel developments in Iranian (where the different stages in the development can be traced in greater detail). Backernagel, thus, is a subtype of Wackernagel, and there is no need to assume a typologically problematic P -2 position for Munda (or for various Iranian varieties).

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Choksi, Nishaant. "Structure, Ideology, Distribution: The Dual as Honorific in Santali." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 31, no. 3 (December 2021): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jola.12343.

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Choksi, Nishaant. "From Transcript to “Trans-Script”: Romanized Santali across Semiotic Media." Signs and Society 8, no. 1 (January 2020): 62–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/706549.

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Choksi, Nishaant. "Script as constellation among Munda speakers: the case of Santali." South Asian History and Culture 9, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 92–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2017.1411064.

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9

MAHANA, RAJAKISHOR. "The Politics of Difference: Ol-Chiki and Santal Identity in Eastern India." International Review of Social Research 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48154/irsr.2019.0014.

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The indigenous people of India have a very contested history of their origin, and hence a blurred identity. The initial contours of tribal identity in India was shaped by the idea that tribals should be assimilated into the dominant Hindu fold or integrated as citizens of a nation state. The dominant communities wanted the tribals even to learn and speak the languages of the dominant groups over their own native languages. On the other hand, the struggles against this discrimination waged by the oppressed and subordinated forlast two centuries or more were seen as struggle for recognition as equals. However, in recent times, as a counter to the threat posed to the tribal ways of living by the dominant groups, articulation of tribal identity has been emerging from within. The new struggle encompassed another completely new and opposite demand – the demand for recognition of difference. Building on Santali script (Ol-Chiki) movement in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, the paper argues that the struggle for equal rights of citizenship and distribution along with taking pride in their own tribal identity has led to the development of subnationalism among the Santals in Eastern India.

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MAHANA, RAJAKISHOR. "The Politics of Difference: Ol-Chiki and Santal Identity in Eastern India." International Review of Social Research 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48154/irsr.2019.0014.

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The indigenous people of India have a very contested history of their origin, and hence a blurred identity. The initial contours of tribal identity in India was shaped by the idea that tribals should be assimilated into the dominant Hindu fold or integrated as citizens of a nation state. The dominant communities wanted the tribals even to learn and speak the languages of the dominant groups over their own native languages. On the other hand, the struggles against this discrimination waged by the oppressed and subordinated forlast two centuries or more were seen as struggle for recognition as equals. However, in recent times, as a counter to the threat posed to the tribal ways of living by the dominant groups, articulation of tribal identity has been emerging from within. The new struggle encompassed another completely new and opposite demand – the demand for recognition of difference. Building on Santali script (Ol-Chiki) movement in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, the paper argues that the struggle for equal rights of citizenship and distribution along with taking pride in their own tribal identity has led to the development of subnationalism among the Santals in Eastern India.

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11

Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. "Poverty, Structural Barriers, and Health: A Santali Narrative of Health Communication." Qualitative Health Research 14, no. 8 (October 2004): 1107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732304267763.

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Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra, Singo Hembram ,. "Indian Tribal Educational System for the Santal Children of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha: A Psychosocial Analysis." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 940–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2037.

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The study on educational system of the Santals of Mayurbhanj is an interesting aspect of the tribal education of Odisha in Eastern India. Santals are the the largest number of people among the total tribal population of Odisha. Education of the tribal communities /societies has helped in preservation of social structure and goal achievement. The Santals are largely residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The development of education of the Santals of Mayurbhanj district is the main part of the tribal educational system of the state of Odisha. Odisha has possessed a distinct place in tribal history of India and it is the home of a number of different types of tribes. Different developmental programmes / schemes for education have been implemented through the Governments and Non Government agencies for the educational improvement of the tribal children of Odisha in general and Santal children in particular. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars including the present authors, the people of Santal tribe/society are mostly residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. In fact, most of the tribes of Odisha in Eastern India have no written languages, but in case of Santala tribe, it has a written language with a specific ‘Ol Chiki’ script for the use of its own people. The Santal children of Mayurbhanj district are more interested in modern education in comparison to other tribal children of Odisha. At present the educated people of Santal tribe of Mayurbhanj have been able to organize their socio-cultural associations for preservation of their traditional culture. The aim of this paper is to focus on educational system for the Santal children of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha along with to highlight their receptive minds for receiving modern education for their moral as well as physical developments for entry into the main stream of the present / modern society. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been carefully utilised in the present article

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Lotz, Barbara. "Promoting Tribal Languages in Education: A Case Study of Santali in Orissa." Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 2004): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2004.11892409.

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14

Barman, Debaditya, Tuheli Bhattacharya, and Nirmalya Chowdhury. "A deep learning framework for handwritten Ol Chiki character recognition." Journal of Scientific Research 66, no. 02 (2022): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2022.660227.

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Ol Chiki is an Austroasiatic-Santali language used by the Santhal tribe of India. Despite being one of the official languages of India, Ol Chiki language still remains marginalized. Although there exist significant amount of work on recognizing handwritten characters of several other mainstream Indian languages (e.g. Hindi, Bengali etc.), very less number of work have been carried out for this language. In this work, a robust Handwritten Ol Chiki Character Recognition (HOCCR) system based on Deep learning has been proposed. Efficacy of the Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature descriptor for recognizing Ol Chiki characters has been shown. A detailed comparative study has been carried out using several proposed prediction models.

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Mukhopadhyay, Parthasarathi, and Anirban Dutta. "Language Analysis in Library OPAC designing an Open Source Software based Framework for Bibliographic Records in Mainstream and Tribal Languages." DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 40, no. 05 (November 4, 2020): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.40.05.16034.

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It reports the development of an enhanced library OPAC prototype through integration of language analysis tool and book reader in the retrieval interface. Language analysis or text analytics is considered as one of the components of language documentation and when integrated with library OPAC can extend supports to analyse corpus of the retrieved document in terms of word/phrase frequency, term circus, term links, term context etc through visual representation in a single-window along with the other datasets generally expected in a typical library OPAC. The open source software based integration mechanism is tested with English and Bengali as mainstream languages and a Unicode-compliant Indian official tribal language Santali (Ol Chiki script) as minority language.

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Krylova, Anastasia. "History, Structure, and Origins of the Autochthonous Scripts for Munda Languages." Anthropos 116, no. 2 (2021): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-2-331.

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The article deals with four original scripts for Munda languages, invented in the 20th century by the native speakers of Munda. These are as follows: Ol Chiki, invented by Raghunath Murmu for Santali language; Sorang Sompeng, invented by Mangei Gomango for Sora; Warang Citi, invented by Lako Bodra for Ho; Bani Hisir, invented by Rohidas Singh for Mundari. The author analyzes the structures of the character sets and makes assumptions regarding the origins of the characters. In some cases, the author proposes alternative versions of the origins of the Warang Citi script, which was widely examined by Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow. Certain characters of Sorang Sompeng might bear resemblance to the Latin script and some Indian scripts, while Bani Hisir seems to have been influenced by Ol Chiki and partly by Warang Citi.

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Phillips, Jacob B., and K. David Harrison. "Munda mimetic reduplication." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.13.

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AbstractThe Munda languages of South Asia exhibit sound symbolism in their use of mimetic reduplication, to which they devote a surprisingly large percentage of their lexicons, typically upwards of ten percent. We present an extensive empirical typology of mimetic reduplication in seven Munda languages: Ho, Kera Mundari, Kharia, Mundari, Remo (Bondo), Santali, and Sora (Savara). Munda Mimetic forms can depict sensory qualities of sound, space, movement, texture, smell, taste, temperature, feelings, and sensations. The typology of mimetic reduplication in Munda varies across syntactic class, semantic domain and phonological form. This can shed light on the breadth of diverse structures in Munda languages, and may also be extrapolated to other languages and other examinations of reduplication and/or mimesis. This work provides a wealth of data to researchers of mimesis and reduplication, challenging the definition of what it means for forms to be sound-symbolic or reduplicated.

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Hembrom, Thadeus. "A study of Santals as children of nature in the light of Santal folktales." Research Journal in Advanced Humanities 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.58256/rjah.v3i4.980.

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South Asian nations are home to the Santal tribe. Even though they are dispersed over several nations, most of the Santal are found in India and Bangladesh. The Santal people describe themselves largely as natural beings. This assertion has found support from some scholars who have analysed the Santal rituals and festivals. However, very few studies have tried to define the identity of the Santals from a literary perspective. Therefore, by examining their folktales, this article aims to demonstrate the idea that the Santal are children of nature. The study was guided by The National Folklore Theory, Cultural Functional Theory, and Theory of Reality. The qualitative research was based on a textual analysis of 27 Santal folktales. The rationale of this paper is that Santal folktales serve as a repository of knowledge about their customs, cultures and identities. From the study findings, it is clear that the Santals live in and through nature. They have such intimate relations with nature as one would have with a parent or sibling. They emulate the simplicity of nature in their lifestyle. Even the spirits they worship and revere are thought to reside in nature. Therefore, the Santal are born from nature and exist in mutually beneficial and shared spaces with other creatures in nature.

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Bandyopadhyay, Sumahan. "Luguburu: Ritual, Pilgrimage and Quest for Identity Among the Santals." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 19, no. 1 (June 2019): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x19835384.

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The present paper studies an event of annual pilgrimage and congregation of the Santal at Luguburu hill in Jharkhand along with associated performative practices of dance, song, speech events and rituals. Lakhs of Santals, the largest tribal community in eastern India, assemble at this place to offer worship to Lugubaba during the full moon day in the Santal month of Sohrae corresponding to October-November in English calendar. Pilgrimage is a new phenomenon in Santal culture. The earlier monographs on the Santal did not give any reference to this phenomenon. Martin Orans’ celebrated study on the Santals in search of a great tradition of their own has no mention of this event. The present study has discussed and analyzed the emergence of the phenomenon of pilgrimage. The study has argued that the search for tradition is actually linked to new cultural inventions in changed contexts as well as socio-political milieu. The new ‘cultural enactments’ draw elements from own as well as neighbouring cultures as the present case has exhibited. The rituals and associated activities built upon a ‘prior discourse’ leads to performative practice that is directed towards a celebration of identity of a community.

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Baral, KP, and P. Basnet. "Antioxidant Activity of Selected Natural Medicines used in Nepal." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 3, no. 2 (August 13, 2013): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i2.8439.

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Diminished antioxidant defence or increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the biological system can result into oxidative stress which can cause damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), proteins, lipids and as a result different disease states arise like cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatoid arthritis. Antioxidants from different plant resources can significantly delay or prevent oxidation of the substrate and hence prevents from various diseases. Therefore, present research was focused in search of potent natural antioxidants. For the study, methanolic extracts of twenty-five common natural medicines, mostly spices were screened using 1,1–diphenyl–2–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical for their antioxidative activities. Among them, extracts of Chebulae Fructus, Terminalia Billericae Fructus, Phyllanthi Fructus, Cinnamomi Cortex, Arecae Semen, Pericarpium Punicae Granati, Syzygiae Fructus, Rhei Rhizoma, Pterocarpi Lignum and Santali Lignum Albi showed potent antioxidative activity with EC50 values being 1.5, 2.1, 1.4, 2, 1.5, 1.45, 2.7, 2.9, 3, 3.8 μg/mL, respectively. Ascorbic acid (EC50: 2.6 μg/mL) was used as positive control. Therefore, consumers can increase their intake of foods rich in antioxidant compounds that can lower the risk of chronic health problems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i2.8439 Journal of Chitwan Medical College Vol.3(2) 2013 27-31

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Shamsuddoha, Md, and Ms Rifat Jahan. "Santal Community in Bangladesh: A Socio-historical Analysis." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v5i2.339.

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The Santals are one of the most ancient indigenous communities in Bangladesh. Many historians denote them as the earliest settlers in greater Bengal. They mainly belong to Austro-Asiatic group of pre-Aryan settlers. Being the indigenous community of the country, they should have been more influential and developed. But the reality is different. Santals are deprived of stately rights and privileges in many aspects. It has a historical legacy of isolation and clash. As Santals live isolated from mainland people, proper attention was never given to them. Rather they were tortured and oppressed both by colonial and post-colonial rulers, which led them to launch many resistances. But ultimately those resistances could not completely stop the deprivation. In spite of all these challenges, Santals are still struggling to uphold their socio-cultural tradition. The absence of written document in Santal society created a paucity of information in the reconstruction of their history. Therefore, secondary source was mainly used in this research. This study tries to explore the social customs, livelihood and cultural features of Santal community keeping a special focus on the historical development. It indicates that they have historically been deprived in many ways, but they are still able to uphold their distinct cultural features in most of the cases.

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Rahman, M. Mostafizur. "LIFE AND SOCIETY OF THE ETHNIC SANTALS OF BANGLADESH: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE AND TRADITION." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v7i1.123.

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One of Bangladesh's oldest indigenous groups is known as the Santals. Several historians refer to and regard them as Bengal's first settlers. They mostly belong to the pre-Aryan, Austro-Asian stock of settlers. Since they are the original people of the country, they should have had more power and development. But the truth is otherwise. Santals are frequently denied regal privileges and rights. It has a long history of exclusion and hostility. The Santals were never given the required care since they are secluded from mainlanders. Instead, colonial and post-colonial governments beat and tortured them, which made them, start different forms of resistance. These resistances, however, eventually failed to halt the starvation. Even with all these problems, Santals still fight to keep their social and cultural traditions alive. There were no written records of the history of the Santal civilization, so it was hard to figure out what had happened. As a result, this research mostly utilized secondary sources. With the help of historical information, this study tries to figure out the social norms, ways of making a living, and cultural traits of the Santal group. The fact that they are able to keep most of their own cultural traits shows that they have been poor in many ways in the past.

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Khatun, Most Rojuba, and A. H. M. Mahbubur Rahman. "Ethnomedicinal uses of plants by Santal Tribal peoples at Nawabganj upazila of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41926.

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Ethnobotanical investigation on traditional medicinal plants used by Santal tribal people of Nawabganj upazila of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh was documented. Frequent field trips were made during January to December 2018 to record ethnobotanical data by interviewing Santals of various age group, mostly ranging between 20-76 years, including the traditional healers. A total of 105 plant species under 97 genera belonging to 57 families were recorded which are used by the Santals for the treatment of 67 ailments. Out of these plant species 44% belonged to herbs, 28% trees, 18% shrubs, 10% climbers. In herbal formulations, leaves were found to be mostly used (29%) followed by roots (12%), fruits (12%), whole plant (10%), seeds (9%), barks (9%), stems (5%), flowers (4%), latex (2%), rhizomes (2%), petioles (2%), gums (2%), bulbs (1%), tubers (1%), pods (1%) and buds (1%). The Santal medicinal wealth have been presented with scientific name, family, Bangla name, Santal name, part(s) used, ailments to be treated and formulations. This study also provides data on diversity, distribution and habitats for conservation and prioritization of the medicinal plants.

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ALA editorial board. "Foreword." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.1.5-6.

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Any scientific discipline undoubtedly encounters different challenges in their development over time. However, with the rise of modern technologies, such challenges expanded to new dimensions. In linguistics, corpus studies have already proven their advantages, and many researchers and other users enjoy the richness of different corpora, spreading enthusiasm and courage to treat linguistics interdisciplinarily. At the same time, minority languages and poorly studied languages are also gaining researchers' attention. Modern technologies further motivated different translation tools, which globalize the world with an enormous speed and seems to dicrease the relevance of language study and foreign language learning. However, the needs for interest in languages remain high. Though perhaps in a different form. This issue comprises the above ideas in five articles. Mayuri L. DILIP and Rayesh KUMAR coauthored the article “Clitic or Agreement Restriction in Santali: A Typological Analysis”, in which they investigated the syntactic configuration of pronominal number marking in Santali, the third most-spoken Austroasiatic language, from syntactic, morphological and prosodic perspective. The following article “Contextual factors and language: an analysis of order placements” was written by Andrej BEKEŠ. It tackles Japanese in a specific social context, namely written ordering requirements on a crowdsourcing website, and reports negative correlation between the level of added value of such requirements and the quality of linguistic expression, comparing it to the Grice’s maxims of conversation. ITO Hideaki's article “Orthoepic Competence Descriptors in Japanese Language Education: CEFR Levels B1 to C2” overviews the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and the JF Standard for Japanese-Language Education to discuss the benefits of their merging. In particular, the author re-examines CEFR descriptors for levels B1 to C2 in a non-alphabetically transcribed Japanese, which have not yet been attempted, and combine them with the results for levels A1 and A2 to present descriptors for levels A1 to C2 in overall. KIM Yu Young in his article “Development and Operation Results of Japanese Accent Perception Test Based On e-learning System” introduced the [AJ-phonetic Test] system, an online tool for practicing perception of Japanese word accent, presented its benefits through a longitudinal study on Korean learners of Japanese. Finally, Miha PAVLOVIČ wrote an article entitled “Grammar Errors by Slovenian Learners of Japanese: Corpus Analysis of Writings on Beginner and Intermediate Levels”. In it he first presents how to construct such a corpus, and then presents his analysis of grammar errors that a collection of 182 written texts written by Japanese learners contained. Editors and Editorial Board wish the regular and new readers of the ALA journal a pleasant read full of inspiration. ALA editorial board

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Chatterjee, Soumik, Krishna Chandra Mondal, and Sabyasachi Chatterjee. "Traditional and Ethno-Medicinal Uses of Wild Edible Mushrooms: A Case Study of Santali Tribe of Beliatore Forest, Bankura District, West Bengal, India." Journal of Plant Science Research 38, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpsr.2022.38.01.5.

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Rycroft, Daniel J. "Santalism: Reconfiguring ‘The Santal’ in Indian Art and Politics." Indian Historical Review 33, no. 1 (January 2006): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360603300108.

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Braun, Norbert A., Sherina Sim, Birgit Kohlenberg, and Brian M. Lawrence. "Hawaiian Sandalwood: Oil Composition of Santalum paniculatum and Comparison with Other Sandal Species." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 9 (September 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900936.

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Four commercial qualities of Hawaiian sandalwood oil produced from wood of Santalum paniculatum originating from the island of Hawaii (“The Big Island”) were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Main constituents of the oils were ( Z)-α-santalol (34.5–40.4%) and ( Z)-β-santalol (11.0–16.2%). An odor evaluation of the oils was carried out against East Indian sandalwood oil. In addition, the chemical composition of Hawaiian sandalwood oil was compared with four different Santalum species originating from East India, New Caledonia, Eastern Polynesia and Australia, respectively.

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Ali, Nabeel, Zainy Zehra, Anas Shamsi, Md Amjad Beg, Zahoor Ahmad Parray, Israil, Md Ali Imam, et al. "Elucidating the Role of Santalol as a Potent Inhibitor of Tyrosinase: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 8915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248915.

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This research work focuses on the potential application of an organic compound, santalol, obtained from santalum album, in the inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase, which is actively involved in the biosynthesis of melanin pigment. Over-production of melanin causes undesirable pigmentation in humans as well as other organisms and significantly downgrades their aesthetic value. The study is designed to explain the purification of tyrosinase from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, followed by activity assays and enzyme kinetics to give insight into the santalol-modulated tyrosinase inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. The multi-spectroscopic techniques such as UV-vis, fluorescence, and isothermal calorimetry are employed to deduce the efficiency of santalol as a potential candidate against tyrosinase enzyme activity. Experimental results are further verified by molecular docking. Santalol, derived from the essential oils of santalum album, has been widely used as a remedy for skin disorders and a potion for a fair complexion since ancient times. Based on enzyme kinetics and biophysical characterization, this is the first scientific evidence where santalol inhibits tyrosinase, and santalol may be employed in the agriculture, food, and cosmetic industries to prevent excess melanin formation or browning.

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Raj, Arjita, Sahel MD Delabul Hossain, and Arpita Raj. "Legal Pluralism: A Case Study on Autonomous Socio-Political and Judicial System in Santal Society." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10551ecst.

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The aim of this study is to determine how legal pluralism exists in Santal society and how their self-governing socio-political and judicial system, eminently known as Manjhi-Pargana or Marehor, exercises power over the society exclusively with the coexistence of the national legal system. Legal pluralism is the coexistence of two or multiple legal systems within a specific area. The Santal, one of the largest indigenous tribes of Eastern India, often mentions themselves as HorHopan meaning children of mankind. The Montage-Chelmsford report of 1918 remarked them as backward areas. Around 1935, Santals are recognized as backward tribes in India and are scheduled as tribes. In post-independent era under the Fifth and Sixth schedule of the Constitution, they have been described as people of ‘scheduled areas.’ The Indian Constitution has tried to build up the bridge between the Indian administrative system and the Santal society and has allowed them to enjoy the legal pluralism system.

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Rani, Arti, Puja Ravikumar, Manjunatha Damodara Reddy, and Anil Kush. "Molecular regulation of santalol biosynthesis in Santalum album L." Gene 527, no. 2 (September 2013): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.080.

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Yadav, Roshan. "Assessment of the Role of Environmental factors and Associated Plants for the Mass Cultivation of Santalum album L in Nepal and India." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/016.

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Sandalwood (White Sandal) is the fragrant heartwood of some species of genus Santalum. The widely distributed and economically important Santalum genus belongs to the family Santalaceae which includes 30 genera with about 400 species, many of which being completely or partially parasitic (John, 1947). The word Sandal has been derived from Chandana (Sanskrit), Chandan (Persian), Savtador (Greek) and Santal (French). There are references of Sandalwood in Indian mythology, folklore and ancient scripts. ‘Chandana’ the Sanskrit name ascribed to Santalum album L. was known and used in India from the earliest historic times and is frequently mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit writings, some of which dated before Christian era. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (320 B.C.) considered Sandal as one of the important forest products to increase royal revenue.

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Pogibenko, T. G. "NICOBARESE LANGUAGES AND OLD KHMER: FORMS OF DEPENDENT PREDICATION." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-317-332.

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The aim of this article is to show that Nicobarese languages Car and Nancowry, which are modern vernacular idioms of the indigenous population of the Nicobar Islands, and Old Khmer — the language of epigraphic inscriptions of 7th–15th A.D., possess a considerable fragment of grammatical system, which coincides in almost every detail. That is the system of forms of dependent predication, i.e. synthetic forms with allomorphs of labial and dental infixes and analytical forms with the marker ta. This fact is somewhat challenging since Nicobarese and Khmer are distant relatives, typologically different, they have different status and temporal affiliation. Data analysis shows that forms with ta in Nicobarese and Old Khmer are used in the same types of dependent predications, i.e. in verb, adjective, noun, pronoun, numeral modifiers, in relative clauses and clauses of time and reason, as well as in sentences with rheme shift. Infixed forms in the languages under comparison underwent lexicalization. However, as a relic they are still used in dependent predications of some types. In the languages compared we find similar examples of variation and dubbing of means marking dependent predication which successively replaced one another on the diachronic scale, i. e. infixed forms and forms with ta, forms with ta and conjunctions. Coincidence of the functional domain of forms of dependent predication in Nicobarese and Old Khmer is unique and cannot be found anywhere else all over the Austroasiatic phylum. In other Austroasiatic languages those forms are either extinct, or preserved as lexicalized units, or else are found in odd relic functions, e.g. the possession suffix ta in Santali.

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Rahman, Dr A. N. M. Arifur. "Ethnicity Catastrophe: Santal Rights and Dilemma in Bangladesh." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. VIII (2023): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7878.

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Citizenship is regulated by the Citizenship Act of a state. The ethnic minority like Santal men-women are the resident of the state and subject to the state laws. In this work it has been explored that people from minority group like Santals are struggling with sate coverage and legally debarred from various rights. There is a legal restriction on disposal of lands. It acts like two way sword. They need to follow benami transfer though that has been restricted by the state law. Women are traditionally deprived of hereditary benefits. Practices of personal laws are invisible. Religious conversion is prevalent in the community. Women participation in internal decision making process is totally absent though they used to earn for their family. The question of equal treatment is far reaching target. This research argues for the legal rights of the Santal community, disrupting the legal discriminations for disposal of lands and implementing women right to inheritance.

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Matsuo, Yukiko, and Yoshihiro Mimaki. "α-Santalol derivatives from Santalum album and their cytotoxic activities." Phytochemistry 77 (May 2012): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.007.

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Kucharska, Malgorzata, Barbara Frydrych, Wiktor Wesolowski, Jadwiga A. Szymanska, and Anna Kilanowicz. "A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082249.

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Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.

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Birkbeck, Anthony A. "The Synthesis of Fragrant Natural Products from Santalum album L.: (+)-(Z)-α-Santalol and (–)-(Z)-β-Santalol." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 71, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2017.823.

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Jones, G. P., K. Sundar Rao, D. J. Tucker, B. Richardson, A. Barnes, and D. E. Rivett. "Antimicrobial Activity of Santalbic Acid from the Oil of Santalum acuminatum (Quandong)." International Journal of Pharmacognosy 33, no. 2 (January 1995): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209509055210.

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Roshan Kumar Yadav, Subrata Mukhopadhyay, and Jagatpati Tah. "Santalol oil of Sandalwood (White) grown in different edaphic factors in west Bengal, India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 1 (July 30, 2023): 1404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.0838.

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Santalol means oil of white sandalwood (Santalum album L.) which is most valuable and importantfor different medicinal and cosmetic uses. The quality of this santalol is very much dependent on soil factor as well as climatic factor which is called edhapic factors as a whole. The concept of most of the people is sandalwood plant doesn’t grow in any atmospheric conditions and cannot produce quality sandalwood oil. Keeping all these views in mind we have undertaken a venture of producing sandalwood plants in different locations prevailing varied edaphic factors. A uniform agro-measure and techniques were provided for the proper growth and development in for all the plants in all locations. After attaining its heartwood maturity, we collected the heartwood samples from each location and estimated the santalol following standard distillation method. The aims and object of this experiment were to study the growth index i.e., quantitative assessment and determining the percentage of santalol present in the heartwood for its qualitative assessment. All these peculiarities and the recorded data have been put forth in this paper for a clear explanation.

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Zhang, Xin Hua, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Yong Xia Jia, Jie Tang Zhao, and Guo Hua Ma. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils from the Pericarps of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) by Different Extraction Methods." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700132.

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The chemical composition of volatile compounds from pericarp oils of Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., isolated by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The pericarps yielded 2.6 and 5.0% volatile oil by hydrodistillation and n-hexane extraction, and they were colorless and yellow in color, respectively. A total of 66 volatile components were detected. The most prominent compounds were palmitic and oleic acids, representing about 40-70% of the total oil. Many fragrant constituents and biologically active components, such as α- and β-santalol, cedrol, esters, aldehydes, phytosterols, and squalene were present in the pericarp oils. This is the first report of the volatile composition of the pericarps of any Santalum species.

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Hasegawa, Toshio, Hiroaki Izumi, and Hideo Yamada. "Structural Factors in the Odor of α-Santalol Derivatives." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 7 (July 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800705.

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α-Santalol is a sesquiterpene that is a major constituent of sandalwood (Santalum album L.), and is responsible for its distinctive woody odor. We replaced the polycyclic moiety and hydroxyl group of α-santalol with other moieties, and we compared the odors of the E/Z-isomers and their saturated analogues. Our previous study of the structure-odor relationships of α-santalols bearing hydroxyl, formyl, formyloxy, and acetoxy functional groups showed there was a similarity in odor between the Z-isomer and its saturated analogue. We synthesized α-santalols with a benzyl group in place of the hydroxyl group, because many benzyl compounds have strong characteristic odors. We found similar odors for the E-isomer and its saturated analogue. In contrast, the odors of the α-santalol derivatives with a hydroxyl, formyl, formyloxy, or acetoxy group were different. We also replaced the bulky polycyclic moiety with a linear alkyl chain. The polycyclic moiety was the most important structural factor in the characteristic sandalwood odor. The synthesis of derivatives and the evaluation of their odor allowed us to identify the key structural factors in the odor of α-santalol.

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Abd Algaffar, Shereen O., Stephan Seegers, Prabodh Satyal, William N. Setzer, Thomas J. Schmidt, and Sami A. Khalid. "Sandalwood Oils of Different Origins Are Active In Vitro against Madurella mycetomatis, the Major Fungal Pathogen Responsible for Eumycetoma." Molecules 29, no. 8 (April 18, 2024): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081846.

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In the search for new bioactive agents against the infectious pathogen responsible for the neglected tropical disease (NTD) mycetoma, we tested a collection of 27 essential oils (EOs) in vitro against Madurella mycetomatis, the primary pathogen responsible for the fungal form of mycetoma, termed eumycetoma. Among this series, the EO of Santalum album (Santalaceae), i.e., East Indian sandalwood oil, stood out prominently with the most potent inhibition in vitro. We, therefore, directed our research toward 15 EOs of Santalum species of different geographical origins, along with two samples of EOs from other plant species often commercialized as “sandalwood oils”. Most of these EOs displayed similar strong activity against M. mycetomatis in vitro. All tested oils were thoroughly analyzed by GC-QTOF MS and most of their constituents were identified. Separation of the sandalwood oil into the fractions of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols showed that its activity is associated with the sesquiterpene alcohols. The major constituents, the sesquiterpene alcohols (Z)-α- and (Z)-β-santalol were isolated from the S. album oil by column chromatography on AgNO3-coated silica. They were tested as isolated compounds against the fungus, and (Z)-α-santalol was about two times more active than the β-isomer.

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Ghosh, Mithun Kumar, Afroza Awal Shoily, Md Shafiqul Islam, Umma Musarrat Misu, and Mst Afroza Khatun. "Assessing the Participation of Indigenous Santals People in Chapainawabganj District of Bangladesh in Income Generating Activities." Agriculturists 18, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v18i1.49466.

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The study was conducted to determine the participation of indigenous people in different income generating activities (IGAs) and identify their problems. The study focused especially the Santal (an indigenous community of Bangladesh) peoples living in Chapainawabganj district. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face to face interview from randomly selected sample size of 120 respondents. The Santals did not have recognizable access to education and income generating activities (IGAs). The main findings indicate that, most of the respondents were in between 29-50 years of age. About 60% of the respondents were illiterate with 80% belonged to medium sized family which consist of 4 to 6 members. Agriculture is the main occupation among of the respondents. Among them, only 3.33% people are involved with Government services. Most of the people are found without own land although they continue their livelihood mostly by crop production, livestock rearing, fish culture and day laboring. They take lease of cultivable land from others. The respondents had an average annual family income of about 71429BDT whereas about 80% of the respondents were under low income category. Lack of money was found the most important problem in the study area according to Focus Group Discussion (FGD). IGAs improved the overall livelihood status of the Santals in the study area. The Agriculturists 2020; 18(1) 137-143

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S., Sahoo,, Sinha, S., and Singh, A. "Molecular Docking Study Reveals α-Santalol from Santalum album Linn. as Promising Inhibitor of CD36 for Atherosclerosis." CARDIOMETRY, no. 24 (November 30, 2022): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.24.353359.

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Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory vascular disease defined by the increasing buildup of cholesterol in the walls of the arteries, and it is a primary contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Issues concerning the adverse effects of synthetic treatments have recently resulted in a lack of patient consultations, drug misuse, and, as a result, a disturbance in meticulous disease control. As a result, a new understanding of traditional medicines has recently developed, and much research has been undertaken on such botanicals in an attempt to produce newer naturally based drugs. Santalum album, commonly known as sandalwood is one of the promising botanicals which is rich in α-Santalol. Therefore, the present study aims at exploring the targeting ability of α-Santalol against the protein CD36 which plays a significant part in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this research, a computation approach using Autodock4 is carried out which revealed negative binding energy of 9.10Kcal/mol highlighting the potential of α-Santalol for the effective management of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. However, there is still a need to validate the findings of this research with both, In Vivo and In Vitro studies.

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Gurusamy, Manikandan, Karolinsobina Charlie, Kalaimathi Palanisamy, Divya Chelladurai, and David R. Katerere. "AN ATTEMPT TO CONSERVE A VULNERABLE TREE SPECIES OF Santalum album L. THROUGH MICROPROPAGATION." Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.59465/ijfr.2024.11.1.81-89.

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A rare kind of tropical plant in the Santalaceae family is Santalum album. The active ingredient in S. album, santalol, is also referred to as sandalwood oil and is highly prized in the fragrance business for its fixative qualities and pleasant, enduring scent. Out of all the species in the genus Santalum, S. album has the greatest oil concentration (about 6%). The wild plants are overharvested for their wood, which is used to make santalol, as well as for other uses including woodcarving and traditional medicine. S. album is an easily hurt plant. Thus, the creation of an in vitro mass propagation protocol for this valuable species is necessary in order to generate homozygous clones with large yields for the establishment of sandalwood plantations. In this study, a full-strength MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of BAP and Kn (0.5-2.5 mg/l) was used to cultivate the shoot tip and intermodal portions of S. album that were collected from the wild. The maximum shoot development (4.50±0.50) occurred at a BAP concentration of 1.5 mg/l. IBA and IAA were added to the rooting medium along with the developing shoots. IBA (2.0 mg/l) had the highest mean number of roots (4.90±0.25) and root length (5.75±0.47 cm). Shoots that had been successfully rooted were moved to the field to harden. According to the current study, MS medium with 1.5 mg/l of BAP and 2.0 mg/l of IBA is an appropriate technique for micropropagating and conserving S. album is fragile tree species.

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KAPOOR, A. K., and GAUTAM K. KSHATRIYA. "FERTILITY AND MORTALITY DIFFERENTIALS AMONG SELECTED TRIBAL POPULATION GROUPS OF NORTH–WESTERN AND EASTERN INDIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 2 (April 2000): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000002534.

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Selection potential based on differential fertility and mortality has been computed for six tribal groups inhabiting different geo-climatic conditions, namely: Sahariya, Mina and Bhil of the State of Rajasthan, north-western India, and Munda, Santal and Lodha of the State of West Bengal, eastern India. Irrespective of the methodology, the total index of selection was found to be highest among Lodhas (0·668), followed by Sahariyas (0·524), Santals (0·462), Bhils (0·386), Mundas (0·353) and Minas (0·334). Incidently, Lodha and Sahariya are two of the seventy-four notified primitive tribal groups of India, and these two study populations show the highest index of total selection, mainly because of a higher embryonic and postnatal mortality.The relative contribution of the fertility component to the index of total selection is higher than the corresponding mortality component in all tribal groups.The analysis of postnatal mortality components indicates that childhood mortality constitutes the bulk of postnatal mortality, suggesting that children under 5 years need better health care in these tribal groups.

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Demars, Valérie, and Thibaut Béguier. "Aromaparfumerie : Santal." Hegel N° 2, no. 2 (2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/62289.

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Demars, Valérie, and Thibaut Béguier. "Aromaparfumerie : Santal." Hegel N° 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/heg.072.0137.

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Butaud, Jean-François, Vincent Gaydou, Jean-Pierre Bianchini, Robert Faure, and Phila Raharivelomanana. "Dihydroxysesquiterpenoids from Santalum insulare of French Polynesia." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 3 (March 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200303.

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Two new dihydroxysesquiterpene derivatives, elvirenol (1) and elvirol (2), along with five known compounds, (Z)-2β-hydroxy-14-hydro-β-santalol (3), (Z)-2α-hydroxyalbumol (4), (Z)-campherene-2β,13-diol (5), bisabola-2,10-dien-7,13-diol (6) and 2R-(Z)-campherene-2,13-diol (7) were isolated from the n-hexane extract of Santalum insulare (Santalaceae) from French Polynesia. Elvirol and elvirenol have a new sesquiterpene skeleton named elvirane. The structures were determined by extensive NMR studies. Compounds with antibacterial and antifungal activities identified in S. album heartwood were also present in S. insulare and may contribute to the recognized activities of this material in Polynesian traditional medicine.

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Matsuo, Yukiko, Hiroshi Sakagami, and Yoshihiro Mimaki. "A Rare Type of Sesquiterpene and β-Santalol Derivatives from Santalum album and Their Cytotoxic Activities." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 62, no. 12 (2014): 1192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c14-00457.

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Lutwak, Erwin, and Gaoyong Zhang. "Blaschke-Santaló inequalities." Journal of Differential Geometry 47, no. 1 (1997): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/jdg/1214460036.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Santali'

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