Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Santé publique – Afrique occidentale'
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Prual, Alain Pierre. "Mortalité maternelle en Afrique de l'Ouest : de l'épidémiologie à la santé publique." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN11302.
Full textSince the "Safe Motherhood Initiative" was launched in 1987, the epidemiology of maternal morbidity and mortality is better known. At this end of the XXtrh century, maternal mortality is at the same level in West Africa than it was in Europe in the XVIIIth century. Moreover, it does not seem to have decreased since two decades, even in major cities where are concentrated both the qualified personnel and the technical means. The study of maternal morbidity has revealed a high incidence of severe obstetrical morbidity, responsible for a high letality. Since, in cities, maternal health services are largely used by the pregnant women, this letality points to a poor quality of those services. We demonstrated a poor quality of the prenatal consultation (screening for risk factors and iron supplementation) but also a scientific error as to the potential role of prenatal care. Relationships between the midwives, many doctors and the pregnant women are bad : violence, disdain and lack of adequate care are common. Ln addition, few deliveries are effectively performed by midwives even in cities, where they are in sufficient numbers. Ethic is often poor. Although this situation is well known by govemments in West Africa, no organized action has been undertaken. This lack of political will or the incapacity to transform it into actions is analysed. Responsibility is shared by West African govemments and donor agencies. Based on this analysis, propositions are made to move towards a matemity at lesser risk
Ridde, Valéry. "Politiques publiques de santé et équité en Afrique de l'Ouest. Le cas de l'Initiative de Bamako au Burkina Faso." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18117.
Full textTchéré, séka Iphigénie marie-laure. "Surveillance de la santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique : recommandations méthodologiques pour le recueil standard d’informations." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10278.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the activities of the World Health Organization relative to the implementation and the distribution of standard tools in the African countries to reach an efficient integration of the essential oral health indicators in surveillance in African countries. These essentials indicators fit into the objectives of the new millennium and exceed the idea according to which " the social problems have to be developed in an isolated way. To be in phase with this new paradigm, African countries have to face these new approaches which require that efforts be realized in all development sectors. Twenty two indicators recommended by the World Health Organization for the African region give opportunities to improve oral health activities on the national level and develop an integrated community approach which is the more operational for surveillance and prevention of oral diseases. The collect of the indicators in Ivory Coast motivates this study, which results are recorded in this document. The findings are the result of many years of research and practice related to the implementation and development of oral health activities in Côte d'Ivoire. Two questionnaires were evaluated and measure respectively oral health indicators for general population, and for children and teenagers. Analyses conclude in relatively good psychometrics properties, but imply the taking account of many recommendations which aim to increase the validity and the feasibility of these questionnaires in the context of the Côte d'Ivoire. Their generalization in the African region requires future researches in a way of their optimization in an integrated operational community based-approach, and a redefinition of the role of local actors in sanitary district
Huillery, Elise. "Histoire coloniale : développement et inégalités dans l'ancienne Afrique occidentale française." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0111.
Full textThis PhD dissertation uses first-hand historical data on colonial French West Africa. First, I focus on the costs and benefits of colonial experience for France and its former colonies. I review the existing literature and show that evidence on whether colonialism was a costly or beneficiary experience for France is not clear yet. Then I provide an answer on the direct cost of French West Africa for French public expenses: this cost turns out to be very small -on average 0. 1 % of all public expenses. Few public investments were made during colonial times and almost all of them were financed by local population itself. Using econometrics, the thesis then seeks to provide evidence on the long term impact of colonial experience on current performances. I show that early colonial public investments m education, health and public works had large and persistent effects on current outcomes, and that a major channel for the long term effect of early investments is a strong persistence of investments: regions that got more of a specific type of investment at the early colonial times continued to get more of this particular type of investment. Finally, I give evidence that Europeans tended to settle in more prosperous pre-colonial areas and that the European settlement had a strong positive impact on current outcomes. I argue that the African hostility towards colonial power to colonisation provides a random variation in European settlement. Despite, the absence of a "reversal of fortune" within former French West Africa, some of the most prosperous pre-colonial areas lost their advantage because of their hostility: other areas caught up and became the new leaders in the region
Ouedraogo, Wendkouni Adelphe Sabine. "Étude comparée de l’intégration juridique de la tradimédecine dans les systèmes de santé publique en Afrique de l’Ouest : les cas du Ghana et du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0009.
Full textTraditional medicine and pharmacopeia are still nowadays for thousands of people in West Africa, the unique healthcare solution. If this fact is often considered as arising solely from the weakness of the allopathic health system, it could also be a result of socio-cultural choices. Indeed, people especially in rural areas are strongly influenced by traditional vision and beliefs about diseases’ origins, which could have natural or induced causes in this traditional conception. For a long time, this resort to traditional medicine was done without the supervision and support of the appropriate measures and regulations. This has generated high public healthcare risks. Moreover, the multiplication of bioprospection’s without states control has led to a sharp increase in illicit appropriation of traditional medicine knowledge for the purposes of pharmaceutical innovation. This has created new issues in the South, especially about local populations’ intellectual property on their traditional knowledge. Highlighting these facts has raised new concerns within the competent international and regional institutions: the need of protection for local and indigenous communities’ rights over their genetic resources and associated tradimedical knowledge, and the need of building a fair system of exploitation of resources and medical indigenous knowledge for purposes of research and development. The Burkinabe and Ghanaian states have, in order to overcome these issues, adopted legislations to regulate traditional care practices as well as the production and placement on their national markets of traditional and neo-traditional medicines
Kaboré, Émile. "Les enjeux, les pratiques et les perspectives communicationnels de la diplomatie du développement en Afrique : les cas du Burkina Faso et du Sénégal." Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/204202205#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textFor many African nations, up to 50% of the investment budget is essentially provided by foreign aid, and mainly concerns bilateral and multilateral cooperation. In that type of situation, it appears that the diplomatic action is considered as the main axis for the mobilization of resources for African countries. The concept of “diplomacy of development” which is increasingly used as a vital thread for the materialization of foreign policy from most African countries illustrates this observation. For the poor countries choosing that development diplomacy, the issue here is to gather all the existing opportunities on the international scene to meet the challenges to fight poverty. In this new diplomatic scheme, communication now becomes a key stake. In a framework where the “diplomatic battle” has become a “trademark” battle and messages to reach and mobilize the required external resources to fight against poverty and increase development, communication, through its role of promotion, advocacy, negotiation and lobbying, is one of these essential components and one of the major organizational and operational poles of diplomacy. But, how to find out the way to build efficient linkages between diplomacy and communication? That question is the core problem this thesis tries to solve through a comparative approach between Burkina Faso and Senegal
Mukenge, Bofwa. "Recherches sur le droit africain de la santé." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR1D013.
Full textIf one were to examine thesix regional legal systems pertaining to health, the african health laws would show up as the sun of judicial norms applicable to all procedures relating to health, carried out essentially for the benefit of the african people. These laws, which take into account both judicial and technical aspects are the result of a growing awareness to establish judicial norms taking into consideration factors specific to africa, on the one hand by universal international and regional bodies and on the other hand by the african countries themselves. This is why the world health organisation within the framework of primary health care, believes that the integration of traditional medicine with modern medicine remains the only possible solution of attaining the objective of health for all in africa by the year two thousand
Ikansha, Ukantik'ye Willy. "La reconsidération de la notion de servic public : application aux sociétés de transports collectifs urbains en Afrique subsaharienne francophone." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX24008.
Full textAlessandro, Eugénie d'. "Anthropologie d’un geste technique : l’hygiène hospitalière dans un hôpital Ouest Africain." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0538.
Full textIn African hospitals, infectious risk constitutes a major public health problem. Moreover nosocomial infections are under-diagnose and underestimated and therefore the case management remains inadequate. This work proposes an anthropological approach of these issues. The survey took place in a West African hospital and was designed to describe health care workers activities about hospital hygiene and management of infectious risk. Field data show up a discrepancy between theoretical standards and real practices. Nevertheless, from a historic and geographical perspective, the study of these technical activities allows us to keep a distance with cognitivist and materialist approaches of skills and enlighten the crucial role of motivational aspects. Medical practice is a technical object setting on more than a mere scientific knowledge. It lies on socio-historic dimensions conferring meaning, special set up and implementation territory
Ky, Eric. "L'intégration par la commande publique : la réforme du droit des marchés publics dans l'Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3005.
Full textBahwere, Paluku. "Contribution à l'amélioration et à l'évaluation de la prise en charge globale de l'enfant hospitalisé en Afrique Centrale (Sud Kivu)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211425.
Full textBontez, Walter M. Y. "Contribution à l'organisation de la transfusion sanguine en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Définition et évaluation de méthodes visant à améliorer la sécurité transfusionnelle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212462.
Full textTounkara, Fatoumata Korika. "Prévalence, incidence, persistance et facteurs associés aux infections à virus du papillome humain chez les travailleuses du sexe en Afrique de l’Ouest." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67968.
Full textFemale sex workers (FWs) represent a high-risk group for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the human papillomavirus (HPV). To our knowledge, since 2009, no study has been conducted on the epidemiology of HIV/STIs among FSWs in Mali. Also, there are no available data on the epidemiology of HPV infections in this key population in Mali and Benin.The objectives of this thesis were to (1) assess the prevalence of HIV/STIs and associated factors among FSWs in Bamako, Mali; (2) estimate HPV prevalence, distribution and factors associated with high-risk (HR) HPV infections in FSWs in Bamako (Mali) and Cotonou (Benin), and (3) estimate the incidence and persistence rates of HPV infections in FSWs in the two countries as well as factors related to both incidence and persistence of HR-HPV infections. Cross sectional studies were conducted for objectives 1 and 2, where as a longitudinal study with visits at three time points (baseline, follow-up visits at 6 months and at 12 months) were carried out for objective 3. It took place in Cotonou (Benin) and Bamako (Mali). Sociodemographic, behavioral and gynecological history data were collected. Descriptive statistics were computed. Multivariate log-binomial and Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with study outcomes. Overall, 353 FSWs were recruited in Mali; the mean age was 26.8 years. Concerning objective 1, HIV prevalence was 20.4% and 35.1% of FSWs had at least one STI. Factors significantly associated with HIV were older age (trend test, p < 0.0001), sex work duration ≥ 6 years, uneducated status, gonococcal and chlamydial infections (p < 0.05). In addition, younger age (trend test, p = 0.018), number of clients ≥10 during the past week, and HIV infection were significantly associated with other STIs (p < 0.05). Regarding objective 2, HPV data were available for 659 FSWs (309 in Benin and 350 in Mali). The overall HPV prevalence rates were 95.5% in Benin and 81.4% in Mali. The three most common HPV types among FSWs in Benin were HPV58, HPV16, and HPV52; this order was HPV16, HPV51, and HPV52 in Mali. In Benin, the main factors associated with HR-HPV infections were vaginal douching and gonococcal infection (p < 0.05), whereas in Mali, these factors were duration of sex work < 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). Concerning objective 3, the 12-month participation rate was 51.6%, but retention for at least one follow-up visit was 68.6% (51 women not attending the 6-month follow-up visit came back at 12 months). The highest incidence rates of HR-HPV over 12 months occurred with HPV59, HPV16 and HPV35 (≥ 6.3 cases per 1000 women-months). Factors associated with HR-HPV incidence were sex work duration ≤ 1 year and HIV infection (p < 0.05). The highest HR-HPV persistence rates were observed for HPV59, HPV51/HPV52 and HPV35 (≥ 28.6%). Risk factors for HR-HPV persistence were age < 20 years or ≥ 50 years (p < 0.05); HIV and chlamydial infections as well as infection with multiple HPV types at baseline (p <0.05). In conclusion, FSWs in these West African countries are characterized by high HIV/STI prevalence, and by high rates of HPV prevalence, incidence and persistence. These data suggest the need to reconsider the conceptual framework of STI/HIV (including HPV) prevention programs aimed at FSWs in order to prevent cervical cancer among them and break the transmission chain of these STIs to the general population.
Diakite, Bouakary Sidiki. "Economie et structuration de la microfinance : une alternative pour le développement des états membres de l'UEMOA (Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine)." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D004.
Full textWe stress in this thesis the role of the microfinance in the development of the Member States of the UEMOA (African Western Union Economic and Monetary) from the point of view of the fight against poverty. This is why we are interested more particularly in the examination of the existing bond between the structuring (installation of the regulation, fitting and organization of the structures) of the sector of the microfinance and the soutenabitity of the process of the development. From this point of view, we treat initially theoretical bases of the microfinance, conditions of its viability and its regulation before evoking the prospects for the best adaptation to the needs for the poor as well as his contribution to a dynamics of regional integration opened to the promotion cf the wellbeing of its population
MALA, MAKANI KHUMBI ROBERT. "Le rail en A. O. F. (1880-1940) : L'avènement du chemin de fer et son rôle dans la mise en valeur des colonies françaises d'Afrique Occidentale." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040080.
Full textIn october 30, 1880, france, the a republican country started its policy on the railway systeme of senegal and its ather colonies in accordance with the convention on concessions. What were the designs of such a policy? what would its results be? was there a logic behind it? if so, what logic? same haring underlined the isolated aspect of that policy, we had to question the accuracy of such an assertion. With the help of compiled resources, we manage to discover what the underlined logic was : "the roumean doctrine of unity of commandment in administrative, economical and financial policies". It is emodied by two proeminent figures : admiral jaureguiberry and ernest roume; and enforced by two institutions : the central government and the military technical committee. That unity shews throug" a common touchstone ". Why did it fail? are its achievements as reglectable as it is argued. Such issues open new perspectives, especially whenone knews what the term of "development" implies. Eventually, has the railway system in french western africa been a financial abyss for france or a saviour of that ruined country. The answer is to be found in the year 1940
Lakroum, Monique. "Chemin de fer et réseaux d'affaires en Afrique occidentale : le Dakar-Niger, 1883-1960." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070079.
Full textAt the end of the XIXth century, the building of the railway network in West Africa was not only an instrument of colonization but also, in the eyes of some french industrialists, the means to experiment with new techniques of exploitation. Thus the railway line from Dakar to the Niger answered economic and political purposes of various kinds but confliting with the pratices that had been inherited from african trade. Thanks to the spreading of road transport after world war i, the merchants gradually developed rival trade channels which enabled them to control the markets in Senegal and Sudan (Mali) previously linked by rail traffic. In so doing they were able to maintain the mechanisms of arbitrage based upon the local differences in price which the fall in the costs of rail transport was showing a tendency to reduce. Consequently, the growth that was started by railway investments did not spread to all the economic activities
Barthélémy, Pascale Claire. "Femmes, africaines et diplômées : une élite auxiliaire à l'époque coloniale : Sages-femmes et institutrices en Afrique occidentale française (1918-1957)." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070047.
Full textFrom 1918, the date of the creation of the École de médecine de l'Afrique occidentale française (AOF) to the independence of the different colonies in 1958-1960, about thousand young African women were qualified as midwife, district nurse or teacher. The French colonial administration organized education and professional training of this auxiliary feminine African staff to intensify the mission of civilization. This work studies this feminine population, the composition and the constitution of this group, the status of these women in the different African societies through two generations. This subject permits to examine in a new way the French colonial politics and the question of the construction and transformation of gender in African societies because these qualified women are in a particular position in relation to men, educated or not, and also in relation to other women. This works studies all at once the origins of these women, the conditions of recruitment and education in the Ecole de médecine and also in the Ecole normale d'institutrices created in 1938, the way they practice their profession and use their instruction in the society and also in their family. We choose the chronological approach to show how feminine African elite emerges and is structured during the colonial period
Bancel, Nicolas. "Entre acculturation et révolution : mouvements de jeunesse et sports dans l'évolution politique et institutionnelle de l'AOF (1945-1960)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010546.
Full textThis study is a contribution to the history of the decolonisation of western Africa crossing the evolution of the youth end sport movement and the political and instititutionnal history of the aof beetween 1945 and 1960. The question of the interrelations beetween the to phenomenoms leads to an analysis on three levels. A political approach: wich are the means of the yout movement for political engagement ? Does this engagement contribute significantly to independance ? May the extension of modern sports be considered as one of the sources of nationalism ? A sociological approach: in wich social environment must the youth movement situated ? From this point of view, a new particular to colonial modernity, socio- cultural urban category must be identified. A metapolitical approach : how does the process of acculturation progress along with the anticolonial contest among scholar by the practice of modern sports, the engagemen in the youth movement and the correlative appropriation of cultural and political paradigms directly imported from france. The transformation of the social and political urban background is characterised by the segmentation of acculturated elites - who were preparing their access to political responsabilities by dealing with the colonial authorities - and the scholarised generation formed after the world war ii, progressively choosing a radical fraction with the colonial system from this point of view, the proces of decolonisation of the AOF resulting from the Defferre law was conditioned by the socio-political movement in urban context
Dembélé, Salifou. "Recherche sur la réglementation de la médecine traditionnelle en Afrique noire." Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40010.
Full textShould african traditional medicine be regulated ? The main question underlying this work resides in the misfortune of "modern medicines" on account of their cost, their geographical inaccessibility and more generally the difficulties in introducing them into sociocultural contexts which are ill-suited to receive them. Confronted by this misfortune, the international authorities force developing countries to turn towards endogenous health developement, particularly projects concerning primary health care and yhe use of traditional medicines. However, resorting to such methods assumes the parallel development of a legal framework adapted to ensure their coherence and effectiveness. Thus, as regards traditional medicine, which has benefitted from renewed interest in relation to the policy of primary health-care, especially since the devaluation of the cfa franc, the law is expected to permit the setting up of health-care which is both danger-free and accessible to the population, by combining the asset constituted by the age-old immersion of these methods in local cultures with the establishment of professional guarantees. Even if the legibility of present regulations seems insufficient, they constitute, nevertheless, an effective method of fighting against bogus practices. The refinement of these regulations presupposes a harmonisation of national health policies which would take the place of the procrastination which has been displayed for so long by the african states
Etchepare, Michel. "La définition d'une stratégie de santé publique dans les pays en développement : l'exemple du sida en Afrique." Paris 9, 1988. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1988PA090047.
Full textDue to its specificity to go beyond the mere medical field, aids acts now as an authentic revealer of various dysfunctions in the sanitary, socio-political and economical fields, and commands a pragmatic reflection on all these points. Thus, any comprehensive approach of the problem will require a multidisciplinary as well as a prospective analysis, which will allow an estimate of the human, social and econominal middle term stakes : this is the subject of the present study, limited here to the case of Africa
Faure-Delage, Angélique. "Représentations et attitudes socioculturelles à propos de la démence en Afrique Centrale et en Limousin." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/8ba609f5-3f53-43c5-892c-4a0588f59e39/blobholder:0/2013LIMO310A.pdf.
Full textIntroduction: Dementia is a huge public health problem. Its sociocultural representations vary depending cultures. The impacts these representations have on behaviors and attitudes need to be studied. We aim at describing perceptions and representations people have in Central Africa and in Limousin, in particular concerning public stigma. Method: Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in two capitals of Central Africa (Bangui, Central African Republic, and Brazzaville, Republic of Congo) and in Limousin (Creuse, France). The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue was used to conduct 549 interviews in Central Africa, and make a questionnaire to assess Alzheimer’s disease-related public stigma. This was filled in by 458 persons in Creuse. Results: In Cetral Africa, the biomedical concept of dementia is generally unknown. But the phenomenon is perceived and refers for many people to normal ageing. Perceived stigma relies on ambivalent representations of elderly people (magical-religious beliefs). Nevertheless, it is limited by social values deeply rooted in people’s mind. In Limousin, stigma is more perceived by health caregivers and youths. Conclusion: Dementia is a stigmatizing illness. More reflections and actions are necessary to help affected people in the best way
Amoussou, Vigny Landry. "L'ordre public sanitaire en Afrique francophone." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0662/document.
Full textLegally, there are several concordant indications clearly highlighting the importance of public health to public order in Francophone Africa. On the basis of this finding, the concept of public sanitary order is based on sound arguments based on its existence and positioning as a dismemberment of the general or traditional definition of public order. On the other hand, the almost fusional link between public sanitary order and the fundamental right to security undermines the relevance of its action in most African states. At issue is the embryonic stage of social security in French-speaking Africa, which contrasts with police measures aimed at the protection of public health, so that protective measures (public health police) and lack of protection (The very low coverage of social security) overlap and contradict each other. Obviously, the combination of these two factors: the inoperability of the right to health and the inefficiency of public services are likely to further weaken the public health order in Francophone African states. Ultimately, in addition to its legal and regulatory justification, public sanitary order in Africa is severely lacking in human, financial, material and institutional means to make it a genuine tool for preserving public health, a component of public order
Charasse, Cécile. "Santé et discriminations : le cas de l’Afrique du Sud." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF10210.
Full text1990 marks the end of South Africa’s regime of racial segregation, based on a unique and revolting ideology called apartheid. In 1994, within the framework of the Reconstruction and Development Program, the new government implements five key-programs aimed at the satisfaction of basic needs (employment, housing, education, nutrition and health). Using an empirical approach, this dissertation focuses on the links which exist between health and discriminations in South Africa at the beginning of the post-apartheid era. Although the issue of health and discriminations may come within the scope of the more general problem of human capital accumulation, our approach favors the issues of human development and social justice. Racial discrimination is here considered as a category of injustice, which is humanly unacceptable because both coercive and arbitrary. Based on microeconomic premises, this dissertation largely resorts on the P. S. L. S. D. (Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development) database, which contains the results of the survey conducted in 1993 on a representative sample of the South-African population. This database provided us with various health indicators, three distinctive samples of analysis, and allowed us to examine some of the links likely to exist between health and discriminations in South Africa. This study comprises of four chapters. The first chapter aims at explaining why South Africa’s health is so far behind other countries with a comparable level of development, who despite allotting less resources to health achieve better results. The second chapters then describe the nature and the origin of the social and economic discriminations which prevail within the health system, and throws light on its inefficiency and inconsistency. The two following chapters seem to point out that, even after the abolition of the last apartheid laws, health discrimination in South Africa had not yet disappeared in 1993. Health discrimination indirectly influences child health status and imposes a constraint on reporting an illness and on the therapeutic choices of black and uninsured South Africans. In view of these conclusions, we simulate the effects of the policy of free medical care in public clinics (implemented as soon as 1994) on the demand of curative health care. Our conclusion is the following: only through major reforms will the government be able to achieve the target of equal access to health care aimed at through this policy
Barankanira, Emmanuel. "Analyses spatiales de problèmes de santé publique en Afrique subsaharienne : exemples du VIH/SIDA et de la malnutrition." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT048/document.
Full textThis thesis is about the spatial analysis of public health issues in sub-Saharan Africa. In a first study, we analysed the spatial variations of HIV prevalence and the socio-behavioral determinants among people aged 15 to 49 in Burundi using 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. In a second study, we analysed the evolution of the spatial distribution of stunting prevalence among under-three children in Côte d’Ivoire using 1994, 1998-1999 and 2011-2012 DHS data. For both studies, we first predicted the prevalence levels of the public health issue under study in unsampled points by the kernel method or ordinary kriging. We then identified clusters using the Kulldorff’s method and zones of different risks using the oblique partitioning method of the study area. Finally, we used spatial modeling to identify associated risk factors. These spatial analysis techniques have not only many advantages but also many limitations that we emphasize
Ben, Salem Leila Samah. "Systeme et politique de santé au Sénégal et dans certains étáts d'Afrique subsaharienne : Texte imprimé : Difficultés et échecs des réformes." Nice, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NICE0024.
Full textCissé, Boubou. "Recouvrement des coûts et utilisation des services de santé dans les pays d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara : qu'en est-il de l'impact du paiement des soins de santé par les usagers ?" Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24006.
Full textFurther to the 1980's financial crisis which has sorely stroked the developing countries, the establishment of the cost recovery scheme (user fees) has been proposed to these countries in 1985, and in practise demand from the World Bank from 1987. Since then, there has been many controversies about the impact of the introduction of user fees on access to health care and utilisation of health services. This thesis deals with the problematic of equity in the field of health in urban area. It's aim is to whether payment of health care by private individuals constitutes a source of inequity in the use and access of health care. It also presents the methodology and the results (resulting from empirical database) of a research on inequality in the distribution of health care use and expenditures in African countries, in order to better grasp some aspects of the nature and the extent of the problems that are facing the underprivileged groups and which separate them from the rich. With this intention, we analyse the socio-economic distribution service use of and expenditure of the households following a common and rigorous method of analysis and commune to all the sites, based on the concepts of vertical equity and horizontal equity and the calculation of indices based on the Lorenz curves, the whole drawn from the literature of tax economy
Labé, Laurent Pascal. "A propos d'une expérience de médecin d'Ambassade au Nigéria : de la médecine d'urgence à la santé publique." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M124.
Full textLinnemayr, Sebastian. "Three essays on the interaction of human and physical capital in sub-Saharan Africa." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24027.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the empirical basis of the relationship between health and wealth in developing countries. The first article investigates the impact of being a household affected by HIV/AIDS on the ability to smooth consumption. I find that households with a visibly sick member cannot smooth their consumption, indicating their precarious status concerning future shocks. The second article investigates the determinants of child malnutrition in three regions in Senegal, and finds that children of young mothers and children of mothers living in a household with an old household head have a lower nutritional status. I also find that NGOs have the potential to alleviate this precarious nutritional situation. In the third paper, I investigate the impact of a randomized nutrition intervention in Senegal, and find only weak evidence for the success of the intervention on child weight-for-age. Potential reasons for this finding are the relatively short intervention period that may have had an impact on service availability but not on child nutritional status
Commeyras, Christophe. "Des soins pour les plus pauvres, le défi du désendettement : le médicament, moteur de la demande autant que carburant de l' offre dans les pays en développement, priorité à la formation dans une approche sous-régionale (exemple au Cameroun)." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066489.
Full textKanoute, Aida. "Poliques, stratégies et perspectives de la recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique : consultation Delphi, 2012-2013." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10182/document.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the strengthening of research capacity and the identification of strategies and opportunities to promote better research in oral health in Africa through the filing of the notice of a panel of experts at a Delphi consultation. This especially as systems oral health and scientific knowledge evolves rapidly. However, the African continent is facing many challenges, including the burden of oral diseases and the needs of populations that are huge. To meet these challenges care and ask actions effective public health policy makers need tools, skills and information to assess and monitor health needs, choose intervention strategies, policy options appropriate for the design of their own circumstances and improve system performance oral care. In this context, it is necessary to develop a coherent policy approach to oral health in the African Region, but this implies a better knowledge of the situation. For the advancement of Africa depends on its ability to generate, adapt and use scientific knowledge to meet local needs in health and development. That is why there is an urgent need to build the next generation of African scientists. Universities should promote and support research and training so that students are exposed to research and be taught by researchers throughout their courses. The collection of data on oral health is essential to get an accurate picture of the situation in Africa and to measure progress. Thus the objective of this research is to produce the opinion of a panel of experts on various items at a Delphi consultation two phases. In order to assess the current state of research, identify strategies to promote better research in oral health in Africa and prospects for its development. Analyzes give priorities to focus on the actions and involve a number of recommendations to strengthen and promote the capacity of research in oral health. Ultimately, we must promote a culture of research in national programs of oral health, ensure wide dissemination of research results and use them for planning purposes
Jean, Kévin. "Mise à l’épreuve de la stratégie de prévention du VIH « Tester et traiter » : l’exemple de la Côte d’Ivoire." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0031.
Full textIncreasing evidence suggests that early antiretroviral treatment (ART) of HIV-infected people is beneficial at individual level and may also present benefits at population level. Thus, the potential of the Test and Treat strategy to curtail the HIV epidemic seems promising, especially in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy relies on universal HIV testing combined with immediate initiation of ART among those diagnosed HIV-positive and raises many issues, especially regarding socio-behavioural aspects. Relying on two studies conducted in Côte d’Ivoire, the objective of this thesis was to understand some of the socio-behavioural issues of expanding HIV testing and treatment. Based on an intervention trial, we studied the impact of an early ART initiation on sexual behaviours and on HIV transmission risk among adults engaged in various types of partnerships. Besides, the analysis of a nationally-representative survey identified the main socio-behavioural and contextual barriers to uptake of HIV testing among the general population of Côte d’Ivoire. The results of this thesis provide some insights on the preventive benefits of the Test and Treat strategy, on its impact in the real world and on the conditions of its success in the context of West-Africa
Monné, Raymond. "Contribution à l'étude juridique du droit à la santé en Afrique : réflexion à partir de l'exemple du Burkina Faso : éléments pour une anthropologie juridique de la santé." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR1D037.
Full textThe right to health is included in the economic, social and cultural rights guaranteed by the african charter of human and peoples rights and by the constitutions of african countries, themselves. For most african peoples, however, protection from illness and desease belongs to the realm of ancestors, soothsayers, religious leaders - in the widest sense - and ultimately to god. In keeping with african magico-religious beliefs, good health is a gift from god and must be deserved or earned. This means that for the majority of afican countries, where poverty and misery are widespread, improving the level of health is not perceived as a priority, although the theme of health is constantly alluded toin conventional greeting formulas. In the last thrity years, african political practices have resulted in the cotinent being labelled as a "human rights hell", an image which no doult can be challenged but which also contains a certain amount of truth. In these conditions, what can the concept of the right to health mean in africa ? what contribution can be made by the law and by the legal systems - mechanisms of social regulation which produce norms and institutions - to the full enjoyment of this fundamental human right ? these are the principal questions covered in this study whose approach is interdisciplinary. The ideas put forth here have been inspired mainly by the case of burkina faso
Benhamouda, Mehdi. "La santé de la femme maghrébine entre droit et coutumes : aspects comparatifs." Paris 8, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA083856.
Full textOur subject is untitled the Heath of Maghrebi woman between right and practices. It is an universal subject. It is related to an anthropological approach of the Health of the woman through usual practices and through juridical structure which is self explanatory. Mauritania is with no doubt the Maghreb's country where customs and practices are the most applied. First of all, excision is the one of the most antic tradition already practiced during the Pharaon period. True social and juridical norm. Even religion could not prevent it to happen. Although, no mention is made in the Holy Coran. On the other hand, there is the force-feeding practice, dedicated to the high Maure society, the predominant ethnic group in the country. Purpose is to feed to the maximum the young lady before getting married. At least, slavery, which took place since the expansion time of Islam. Despite the fact that Muslim law does forbid slavery, Mauritania did use slaves for the past. The 2007 law comes at time to cease this practice. Other elements have and influence on the women's health like the conditions of delivery and the violence on which there are subjected. These aspects will be studied in the Maghreb other countries by including a new notion of organ's donation. A comparison will be made between France and Belgium. The purpose being to check if theses usual practices could be transferred to the Occident by the immigrated population and how the old continent reacts
Palgo, Diane Horélie. "L'harmonisation du droit pharmaceutique en Afrique de l’Ouest : le cas de l’UEMOA." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCF010/document.
Full textHealth protection, the setting up of health security highly depend on an organization of the pharmaceutical market by the establishment of a common pharmaceutical market. In West Africa, particularly within WAEMU, the absence of such of market eases the rise in illicit drug market and impedes a free movement of health products between States. Yet, economic development involves an effective and secured health system. WAEMU’s member States awareness is emerging gradually, hence the necessity to join forces for better health protection ; therefore the long-awaited legal integration can be done through several means ; harmonization, unification, standardization. Harmonization is the means of legal integration that WAEMU has chosen to set up more effective and elaborate standards. Reconciliation through the harmonization of pharmaceutical regulations therefore becomes a key objective, with a view to setting up health security within the community zone. Yet, this harmonization, to achieve its objective of improving pharmaceutical systems, implies an elaborate legal framework. A process of harmonization is therefore set up and materialized by the adoption of several community legal instruments : guidances ; regulations, decisions. However, it should be noted that WAEMU is not the only sub-regional organization that has objective the pharmaceutical right harmonization. Other regional and sub-regional organizations such as ECOWAS, AU, of which WAEMU States are member, target also a reconciliation by the harmonization of the pharmaceutical area. In addition to the operating difficulties, at internal and community level, there are some external impediments related to the belonging of WAEMU States to those both organizations. Those obstacles will jeopardize the effectiveness of the harmonization process. Consequently, it is necessary to reconsider the choice of reconciliation legal instruments, even if that means venturing into a mixed reconciliation of pharmaceutical regulations through a combination of two means of legal integrations : harmonization and unification
Ntamba, Boukatiri Rosalie. "L'adaptation des structures hospitalières face à un nouveau problème de santé en Afrique : le cas du Sida au Congo." Paris 8, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA083630.
Full textIdentified in 1981 by the Center for Disease Control (Atlanta), Aids has become -in Africa and especially in Congo- an awful disease upsetting a number of fundamental elements in society: institutions, family, etchics and moral, science and technology (and more particularly medecine). From this moment, talking about fighting AIDS in Congo has led us to bring out the problems of thousands of people confronting AIDS epidemics every day and the limitations of the prevention strategies that have been so far carried out. There are also no real hospital caretaking policies for patients, nor psychosocial support, while social security is lacking. Therefore, raising thoughts on the adaptation of hospital structures with respect to AIDS and attempting to develop a policy on this topic seemed to be essential. This is what we are trying to deal with in this study
Béah, Dreh Yvette-Armelle. "Politique budgétaire en UEMOA : soutenabilité de la dette et perspectives de financement." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR1001/document.
Full textIn view of the negative effects of the debt burden on the development of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries, we analyse the sustainability of Union’s fiscal policy in order to underline, beyond the IMF’s official methodology, alternative proposals, remedial or complementary to the goal of ensuring the long-term solvency of member countries and the financing of their budget deficits. The results of our debt sustainability analysis from 1975 to 2012 showed that WAEMU countries have very pronounced budget deficits, mainly due to their massive debt. They do not have sufficient resources to meet the debt's financial requirements
Nkoumou, Ngoa Brice Gaston. "Essais sur la ressource humaine en santé et l’utilisation des services de santé maternelle en Afrique sub-saharienne." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED081.
Full textThis thesis studies the effect of prices on the decisions of health professionals and the use of maternal health services in sub-Saharan Africa. The first two chapters are concerned with the effect of wages on the effort choices and the multiple job holding of health professionals. Based on data collected at the peripheral level of the Cameroonian health system (Yaoundé and Douala), it appears that wages in the main job have no significant effect on the effort choice and the multiple job holding of the health professionals. Thus, a policy of high wages appears insufficient to control the shirking behaviour and the multiple job holding phenomenon of health professionals in the sub-Saharan context. The third chapter analyzes the short-term impact of the free delivery and caesarean program on the use of maternal health services in Senegal. This evaluation does not show in a short-term any positive impact of the free-of-charge measure on the use of maternal health services. The hasty scaling-up of free-of-charge policies can be then questioned in this context
Gueye, Thiamba. "L'incidence de l'Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (UEMOA) sur les finances publiques de ses Etats membres." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020015/document.
Full textJanuary 10, 1994, following the failure of structural adjustment policies proposedby the external donors and the devaluation of the CFA Franc which followed, was signedin Dakar, the Treaty establishing the West African Economic and Monetary Union byseven countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. OnMay 2, 1997, Guinea Bissau will become the eighth State of the Union. The Treatyconfirms the transformation of the West African Monetary Union, comprising the formerFrench colonies in West Africa share the same common currency (the CFA), in aneconomic union. To avoid repeating the same situation that led him to devalue thecurrency, the West Africa has decided to consolidate public finances of Member States,by establishing an appropriate legal framework and multilateral surveillance of fiscalpolicies. The objective of the founding fathers was to arrive by this legal arsenal,harmonize national budget and accounting laws, but also to establish a real fiscaldiscipline in support of the common monetary policy. Soon, WAEMU will develop two keydirectives dealing respectively Finance Laws and the General Public Accounting, but alsoa Pact of convergence and a code of transparency in the management of public finances.Compared to the previous situation, there was a marked improvement in the managementof public finances in the EU, even if all states are not moving at the pace in compliancewith the convergence criteria, especially regarding the reduction of deficits public. Thus,UEMOA, with support from multilateral donors (IMF and World Bank) seeking to promotein the countries where they operate a new financial tools (performance-basedmanagement, the multiannual budgetary planning etc ....), will reform in 2009, its legalframework of public finance in order to adapt to new international management standards
Hounzandji, Aimé Frédéric. "Une université dans un processus de construction nationale : l'université du Dahomey-Bénin en Afrique occidentale (1950-2002)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040068.
Full textThe University of Benin (ex Dahomey), studied between 1950 and 2002, is an attempt to contribute to the history of universities in sub-Saharan Africa. The ambition of this research was to show how a university could be a key place in the process of national construction of Dahomey-Benin, following the independence of Africa in 1960. Established in 1970, with mainly to the support of France, the University of Benin, like all those in French-speaking Africa, is marked by a permanent conflict between continuity and rupture with the educational system inherited from the colonial era. The Benin University, conceived as a public institution for the training of elites, is also a center of youth activism and opposition to power, with repercussions on the entire national life. To study the history of the university means ultimately to study the story of the society, youth, elites, power, administration and international relations. To understand the challenges of the transformations of higher education in Benin today, it appears to us, in the light of our own research, to require international collaborations allowing to cross the scales of analysis and to diversify the points of view
Abba, Seidik. "Contribution à l'étude des freins à la publicisation du SIDA en Afrique : le cas du Niger." Valenciennes, 2006. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/78dc0c08-ac16-4176-b1f8-3d028cb64f6a.
Full textBeing at the cross-roads of the information and communication sciences, anthropology, sociology and political sciences, this thesis examines the mechanisms of sensitizing a new disease which is progressively becoming a worldwide pandemic; AIDS. The work aims to analyse in detail the various obstacles hampering the sensitization of the disease within the context of Niger, with emphasis on the problem raised by the issue in terms of the process. After having analysed the socio-economic and cultural context of the research framework, the study focuses on the various parties involved in the sensitization and in the modes of mobilization that they have chosen. We can therefore reveal why AIDS does not appear at the top of the political agenda and why it does not rally Niger media as much as it should. The thesis defended here pushes aside the idea of a “tacit agreement” or a “guilty lack of concern” in order to deal with the issue of sensitization as the result of interactions between the several parties involved: politicians, the media, associations, experts and even AIDS sufferers. Finally the study demonstrates how each of these groups realities (politicians, the media, as well as associative or scientific groups) influence either directly or indirectly the sensitization or not of both scientific and sociological facts of great importance such as the spreading of AIDS
Larmarange, Joseph. "Prévalences du VIH en Afrique : validité d'une mesure." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00320283.
Full textLes EDS constituent un bon indicateur du niveau des épidémies à l'échelle national et régional, voir infrarégional grâce au recours à des techniques d'analyse spatiale en composantes d'échelles. Mais leur fréquence est inadaptée pour mesurer les évolutions à court terme. La surveillance sentinelle, estimateur local des ordres de grandeur, peut être un indicateur de tendances sous certaines conditions. Cependant, si la situation actuelle commence à être mieux connue, une mesure réelle des dynamiques est encore hors de notre portée.
Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1915/.
Full textThis thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis
Hounsou, Christelle Fifaten. "Les recompositions de la profession médicale en temps de globalisation et de néolibéralisme économiques : analyses à partir des mobilités internationales de médecins originaires d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC148.
Full textIn the globalized neoliberal regime, belonging to a professional group is no longer a protection that ensures all members, social prestige and comfortable incomes. That is what can be learned from 31 biographical interviews conducted with French-speaking West African physicians (MoAO) between 2009 and 2015. The category MoAO, built for the needs of the study, refers to physicians born in a French-speaking African countries in south of the Sahara where they have attended primary, secondary and university training. Then they have migrated temporarily or permanently to another country to acquire a initial training in medicine, either to specialize. The MoAO are treated as study case. They highlight the complexity and multiplicity of social and economic developments that force the sociology of the medical profession to update its conceptual and theoretical tools. Several hypotheses are explored in this regard. Medical professionalism covers interrelated processes of acquisition of professional knowledge through training and individualization of professional careers, beyond commonly considered standards. Thus, self- construction of curricula and diversification of medical training paths, favored by the internationalization of higher education’s market, are described. Similarly, the rampant privatization of medical training in Africa challenges the myth of the autonomy of the medical profession. In Benin and Senegal, this accompanies the disengagement of the States, giving an increasingly predominant place to international organizations in the elaboration and implementation of health programs, to supranational institutions for the development of training curricula and medical training accreditation, to the private structures for the provision of health care and services. The thesis then focuses on the modes of professional integration of MoAOs in France. The French State itself has violated the monopoly granted to French professionals with a French diploma on te medical work market, by organising the recruitment of "unauthorised" foreign doctors. MoAOs represent only a fraction of the practitioners with a degree from outside the European Union. But their experience allow to initiate a necessary reflection on the division of medical work (between nationals and foreigners in particular), as well as on the recognition issues related to conflicts at work, and to the migration itself
Li, Lingwei. "Les places respectives de la médecine chinoise et de la médecine occidentale dans le droit chinois entre 1840 et 1982." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0276/document.
Full textFor millennia, Chinese medicine has been of some renown. However, during the period going from the first opium war of 1840 to the promulgation of the constitution of 1982, this medicine has slowly declined. This change is mainly due to the radical mutation of Chinese society on its whole, and to its increasing confrontation with western culture and medicine. Successive political regimes have tried to set up diverse health systems, which they modernized or westernized, in order to remedy the delicate health situation and relieve some burden from existing institutions. They either openly supported Western medicine, even to the point of wanting to abolish its Chinese counterpart, or tried to stimulate some form of collaboration between the two medicines. Based on this history of clashes and forced cohabitation, and on the specific aspects of each of them, it seems a sound goal to proceed to a deeper collaboration between these two medicines, to help and manage public health more efficiently. Indeed, this collaboration could in itself better the current health system, would stimulate medical activity, could reduce healthcare costs and finally should improve global health and wellbeing of the Chinese population. But of course, it is first and foremost a pressing duty to enhance the current status of existence and state of development of Chinese traditional medicine
Batonon, Serge B. "Les systèmes financiers publics des Etats de l'UEMOA à l'épreuve de la nouvelle gouvernance financière publique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D009/document.
Full textThe review of public financial systems of WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) States has shown that these systems evolved in the contemporary context of the new public financial governance. The concern for transparency, sincerity, responsibility and efficiency, the cardinal principles of the new public financial governance, allowed WAEMU States under the aegis of the Community Commission to renew the normative and institutional basis of their public financial systems. The new standards introduce a public financial management results-oriented with greater stakeholders accountability. They reinforce the budgetary supremacy of the Minister of Finance while investing the budget department of a pioneering programmatic role in budgetary matters and financial control of an evaluation function of public spending. They put into perspective the work of Parliament and the courts of accounts of States that should ensure the efficiency of public spending at the heart of their actions.The implementation of new public financial standards changes the architecture and the budgeting method that moves from a means approach to a results approach. A set of technicality and rigor now surrounds budgeting with programming documents and design mechanisms need more requirements. The mechanisms and management tools for the financial management of the States have also changed. The introduction of managerial responsibility necessitated the implementation of management tools borrowed from the private sector. But the analysis of sociological realities and internal capacities of the States reveals that corruption, not deliberate application of the texts and the qualitative and quantitative shortage of human, material and information resources are blocking the functioning of public financial systems. Similarly, instead of the "tailor" the new standards still seem to be the '' ready to wear '' and do not always reflect the sociological realities of the States. Therefore, this thesis proposes to move from imitation to institutional innovation. She makes endogenous consolidation of public financial systems a condition for success that goes by, among others, the establishment in the States of fiscal biannuality ; MPs profiles, the authorizing committee in the ministries, solidarity accountability of the accountant and of the authorizing, and establishing a moral responsibility through involvement of traditional chiefs and religious denominations discipline financial
Blaise, Pierre J. "Culture qualité et organisation bureaucratique, le défi du changement dans les systèmes publics de santé: une évaluation réaliste de projets de qualité en Afrique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211123.
Full textDepuis une quinzaine d'années en Afrique, cercles de qualité, audits cliniques, cycles de résolution de problèmes et autres 'projets qualité' ont été mis en oeuvre dans les services publics de santé pour améliorer la qualité des soins. Ces projets ont souvent mis l'accent sur des approches participatives, la résolution locale de problèmes et le changement, bousculant les pratiques managériales traditionnelles. A court terme, les évaluations montrent l'amélioration des résultats de programmes ou d'activités. Mais la pérennité de la dynamique reste largement à prouver. Le véritable aboutissement d'un programme d'assurance qualité devrait être apprécié à l'aune de sa capacité à mettre la préoccupation pour la qualité au cœur du management et du fonctionnement du système, et ce de façon continue. C'est en effet la vision moderne de l'assurance qualité déclinée dans les approches du management de la qualité totale, de l'amélioration continue de la qualité ou de l'organisation apprenante.
Méthode
La définition, la mesure et le management de la qualité en santé se révèlent être beaucoup plus qu'une simple procédure technique: c'est un processus social dans un système complexe dont l'étude requiert une approche méthodologique appropriée (Chapitre 1). Notre objectif est d'explorer dans quelle mesure les projets qualité ont permis aux systèmes de santé d'adopter les principes du management de la qualité.
Nous proposons de conduire une 'évaluation réaliste' de projets qualité en Afrique (Chapitre 2). Conceptualisée par Pawson et Tilley (1997) dans le domaine des sciences sociales, l'évaluation réaliste ('realistic evaluation') est une approche méthodologique de la famille des theory based evaluations. Au-delà du constat d'un effet produit par une intervention, l'évaluation réaliste cherche à comprendre ce qui marche, pour qui, dans quelles circonstances et comment. Alors que les résultats issus de la 'grounded theory', de la recherche action et d'autres méthodes de recherche sur les systèmes de santé restent très liés à un contexte, l'évaluation réaliste génère des théories intermédiaires ('middle range theories') qui permettent d'étendre la validité des interprétations au-delà d'un contexte particulier. Construite autour d'études de cas menées dans des contextes multiples et variés, l'évaluation réaliste met en effet l'accent sur l'interaction entre le contexte et la logique d'une intervention.
Résultats
Afin de construire une théorie initiale, nous comparons les systèmes de santé Européens et Africains à l'aide des configurations organisationnelles de Mintzberg (chapitre 3). Nous mettons ainsi en évidence le rôle joué par la nature bureaucratique ou professionnelle de la configuration des organisations de santé dans les résistances à l'introduction des principes du management de la qualité.
Nous menons ensuite une série d'études de cas au Niger, en Guinée, au Maroc et au Zimbabwe pour étudier cette interaction. Dans une première série comparative de trois études de cas (Chapitre 4), nous mettons en évidence la tension qui existe entre la logique de commande et de contrôle des organisations bureaucratiques et la logique de l'assurance qualité valorisant la prise d'initiative de changement par des équipes non hiérarchisées. Nous explorons ensuite cette tension dans trois études de cas distinctes au Zimbabwe et au Maroc. Laissées à la merci des contraintes bureaucratiques, les initiatives locales pour améliorer la qualité apparaissent dépendantes de la capacité des acteurs à développer des stratégies de contournement (Chapitre 6). Faute de quoi elles doivent réduire fortement leurs ambitions à moins qu'elles ne bénéficient d'un soutien émanant d'une institution située hors de la ligne hiérarchique mais reconnue légitime (Chapitre 5). Les systèmes publics de santé de ces pays, conçus comme des organisations bureaucratiques structurées autour de relations hiérarchiques de commande et de contrôle tolèrent une démarche qualité, valorisant l'innovation, la créativité, la prise d'initiative locale et le travail en équipes non hiérarchisées, à la condition qu'elle se déroule à l'abri d'un projet. Force est de constater que ces dimensions clé de la culture qualité n'ont pas fondamentalement ni durablement imprégné des pratiques de management restées bureaucratiques. L'émergence d'une véritable 'culture qualité', un produit attendu de l'introduction de projets qualité, ne semble pas s'être produite au niveau organisationnel (Chapitre 7).
Nous procédons ensuite à la synthèse 'réaliste' de l'ensemble de nos études de cas (Chapitre 8). Nous en tirons les leçons sous la forme d'un enrichissement progressif de notre théorie initiale. Nous pouvons alors formuler une théorie améliorée, toujours intermédiaire et provisoire, dérivée de nos théories intermédiaires successives.
Discussion
Notre discussion s'organise autour de deux thèmes (chapitre 9).
Dans une première partie, nous discutons le potentiel et les limites de nos résultats et de l'approche réaliste de l'évaluation. Nous montrons que nos résultats sont des théories provisoires et incomplètes, deux caractéristiques d'une middle range theory. En dépit de ces limites, l'approche réaliste est potentiellement très riche pour interpréter les effets d'interventions dans des systèmes complexes. Elle se situe dans une perspective d'aide à la décision pour orienter l'action sur le terrain plutôt que dans une perspective de genèse de lois universelles. Elle représente une avancée méthodologique particulièrement pertinente pour la recherche sur les systèmes de santé dans un monde turbulent où de multiples initiatives se télescopent.
Dans une deuxième partie, nous discutons les conséquences de nos résultats pour le futur de l'assurance qualité dans les systèmes de santé. Les projets qualité étudiés ne parviennent pas à changer une culture organisationnelle bureaucratique qui compromet pourtant leur pérennisation. Nous envisageons alors les stratégies susceptibles de permettre à la culture qualité de s'épanouir et au contexte organisationnel d'évoluer en conséquence. Décentralisation et nouveau management public, en vogue hier et aujourd'hui, montrent leurs limites. Il faut probablement trouver un équilibre entre trois idéaux-types décrits par Freidson: l'idéal-type bureaucratique, malmené par les stratégies de débrouille locale, l'idéal-type du marché, valorisant l'initiative, et l'idéal-type professionnel, émergent mais encore embryonnaire en Afrique. Finalement, à côté des mécanismes du contrôle et de la compétition, un troisième mécanisme régulateur devrait prendre toute sa place: la confiance.
Introduction
For nearly two decades in Africa, quality circles, clinical audits, problem solving cycles and other quality projects have been implemented in public health services to improve quality of care. Challenging traditional managerial practices, these projects usually emphasized participatory approaches, local problem solving and change. At short term, evaluation shows improvement in programs and activities output. However the capacity to put quality at the heart of system's management should be considered as the genuine achievement of a quality assurance program. Did quality projects contribute to the adoption of quality management principles by health systems ?This is the question addressed in the present thesis.
Method
Our methodology belongs to the realistic evaluation paradigm conceptualized by Pawson and Tilley and focuses on the interaction between an intervention mechanism and its context in order to understand what works, for whom, in what circumstances and how ?Based on case studies in various contexts in Niger, Guinea, Morocco and Zimbabwe, we build a middle range theory, that explains organizational behavior towards quality management.
Results
Based on Mintzberg's models, we show the role of health care organizational configuration in resisting to quality management principles. We then explore the tension between the bureaucratic organization's command and control approach and the quality assurance approach promoting initiative and change through team work. Local initiative had to develop coping strategies to overcome bureaucratic constraints. Failing to do so, ambitions had to be reduced unless there was support from an external, yet legitimate institution. Public health systems of these countries, structured as command and control hierarchical organizations, allowed innovation, creativity, local initiative and non hierarchical relationships as long as they developed within the boundaries of a project. However, these key characteristics of a quality culture did not permeate routine management. The quality culture shift expected from quality projects does not seem to have happened at organizational level.
Discussion
We first discuss the potential and limitation of realistic evaluation which appear particularly relevant for complex health systems research. We then discuss consequences of our results on the future of quality assurance in health systems. Since quality projects fail to transform a bureaucratic organizational culture, which in turn undermines their sustainability, alternative strategies must be sought to promote quality culture and relevant organizational change. Decentralization and new public management show their limitations. We suggest a balance between three ideal-types described by Freidson: The bureaucratic ideal-type, challenged by local coping strategies, the market ideal-type, which is fashionable today and promote initiative, and the professional ideal-type, emerging and promising, yet still embryonic in Africa.
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Whegang, Youdom Solange. "Méthodologies d'évaluation de l'efficacité thérapeutique des antipaludiques : application à des données du Cameroun." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05S012.
Full textThis work was motivated by a health context which is common to all subsaharian African countries. It is directly related to the evaluation of the therapeutical strategies and the public health decisions in the fight against malaria. It concerns the quantitative methods for pooling randomised trials and estimating the efficacy of the various antimalarial drugs. First, the primary outcome developed by the WHO is an ordinal one. Second, the different treatment arms between the trials are not always the same combined treatments and, the follow up durations changed over the years. Third, the observed counts between the different categories of responses are highly unbalanced. In the first step method, a global classical meta-analysis pooling all the trials was carried out using as primary outcome a binarised WHO outcome. In a second step, the primary outcome was analysed as an ordinal outcome at a fixed time endpoint in a single three- arm randomised clinical trial. A simulation study was performed to assess the type- 1 and type-2 errors in relation to the treatment effect. In a third step, the 28- day trials were pooled by extending the previous methodology to the repeated measurements on days 14, 21 and 28. Significant results were obtained when analyzing the WHO outcome as ordinal
Parent, Florence. "Déterminants éducationnels et facteurs favorables à une meilleure adéquation entre formation et compétences attendues des professionnels de la santé dans les organisations de santé en Afrique: étude sur la gestion et le développement des ressources humaines en santé." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210866.
Full textL’adéquation des programmes à leurs contextes d’application et le renforcement des compétences des professionnels sont les questions centrales posées par cette recherche à travers la mise en œuvre de l’approche par compétences et des pédagogies actives. Les finalités sont celles de la mise en évidence des mécanismes, facteurs et visions nécessaires à l'amélioration de la formation des professionnels de santé et la promotion d’un « enseignement – apprentissage » favorable à l'intégration des principes d’actions de promotion et d'éducation à la santé. Ces finalités sont au centre des résultats recherchés dans ces vastes chantiers. Elles réclament un travail de fond sur la question du sens des apprentissages, dont la mise en réseau avec des centres de formation et d'expertise, ainsi que le développement de l'autonomie d'une masse critique de professionnels de santé. Parmi ces derniers, les infirmier(ère)s de première ligne sont responsables dans de nombreux contextes de plus de 80 % de l'offre de services. L'application de cette approche sur plusieurs terrains d'actions viendra renforcer les cadres théoriques et la méthodologie proposés.
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Cette thèse est articulée de manière à présenter des articles sur la formation et la gestion des ressources humaines en santé dans un ensemble cohérent. Certaines redondances dans la présentation des contextes et des méthodes sont de ce fait inévitables. Chacune des parties commence par une introduction et un cadrage qui devraient permettre de se situer quant aux objectifs et aux contenus spécifiques de la partie concernée. Un débat peut ouvrir une partie tout comme une discussion peut la clore. Dans un souci de lisibilité, un lexique propre à cette thèse est donné en annexe, plus particulièrement aux champs de la pédagogie (annexe 1) et de la santé publique (annexe 2). Les mots et concepts qui se trouvent dans ce lexique sont soulignés la première fois qu’ils sont rencontrés dans le texte (à l’exception des articles).
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Jean, Kévin. "Mise à l'épreuve de la stratégie de prévention du VIH "Tester et Traiter" : l'exemple de la Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00964183.
Full textCissé, Emilie-Yangor. "Etude des politiques publiques de la protection de l'enfance en droit français et dans les systèmes de l'Afrique de l'ouest francophone." Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA083548.
Full text1 - In introduction, the needs of childhood protection will be reviewed. This review will take into consideration the physical & intellectual vulnerabilities of children. This will be done for the French-speaking countries of western Africa. 2 - A more detailed analysis will focus on the priorities of child protection in each of concerned States. 3 - Needs for protection in the following areas will be reviewed : (1) health ; (2) education (3) ill-treatments (sexual abuses, kidnapping, forced work, etc ; (4) Begging ; (5) hunger. 4 - The conclusion will show that a loft is still to be done, despite the goodwill and current efforts of those States, both at the legal and at the field levels