Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Santé mentale – Différences entre sexes'
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Dionne, Émilie. "Analyse de genre de l'expérience de la bonne santé mentale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27186/27186.pdf.
Full textGard, Constance. "Approche lacanienne de la psychose chez la femme à partir de la dissymétrie des sexes : Compensation, suppléance et sinthome." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070116.
Full textIn psychotic patients, the distribution between the sexes highlights a disparity of clinical expression and raises the issue of the recognition of psychosis in women. Tins sex distribution frames a number of clinical, social and pharmacological treatment strategies. From Freud to Lacan, the argument is that the evidence of this dissymmetry depends on the subject's articulation to the signifier, this very dependence being in itself essentially linked to culture. For men or women, access to the symbolization of their respective sex does not entail the same kind of dialectic. This fact has a definite clinical incidence, one the one hand, on the destiny of the preoedipal bond to the mother and, on the other hand, on the castration complex. For delusion in women is rather envisioned from the point of view of the logic of transference, in which the major issue raised is the status of the object, and much less from the viewpoint of the delusional metaphor. Because women confront more the real, we offer a series of distinct modalities of psychotic outbreak, compensation and j stabilization. A certain interrelation of jouissance with the real and the imaginary body endows the imaginary compensation \\iththe characters of passion. The disjunction between the Name-of-the-Father and the phallus have thus led to discriminate between an imaginary use of the father, and the knotting to the father as a noun. Finally, a clinical approach of the sinthome highlights a relationship to knowledge and to the incompleteness of the Other which differs between the sexes. The engagement of the body in the sinthome is shown to be prevalent in women. The facilitation effects entailed by a number of mediations between body and sinthome pave the way for a specific mode of functioning of the objet (a) in a not-all jouissance to the Other
Labrecque, Lawrence. "Influence du sexe sur l'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique chez des individus actifs et en santé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32549.
Full textAccumulating evidence supports the notion that there are sexual differences in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), notably for resting CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide. Plus, very few studies have attempted to assess sexual differences in cerebral autoregulation (CA), a crucial determinant relating mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF [evaluated via mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery [MCAv)]. All the studies examining sex influence on CA during either sit-to-stand (StS) or squat-stand maneuvers were done in older populations or by examining static CA (i.e. comparison of steady-state variables). Plus, most metrics quantifying the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory response have a limited ability to characterize each other and comparisons between studies using diverse analytical techniques can produce variable physiological interpretations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of sex on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in a young and healthy population using a multiple assessment strategy and hemodynamic stressors (StS, transfer function analysis of spontaneous and forced MAP and MCAv oscillations). We also examined the degree to which dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity was related to the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension, in order to appreciate whether the potential impact of sex on dynamic cerebral autoregulatory denotes a functional outcome. Our results indicate a reduced ability of women’s cerebrovasculature to react to large and rapid changes in MAP. However, these subtle impairments did not appear sufficient enough to represent a functional impairment of the female cerebrovasculature.
Bédard, Alexandra. "Impact du mode alimentaire méditérranéen sur la santé cardiovasculaire : étude des différences entre les hommes et les femmes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26018.
Full textIl est maintenant bien admis que l’adhésion au mode alimentaire méditerranéen réduit l’incidence des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) et la mortalité en découlant. Ce mode alimentaire exerce des effets bénéfiques sur les facteurs de risque traditionnels des MCV, mais aussi sur les facteurs de risque non traditionnels et sur certaines conditions prédisposant aux MCV, notamment le syndrome métabolique, la résistance à l’insuline et l’obésité. Il n’a toutefois pas été démontré si les hommes et les femmes retirent les mêmes bénéfices du mode alimentaire méditerranéen. Dans le cadre de mes travaux de maîtrise, nous avions rapporté que les hommes et les femmes ont des effets similaires en lien avec le profil lipidique. Cependant, une grande variabilité dans la réponse a été notée. Par conséquent, le premier volet de cette thèse de doctorat avait comme objectif d’expliquer cette variabilité. Nos travaux ont démontré que la présence d’obésité abdominale n’influence pas ces effets. D’autre part, ce mode alimentaire a des effets hypocholestérolémiants plus limités chez les individus ayant une histoire familiale de dyslipidémie comparativement à ceux sans histoire familiale. Le deuxième volet de cette thèse visait à documenter davantage les différences entre les hommes et les femmes quant à l’impact du mode alimentaire méditerranéen sur la santé cardiovasculaire. Nos travaux ont démontré que la consommation d’une diète méditerranéenne diminue le score de Framingham, améliore les composantes du syndrome métabolique, réduit marginalement les lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDL) oxydées et n’a aucun effet sur la protéine C-réactive et la leptine chez les hommes et les femmes. Toutefois, cette diète entraîne une redistribution favorable des sous-classes des LDL, réduit l’adiponectine et améliore la sensibilité à l’insuline seulement chez les hommes. D’un autre côté, les femmes seraient plus sensibles aux effets rassasiants du mode alimentaire méditerranéen. Enfin, l’exposition répétée à ce mode alimentaire augmente son adhésion à long terme (~6 mois post-intervention) chez les hommes et les femmes, mais favorise une perte de poids à long terme seulement chez les femmes. Bref, l’adhésion au mode alimentaire méditerranéen exerce plusieurs bénéfices sur la santé cardiovasculaire; toutefois, certains effets seraient plus spécifiques aux hommes ou aux femmes.
It is now recognized that the adoption of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is associated with a lower risk of morbidity/mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). The MedDiet exerts beneficial effects on traditional risk factors, but also on non-traditional risk factors as well as on conditions which predispose individuals to CVD, namely the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and obesity. However, it remains unknown whether men and women have similar cardioprotective effects from the MedDiet. As part of my master’s work, we have shown that men and women have similar lipid-lowering effects from the MedDiet. However, a large inter-individual variability in the response was noted in both men and women. Therefore, the first part of this thesis aimed to explain this variability. Our results showed that the abdominal obesity status does not influence these effects. However, compared with individuals with no family history of dyslipidemia, those with a positive family history have limited lipid-lowering effects from the MedDiet. The second part of this thesis had as objective to further document differences between men and women in the impact of the MedDiet on the cardiovascular health. Our results suggest that the short-term consumption of the MedDiet reduces the Framingham risk score, improves the components of the metabolic syndrome, reduces modestly oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and has no effect on C-reactive protein and leptin in both men and women. However in men, but not in women, the consumption of the MedDiet leads to a favorable redistribution of LDL subclasses from smaller to larger LDL, reduces adiponectin concentrations and improves insulin sensitivity. Moreover, our results indicated that women are more sensitive to the satiating effects of the MedDiet than men. Finally, repeated exposure to the MedDiet promotes the long-term adherence to this food pattern (i.e. ~6 months post-intervention) in both men and women and helps for the long-term management of body weight especially in women. In summary, the consumption of the MedDiet leads to several beneficial effects on the cardiovascular health; however some effects appear to be more specific to men or women.
Saint-Pol, Thibaut de. "Corpulence et genre en Europe : le poids des inégalités d'apparence et de santé." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0023.
Full textThis sociology thesis apprehends the body through weight, and more precisely, through the body mass index (BMI), which allows to appreciate the complexity of the connection between the weight of individuals and the social characteristics which distinguish them. The study of weight and body shape, which are socially determined, is a way of shedding light on the stakes that the body incarnates and conceals. This is done by making use of data from nine major quantitative surveys. This research shows the importance of gender in the apprehension of weight differences. Differences between social classes are stronger for women. The relation of women to their bodies and to thinness is more constrained than that of men, body shape reflecting mainly beauty for women and force for men. For the latter, under-weight, devalued, plays a symmetrical role to overweight for women. The study of the French situation within a European framework shows its singularity. The increasing prevalence of obesity is associated with an increase in social inequalities which particularly affects women. Besides, the link between obesity and poverty, in France, is stronger among them. But whatever their sex, obese people suffer from the consequences of their weight both in terms of health, work integration and self-perception. Women are more sensitive to the aesthetic dimension and men to the medical dimension, but these two aspects mix. Health inequalities are associated with inequalities in appearance and are both produced by and producing economic and social inequalities
Deom, Tardif Alèxe. "Évaluation d'une formation de développement professionnel continu portant sur l'intégration des notions de sexe et de genre : une approche de méthodes mixtes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69486.
Full textHealth inequalities between men and women persist in Canada. This study assessed the impact of a continuing professional development (CPD) training program that incorporates notions of sex and gender on the intention of healthcare professionals' intention to adapt pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies in cases of diabetes and depression, considering the differences between men and women. We also explored barriers and facilitators to healthcare professionals' integration of sex and gender considerations into their clinical practice. Using an integrated convergent mixed-methods research design, including a non-randomized controlled trial, we conducted the study at six sites in Quebec (n = 4), Ontario (n = 1) and New Brunswick (n = 1). We recruited 127 healthcare professionals who were enrolled in one of the two CPD training courses on pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for managing diabetes and depression. The two courses were offered simultaneously but differed in content: one integrated cosiderations of sex and gender (intervention group) and the other did not (control group). At the end of the CPD training, we used the CPD-Reactionquestionnaire to measure healthcare professionals' intention to adapt pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies in cases of diabetes and depression, considering the differences between men and women. Then, in semi-structured group discussions, we explored barriers and facilitators to participants' integration of sex and gender considerations into their clinical practice. Discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. We performed an analysis of covariance to compare the mean intention scores of the intervention and control groups using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, we carried out a thematic analysis of the verbatim. Inspired by the COM-B model of behavior, we triangulated the quantitative and qualitative results to produce recommendations. After training, mean intention scores for the intervention (n=49 participants) and control group (n=78 participants) were 5.65 ± 0.19 and 5.19 ± 0.15, respectively. Meandifference was -0.47 (CI -0.95 to 0.01; p=0.06). Adjusted for age, sex, and practice settings, mean difference was -0.57 (CI -1.09 to 0.05; p=0.03). Using the Theoretical Domains Framework, we identified ten barriers to integration of sex and gender considerations into clinical practice related to eight domains, and seven facilitators related to six domains. Recommendations included the addition of group discussions and clinical case vignettes showing the consequences of omitting sex and gender considerations in clinical practice. Our findings will inform future CPD initiatives to help reduce sex and gender inequalities in health care in Canada
Cometti, Dominique. "Evolution langagière des représentations de la danse : la différence garçons/filles à 10, 11 et 15 ans." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOL026.
Full textA three-dimensional organisation of dance representation was revealed in this study through speech analysis. The various ways of speaking about dance in terms of: "social image", "concept" and "activity" were found to differ according to age. There is a distinct boy/girl difference at 10 years old: girls emphasize the "activity" more. Eleven year old boys aren't hesitant to speak of dance style revealing identity concerns. Fifteen year olds debate about dance style yet conform to their gender stereotype. They prefer hip hop. One needs to consider the social logic of dance regarding masculine/feminine gender differentiation on the one hand, and the biological and cognitive logic concerning development on the other hand
Maltese, François. "Effets d’une situation de comparaison sociale dans les différences liées au sexe en rotation mentale : Une étude avec des jumeaux dizygotes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3045/document.
Full textThe mental rotation test (MRT) is the most robust test revealing that men outperform women. Two major causes have been proposed for explaining the origin of this difference. The first focused on brain masculinization under the action of androgen during the fetal development. Vuoksimaa et al., (2010) showed that dizygotic opposite-sex female have greater performances than dizygotic same-sex female. For the second hypothesis, sex difference is mainly due to social regulation factors and stereotype threat interaction. We test here this second hypothesis. In a twin design we tested, for the first time, these two causal explanations. Same-sex dizygotic young adult pairs (23 pairs of males and 34 pairs of females), and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs (62 pairs) took a computerized MRT in two experimental co-action conditions. In the first condition, the experimental situation make the co-twin comparison possible (CSP): “you and your co-twin do the same test today”, and in the other experimental condition called, improbable comparison situation (CSI), they are told that: “you and your co-twin do different test today”. Accuracy and responses time where analyzed. Our results do not support the biological model but, in contrary, support the social regulation and stereotype threat model
Cousteaux, Anne-Sophie. "Le masculin et le féminin au prisme de la santé et de ses inégalités sociales." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de paris - Sciences Po, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661611.
Full textDomenech-Dorca, Gwenaël. "Déviances aux normes sexe et sexualité à risque(s) : représentations et impact du genre dans la perception des risques sexuels." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100032/document.
Full textWomen’s access to sexuality without risk is submitted to the perception they have of their partners. Our purpose is to explore the impact of masculinity and femininity representations into the sexual risks perception. Five studies will be presented to test this hypothesis: people who are far from their own sex group standards (deviant man or woman) are seen as people who are taking more risks in their sexuality than people who act in accordance with social prescriptions (physical appearance or behavior) concerning their sex. Our results puts into perspective one part of the literature. For a woman, a person (men or women) who is corresponding to the physical appearance and behavior expectations of her/his own sex group is taking more risks than a person with a typical physical aspect but with opposite social attitudes which are normally recommended (study #3). Standard behaviors, which are socially attributed to men and women, affect directly the image we have of a person (study #5). Indeed, whatever one’s sex, the presentation of a masculine behavior brings to perceive someone as a person who takes more risks than one described with feminine manners
Pageau, Jasmine. "Choix occupationnels et espérance de vie : une analyse par l'approche des données massives." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33867.
Full textIn this thesis, we try to assess the impact of occupational choice on life expectancy using machine learning techniques. We use Conditional Inference Trees (CTree) to obtain Kaplan- Meier survival curves that enable us to predict mortality rates regarding the influential sociodemographic features. Using the Québec and Ontario data from the 1991 census merged with the Canadian Mortality Database from 1991 to 2006, we observe a correlation between occupational choice and life expectancy for particular groups. As it was expected, we find that the primary predictor of life expectancy is the person’s sex. Education and Canadian-born status are respectively the most influential variable for men and women of both provinces
Lamy, Leandre. "Évaluation des effets d'un programme de mentorat par les pairs sur la pratique d'activité physique et la condition physique de jeunes adultes au collégial." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68629.
Full textThe actual portrait of the health behaviours of young adults reveals alarming data about the physical activity level (Colley, Garriguet, Janssen, Craig, Clarke & Tremblay, 2011). To help them adopt increase their physical activity level, it seems appropriate to set up interventions that mobilize the action of their peers (Canadian Institute for Research on Fitness and Lifestyle, 2014; 2015). They seem to give them special importance when the time comes to adopt healthy lifestyle habits (DuBois & Karcher, 2014). Therefore, peer mentoring seems a promising avenue. Although the characteristics of this type of intervention have been documented in the literature, few studies have evaluated its effects in mentees (Sallis, Calfas, Nichols, Sarkin, Johnson, Caparosa, Thomson & Alcaraz, 1999; Boyle, Mattern, Lassister & Ritzler, 2011) and even fewer have done so with mentors (Lubans, Morgan, Aguiar & Callister, 2011). From this perspective, the present study had two objectives: 1) to evaluate the effects of a peer mentoring program in college settings on the practice of physical activity, physical condition, eating behaviours, consumption of fruits and vegetables. and the sense of personal effectiveness of mentees and mentors; 2) explore the moderating role of gender and participants' initial level of physical activity on the effects of the program. These objectives were investigated using a study with a quasi-experimental design using 104 young adults (mentors n = 38, non-mentors n = 33, mentees n = 21 and non-mentees n = 12). Questionnaires as well as physical tests made it possible to measure the main variables. The covariance analyzes show that at the end of the intervention, mentees adopted fewer behaviours aimed at gaining weight than non-mentees, while mentors adopted fewer behaviours aimed at losing weight than non-mentors. In addition, moderation analyzes reveal effects in men regardless of their initial level of physical activity but not in women. In fact, 1) mentee men exhibit better estimated maximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO₂ max) than non-mentee men, 2) male mentors show a lower body mass index (BMI) than non-mentor men and 3) male mentors report more behaviours aimed at gaining weight than non-mentor men. However, although our results suggest these effects, it seems essential to us to interpret them with caution due to some methodological limitations, in particular the small sampling. We often see them as tendencies to take in count for future research. However, our results suggest that we must consider sex of participants when time comes to orient, implement, and operationalize mentoring programs, particularly for the mentors.
Dumontet, Magali. "Féminisation, activité libérale et lieu d'installation : quels enjeux en médecine générale ? : Analyses micro-économétriques de l'offre de soins." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090023/document.
Full textIn the context of changes of general practice (uneven distribution of young general practitioners (GPs) across the country, strong feminisation), this thesis focuses on the determinants of the outpatient care supply of general practitioners. Using different micro-econometric analyses, firstly we want to understand the impact of feminization on the incomes of general practitioners and specifically on their private practice behaviours in terms of volume of care provided but also composition of the activity (consultations, home visits). Secondly, we study the determinants of the practice location choice within the region and we identify the levers that could improve the distribution of GPs in the area. Our results confirm that female GPs provide fewer services than male GPs and they also have a different composition of private practice activity. However, we show that male and female GPs adopt a similar practice location choice. Factors characterizing the place of installation as the characteristics associated with the supply of care, the demand for care, or equipment influence the practice location choice
Navarri, Xavier. "Associations entre les consommations d’alcool et de cannabis et les variations volumétriques chez l'adulte et lors de l’adolescence, et évaluation des différences sexuelles potentielles." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25667.
Full textObjectives: Structural differences associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and cannabis use disorders (CUD) are inconsistent in the literature, and researchers have difficulty identifying whether structural sex differences (SDs) observed in AUD and CUD patients occur. In addition, the longitudinal relationship between alcohol and cannabis use during adolescence and brain development is unclear. The first objective is to characterize the structural differences between AUD or CUD patients and their controls and to compare these case-control differences with those observed in other psychiatric disorders. The second objective is to assess the structural SDs in AUD and CUD patients compared to their controls. The third objective is to assess the relationship between alcohol and cannabis use and brain development during adolescence over a five-year period. Methods: Meta-analyses were performed on large samples for alcohol (k = 7, N = 798) and cannabis (k = 7, N = 447) use disorders based on the ENIGMA-Addiction working group dataset that includes adolescents and adults to a) compare structural differences in AUD and CUD patients compared to controls to those reported in other psychiatric conditions, and b) evaluate SSD in AUD and CUD by evaluating interaction terms and by performing sex-stratified analyses. The Neuroventure dataset (N = 130), a cohort of 13 year-old adolescents followed one a five-year period, was used to evaluate how adolescent binge-drinking and cannabis use were associated with SSD in brain structures and cognitive performance. The results on these two datasets are not directly compared since they do not focus on the same population of interest. Results: Reduced volumes were observed in AUD and CUD with effect sizes in general similar to those reported in the other compared psychiatric disorders. Male- and female-specific and non-sex specific case-control differences were also observed in AUD and CUD. Finally, reduced subcortical volumes and cortical thickness were associated with drug- and sex-specific parameters through adolescence. Conclusion: Although no causal direction was evaluated in the three articles, these results contribute to a better understanding of the impact of alcohol and cannabis misuse on the SSD occurring in the adult and adolescent brain, notably in the hippocampus. The observed sex differences are important to avoid generalizing the substance use-related structural abnormalities to both sexes.
Fortin, Fléchère. "Évaluation de la cytogénotoxicité humaine induite par l’exposition à de faibles doses de benzo-a-pyrène, à l’aide de biomarqueurs précoces." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7067.
Full textBenzo-a-pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) classified as carcinogenic to human, and is present throughout our environment. Metabolic activation of BaP leads to production of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), considered as its ultimate carcinogenic metabolite. BPDE can bind to DNA, forming BPDE-DNA adducts at the origin of BaP-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis. BPDE-DNA adducts and DNA damages (DNA single-strand breaks [SSBs], chromosomal aberrations [CAs], sister chromatid exchanges [SCEs] and micronuclei [MNs]) are measured in human lymphocytes exposed to low BaP concentrations, taken from non-smoking healthy young subjects. Following BaP exposure, BPDE-DNA adduct levels, as well as CA and MN frequencies raise significantly, and then decrease to the higher BaP concentrations tested, suggesting metabolic enzyme saturation or induction of BaP phase II metabolism. As for SCEs test, a linear dose response curve is obtained, suggesting that production of additional DNA lesions requiring homologous recombination repair may occur. These lesions could be DNA breaks or oxidized DNA bases (8-OH-dG), as indicated by correlation analysis performed between our biomarkers. Additionally, when comparing the dose-response curves for men and women separately, some differences show up. Indeed, SCEs, CAs, and MNs are significantly increased in men at the lowest BaP concentration tested, while in women, this increase is present but not significant. Interindividual differences are also present and are more considerable for BPDE-DNA adducts, MNs and CAs, whereas they are very low for SCEs. Statistical analysis showed that four factors (BaP exposure level, BPDE-DNA adducts, CA frequency and number of MN per micronucleated cell) significantly explained up to 59 % of observed variability in SCE test, while no such factors could explain the observed variability in CA and MN test. Following analysis of mechanisms underlying the formation of early biomarkers, we suggest a modification of the Exposure-Disease Continuum of BaP. We propose that DNA breaks and oxidized DNA bases should be classified as biomarkers of biologically effective dose (part of the exposure biomarkers), as their presence are at origin of early biomarkers of genotoxicity (SCEs, CAs and MNs). On the other hand, CA and MN tests confirmed clastogenic properties of BaP, and highlighted aneugenic effects influencing mostly chromosome segregation during cell division. These aneugenic effects, linked to the progression step of carcinogenesis, could be of particular importance given that exposure to BaP and other PAHs (smoking, occupational exposure) are chronic and may last for decades. Understanding the mechanisms playing a role in early biomarkers formation, as well as the relations existing between them, can be largely applied in our environment to many known and emerging contaminants, thus contributing to characterize their mode of action.