Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Santé publique – Pays en voie de développement'
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Kibongui, Raymond. "Médecine traditionnelle et politique économique de santé dans les pays en développement." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOE008.
Full textThe health situation of third world countries incites one the seek a better economic health policy for those countries. One cane wonder in wath way the place occupied by traditional medicine is adapted to the intended objectives and to the means available. Can traditional medecine be on of the arguments of the policy of optimal use of the ressources in developing countries? The first part of this study analyses the opportunity of traditional medecine in third word countries particularly in African countries south of the sahara. A critical observation of the health system brings to the fore, among other things, the unfavourable impact of a complete transposition of the western health systems towards developing countries traditional medecine offers unsufficienly exploited opportunities which have the possibility to contribute to the creation of a more appropriate social health technology. The second part is devoted to the analysis of traditional medicines means of action. What are the forms of traditional medecine? Private and individual forms? (tradipractitioner) or collective ones (religious communities) but also public forms under supervision of international organizations, of states and national unionss of tradipractitioners. It is possible to consider an integration of modern medecine and traditional medecine, which by means of health personnel and of pharmacopoeia increase the opportunity and develop the effectiveness of economic health policies.
Hodac, Maubert Michelle. "Les stratégies sanitaires dans les pays tiers-mondistes." Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR1D002.
Full textThe international organizations concede an universal right to bring health in all the nations to the topmost standards (clause n1 of the constitution of the world health organization the necessity of a sanitary legislation appeared just after the be ginning of the century and especially extended during the last decade. The discussions relating to the sanitary policy, from the national or international point of view, have broadly lain outside the medical care to consider health as an essential element and even a previous condition to the socio-economic development. The international conference about the primary health care which took place in 1978 in alma ata, constitutes a major element in the history of the sanitary policy and proposes an approach with following basis : an aggragate action, equity, communal participation as well as a rehabilitation of the traditional medicine. The primary health care with their numerous ramifications in the different areas are the first way to carry into effect the program, for instance: nutrition, water supply, maternal and infantile protection, vaccination against the endemic diseases, and besides help to
Korachais, Catherine. "Contribution de l'aide publique au développement à l'amélioration de la santé dans les pays en développement." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473640.
Full textDeffontis, Pascal. "La chaîne du froid au service de la santé publique dans les pays en voie de développement." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11029.
Full textMenard, Béatrice. "Contribution géographique à l'étude de la santé dans le Tiers-Monde : Exemple de la trilogie pathologique "malnutrition - diarrhées - affections respiratoires" observée chez les jeunes enfants." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN1208.
Full textThe geographical specificities of environments, associated with biological specificities of human groups and bioecological characteristics of others animal and vegetal species, result at the existence of active pathogenic complexes that explain the appearance of diseases in precise places. The attendance of natural and socio-cultural elements create device of factors that allow the running of epidemiological processes. The links between pathogenic environment and traditional behaviour of inhabitants have a determined role in persistency of infectious peril, classically noted in third world. The potential hazards, encurred by target groups in such environments are remarkable by analysis of epidemiological landscapes and enlightened with conditions of life stermming from relationships between humans and their space of life. During gravido-puerperal period, women like infants, represent subjects among the more vulnerable and receptive to common pathologies, observed in varied sub and inter-tropical environments. The lack of sanitary means prevails on infantile and youthful morbidity and mortality, but diverse combined factors intervene also as a basis of gravity from outward signs. The poor conditions of infant health in disadvantaged region can constitute an indicator of poverty, in witch act together, deficiency of equipment, mistakes in weaning, disparities in access to health care with ineffective prevention and treatment, unhealthy environments and impact of human attitudes faced with shortage of maternal elementary upbringing
Bayti, Lahcen. "Le nouvel ordre sanitaire international et la coopération sanitaire entre les pays en développement." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR1D003.
Full textThird world medical care, which for the moment is reserved for the elite can only be accessible to society admarged by focusing on prevention basic hight more efficient use of health care workers and an concentration on essential drugs. The consomption of drugs and medical services which preocuprises the industrial world only reaches on person in five. In the third world thebasic problem remains the satisfaction of elementary sanitary needs. The statement of alma ata is the map for health care in the xxst century. His technical mastery his demand for social justice, for health provision and his pleeding of urgent action in supported health care represent not only a recognition of it's importance at a global level but morexver the begining of health political care movment which aspires to provide basic health care to everyone by the year two thousand the declaration is witness to an exceptional international consensus on cooperation between countries so that all people are guaranteed of an acceptable level of health services. A key to the NOIH (new order of international health) is the drug industry. It is clevious that noih mesures must be in parallele with political educational, legal and the regulary mesure. This is the essential theme of our work. In conclusion only a furious coordination of all efforts will insure that essential medecine and vaccine are furnished to those who need them. Without this cooperation there can be no confidence in international health care cooperation between north and south or south and south
Coker, Catherine. "L' apport des fonctions de demande de services sanitaires aux analyses coût-avantage : une application à la prise en charge des maladies sexuellement transmissibles d'un groupe cible à Libreville (Gabon)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX24019.
Full textBridji, Ozoua Marie Chantal. "Brevet pharmaceutique et l’accès aux médicaments dans les pays en voie de développement." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU10069/document.
Full textThe entry into force of the ADPIC agreement in 1994 is the fulfillment of the new trade organization and its relation with technology protection. The goal of the agreement is to meet the minimum standard protection for patented inventions. The agreement also generalizes technologic invention protection by the intellectual property while integrating public health products on the international trade level. Henceforth, patents now protect medical drugs. However, the patentability of medical drugs creates a real problem due to the WTO member’s different interpretation of technologic minimum standard protection. On one side, WTO members issued from developed countries interpret drastically the agreement and consider their interest above public health ‘interests, which automatically leads to the restriction of the patents drugs users. On another side, WTO members issued from developing countries poorly interpret the agreements and limit the domain of patentability of the drugs, which automatically leads to an insufficient transposition of the agreement into their regional agreements. The study on the different use of the ADPIC agreements by the OMC members underlines the agreements limits in the public health area. This conclusion aims to hope for a reform of the ADPIC agreement, by promoting a new system that will allow developing countries to better protect the use of patented pharmaceutical inventions. Furthermore, legal addition to the actual systems were presented and we believe that they will contribute to an efficient protection of public health
Terrade, Frédéric. "Les médicaments essentiels dans les pays de l'axe nord-sud." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P182.
Full textDukhan, Yohana. "Améliorer l'efficience des systèmes de santé et la protection financière contre le risque maladie dans les pays en développement." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00480976.
Full textFiorentino, Marion. "Malnutrition chez les enfants d'âge scolaire et les adolescents au Sénégal et au Cambodge : problèmes de santé publique et interventions." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS089/document.
Full textUndernutrition causes long-term damages on the physical and cognitive development and half of deaths among children under 5 y. Most of the current interventions are concentrated on improving nutrition among young children and mothers. However, malnutrition is also prevalent among older children and adolescents, especially in Africa and in South-East Asia. It has adverse effects on their global development because of the high requirements in energy, protein and micronutrients resulting from growth and brain development spurts occurring these periods of life. Our research evaluated the prevalence of malnutrition and their determinants factors among school-aged children and adolescents in Senegal and Cambodia, as well as the effectiveness of micronutrient fortified food in schools in Cambodia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of ~ 600 children aged from 5 to 17 years from primary state schools of Dakar area, selected through a two-stage random cluster sample (30 schools × 20 children). Elevated rates of thinness (19%) and micronutrient deficiencies (iron 39%, iodine 33%, zinc 26%) were showed. The food consumption survey revealed insufficient micronutrients and energy intake, as well as contribution to total energy intake insufficient in proteins and excessive in lipids, which reveals poor conditions among school children in Senegal. In Cambodia, a cluster-randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial was conducted among 2400 children aged 6-16 y to measure the impact of fortified rice consumed during 6 months within the school feeding program of WFP on their micronutrient status and cognitive performance. Before the intervention, poor cognitive performance was associated to stunting, iron deficiency and parasite infestation. The growth was positively associated to zinc status, which was negatively associated to parasite infestation. Rice fortified with vitamin A improved vitamin A status and rice with the highest iron concentration had a positive impact on cognitive performance. Data from Senegal and Cambodia were analyzed to study indicators of malnutrition among school-aged children and adolescents. According to the WHO recommendations, we suggested mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) cut-offs to screen for acute malnutrition among children above 5 years in Cambodia (15.5 cm, 16.4 cm and 18.2cm in boys and 15.4 cm, 16.6 cm and 17.9 cm in girls aged 5-7.9y, 8-11.9 y, and 11-13.9 y). We confirmed the need to correct plasma concentrations of retinol-binding-protein and ferritin according to inflammatory status, and showed the interest of a similar correction for transferrin receptor, these corrections improving the estimation of prevalence of vitamin A and iron deficiencies in populations where inflammation is endemic. Undernutrition remains a public health issue among school-aged children and adolescents in Senegal and Cambodia. Determination of malnutrition in this age range could be improved by research on indicators taking into account intra variability populations, environmental factors and specific needs of these populations. School-based interventions like the one in Cambodia have positive effects on nutrition and development of children, advocating for extension of school feeding, including in disadvantaged urban areas. Distribution fortified food in existing school canteens is a cost-effective strategy to improve nutrition and health. More research and efforts should be shifted to the nutritional status of adolescent girls because of the risk of early childbearing, still commonly practiced in developing countries, and the importance of adequate nutrition during pregnancy. Investing in nutrition in this age range is an opportunity to consolidate the progress achieved in pregnant women and young children through a life-cycle approach and to optimize the development of next generations in developing countries
Faye, Ousmane. "Place d’un programme de lutte pour la prise en charge des Maladies de peau courantes dans les pays en voie de développement : expérience du Mali." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066437.
Full textAhmad, Nizar. "Transposition des résultats de la recherche en santé dans les pays en voie de développement : l'exemple de la recherche sur le tabac et le VIH." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077034.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the study of the implementation of the results of medical research in developing countries. The first objective was to evaluate systematic reviews in terms of the reporting of data related to the applicability of trial results (external validity or generalisability). The second objective was to compare where research is conducted to where research is needed. We focused on 2 public-health priorities, tobacco use and HIV infection. For first objective, we conducted a systematic review to assess the quality of description of information related to the applicability of the results of RCTs in systematic reviews. Our study highlighted the lack of consideration of applicability of results in systematic reviews of research into 2 public health priorities: tobacco consumption and HIV infection. For second objective, on the one hand, we identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included in Cochrane systematic reviews and registered ongoing RCTs identified through the WHO platform (WHC ICTRP) evaluating interventions aimed at reducing or stopping tobacco use and treating or preventing HIV infection to assess the countries in which research is performed. On the other hand, we used the WHO data mortality, global burden of disease, prevalence of smokers and people with HIV to determine the context in which research is needed. Our results highlight a major gap between the context where research is conducted and the context where research appears necessary. They also highlight an important underrepresentation of low- and middle-income countries in currently available evidence and awaiting evidence
Tapsoba, Hadissa. "Applicabilité internationale et généralisation transculturelle d'instruments de recueil de données pour l'évaluation des systèmes de santé bucco-dentaire." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN11312.
Full textCissé, Boubou. "Recouvrement des coûts et utilisation des services de santé dans les pays d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara : qu'en est-il de l'impact du paiement des soins de santé par les usagers ?" Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24006.
Full textFurther to the 1980's financial crisis which has sorely stroked the developing countries, the establishment of the cost recovery scheme (user fees) has been proposed to these countries in 1985, and in practise demand from the World Bank from 1987. Since then, there has been many controversies about the impact of the introduction of user fees on access to health care and utilisation of health services. This thesis deals with the problematic of equity in the field of health in urban area. It's aim is to whether payment of health care by private individuals constitutes a source of inequity in the use and access of health care. It also presents the methodology and the results (resulting from empirical database) of a research on inequality in the distribution of health care use and expenditures in African countries, in order to better grasp some aspects of the nature and the extent of the problems that are facing the underprivileged groups and which separate them from the rich. With this intention, we analyse the socio-economic distribution service use of and expenditure of the households following a common and rigorous method of analysis and commune to all the sites, based on the concepts of vertical equity and horizontal equity and the calculation of indices based on the Lorenz curves, the whole drawn from the literature of tax economy
Afridi, Muhammad Asim. "The effects of health aid on health outcomes : public versus private channels." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1111.
Full textThe reduction of child and maternal mortality is universally accepted as a millennium development goal (MDG). Foreign aid for health is one of the means implemented to reach it. However, even if many successes of health aid activities have been underlined at the microeconomic level, the effectiveness of health aid in general remains unknown. In spite of many macroeconomic works on aid effectiveness on economic growth, only little deals with its effectiveness in health. The purpose of this thesis is precisely to assess the effectiveness of foreign aid in improving health measurements, at the macroeconomic level. I tried to explore the impact of health aid disbursed by the donors through the government and private sector on health outcomes like child, maternal and adult mortality rates in developing economies. The thesis examines the issue of foreign aid earmarked for health sector using a three-paper format. The three chapters of this thesis can be read independently
Gboyou, Djidjoué. "L'efficacité des instruments juridiques de protection du médicament contre la contrefaçon dans les pays développés et les pays en voie de développement : cas de la France et du Bénin." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR1011.
Full textDespite reinforcement in protection, notably with the agreement on the ADPIC instituted in 1994 in appendix to the Act on the creation of WTO, medication counterfeiting continues to expand, to the degree of becoming an internationally organized and structured activity. This suggests a gap in protection as well as a shortage of actions and judicial procedures to fight medication counterfeiting. Nonetheless, if a serious international market for medication counterfeiting exists, this situation reveals a supply offered to an existing, persisting and unmet demand. How then can we understand that despite a double protection provided by both the approval for market sale and the patent for industrial property which individualize the product in regards of common consumption, the medication could still be counterfeited, without the perpetrators being subjected to sufficient and dissuasive judicial sanctions? Especially when this involves dealing with a health product, connected directly to human life. The present study suggests that counterfeiting feeds on loopholes in the legal system applying to medication distribution, and can be explained by cultural and sociological factors. In addition, this study emphasizes the impact of rights for industrial property, especially the patent right, on its fraudulent copy. Indeed, by the depriving appropriation they put on the product and the accentuation of its induced merchandizing, the rights of industrial property contribute to make the product inaccessible to some population subgroups. Deprived from the ability to access it, and since one needs to heal in order to live, these subgroups turn to substitutive products, including counterfeited medications
Doumbia, Macoura. "Capital naturel et capital humain : trois essais en Afrique Subsaharienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0061.
Full textThis thesis aims to analyse the impact of natural capital on human capital. It focuses on Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries that are heavily exposed to environmental degradation. Overall, the results of the thesis corroborate that natural capital degradation, such as air pollution and the loss of forest cover, affects human capital and, more specifically, the health of individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis is divided into three original chapters. Chapter 1 examines the relationship between the presence of a protected area and the choice of cooking fuel in Côte d'Ivoire. Environmental objectives, namely reducing forest and biodiversity losses, lead to the implementation of protected areas. However, preserving the environment could also change the choice of cooking fuels made by households living near protected areas. Using data from the 2015 Household Living Standards Survey and a multilevel mixed effects model show that a protected area increases the probability of using purchased biomass (firewood or charcoal) compared with clean energy (gas). The effect depends on the characteristics of the household head, the household's socio-economic status, the level of development of the area of residence and the level of protection of the protected area. Thus, integral protected areas increase the probability of using clean energy. Besides shedding light on the determinants of fuel choice, this chapter provides a better understanding of the consequences of establishing protected areas. Indoor air pollution is a public health problem in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where households mostly rely on solid fuels to cover their energy needs. Women, who are usually responsible for cooking, and their young children are the most exposed to indoor air pollution. Chapter 2 analyses the causal relationship between indoor air quality and the risk of respiratory diseases in individuals in Côte d'Ivoire, according to age group. By creating an original indicator of indoor air pollution using data from the 2015 Household Living Standards Survey and using a multilevel mixed-effects model, the study reveals that indoor air pollution increases the risk of respiratory disease in children under five. The effect depends on the presence of older children aged between 5 and 15 and the household's size and area of residence.Chapter 3 focuses on the impact of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism in South Africa, of which air quality is relatively poor. It relies on the General household survey data from 2015 and 2016. Due to the non-random exposure to air pollution, the econometric strategy implements an instrumental variable method. The instruments used are temperature inversion episodes, wind speed and wind direction, which affect the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere. The results show that an increase in the concentration of fine particles increases the risk of absenteeism in children aged between 5 and 15. The effect varies according to the level of wealth, the household size, the household structure, and the population sub-group of the head of household. This chapter adds to the literature that has been delivering mixed results until now by providing a clear answer to the effect of ambient air pollution on school absenteeism
Loum-Neeser, N'deye fatou. "Les pays en développement et la brevetabilité des médicaments en matière de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA : étude de droit comparé sur les controverses actuelles concernant le rôle des brevets pharmaceutiques dans l'accès aux médicaments de traitement du VIH/SIDA des pays en voie de développement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA034/document.
Full textIn developing countries, problems brought about by HIV/AIDS and inaccessibility of antiretrovirals (ARVs) are proving to be the cause of serious damages at all levels (demographic, political, social and economic). Within the context of the World Trade Organization, and in particular the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS Agreement”), a growing number of developing countries have integrated or are in the process of integrating into their national law an international standard of patent protection for pharmaceutical products and processes. Such integration continues to play a major role in the issue of access to medicines in developing countries. The conditions and effects of the protection regime respecting innovations give rise to heated debates between supporters of an increased patent protection and defenders of the access to essential medicines. One of the main motivations for our research is to provide a study that helps to find solutions that are both in favour of improving access to medicines and protecting innovation. The complex problem of access to ARV drugs in developing countries is influenced by the multidisciplinarity and interdependence of many factors. The patent system does not solve the problem on its own. However, it should be seriously considered in its function of balancing the private and collective interests. It is a valuable legal tool for the economic and technological development of the developing countries and to achieve the common interest against the pandemic
Hamza, Oualid. "Sécurité sanitaire des aliments, commerce et développement : approche par l'Economie Industrielle." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020073/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of the current context of the international regulation of food safety. It stands at the crossroads of international trade theory, industrial economics and development economics and it comes to evaluate the conditions for an effective and fair multilateral co-regulation of food safety. Such a co-regulation should ensure consumers’ health in developed countries faced to imports from developing countries, the access of developing countries to Northern markets and consumers’ health in developing countries through the improvement of production and commercialization practices in domestic supply chains. In the first part of the thesis, we analyze the conditions for a North-South co-governance of health risk, which would be beneficial to both the health of consumers in the North and producers’ incomes in the South. Considering the context of domestic markets in developing countries, the second part of the thesis determines the conditions for which food security, in a quantitative sense, is not incompatible with food safety. In the last part of the thesis, we analyze public interventions that allow South domestic markets to benefit from progresses achieved in the export sectors. From a methodological point of view, the thesis is based on the conceptual framework of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The theoretical models that we propose serve as a support for empirical works and stylized facts that we review in detail
Nguyen, Truong Tam. "Co-infection VIH/VHC : développement et mise en oeuvre d’outils paracliniques pour la prise en charge dans le pays à ressource limitée et la personnalisation thérapeutique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT3508/document.
Full textChronic viral hepatitis is a major public health issue worldwide in the field of infectious dis and mostly affects resource-constrained countries. The challenge for the resource-limited countries is to implement the strategies for screening and management of viral hepatitis, particularly for hepatitis C among people who inject drugs.In this thesis we have evaluated new tests and strategies to improved diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of HCV and HIV infection in low resource setting. The first study evaluated the performances of HIV testing using filter paper (DSS – Dried serum spot) compared with rapid tests during the early phase of HIV infections. A total of 39 serum samples form newly diagnosed HIV infected persons was included. Fourth generation immunoassays (ElecsysCombi PT test reactive and Liaison XL test reactive) identified 34 out of 39 HIV early infections using dried serum spot, whereas the Determine TM HIV-1/2 rapid test detected 24 out of 39 HIV positive serum (87.2% vs 61.5% respectively, p = 0.009). Fourth generation Ag/Ab immunoassays performed on DSS had good performance for HIV testing during the early phases of HIV infection. In the second study, we conducted a cross-sectional study aimed to assess the proportion of clinically significant fibrosis in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients followed in Viet Tiep Hospital in Haiphong, Northern Vietnam. From February to March 2014, 104 HIV-HCV coinfected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were prospectively enrolled. 93 (89.4%) had detectable HCV RNA, median 6.19 (4.95-6.83 Log10 IU/mL). Patients were mainly infected with genotypes 1a/1b (69%) and genotypes 6a/6e (26%). 43 patients (41.3%) had fibrosis ≥ F2 including 24 patients (23.1%) with extensive fibrosis (F3) and/or cirrhosis (F4). Using Fibroscan® as a gold standard, the high threshold (2) of AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) had very good performances for the diagnosis of extensive fibrosis/cirrhosis (Se: 90%, Sp: 84%, AUROC=0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99).In the last study, the impact of pegylated interferonα (PegINFα) and ribavirin therapy on T cell immune response was explored in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Concentrations of 25 cytokines and CD8+ T cell activation were monitored in HCV/HIV co-infected patients. Results were compared between patients retrospectively classified as sustained virological responders (SVR, n=19) and non-responders (NR, n = 11). High pretreatment concentrations of IP-10 (CXCL-10) and MCP-1 (CCL-2) were associated with poor anti-HCV response. Highest rise in MIP-1β; and MCP-1 levels was observed four weeks after anti-HCV treatment initiation in SVR compared to NR, whereas a decrease of IL-8 concentration was associated with treatment failure (p= 0.052). Treatment based on drugs having immunomodulating activities may benefits from immunomonitoring using multiplex techniques. In conclusion, improving access to HIV and HCV diagnosis and monitoring are critical toward the control of these infections. Our work performed illustrate how dried blood spot, point of care testing, Fibroscan and simplified assays may contribute to HIV and HCV care in low resource setting. Key word : Co-infection HIV-HCV, IV drug user, dried blood Spot, liver fibrosis, fibroscan, APRI, Pegylated interferon, Vietnam
Rath, Barbara. "La mégère apprivoisée : élaborer des stratégies pour la gestion de la résistance aux médicaments dans la grippe et l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA3012/document.
Full textThe development or efficacious drugs against the human immunodeficiency virus is one of the greatest success stories in the recent medical history: when combination therapy became standard of care after the Vancouver Conference in 1996, a deadly disease was gradually turned into a manageable chronic condition. The following decades have been dedicated to developing consolidated treatment regimens for both adults and children, to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission and to expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (AR1) in developing countries. Subsequently, the success story of antiviral treatment of Hl V infection has become a model for tl1e development of successful treatment strategies for other viral diseases, such as hepatitis and infections with herpesviridae, enteroviridae and influenza A and B. This thesis aims to draw a continuous line from: (1) new in vitro models to simulate comhination therapy against multidrug-resistant HIV-1 promoting the selection of the most sustainable regimen in salvage patients, to (2) a cost-effective approach to monitoring drug resistance in treatment cohorts in low-resource settings, and finally to (3) a translational approach to managing influenza therapy and predicting the development of drug resistant influenza in children. The work presented herein aims to provide a comprehensive view of the lessons learned in optimizing antiviral treatment strategies against HIV and influenza virus in adults and children
Diallo, Elhadj Mamadou Saliou. "Three essays on progress towards universal health coverage in developing countries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UCFAD034.
Full textMany efforts and tremendous progress has been made in recent years by low- and middle-income countries towards universal health coverage. It is achieved when all individuals have access to quality health care when they need it, without incurring financial hardship. This thesis aims to measure the progress made by low- and middle-income countries in universal health coverage, deduce their determinants, and highlight the effects of universal health coverage on health outcomes. The thesis is organized around three chapters. The first chapter shows the effect of out-of-pocket expenditures on poverty. The analysis aims to show the necessity to move towards universal health coverage by highlighting the effect of out-of-pocket expenditures on poverty. The second chapter aims to show the factors that explain the progress made by some countries in universal health coverage and analyzing the specific effect of government revenue. In addition, this chapter, unlike other studies, deduces the minimum level of government revenue as a share of GDP that low and middle-income countries should mobilize to make significant progress towards universal health coverage. Finally, chapter three examines the effect of progress towards universal health coverage on health status
DRAME, ALIOU. "Système de santé et ajustement structurel dans les pays en développement : cas du Sénégal." Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100031.
Full textPepiezep, Pehuie Apolin. "Les Insuffisances de la réglementation du crèdit et leurs conséquences dans les systèmes juridiques des pays en développement : cas des pays de la zone franc." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0880.
Full textBaldé, Yéro. "Aide publique, transferts des migrants et développement économique." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/c00b49f1-8b9f-4bb5-a203-00de98fbfbfe/blobholder:0/2012LIMO1016.pdf.
Full textFour chapters have been developed in this dissertation with the aim to discuss and analyze the issue of financing for development in poor countries. Foreign assistance and migrant remittances are the two financial flows we are interested in. In chapter 1 we discuss the problems of development and highlight the existence of poverty traps related to capital, saving, technology, demographics, human capital, skilled migration or brain drain institutions and financial system. In addressing these constraints, we analyze the theoretical contribution from external financing. We find that foreign assistance and migrant remittances can help receiving countries to get out of poverty trap by increasing income and then saving , capital therefore the final production. But this is only possible if the amounts of funds received exceed the income threshold of subsistence consumption but also exceed at least the poverty trap threshold. In chapter 2 we present the foreign assistance mechanisms and discuss its effectiveness. The growing importance of foreign assistance flows is indicative of its failure to help receiving countries getting out of the poverty trap. We identify several reasons that explain this failure : the inadequate use of the Harrod-Domar model, donors' interests, instutional weakness, complex delivery chain and channels, heavy bureaucracies, corruption and misappropriation of aid, incentive problems. Migrant remittances presented in chapter 3 are referred to as a complementary source of financing. With 338 billion of dollar sent by migrants in 2008, migration is no longer seen as source of poverty trap by reducing the stock ogf human capital in migrant origin countries. Migration, through remittances is now considered as source for capital development. Remittances are not only spent on subsistence consumption. They are also important source of foreign exchange and income for capital accumulation : investment, education and human capital accumulation. In chapter 4 we investigate empirically the effectiveness of foreign assistance and migrant remittances in promoting development. We find that these two financial flows are effective. However remittances are more effective than foreign assistance, because they are less constraint to donors' interests, bureaucracies, incentive problems, principal-agent problems corruption, and misappropriation. Remittances are directly received by people in needs and not by corrupt governments as it is the case for foreign assistance where a large amount is misapporpriated before reaching the population
Jakubowicz, Muriel. "Évaluation de politique publique : les retraites non-contributives dans les pays en développement." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0030.
Full textMinimum pensions are on the reform agenda in developing countries and this thesis assesses the impact of this kind of transfert, ex-ante and ex-post. The expected impact on elderly poverty reduction depends on the size of the household they live in : extended families make it more difficult to tackle elderly poverty. Ex-post, the Brazilian rural pension reform (1991) used a quasi natural experiment evidenced that this kind of program may have huge effects on other vulnerable groups. For instance, in Brazil, poor young woman moved to live with their pensioners-parents. The young self-employed working in agriculture benefited also from the pension, through a softening credit and liquidity constraints mechanism
Roumégous, Emmanuelle. "Régimes de change et détermination du taux de change dans les pays en développement." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF10001.
Full textDesbordes, Rodolphe. "Examen des liens entre gouvernance publique et investissement direct étranger dans les pays en développement." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010074.
Full textEtchepare, Michel. "La définition d'une stratégie de santé publique dans les pays en développement : l'exemple du sida en Afrique." Paris 9, 1988. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1988PA090047.
Full textDue to its specificity to go beyond the mere medical field, aids acts now as an authentic revealer of various dysfunctions in the sanitary, socio-political and economical fields, and commands a pragmatic reflection on all these points. Thus, any comprehensive approach of the problem will require a multidisciplinary as well as a prospective analysis, which will allow an estimate of the human, social and econominal middle term stakes : this is the subject of the present study, limited here to the case of Africa
Imbert, Clément. "Trois essais sur l'emploi public dans les pays en développement." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0059.
Full textEconomics often study public employment from the point of view of the efficient provision of collective goods and services. This dissertation is composed of three papers which look at public employment in developing countries from three different perspectives. The firs paper studies the wage gap between the public and private sector in Vietnam and their evolution between 1993 and 1998; in this period, the gap in favor of public employees is increasing. We show that this evolution is due to a raise in wages of the most qualified workers in the public and not to the selection of more productive workers. Our interpretation of this result is that the wage increase in the public sector is motivated by political reasons. The second paper studies the national employment guarantee program in India, which offers to each rural household 100 days of employment on public works. We show that the program crowds-out private employment and raises wages for unskilled workers. The wage increase benefits to the poorest households at the expenses of the richest, which doubles the redistributive impact of the program. The third paper evaluates the effect of an information campaign held during local elections in Rajasthan (India), which emphasized village leader responsibilities in implementing the employment guarantee. We show that the campaign discouraged the worse performing incumbents and encouraged new candidates from disadvantaged background to enter. This suggest that public employment provision is an important issue which has the potential to change the local political equilibrium
Bassi, Angelo. "Analyse économique des dépenses publiques d'infrastructure : application aux pays en développement." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010065.
Full textGassab, Maher. "La libéralisation financière dans les pays en développement : des fondements économiques aux analyses d'économie politique." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010026.
Full textFinancial liberalization in developing countries literature has known two stages. The first analysis provided theoretical fundamentals of financial liberalization. After many failures of experiences, especially in the southern cone, many studies has tried to determine technical feasibility conditions of financial reforms (prudential regulation, bank supervision. . . ). However, these new recommendations seem insufficient, and the financial problem in developing countries remain unresolved. The principal reason is that extra-economic and particularly political factors are neglected. Thus, political economy analysis of financial liberalization is undoubtedly essential. In this framework, financial liberalization is considered as a good supplied by the state (government and bureaucracy) and demanded by some interest groups. Moreover, the different actors in the financial sphere pursue economic and political targets. In a political economy perspective, the study of each actor's behavior allows us to establish determinants of the implementation of financial reforms and of their failures ans successes. Some political feasibility conditions of financial liberalization are also proposed
Samba, Mamadou Ousmane. "Interventions socio-économiques de l'Etat et croissance des économies en développement : essai d'évaluation globale sur quelques pays d'Afrique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF10376.
Full textElouaer, Ben Njima Nadia. "La dette publique extérieure tunisienne." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_elouaer_n.pdf.
Full textIn Tunisia, the debt crisis of eighties is a consequence of inadequate national savings, the accumulation of debt arrears and the huge amount of the budget deficit. The tunisian foreign debt has reached its peak, also the failure risk was quit important: the structure of the debt was a cause. The public debt was mainly bilateral, contracted according multiple conditions in favor of lenders but hard to Tunisia. This situation did not last too long because Tunisia has transformed its debt policy by focusing on multilateral debt and international financial market. A ratio analysis of the situation of the tunisian external public debt confirms its sustainability since 1986. However this study has two limitations: on the first hand, they are static, they don’t take into consideration the evolution of the debt over the time. On the other hand, these ratios don’t discern the relationship between Tunisia and its financial partners; this relationship is crucial at the moment of borrowing agreement whether bilateral, multilateral or provider credits. Unable to guarantee his solvency, Tunisia is opposed by the continuous follow-up of its debt, since the loan decision until its payback. To help decreasing its foreign public debt and to maintain a considerable level of economic growth, the tunisian State set up certain reforms organizing this component of the public finance. It was also supported by national and international debt management systems
Ki, Zachaël. "Les droits de l'agent public-travailleur dans un pays en développement : l'exemple du Burkina Faso." Perpignan, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1995PERP0205.
Full textUsually of colonial origin, the civil service in developing countries has often been planned along the lines of its counterpart in the former colonial power. However, confronted with the hard realities of each country, one cannot fail to notice the discrepancy between what is desirable - a defined in terms of a modernity modelled on the civil service of the former pare nt state - and what is possible within the narrow limits set by the underdevelopment that makes the implementation of the legal rights and privileges of civil servants problematic. Burkina Faso has been chosen to illustrate this discrepancy between reality and the law. The study of this discrepancy is conducted along three main lines of enquiry, which constitute the structure of the thesis : first the economic status of government employees (first part), then their "social" status (second part), last of all their professional status (third part)
Sergent, Fabrice. "Le financement du développement humain dans les pays pauvres : quel consensus ? : des chimères de l'altruisme à l'ordre economique." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOE008.
Full textBudgetary choices and social sectors financing strategies brought into operation by the third world's governments hang doubt over their interest with regard to human development. In the same way, assistance from industrial countries for education and health, which are key sectors for human development, appears to be quantitatively and qualitatively limited, and thus, is not a good response to poor countries needs. Facing this non-consensus, we can either summon up ethies or political consciousness, or search for extra motivation in the field of interests involved. Such interests exist, either long dated as poor countries development can be seen as an investment for oursselves, or short dated as shown by the analysis of dest swaps. Trough swaping, social sectors financing depends on short term financial interests that confer an immediate profitability to human development, independant of moral political motivation or long terme economic considerations
Saab, Ramzi. "Le rôle de l'État dans les investissements des entreprises dans les pays en voie de développement : Algérie, Maroc, Syrie." Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020069.
Full textSince independence was proclaimed, the state in the three countries of our study (algeria, morocco, syria) has been a major contributor to the investments of private comanies for political as well as economic reasons. Plans and codes of investments have been its major means of action. The crisis of the eighties clearly revealed the limitations of the entrepreneurial state and of administered economy. The negative aspects have to be numereous. Hence a drastic change of attitude and aprogressive withdrawal of the state. However this desetatisation does not go without difficulties, because the private sector is still too weak to replace the state as to investments. Thus the role of the state. Should be changed. It should rely on a partnership between state & private companies and on adequate incitements
Bacar, Ahmed Ben Kassim. "L' effet des programmes de soutien au développement sur la pauvreté dans les pays en voie de développement : Cas de l'union des Comores." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0866.
Full textThe Union of Comoros is facing as most States in sub-Saharan Africa, to economy challenges in 2004, 44. 8 percent of individuals have resources below the poverty line fc 285 144 per head per year , Especially as the vulnerability of households is a more widespread as poverty, deprivation and "sustainable" are an important component of social deficit. At the same time, monetary inequalities, which have increased between 1995 and 2004, slowed the reduction of poverty. Nevertheless, substantial progress in terms of social progress seem to have been completed during the period 1995-2004, although this diagnosis requires a great caution, given the way for the enrolment of boys, little progress in terms of child malnutrition and socio-economy consequences of malnutrition
Ouarma, Issouf. "Croissance économique et gouvernance dans les pays en développement." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCG004.
Full textNo abstract
Gnessien, Banou-Florence. "Réflexion sur les fondements d'une politique sanitaire dans un pays en développement : le Burkina Faso." Perpignan, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PERP0208.
Full textSanitary conditions in burkina faso which is placed among the less advanced countries on earth, are not the most enviable. As a matter of fact, they result in a high mortality rate, especially among children, and by a low life expectancy, both things mainly due to low hygiene in the environment, to the lack of drinking water and to malnutrition. In any case, the observations which seemingly can be derived from these facts are : that the health policy implemented by the state of burkina faso, despite numerous efforts undertaken in this domain, still remains largely embryonic (first part of the thesis), and in the present context of economic crisis which has called for the drastics remedies of the fmi, the perspective does not seem to be any more optimistic. Unless a new approach to the health policy were to be considered (second part of the thesis), the watchword of the oms, "health for everyone by the year 2000", would still be a remote objective in burkina faso
Makaou, Mahamane. "Politique de change et performances de croissance dans les pays en développement : analyse théorique et empirique." Paris 12, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA123003.
Full textThis work assesses the contribution of the exchange rate policy to growth and its effect on the investment and export rates. The exchange rate policy is successively defined as the depreciation of effective nominal and real rates, as the monetary under-valuation resulting or not from the Balassa effect, and as the misalignment generally caused by unsustainable macroeconomic policies. The study concerns 83 developing countries of subsaharian Africa, north Africa, the Middle East, Asia and latin America over the 1970-1995 period. The effect of the exchange rate policy on growth is analyzed using the convergence model (Mankiw-Romer-Weil, 1992) : besides the other determinants of growth, the different kinds of exchange rate policy indicators are introduced. The models are then estimated using the method of panel data series on a fixed effects procedure. The estimations reveal an under-valuation on the real exchange rates in most african countries but then justified by the Balassa effect, whereas asian countries deliberately under-value their exchange rates. The north african and middle east countries have a level of exchange rate in accordance with their development level. The results also reveal an over-valuation resulting from variations in the terms of trade and from foreign capital inflows, particularly in the 70s. The nominal depreciation has a negative effect and appears to have threshold effects tied to growth, whereas the Balassa residual and the misalignment indicator have positive effects on growth and also on investment and export rates
Benseba, Djamel. "Le transfert de la technologie pharmaceutique vers les pays en voie de développement." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010009.
Full textLopez-Avila, Diana. "Three Essays on Children Well Being, Women Empowerment and Social Programs." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0046.
Full textSeveral social programs have been implemented in developing countries with the aim of improving children's and women's well-being. Despite the existing evidence on the impact of these programs, there are still some knowledge gaps where this thesis aims to fill. First, programs such as Conditional Cash Transfers have been effective at increasing school attendance, but do not necessarily at achieving a large reduction on child labor. This thesis shows that the relative price of mothers and children labor is crucial to observe a reduction in child labor, due to the program. Children's working time is going to largely decrease in cases where mother's labor time is less expensive as compared to children's. Second, the evaluation of programs targeted to early childhood has been largely focused on nutrition, health, cognitive and non-cognitive skills, leaving aside parenting outcomes. Evidence found in this thesis shows that early childhood interventions impact parenting practices, particularly how children are disciplined. Parents of children who are largely exposed to these interventions use less physical violence as a way to discipline their children. Finally, women's empowerment plays a key role as an outcome and as a channel in the evaluation of these interventions. However, we lack information on how to approach and assess women's empowerment. This thesis shows that social capital seems to better capture women's bargaining power, as compared to traditional dimensions, such as participation in household decisions. This later analysis is done to understand the relation between women's empowerment and domestic violence
Juillet, Anne. "Approche économétrique de la demande de soins des pays en voie de développement : les recours aux services de santé à Bamako." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010032.
Full textIn 1980's, encouraged by international institutions, most of African Sub-Saharian countries introduced mechanisms of market in their health care system and abandoned free medical cares. In this thesis, we propose an econometric approach not only of the impact of introduction of medical charges, but also of the variation of the demand with sick person's and their family's income. In introduction, we explain the context in which these countries were induced to reform financing of their health care system, specially in mali. In the first part, we propose an analysis of economic and econometric tools that were use by international backers to prove what are price-effects and income-effects on demand for health care. Finally, in a second part, we illustrate the theoretical approach with an empirical study of the impact of prices and incomes on demand for health care in bamako
Othman, Saad Mohammed. "L' influence des recettes pétrolières sur la structure de production et la répartition des revenus : Algérie, Irak, Nigéria, Vénézuéla." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CLF1D001.
Full textJouault, Nathalie. "Ajustement structurel : analyse critique." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05D017.
Full textThe structural adjustment program with conditionnalities, is a solution to the bad past gestion of states and makes credible politics of states under programs. Nevertheless, the priority giving to the stabilisation of public finance and to the generalised liberalisation induces the increase in poverty and inegalities and the fall in investments. The development strategy therefore, extends this action moving toward the micro-economics, including non economics phenomenons into economics analysis of development, where the duration is longer. This research does not show the macro-economic part of the stuctural adjustement program but essentially the approach of the accompanying public policies set. It analysis the origins of changing reforms, the costs et benefits at structural, politics and social levels. One can demonstrate that the objectif of a balanced economy needs multi-disciplinary approach. Closely linke, the components of growth impose a global coherente politic, including economic, stuctural and financial policies which depend upon economics stability. This set organisation must not neglect any sectors of economy because each one maintains closely relations with the others, leading to spread effects. Moreover, it seems essential to break with the compartmentalized pattern and go beyond of oppositions : autoritarism / under development ; state / privat sector ; industrial sector / agricultural sector ; format sector / informal sector. It shows that the optimal solution is not to oppose them, not to give priority to one to the detriment of the other, but to find a balance between them
Escobar, Hermida Stella. "Les effets pervers de l'aide au développement." Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020054.
Full textWhen faced with the scenario of over-production of food products by rich nations and a corresponding need for agricultural products in poor developing nations, the need to dispose of the surplus and the need to addres the specter of starvation led to the justification necessary to accept food assistance programs. However, many people have denounced the program, considering it was an obstacle to the development of agricultural reform in the third world. With regards to industrial assistance, this has been largely channeld to macro-economic projects (monetary, budget and trade assistance, "structural adjustement" projects, huge industrial plans that were often unrelated to the local economic context) as well as to technical and cultural training exchanges that could hardly satisfy the basic needs of rural or suburban populations. Nevertheless, one cannot deny the existance of certain "harmful effects" that accompany the advent of food and industrial assistance, hereby leading to the reconsideration of many preconceived ideas. Then, should one push for the abolishment of this assisitance ? or, would it be more reasonable to change the mechanics of the program and its use to make it more efficient, and even to turn it into
García-Escribano, Martínez María Soledad. "L' aide publique bilatérale des Etats membres de l'Union européenne." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010333.
Full textEl, waddi Sanaa. "Marchés intermédiaires et différenciation des produits dans les filières agroalimentaires." Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020069.
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