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Journal articles on the topic 'Santalum Album L'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 June 2025

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1

Rani, Arti, Puja Ravikumar, Manjunatha Damodara Reddy, and Anil Kush. "Molecular regulation of santalol biosynthesis in Santalum album L." Gene 527, no. 2 (2013): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.080.

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2

Wanage, S., A. Mirgal, Rajesh Gunaga, et al. "Double embryos in Santalum Album (L.)." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 17, no. 1 (2010): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2010-3afet3.

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Santalum album is one of the commercially important species and most popular for its fragrant oil derived from heartwood. Fruit is a drupe having single seed, which is naked and produce single seedling. Here, we report double embryos in a drupe of this species. Perhaps, this could be the first report on Sandal. This is a rare natural phenomenon and such abnormality may be useful for further breeding programme.

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3

Xin-Hua, Zhang, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, and Guo-Hua Ma. "Karyotype analysis of Santalum album L." Caryologia 63, no. 2 (2010): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2010.10589719.

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4

Herawan, Toni, Mohammad Na'iem, Sapto Indrioko, and Ari Indrianto. "Somatic embryogenesis of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 2 (2016): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijbiotech.9311.

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Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is native species of Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara, is oneof the twenty two species of the genus Santalum in the world. Sandalwood is an important tree because it hashigh economic value can produce sandal oil these can be used for perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, andare often used in religious ceremonies. In vitro particularly somatic embryogenesis has been widely appliedin the propagation of sandalwood. The Objective of this research is to obtain regeneration of sandalwoodthrough somatic embryogenesis using leaves explant from various clones. Medium for embryo induction is MS(Murashige and Skoog, 1962) solid medium containing treatment of 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)at various concentrations. To the media 0,15 mg /l kinetin, 40 g/l sucrose, and 2,5 g/l gelrite were added.Culture were incubated in the dark. Medium for Embryo development (maturation) is MS solid mediumcontaining treatment of BAP (Benzyl-amino-purine) at various concentrations. To the media 0,01 mg /l NAA(Napthalene-acetic-acid), 40 g/l sucrose, and 2,5 g/l gelrite were added. Culture were incubated in the light. Tostudy the specifi c structure of sandalwood somatic embryo early detection was conducted using histologicalanalysis. Results of anova showed that the clones, media, and interaction between clones with media did notsignifi cantly affect the development of sandalwood callus percentage. Results of anova showed that the clonesand BAP concentration signifi cantly effect to the embryo development of sandalwood.

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5

Ma, Guo-Hua, Eric Bunn, Jing-Feng Zhang, and Guo-Jiang Wu. "Evidence of Dichogamy in Santalum album L." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48, no. 3 (2006): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00201.x.

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6

Peeris, MKP, and WTPSK Senarath. "In vitro propagation of Santalum album L." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 43, no. 3 (2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v43i3.7954.

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7

Yadav, Roshan. "Assessment of the Role of Environmental factors and Associated Plants for the Mass Cultivation of Santalum album L in Nepal and India." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 3, no. 1 (2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/016.

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Sandalwood (White Sandal) is the fragrant heartwood of some species of genus Santalum. The widely distributed and economically important Santalum genus belongs to the family Santalaceae which includes 30 genera with about 400 species, many of which being completely or partially parasitic (John, 1947). The word Sandal has been derived from Chandana (Sanskrit), Chandan (Persian), Savtador (Greek) and Santal (French). There are references of Sandalwood in Indian mythology, folklore and ancient scripts. ‘Chandana’ the Sanskrit name ascribed to Santalum album L. was known and used in India from the earliest historic times and is frequently mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit writings, some of which dated before Christian era. Kautilya’s Arthashastra (320 B.C.) considered Sandal as one of the important forest products to increase royal revenue.

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8

Burdock, George A., and Ioana G. Carabin. "Safety assessment of sandalwood oil (Santalum album L.)." Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, no. 2 (2008): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.092.

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9

Debta, Harish, T. K. Kunhamu, Peter Petrík, Peter Fleischer, and K. C. Jisha. "Effect of Hydropriming and Osmopriming on the Germination and Seedling Vigor of the East Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." Forests 14, no. 6 (2023): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14061076.

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The natural populations of East Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) are very confined and are facing a drastic decline over the past three decades due to overexploitation. Santalum album L. seeds, in general, have poor and staggered germination, which is the major constraint in raising seedlings in nursery and establishing plantations. In the present investigation, we studied the impact of hydro- and osmopriming on the germination attributes and seedling performance of Santalum album L. The Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) solutions at four concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% and four durations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days and hydropriming for the same durations were applied. Results indicated that the osmopriming of seeds at PEG solutions at 5% concentrations for 2 days recorded the highest germination (79%), which is 42% higher than the control group. Longer priming times (6–8 days) had no effect or negatively affected the germination and growth. Moreover, hydropriming had no significant impact on the germination percentage of sandalwood seeds. The positive growth after osmopriming was connected with higher β-amylase content, higher carbohydrate and fat content, and lower electrical conductance of the seeds. Osmopriming can be recommended as a suitable and low-cost technology in enhancing the seed germination and seedling growth of Santalum album L. to produce quality planting material. Further testing of osmoprimed seedlings under abiotic stress conditions may help to explore its possible acclimation potential for stress resistance.

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10

Zhang, Ting, Xiaohong Chen, Yuping Xiong, et al. "Identification and Functional Analysis of SabHLHs in Santalum album L." Life 12, no. 7 (2022): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12071017.

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Santalum album L., a semi-parasitic evergreen tree, contains economically important essential oil, rich in sesquiterpenoids, such as (Z) α- and (Z) β-santalol. However, their transcriptional regulations are not clear. Several studies of other plants have shown that basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) were involved in participating in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene synthase genes. Herein, bHLH TF genes with similar expression patterns and high expression levels were screened by co-expression analysis, and their full-length ORFs were obtained. These bHLH TFs were named SaMYC1, SaMYC3, SaMYC4, SaMYC5, SabHLH1, SabHLH2, SabHLH3, and SabHLH4. All eight TFs had highly conserved bHLH domains and SaMYC1, SaMYC3, SaMYC4, and SaMYC5, also had highly conserved MYC domains. It was indicated that the eight genes belonged to six subfamilies of the bHLH TF family. Among them, SaMYC1 was found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, while SaMYC4 was only localized in the cytoplasm and the remaining six TFs were localized in nucleus. In a yeast one-hybrid experiment, we constructed decoy vectors pAbAi-SSy1G-box, pAbAi-CYP2G-box, pAbAi-CYP3G-box, and pAbAi-CYP4G-box, which had been transformed into yeast. We also constructed pGADT7-SaMYC1 and pGADT7-SabHLH1 capture vectors and transformed them into bait strains. Our results showed that SaMYC1 could bind to the G-box of SaSSy, and the SaCYP736A167 promoter, which SaSSy proved has acted as a key enzyme in the synthesis of santalol sesquiterpenes and SaCYP450 catalyzed the ligation of santalol sesquiterpenes into terpene. We have also constructed pGreenII 62-SK-SaMYC1, pGreenII 0800-LUC-SaSSy and pGreenII 0800-LUC-SaCYP736A167 via dual-luciferase fusion expression vectors and transformed them into Nicotiana benthamiana using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. The results showed that SaMYC1 was successfully combined with SaSSy or SaCYP736A167 promoter and the LUC/REN value was 1.85- or 1.55-fold higher, respectively, than that of the control group. Therefore, we inferred that SaMYC1 could activate both SaSSy and SaCYP736A167 promoters.

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11

Zhang, Xin Hua, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Yong Xia Jia, Jie Tang Zhao, and Guo Hua Ma. "Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils from the Pericarps of Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album) by Different Extraction Methods." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 1 (2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700132.

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The chemical composition of volatile compounds from pericarp oils of Indian sandalwood, Santalum album L., isolated by hydrodistillation and solvent extraction, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The pericarps yielded 2.6 and 5.0% volatile oil by hydrodistillation and n-hexane extraction, and they were colorless and yellow in color, respectively. A total of 66 volatile components were detected. The most prominent compounds were palmitic and oleic acids, representing about 40-70% of the total oil. Many fragrant constituents and biologically active components, such as α- and β-santalol, cedrol, esters, aldehydes, phytosterols, and squalene were present in the pericarp oils. This is the first report of the volatile composition of the pericarps of any Santalum species.

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12

Krishnakumar, N., and K. T. Parthiban. "Flowering Phenology and Seed Production of Santalum album L." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 5 (2017): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.106.

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13

kumar, Yadav Roshan, Mukhopadhyay Subrata, and Tah Jagatpati. "A Short Review on White Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews 08, no. 04 (2019): 73–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.37794/ijsrr.2019.8408.

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14

Bhaskar, V. "Pollination biology and fertilization in Santalum album L. (Santalaceae)." Flora 187 (1992): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)32207-7.

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15

Sankara Rao, K., N. K. Chrungoo, and Amares Sinha. "Characterization of somatic embryogenesis in sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 32, no. 3 (1996): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02822754.

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16

Sanjaya, Bagyalakshmi Muthan, Thrilok Singh Rathore, and Vittal Ravishankar Rai. "Micropropagation of an endangered Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." Journal of Forest Research 11, no. 3 (2006): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10310-006-0207-x.

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17

Kim, Tae Hoon, Hideyuki Ito, Kikuyo Hayashi, Toshio Hasegawa, Takahisa Machiguchi, and Takashi Yoshida. "Aromatic Constituents from the Heartwood of Santalum album L." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 53, no. 6 (2005): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.641.

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18

Teja, T. V. Ravi, Suraj Varma, Vishal Johar, Vikram Singh, and M. Venkateshwara Rao. "Vegetative Propagation of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.): A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 8 (2023): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i81968.

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Vegetative propagation is a fantastic way to improve the quality of the forest tree planting stock. It is often used in seed orchards and clone banks as a method of genotype preservation. Vegetative propagation is the greatest option when low quality seed and poor germination rates limit the availability of planting stock and quality. This review article discusses different vegetative propagation methods, including macro-propagation by cuttings, micropropagation through tissue culture, and grafting. Having insufficient knowledge and experience is the biggest obstacle to employing vegetative propagation. Therefore, an effort was made to outline several techniques together with their history and significance.

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19

Maia, Juliana, Abdul Qadir, Eny Widajati, and Yohannes Aris Purwanto. "Ultrafine Bubbles Technology for Breaking Dormancy of Sandalwood Seeds (Santalum album L." Jurnal Perbenihan Tanaman Hutan 9, no. 1 (2021): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/bptpth.2021.9.1.27-41.

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Sandalwood seed has two types of dormancy, namely physical dormancy and physiological dormancy which is a combination of the Two-part is called morphophysiological dormancy. There is for breaks dormancy in sandalwood for earlier embryo maturation and elongation also it has hard and impermeable skin. Its structure consists of layers of thick-walled palisade-like cells especially on the outermost surface and the inside has a waxy coating and curse material. The objective of this study was to break of seed dormancy with technology Ultrafine Bubbles (UFB) on the morphophysiological dormancy on sandalwood seeds. The experiments used a randomized complete block designed (RCBD) with 3 replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and will be continued using the DMRT test at the 5% level. The research was conducted from February - March 0f 2020. The results showed that immersion using UFB water with oxygen 20 ppm or either UFB free oxygen for 24 and 48 hours combined with physical scarification and chemical scarification could accelerate germination in 13 days after germination (appeared radicle), percentage of growth speed (GS) is 4.67%, maximum growth (MG) in 21 days after sowing is 66.67% with normal sprouts 2-4 leaves have grown.

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20

SUVARNA RAJU, Palathoti, and Aluri JACOB SOLOMON RAJU. "ENTOMOPHILY AND ORNITHOCHORY IN THE INDIAN SANDALWOOD, SANTALUM ALBUM L. (SANTALACEAE)." Contribuţii Botanice 57 (December 30, 2022): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/contrib.bot.57.11.

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Santalum album is an evergreen tree species that flowers twice in a year with a gap of one month during May-September. It is hermaphrodite, obligately self-incompatible and entomophilous. The principal pollinators are bees and nymphalid butterflies while a species of hoverfly and potter wasp are additional pollinators in both flowering seasons. The fruits are fleshy, 1- or 2-seeded drupes and seed dispersal is ornithochorous. The study indicates that S. album is obligately vector-dependent for pollination and seed dispersal.

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21

Tennakoon, Kushan U., and Duncan D. Cameron. "The anatomy of Santalum album (Sandalwood) haustoria." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 10 (2006): 1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-118.

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Structural attributes of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood) haustoria have been long overlooked in the literature. This is surprising since successful haustorial formation is key to the survival of individuals of this ecologically and economically important plant. We investigated the morphology of haustoria formed by S. album attached to one of its principal hosts Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray. The bell-shaped mature haustoria were composed of a peripheral hyaline body and a centrally located penetration peg. The parasite penetration peg can penetrate the host by means of direct pressure and the secretion of cell-wall-degrading enzymes when forming a successful graft union. The latter mechanism is supported by this study as we observed no evidence of collapsed host cells as the result of parasite applied pressure. Upon reaching the xylem tissue of the host root, the penetration peg formed a thin ellipsoidal disc and the host–parasite interface was almost entirely composed of parenchymatous tissue. Luminal continuities were absent between the xylem conducting tissues of the partners, thus suggesting mass flow of solutes is unlikely to occur in this association. High densities of contact parenchyma were found at the host–parasite interface; thus it is probable that these are the principal structures formed by the parasite that facilitate the acquisition of host-derived xylem resources. This study therefore concludes that haustorial anatomy of S. album supports cross membrane (potentially selective) uptake of host-derived solutes as opposed to mass flow via vascular continuity.

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22

Thinley, Pema, Jambay Jambay, Dhan Gurung, et al. "Ecology of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) at Lingmethang, Eastern Bhutan." Bhutan Journal of Natural Resources and Development 7, no. 2 (2020): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17102/cnr.2020.48.

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A study was carried out at Lingmethang to find out the ecological requirement for the growth of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) trees in Bhutan. It also aimed to determine the preferred hosts of Sandalwood in the study site and to map its habitat suitability in the country. Plot size of 20 x 20 m2 for trees, 10 x 10 m2 for shrubs, and 5 x 5 m2 for regenerations and herbs were used. Soil samples were collected by digging soil to 25-30 cm depth from each plot. PC-ORD software was used for finding the relation of the variable with seedling abundance. A total of 19 tree species under 14 families and 40 undergrowth species under 24 families were recorded in the areas where Sandalwood is growing naturally. Mallotus philippensis and Albizia sikkimensis were the co-dominant tree species with chirpine as the dominant tree. Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) was the most preferred host species of the Sandalwood seedlings followed by Murraya koenigii. Mature Sandalwood tree was found parasitizing on Desmodium sp. (Fabaceae). Slope was one of the most determinant factors for the growth of Sandalwood (r = .951, p < .05), but rainfall had greater influence even though negative (r = -.943, p < .05) in the valley. Soil Nitrogen did not have much effect on the seedling abundance but mature trees prefered Fabaceae as hosts. A total of 16 dzongkhags are suitable for plantation of Sandalwood. Among these, Zhemgang Dzongkhag has the maximum potential area (469.62 km2) and Punakha Dzongkhag has the least (2.88 km2).

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23

Sundharamoorthy, Susikumar, Nartunai Govindarajan, Arunachalam Chinnapillai, and Ilavarasan Raju. "Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)." Pharmacognosy Journal 10, no. 4 (2018): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.4.122.

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24

Cendana, Yeni, Ketut Agus Adrianta, and Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena. "Formulasi Spray Gel Minyak Atsiri Kayu Cendana (Santalum album L.)." Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 7, no. 2 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v7i2.2272.

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Secara empiris Cendana (Santalum album L.) digunakan sebagai antidepresan, antiinflamasi, antijamur, astringent, obat penenang, insektisida, dan antiseptik. Penggunaan tanaman obat dapat ditingkatkan kenyamanannya dengan memformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan obat. Salah satu sediaan topikal yang cocok untuk inflamasi adalah spray gel. Sediaan spray ini lebih praktis dalam penggunaannya dan juga lebih aman sebab tingkat kontaminasi mikroorganisme lebih rendah karena penggunaannya yang disemprotkan tanpa kontak langsung dengan tangan seperti halnya sediaan topikal lainnya. Konsistensi gel yang memiliki daya lekat cukup tinggi membuat waktu kontak obat yang relatif lebih lama dibanding sediaan lainnya. Pada pembuatan spray gel dengan kandungan minyak atsiri diperlukan adanya emulsifying agent. Carbopol sebagai emulsifying agent yang dipilih dalam formulasi spray gel minyak atsiri cendana, akan dapat menstabilkan zat aktif berbentuk minyak dalam basis berair dengan cara menurunkan tegangan permukaan fase air dan fase minyak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian laboratorium murni dengan observasional eksperimental. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan skala pengamatan dan pengukuran. Pengamatan diakukan terhadap organoleptik dan homogenitas sediaan, serta pengukuran dilakukan terhadap pH, pola penyemprotan, daya sebar lekat dan stabilitas mekanik. Dilakukan analisis statistik terhadap data hasil uji bobot pola penyemprotan dan dilanjutkan dengan uji independent t-test. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa formulasi spray gel minyak atsiri kayu cendana (Santalum album L.) dengan variasi carbopol 0,1% (F1) memiliki pola penyemprotan yang baik, dan dengan carbopol 0,3% (F2) memiliki daya lekat yang baik.

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25

Herawan, Toni, Mohamad Na'iem, Sapto Indrioko, and Ari Indrianto. "KULTUR JARINGAN CENDANA (Santalum album L.) MENGGUNAKAN EKSPLAN MATA TUNAS." JURNAL PEMULIAAN TANAMAN HUTAN 9, no. 3 (2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2015.3.177-188.

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Herawan, Toni, Mohammad Na'iem, Sapto Indrioko, and Ari Indrianto. "KULTUR JARINGAN CENDANA (Santalum album L.) MENGGUNAKAN EKSPLAN MATA TUNAS." JURNAL PEMULIAAN TANAMAN HUTAN 9, no. 3 (2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2015.9.3.177-188.

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Birkbeck, Anthony A. "The Synthesis of Fragrant Natural Products from Santalum album L.: (+)-(Z)-α-Santalol and (–)-(Z)-β-Santalol". CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 71, № 12 (2017): 823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2017.823.

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Janarthana, B., and E. Sumathi. "High Frequency Shoot Regeneration from Internodal Explants of Santalum album L." International Journal of Botany 7, no. 3 (2011): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2011.249.254.

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29

Nayital, R., Rahul Sharma, Tara Chand, and Naresh Kumar. "Seed maturity indices of sandalwood (Santalum album L.) in Himachal Pradesh." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 14, no. 1 (2007): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2007-0z95p1.

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An investigation was carried out to determine the exact maturity stage in Santalum album. The results revealed that the moisture content and specific gravity decreased with the advancement of maturity. At maturity, moisture content and specific gravity came down from 50.29 to 35.79 per cent and 1.11 to 1.09, respectively during Season I. Whereas, in Season II, the fall in the respective values was from 55.88 to 34.28 per cent and 1.07 to 1.03, respectively. At this stage the colour of the fruits was red and grayish purple. Among the different collection dates, 4th week of April (Season I) and 1st week of November (Season II) were found best as they gave the maximum germination percentage and germination value during Season I (55.44% and 12.13%, respectively) and Season II (64.00% and 12.17%, respectively). Fruits/ seeds collected from trees having 10-15 cm diameter gave excellent germination than other trees with 5-10 cm and >15 cm diameter.

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Sandeep, Chandrashekar, Amit Kumar, Vereena Rodrigues, Syam Viswanath, Ashutosh K. Shukla, and Velusamy Sundaresan. "Morpho-genetic divergence and population structure in Indian Santalum album L." Trees 34, no. 5 (2020): 1113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01963-2.

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31

Garg, AN, Singh Ruchi, RS Maharia, RK Dutta, and Datta Arpita. "Quantification of minor, trace and toxic elements in stems of Santalum album (L.), Mangiferra indica (L.) and Tinospora cordifolia by instrumental neutron activation analysis." Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology 6, no. 1 (2022): 008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001067.

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Stems of Santalum album (Sandalwood), Mangiferra indica (Mango wood), and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) are widely used in the preparation of herbal medicines and formulations in the traditional Indian health care system called Ayurveda. These were analyzed for 4 minor (K, Ca, Cl, Mg) and 13 traces (As, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Na, Se, V, and Zn) including toxic elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Samples in powder form along with reference materials (NIST SRM 1547 and INCT MPH-2) as comparators were irradiated for 1 min/6 h in Dhruva/CIRUS reactors at BARC, Mumbai. Gamma activity was measured by high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. In general, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn contents are very high in all the samples but Santalum album, widely used as a perfume, is more enriched in K, Ca, Cr, Zn, and Se. The concentration of Ca is always high as a major constituent (> 10 mg/g) in all the stem/bark of plant species. A strong inverse correlation (R2 = 0.9999) was observed between Fe and Zn in all three samples and that may be useful in drug manufacturing.

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32

Annapurna, D., T. Rathore, and Geeta Joshi. "Effect of various media on germination and seedling growth of Santalum Album L." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 14, no. 1 (2007): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2007-h4r63m.

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The study was undertaken with different germination media like; sand, soil, vermiculite, perlite, soilrite, cocopeat and compost either alone or in combination under semi controlled conditions with an objective to find their effect on the germination percentage, germination value and seedling growth of Santalum album L. The study revealed that, media containing either pure sand or pure vermiculite or Cocopeat with Vermiculite, Charcoal and neemcake in 10:6:3:1 ratio favoured high germination percentage and germination value as compared to other treatments. As such, effect of germination media on seedling growth was not observed. Any one of these three media can be used for the improved seed germination of S. album based on the availability and convenience.

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Windyarini, Eritrina, and Illa Anggraeni. "KUTU SISIK PADA CENDANA (Santalum album L.) DI KUPANG, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 8, no. 1 (2011): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpht.2011.8.1.51-58.

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Batabyal, Siuli, Priyanka Mukhopadhyay, Soumendranath Chatterjee, Jagatpati Tah, and Nimai Saha. "Characterization of Bacillus cereus Symbiotic to Hemi-parasitic Plant Santalum album L." Biotechnology Journal International 17, no. 2 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bji/2017/29582.

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FanggidaE, Yudi Riadi, and Impron Impron. "Evapotranspiration of Sandalwood (Santalum Album L.) Seedlings with Several Primary Host Plants." Agromet 32, no. 1 (2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.32.1.21-30.

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<p class="western" style="text-indent: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%;">Sandalwood (<em>Santalum album </em>L.) seedlings planted with different primary host plants should require different amounts of water. In practice, however, sandalwood seedlings with different primary host plants are irrigated with similar amount of water. Thus, it is interesting to study the amount of water expressed as evapotranspiration for the sandalwood seedlings and their primary host plants because there are hemiparasitic symbiosis plants in one planting medium. The purpose of this research was to compare and analyse evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of sandalwood seedlings with different primary host plants, namely chili (<em>Capsicum annum</em>), krokot (<em>Alternanthera</em> sp.), and sengon (<em>Albizia chinensis</em>). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and designed using completely randomized design. Results showed that different primary host plants already influenced ET at 6 days after sowing of primary host (DASH). The sandalwood seedlings with chili and krokot as primary hosts, had the highest ET during 6-22 DASH. From 24 to 36 DASH, ET for all types of host plants were similar. After 36 DASH, ET of sandalwood seeding with primary host sengon increased, and had the highest ET. Sandalwood seedling with primary host krokot had the highest WUE to produce sandalwood above ground biomass with value 0.3 g/l during the 0-3 weeks after sowing of primary host (WASH), 0.6 g/l during the 3-6 WASH, and 0.9 g/l during 6-9 WASH.</p>

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NUROCHMAN, DEDEN, JUANG RATA MATANGARAN, GUNAWAN SANTOSA, DIDIK SUHARJITO, and RITA KARTIKA SARI. "Autecology and morphological properties of sandalwood (Santalum album) in Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 2 (2018): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190207.

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Nurochman D, Matangaran JR, Santosa G, Suharjito D, Sari RK. 2018. Autecology and morphological properties of sandalwood (Santalum album) in Pidie District, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 406-412. IUCN Red List (1998) reported that Santalum album L. as an endangered species. Studies on autecology, association, and the utilization of sandalwood on its natural habitat becomes important to perform conservation of the species. This research was conducted in Teungku Dilaweung Village, Pidie District, Province of Aceh. Vegetation analysis was conducted to determine the population structures. Distribution pattern was analyzed using Morisita Index (Id) and Chi-square test, while interspecific association pattern was determined through contingency table, Jaccard Index (JI) and variance-ratio (VR) test. Observation and analysis of physical and chemical properties of soil, topography, and microclimate were done to identify ecological factors affecting the presence of sandalwood. The study showed that the highest abundance at tree level (IVI>100%) was obtained by Syzygium cumini with a density of 15 trees/ha. S. album was found to have clumped distribution pattern with an Id value of 2.258 and ?2compute of 62.571. S. Album has an interspecific association with two species i.e.: Syzygium cumini (?2compute of 5.104 and JI of 0.846) and Ziziphus oenopolia (?2compute of 6.516 and JI of 0.833) with VR of 0.474. Interspecific association indicated that S. album has strongly associated with Syzygium cumini and Ziziphus oenopolia. Morphological characters and habitat properties of sandalwood in research site has a similarity to the Province of NTT.

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Solle, Hartini Realista Lydia, Merpiseldin Nitsae, and Mellissa Erlyn Stephanie Ledo. "Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Terhadap Perkecambahan Cendana (Santalum album L.) Secara In Vitro di Nusa Tenggara Timur." Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati 4, no. 3 (2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/biota.v4i3.2517.

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Cendana (Santalum album L.) merupakan tanaman hutan penghasil kayu di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) dan mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Tanaman ini merupakan spesies endemikyang mempunyai keunggulan kadar minyak dan produksi kayu teras yang baik. Minyak cendana yang dihasilkan memiliki aroma yang harum sehingga banyak digemari. Kayu cendana digunakan sebagai bahan dasar parfum, sabun, ukiran dan kemenyan. Keberadaan cendana di NTT saat ini jumlahnya semakin menurun karena eksploitasi oleh penduduk setempat. Upaya pemulihan tanaman cendana NTT telah banyak dilakukan, seperti usaha pengembangan dengan penanaman cendana dari pembibitan maupun pemeliharaan anakan yang berasal dari penyebaran secara alami akan tetapi usaha tersebut tidak cukup berhasil. Untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut, perbanyakan tanaman melalui kultur jaringan menjadi salah satu cara terbaik dalam upaya konservasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian POC terhadap pertumbuhan biji cendana secara invitro. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menambahkan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) pada medium Murashige and Skoog (MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan konsentrasi 2 mL POC nasa pada medium MS berdampak baik terhadap perkecambahan Cendana (Santalum album L.) dengan konsentrasi 2 mL yang merupakan konsentrasi optimal. Respon perkecambahan ditunjukan pada 14 hari setelah ditanam pada medium MS.

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Suma, T. B., and M. Balasundaran. "Isozyme variation in five provenances of Santalum album in India." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (2003): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02094.

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Santalum album L., the 'East Indian sandalwood', is among the oldest known perfumery material, highly acclaimed worldwide. Genetic diversity within and between five Indian sandal provenances, namely Marayoor (Kerala state), Bangalore, Mandagadde and Thangli (Karnataka state) and Javadis (Tamil Nadu state), was investigated by using metabolic enzymes, viz. peroxidase (PRX), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), glucophosphate isomerase (GPI), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and esterase (EST). Ten of the eleven resolved loci (90.9%) were found to be polymorphic at least in one of the individuals analysed. Observed heterozygosity, both at the locus and provenance level, was higher than the expected heterozygosity in Hardy–Weinberg expectations. The average rate of gene flow between the provenances was found to be very low (0.069). An examination of the partitioning of genetic diversity within and between provenances indicated that 78.3% of the observed variation occurred between provenances and the rest of the variation within provenances. The genetic relatedness of the five provenances was revealed by the UPGMA dendrogram, which comprised of mainly two clusters. Bangalore and Thangli were the most genetically similar and Marayoor and Mandagadde were the most diverse provenances. The low degree of genetic variability within Santalum album provenances might be due to the fragmentation of a previously large original population, resulting in loss of genetic variation, least amount of gene flow between provenances and differentiation of population due to random drift.

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FanggidaE, Yudi Riadi, Impron Impron, and Tania June. "Pertumbuhan Bibit Cendana (Santalum album L.) dengan Inang Primer pada Intensitas Radiasi Berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 25, no. 3 (2020): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.25.3.478.

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The primary host of sandalwood seeds (Santalum album L.) which is widely used in the nursery process is Alternanthera sp. However, the local name given to this primary host is same as that given to Portulaca sp. The same local name for these two-different species may cause mistakes in the use of the primary host during the cultivating process of sandalwood. Meanwhile, the ability of the Portulaca sp. as the primary host is unknown. Information about the right radiation intensity of the sandalwood seedling is still limited. The study aims to analyze the growth of sandalwood seedlings grown with primary host of Alternanthera sp. and Portulaca sp. at different radiation intensities. The completely randomized design with two treatments factor were used, namely differences in shade levels (without shade, 25, 50, and 75%) and differences in the types of primary hosts. The result showed that the primary hosts of Alternanthera sp. have the best growth for sandalwood seeds compared to sandalwood seedlings planted with Portulaca sp. The shading must be adjusted to the type of primary host. Sandalwood seeds grown with Alternanthera sp. as primary hosts grow best at 50% and 75% paranet shade conditions, in radiation range of 9.86–12.17 MJ/m2/day. Sandalwood seeds planted with Portulaca sp. as a primary host grow best in 25% paranet shade, that is at average radiation of 13.62 MJ/m2/day. The use of Alternanthera sp. and shade provision (50–75%) is highly recommended in sandalwood seedlings.  Keywords: haustoria, hemiparasite, primary host plant, sandalwood, symbiosis

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Kumar, Pramod, Randhir Kumar, and S. A. Ansari. "Nitrate reductase and peroxidase activity in growth and productivity of Santalum album L." Tropical Plant Research 4, no. 1 (2017): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2017.v4.i1.013.

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Sung, Yung-Wei, Ji-Hyun Lee, Kyoo-Ju Song, Byung-Soo Koo, and Geun-Woo Kim. "Preventive Effects of Santalum album L. Extracts on Oxidation, Platelet Aggregation and Thrombosis." Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry 23, no. 1 (2012): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7231/jon.2012.23.1.115.

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Radomiljac, Andrew M., Jen A. McComb, and John F. McGrath. "Intermediate host influences on the root hemi-parasite Santalum album L. biomass partitioning." Forest Ecology and Management 113, no. 2-3 (1999): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00421-6.

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Crovadore, Julien, Michel Schalk, and François Lefort. "Selection and Mass Production of Santalum Album L. Calli for Induction of Sesquiterpenes." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 26, no. 2 (2012): 2870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5504/bbeq.2012.0028.

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Shekhawat, U. K. S., T. R. Ganapathi, L. Srinivas, V. A. Bapat, and T. S. Rathore. "Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of embryogenic cell suspension cultures of Santalum album L." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 92, no. 3 (2007): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-007-9330-4.

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Misra, Biswapriya B., and Satyahari Dey. "Developmental variations in sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in East Indian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.)." Trees 27, no. 4 (2013): 1071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-013-0858-0.

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Rao, P. S., and Peggy Ozias-Akins. "Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in protoplast cultures of sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." Protoplasma 124, no. 1-2 (1985): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279726.

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Roshan Kumar Yadav, Subrata Mukhopadhyay, and Jagatpati Tah. "Santalol oil of Sandalwood (White) grown in different edaphic factors in west Bengal, India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 1 (2023): 1404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.0838.

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Santalol means oil of white sandalwood (Santalum album L.) which is most valuable and importantfor different medicinal and cosmetic uses. The quality of this santalol is very much dependent on soil factor as well as climatic factor which is called edhapic factors as a whole. The concept of most of the people is sandalwood plant doesn’t grow in any atmospheric conditions and cannot produce quality sandalwood oil. Keeping all these views in mind we have undertaken a venture of producing sandalwood plants in different locations prevailing varied edaphic factors. A uniform agro-measure and techniques were provided for the proper growth and development in for all the plants in all locations. After attaining its heartwood maturity, we collected the heartwood samples from each location and estimated the santalol following standard distillation method. The aims and object of this experiment were to study the growth index i.e., quantitative assessment and determining the percentage of santalol present in the heartwood for its qualitative assessment. All these peculiarities and the recorded data have been put forth in this paper for a clear explanation.

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Yan, Haifeng, Yuping Xiong, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, et al. "Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Bisabolene Synthetase (SaBS) Promoter from Santalum album." Forests 11, no. 1 (2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010085.

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Bisabolene-type sesquiterpenoids, which have multiple bioactivities, including anticancer activity, are one of the main groups of compounds in the essential oil extracted from Santalum album L. and other Santalum species. Bisabolene synthetase (SaBS) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of bisabolene in S. album, but the regulation of the SaBS gene’s expression is poorly understood. In this study, a 1390-bp promoter sequence of the SaBS gene was isolated from the leaves of six-year-old S. album. A bioinformatics analysis showed that certain environment stresses and phytohormone-activated cis-acting elements were distributed in different regions of the SaBS promoter (PSaBS). Transgenic Arabidopsis carrying full-length PSaBS had significantly higher β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity than the untreated control after treatment with salicylic acid (SA), suggesting that PSaBS is a SA-inducible promoter. Histochemical GUS staining and GUS fluorometric assays of transgenic Arabidopsis showed that the GUS activity directed by PSaBS was mainly expressed in stem tissue, followed by leaves and flowers. Moreover, different regions of PSaBS showed significantly different GUS activity. A 171-bp fragment upstream of the transcriptional initiation codon (ATG) is the core promoter region of PSaBS. Our results provide insight into and a greater understanding of the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the SaBS gene, which could serve as an alternative inducible promoter for transgenic plant breeding.

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Tripathi, Manoj Kumar, Niraj Tripathi, Sushma Tiwari, et al. "Optimization of Different Factors for Initiation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Suspension Cultures in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)." Horticulturae 7, no. 5 (2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7050118.

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Santalum album (L.) is a prized tropical tree species of high therapeutic and industrial importance. The wood of these naturally grown plants is extensively harvested to acquire therapeutically important metabolite santalol and be used for additional functions such as in wood statuette industries. Due to high demand, it is crucial to maintain a sufficient plant population. An easy protocol for establishing cell suspension culture initiated from the loose embryogenic callus mass of sandalwood was realized by shifting 6–8-week-old morphogenic calli acquired from the mature embryonic axis and cotyledon explant cultures in fluid media. The asynchronous embryogenic cultures were sloughed with clumps of flourishing cell clumps and embryos of various progressive phases along with diffident non-embryogenic tissues. The frequency of embryo proliferation was evidenced to determinethe expansion pace of embryogenic masses under diverse conditions. The intonation of initiation and creation of cell suspension was under the directive of the influence of exogenous plant growth regulators amended in the nutrient medium at different concentrations and combinations. Maximum relative growth rate (386%) and clumps/embryoids in elevated integers (321.44) were accomplished on MS nutrient medium fortified with 2.0 mg L−1 2,4-D in association with 0.5 mg L−1 BA and 30.0 g L−1 sucrose raised from mature embryonic axis-derived calli. Plantlet regeneration in higher frequency (84.43%) was evidenced on MS medium amended with 1.0 mg L−1 each of TDZ and GA3 in conjunction with 0.5 mg L−1 NAA and 20.0 g L−1 sucrose. Mature embryonic axis-derived calli were found to be constantly better than mature cotyledon-derived calli for raising profitable and reproducible cell suspension cultures. Regenerants displayed normal growth and morphology and were founded successfully in the external environment after hardening.

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Li, Yuan, Xinhua Zhang, Qingwei Cheng, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Lin Fang, and Guohua Ma. "Elicitors Modulate Young Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) Growth, Heartwood Formation, and Concrete Oil Synthesis." Plants 10, no. 2 (2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020339.

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Five chemical elicitors––6-benzyladenine (BA), ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2)––were used to treat 1- and 5-year-old sandal trees (Santalum album L.) to assess their effects on growth, heartwood formation and concrete oil synthesis. The results showed that some newly formed branches in stems that were induced by BA and ETH displayed leaf senescence and developed new smaller and light-green leaves. The relative percentage of concrete oil from the heartwood of water-treated trees (0.65%) was significantly lower than that from trees treated with 4 mM H2O2 (2.85%) and 4 mM BA (2.75%) within one year. Four mM BA, H2O2 and CaCl2 induced a significantly higher level of sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM of these elicitors. Four mM MeJA induced significantly less sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM MeJA. Morphological, physiological, and chromatographic–spectrometric technologies were integrated to trace the potential function of these exogenously applied chemical elicitors. The results may have important applications and provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation and hardening in young sandalwood trees.

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