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Tashpulatov, Yigitali Shawkatillaevich. "Algoflora of the Zarafshan River middle stream and its relationship with indicator-saprobic species." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20162113.
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The author studies taxonomic, floristic, comparative, ecological and indicator-saprobiс features of algoflora of the Zarafshan River middle stream. The study was conducted at 10 observation points located along the river. These points are selected by location of such polluting sources as river channels, large reservoirs, sewage domestic, industrial areas and major cities. It is revealed that in the river there are 331 species and varieties of algae. They belong to 81 genus, 38 families, 16 orders, 11 classes and 5 departments. 97 species and varieties of these are an indicator-saprobic algae. The first three points of the environmental conditions are almost the same. In these areas 119 species and varieties are defined, 37 species of them are indicator-saprobic species. The middle saprobic index is 1.27; alpha-oligosaprob, class 2, category - 2b; the water is cleaner in 4-7 observation points of the river. Here 200 species are identified, 56 species of them are considered to be indicator-saprobic species. The middle saprobic index is 1.61; .beta.1-mezosaprob, class 3, category - 3a, the water is clean enough. In 8-10 observation posts only 125 species were found, 44 species of them are indicator-saprobic species. Middle saprobic index reached 1.84; beta.1-mezosaprob, class 3, category - 3a, the water is clean enough. Down the river stream the saprobic index, saprobic Educastional level of algae and water pollution gradually increases.
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Supriyantini, Endang, Munasik Munasik, Sri Sedjati, Sri Yulina Wulandari, Ali Ridlo, and Eka Mulya. "Kajian Pencemaran Perairan Pulau Panjang, Jepara Berdasarkan Indeks Saprobik dan Komposisi Fitoplankton." Buletin Oseanografi Marina 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v9i1.27276.
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Indeks saprobik adalah indeks yang digunakan untuk mengetahui status pencemaran suatu perairan dengan menggunakan keberadaan organisme seperti fitoplankton. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran di perairan Pulau Panjang, Jepara berdasarkan indeks saprobik dan komposisi fitoplankton. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif eksploratif.Sampel fitoplankton diambil dari 12 titik sampling di sekitar perairan Pulau Panjang. Pengambilan sampel ditentukan secara purposive sampling. Sampel plankton diperoleh secara aktif menggunakan plankton net dengan mesh size 37 μm diameter 21 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkankomposisi fitoplankton di P. Panjang terdiri dari 32 genus, termasuk ke-dalam 4 kelas yaitu Bacillariophyceae (18 genus), Dinophyceae (12 genus), Cyanophyceae (1 genus),Chlorophyceae (1 genus). Indek keanekaragaman dan keseragamannya termasuk dalam kriteria sedang dan tidak ada genus yang mendominasi. Nilai indeks saprobik berkisar antara 0.0 s/d 0.5, yaitu dengan tingkat pencemaran ringan (β/α- mesosaprobik) hingga sedang (α/β- mesosaprobik) oleh bahan organik.Berdasarkan hasil tersebut perairan P. Panjang, Jepara termasuk kedalam perairan yang tercemar rendah hingga sedang. A saprobic index is an index used to determine the status of pollution in waters by using the presence of organisms such as phytoplankton. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of pollution in the waters of Island Panjang, Jepara, based on the saprobic index and phytoplankton composition. The method used is descriptive explorative. Phytoplankton samples were taken from 12 sampling points around Panjang Island by a purposive sampling method. Plankton sampling was carried out using the plankton net with a mesh size of 37 μm in diameter of 21 cm. The results showed that there were 4 classes in Panjang Island, namely Bacillariophyceae (18 genera), Dinophyceae (12 genera), Cyanophyceae (1 genus), Chlorophyceae (1 genus). The index of diversity and uniformity are moderate and no dominant genus. The saprobic index was ranged from 0.0 to 0.5, which was light (β / α-mesosaprobic) to moderate (α / β-mesosaprobic) pollution levels of organic matter. Based on the results, Panjang Island waters in Jepara were polluted in low to-moderate category.
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Ramanda, Okky Aditya, Bambang Sulardiono, and Churun Ain. "ANALISA KUALITAS PERAIRAN DITINJAU DARI TINGKAT SAPROBITAS DAN KANDUNGAN KLOROFIL DI MUARA SUNGAI BODRI KENDAL." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 6, no. 1 (March 9, 2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v6i1.19812.
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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai saprobitas perairan (SI dan TSI), kandungan klorofil perairan, dan hubungan antara SI, TSI dengan kualitas perairan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2016 dengan materi yakni sampel air dari Muara Sungai Bodri dan metode deskriptif serta metode pengambilan sampel yakni Purposive Sampling Method. Sampling dilakukan dengan pengulangan waktu yakni pasang dan surut dengan 3 kali pengulangan dengan 4 Stasiun lokasi sampling. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 65 genera dengan 115 spesies yang didominasi oleh Bacillariophyceae seperti Synedra sp., Skeletonema sp., dan Asterionella sp. Kelimpahan fitoplankton tertinggi terjadi pada Stasiun 1 saat surut sebesar 85184 ind/L yang didominasi oleh Synedra ulna. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai SI pada kisaran 0.75-1.29 yang menyatakan perairan dalam kondisi β-Mesosaprobik hingga β-Mesosaprobik/Oligosaprobik. Sedangkan, untuk TSI didapatkan nilai 0.99-2.56 yang menyatakan perairan dalam kondisi β-Mesosaprobik hingga Oligosaprobik. Hasil pengukuran kadar klorofil-α menunjukkan bahwa klorofil-α pada wilayah di sekitar muara bernilai rendah. Hubungan antara nilai SI dan TSI dengan kualitas perairan menunjukkan nilai positif dengan keeratan lemah pada saat pasang serta nilai positif dan negatif dengan keeratan kuat pada saat surut. Kata Kunci : Muara Sungai Bodri; Klorofil-α; Indeks Saprobik; Tropik Saprobik Indeks ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the value of water saprobity (SI and TSI), chlorophyl-α content and the context of SI, TSI with water quality such as DO, TSS, Nitrate and chlorophyl-α in Bodri River Estuary. This study was conducted in August 2016. The material used in this study is a sample of water taken from Bodri Estuary. The method used in this study is descriptive method with also sampling method is Purposive Sampling. The sampling location consisted by 4 stasions and it done with repetition time of the high and low tide. The result showed 65 genera with 115 species dominated by Bacillariophyceae such as Synedra sp., Skeletonema sp. and Asterionella sp. The highest phytoplankton abundance occurs in Station 1 at low tide at value 85184 ind/L which dominated by Synedra ulna. SI values in the range 0.75-0.29 which states that the water in β-Mesosaprobic to β-Mesosaprobic/Oligosaprobic conditions. While using TSI, it obtained values at range 0.99-2.56 which it states that the water in β-Mesosaprobic to Oligosaprobic conditions. The results of clorophyl-α measurement showed that the chlorophyl-α in the area around the estuary at a low value. The connection between SI and TSI with water quality has a positive value with weak correlaion at high tide and positive and negative value with strong correlation at low tide. Keywords: Bodri River Estuary; Chlorophyl-α; Saprobic Index; Trophic Saprobic Index
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Ananingtyas, Yesie Rahayu, I. Gede Hendrawan, and Yulianto Suteja. "Diatom Epipelik sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran di Estuari Suwung." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i01.120-128.
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Epiphelic diatoms are the living diatoms adhere to the bottom substrate of the waters. Epiphelic diatoms ware used as bioindicators because sensivity of enviromental change, widely distributed, and ware not affected by currents. Epiphelic diatom research as a bioindicator of pollution in the Suwung estuary was conducted in December 2016 and January 2017. The sampling of epiphelic diatom using the method of "Lens tissue trapping method". The results of research in December 2016 found 34 species of epiphelic diatoms, while in January 2017 found 24 species of epiphelic diatom. Species that are often found in this study are Pleurosigma clavei, Rhabdonema arcuatum, Synedra gailloni and Gomphonema angustatum. The highst of epipelic diatom abundance in estuari suwung in January 2017 was 8.82 Ind/and the lowest epiphelic diatom abundance of 0.41 Ind/. The assessment of contamination using epiphelic diatom using two methods such as diversity index and saprobik index. The pollution assessment based on the diversity index shows that in December 2016 it was varied, not contaminated, mildly polluted, moderately polluted while the saprobic index-based valuation was varied ie clean, moderately polluted and heavily polluted. Assessment of pollution with saprobik index is used to know the contamination of organic matter. Diversity index in January 2017 and the saprobic index had the same pattern that almost of station research in Suwung estuary research stations were moderately polluted and there was an increase in pollution
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Damayanti, Ni Putu Eva, I. Wayan Gede Astawa Karang, and Elok Faiqoh. "Tingkat Pencemaran Berdasarkan Saprobitas Plankton di Perairan Pelabuhan Benoa, Kota Denpasar, Provinsi Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i01.96-108.
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Plankton is organism that susceptible to environmental changes that used as indicator of environmental pollution by saprobic index because plankton has important role in affecting the water primary productivity. The research about plankton saprobic in Benoa Harbour is never done before. The aim of this research is to explain the structure of community and the level of plankton saprobic at Benoa Harbour. This research using random sampling method for determine the station. The result explained that there was 17 species of plankton in the waters of Benoa Harbor from two classes such as Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae on phytoplankton and from five classes such as Magnoliopsida, Malacostraca, Maxillopoda, Globothalamea and Hexanauplia on zooplankton. The total abundance of plankton ranges from 1.117.172 Individual / Liter- 1.626.163 Individual / Liter. The zooplankton diversity index in the waters of Benoa Harbor ranges from 1.06 to 1.58 and phytoplankton ranges from 1.02 to 155. This indicates that the value of diversity in all observation stations is categorized into low biodiversity. Zooplankton evenness index value in the waters of Benoa Harbor ranged from 0.73-0.88 and phytoplankton ranged from 0.71-0.96. This indicates that the index of evenness is relatively high. The dominant value of zooplankton in the waters of Benoa Harbor ranges from 0.24-0.43 and phytoplankton ranged from 0.22-0.41. This indicates that the dominance is relatively low. Saprobik Index (SI) value ranges from 1.0-1.6 and Tropic Saprobic Index (TSI) ranges from 1.76-1.96. This indicates that the waters of Benoa Harbour is categorized mild contaminated conditions until not contaminated.
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Fatmayanti, Novi, Tri Apriadi, and Winny Retna Melani. "Fitoplankton sebagai bioindikator kualitas perairan pada zona litoral waduk Sei Pulai, Pulau Bintan, Kepulauan Riau." Depik 8, no. 3 (December 2, 2019): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.8.3.14144.
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Abstract. Sei Pulai reservoir is located on Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province. Water quality monitoring of Sei Pulai reservoir needs to be done considering that this reservoir is a source of raw water for the people of Tanjungpinang City and surrounding areas.The objective of this recent study were to determine the diversity and structure of phytoplankton community, also determine the water quality of litoral zone at Sei Pulai reservoir based on phytoplankton as bioindicator. Sampling points were chosen by purposive sampling method. Phtoplankton and water sample were collected in three parts namely inlet, middle, and outlet of the reservoir. Species richness of phytoplankton in littoral zone Sei Pulai reservoir consisted of 3 divisions and 18 species. Phytoplankton abundance in the inlet of reservoir showed moderate abundance. In theotehrs hand, the middle and outlet of the reservoir showed low abundance. Based on ecological index, phytoplankton community was categorized low diversity, moderate uniformity, and no dominance. The saprobic index value obtained from the analysis of the phytoplankton community more moderate organic matter or β/α-mesosaprobic. Keywords : bio-indicator, community structure, littoral zone, phytoplankton, saprobic index Abstrak. Waduk Sei Pulai terletak di Pulau Bintan, Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Monitoring terhadap kualitas perairan waduk Sei Pulai perlu dilakukan mengingat waduk ini menjadi merupakan sumber air baku masyarakat Kota Tanjungpinang dan sekitarnya. Kajian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji jenis dan struktur komunitas fitoplankton serta kualitas perairan di zona litoral waduk Sei Pulai berdasarkan fitoplankton sebagai bioindikator. Lokasi pengambilan sampel ditentukan berdasarkan metode purposive sampling. Sampel fitoplankton dan air diambil pada tiga bagian waduk yaitu masukan air (inlet), tengah, serta keluaran air (outlet). Fitoplankton yang ditemukan di perairan zona litoral waduk Sei Pulai terdiri dari tiga divisi dan 18 jenis fitoplankton. Nilai kelimpahan fitoplankton di bagian inlet menunjukkan kelimpahan sedang. Bagian tengah dan outlet waduk menunjukkan kelimpahan rendah. Hasil penilaian indeks ekologi menunjukkan bahwa komunitas fitoplankton memiliki keanekaragaman rendah, keseragaman sedang, dan tidak ada yang mendominansi. Berdasarkan indeks saprobik diketahui bahwa di zona litoral Waduk Sei Pulai terjadi pencemaran bahan organik sedang (Kategori β/α-mesosaprobik). Kata kunci : bioindikator, fitoplankton, struktur komunitas, indeks saprobik, zona litoral
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Suwandana, Achmad Fuad, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo, and Siti Rudiyanti. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN FITOPLANKTON DAN ZOOPLANKTON SERTA TSI (TROPHIC SAPROBIC INDEX) PADA PERAIRAN TAMBAK DI KAMPUNG TAMBAK LOROK SEMARANG." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 7, no. 3 (December 20, 2018): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v7i3.22547.
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Lokasi Tambak Lorok dekat dengan jalan raya, pemukiman penduduk serta pabrik-pabrik besar sehingga berpotensi menampung bahan pencemarnya. Bahan-bahan pencemar tersebut akan mengganggu keseimbangan organisme di dalam tambak salah satunya adalah plankton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan fitoplankton dan zooplankton, mengetahui perbandingan fitoplankton dan zooplankton, dan mengetahui status saprobitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yang dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2017 di perairan tambak di Kampung Tambak Lorok Semarang. Sampling dilakukan dengan menggunakan purposive sampling pada 4 stasiun dengan masing-masing stasiun 3 titik. Variabel yang diukur adalah kelimpahan fitoplankton, kelimpahan zooplankton, dan nilai saprobitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar antara 47-154 ind/l dan kelimpahan zooplankton berkisar antara 0-9 ind/l. Perbandingan fitoplankton dan zooplankton berkisar antara 7:1 sampai 47:0. Nilai SI (Saprobik Indeks) berkisar antara 1,28-1,33 dan nilai TSI (Tropik Saprobik Indeks) berkisar antara 1,89-2,50. Berdasarkan nilai SI dan TSI dapat diketahui bahwa kondisi tambak di Kampung Tambak Lorok Semarang termasuk ke dalam perairan Oligosaprobik atau perairan belum tercemar sampai tercemar ringan dan sebagian besar dalam status β-Mesosaprobik atau tercemar ringan sampai sedang. Tambak Lorok Village is located in residential areas-densely populated, not far from highway and large factories which potentially accomodating pollution. They, the pollutants disrupt the balance of organismd in the pond, one of them plankton are going to study is plankton. Purpose of this research is to know the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton, the comparison of phytoplankton and zooplankton as well as the status of saprobity. This research was carried out on September 2017 in the pond waters at Tambak Lorok Semarang Village by using descriptive method. Sampling was applied by using purposive at 4 station, each station using 3 point. Measured variables were phytoplankton abundance, zooplankton abundance, and saprobity value. The results showed that phytoplankton abundance ranged between 47-154 ind/l, while zooplankton abundance betweem 0-9 ind/l. Comparison of phytoplankton and zooplankton ranged from 7:1 to 47:0. The SI (Sabrobik Index) value ranged from 1,28-1,33 and the TSI (Tropic Saprobik Index) value ranged from 1,89-2,50. Based on SI dan TSI values mentioned above the condition of ponds in Tambak Lorok Village is classified as Oligosaprobik or uncured waters to minor contaminated and mostly in β-Mesosaprobik status or mild to moderate contamination.
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Weyand, Michael, Theresia Döppner, and Petra Podraza. "Trophic conditions in rivers and streams – significance for biological quality elements of the European Water Framework Directive." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.006.
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In the past, saprobic and trophic conditions were both used as indicators to assess and monitor the quality of surface water bodies. Now, with the introduction of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), the focus in the assessment of aquatic systems has shifted towards better integration of biocoenotic parameters, expressed as biological quality elements. With this change, saprobity is still used, at least as partially, in the evaluation of benthic invertebrate fauna. The term ‘trophic status’, however, no longer appears as a separate criterion. It is the aim of this paper to show that all quality components depend to a greater or lesser extent on the water bodies' trophic status, so that this term will maintain its significance as a key influencing factor.
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CHAIWAN, NAPALAI, DHANUSHKA NADEESHAN WANASINGHE, ERIO CAMPORESI, SAOWALUCK TIBPROMMA, SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE, SAISAMORN LUMYONG, and KEVIN DAVID HYDE. "Molecular taxonomy reveals the sexual morph of Nodulosphaeria digitalis in Phaeosphaeriaceae from Campanula trachelium in Italy." Phytotaxa 400, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.1.1.
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The fungal genus Nodulosphaeria is one of the oldest phaeosphaeriaceous genera that comprises saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. There are 71 species epithets listed under Nodulosphaeria in Index Fungorum and most of these published records lack illustrations and descriptions, or DNA sequence data and thus it is challenging to confirm their names or investigate taxonomic relationships. In this study, we report the sexual morph of Nodulosphaeria digitalis, a terrestrial saprobe belonging to the genus Nodulosphaeria (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales), on stems of Campanula trachelium from Arezzo Province, Italy. This is the first record of a Nodulosphaeria taxon on Campanulaceae. Maximum likelihood, Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of combined ITS, LSU, SSU and TEF1-α sequence data reveal that the novel isolate belongs to the family Phaeosphaeriaceae and nests with Nodulosphaeria digitalis with strong bootstrap support. The detailed descriptions and illustrations of the sexual morph of N. digitalis, an updated phylogenetic tree for the genus Nodulosphaeria are provided.
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Samarakoon, Binu C., Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Putarak Chomnunti, Kevin D. Hyde, Eric H. C. Mckenzie, Itthayakorn Promputtha, Jian-Chu Xu, and Yun-Ju Li. "Taxonomy and phylogenetic appraisal of Spegazzinia musae sp. nov. and S. deightonii (Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) on Musaceae from Thailand." MycoKeys 70 (July 21, 2020): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.70.52043.
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Tropical plants host a range of fungal niches including endophytes, pathogens, epiphytes and saprobes. A study undertaken to discover the saprobic fungal species associated with Musa sp. (banana) from northern Thailand found two hyphomycetous taxa of Spegazzinia (Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales). These were collected during the dry season and their morpho-molecular taxonomic relationships were investigated. Based on phylogenetic analysis of combined SSU, LSU, ITS and TEF1-α sequence data (77% ML, 0.99 BYPP) and contrasting morphological features to the sister taxon, we introduce Spegazzinia musae as a novel species from a decaying leaf of Musa sp. Details on the taxonomy, ecology and geographical distribution of Spegazzinia species are provided. In addition, we report S. deightonii as a new host record from Musa sp. Our data further validate the taxonomic placement of Spegazzinia in Didymosphaeriaceae.
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Findley, Keisha, Marianela Rodriguez-Carres, Banu Metin, Johannes Kroiss, Álvaro Fonseca, Rytas Vilgalys, and Joseph Heitman. "Phylogeny and Phenotypic Characterization of Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species and Closely Related Saprobic Taxa in the Tremellales." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 3 (January 16, 2009): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00373-08.
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ABSTRACT The basidiomycetous yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are closely related sibling species that cause respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals. Within these two recognized species, phylogenetic analysis reveals at least six cryptic species defined as molecular types (VNI/II/B, VNIV, VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV) that comprise the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex. These pathogenic species are clustered in the Filobasidiella clade within the order Tremellales. Previous studies have shown that the Filobasidiella clade also includes several saprobic fungi isolated from insect frass, but information evaluating the relatedness of the saprobes and pathogens within this cluster is limited. Here, the phylogeny encompassing a subset of species in the Tremellales lineage that clusters closely with the pathogenic Cryptococcus species complex was resolved by employing a multilocus sequencing approach for phylogenetic analysis. Six highly conserved genomic loci from 15 related basidiomycete species were sequenced, and the alignments from the concatenated gene sequences were evaluated with different tree-building criteria. Furthermore, these 15 species were subjected to virulence and phenotype assays to evaluate their pathogenic potential. These studies revealed that Cryptococcus amylolentus and Tsuchiyaea wingfieldii, two nonpathogenic sibling species, are the taxa most closely related to the pathogens C. neoformans and C. gattii and together with Filobasidiella depauperata form a Cryptococcus sensu stricto group. Five other saprobic yeast species form the Kwoniella clade, which appears to be a part of a more distantly related sensu lato group. This study establishes a foundation for future comparative genomic approaches that will provide insight into the structure, function, and evolution of the mating type locus, the transitions in modes of sexual reproduction, and the emergence of human pathogenic species from related or ancestral saprobic species.
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Susanti, Renita, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Djoko Suprapto. "KONDISI KUALITAS AIR WADUK JATIBARANG DITINJAU DARI ASPEK SAPROBITAS PERAIRAN." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 7, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v7i1.22532.
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Pencemaran air adalah masuknya atau dimasukkannya suatu zat, energi kedalam air oleh kegiatan manusia sehingga kualitas air dapat menurun sampai tingkat tertentu yang mengakibatkan air tidak dapat berfungsi sesuai dengan peruntukannya. Waduk Jatibarang merupakan bendungan yang menampung beberapa aliran sungai yang kemudian menjadi sarana dan prasarana akuatik dan mendukung kegiatan pariwisata yang ada. Masuknya air dari beberapa sungai ke dalam waduk dapat membawa bahan pencemar sehingga dapat mengakibatkan perairan waduk menjadi tercemar. Salah satu indikator penting dalam penentuan kualitas air adalah dengan melihat tingkat saprobitas di perairan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka perlu dikaji lebih lanjut mengenai kondisi kualitas perairan Waduk Jatibarang ditinjau dari aspek saprobitas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat saprobitas perairan Waduk Jatibarang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei – Juni 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan analisis deskriptif dan analisis korelasi, dengan mengukur parameter pendukung yaitu parameter fisika, kimia, indeks biologi, dan indeks saprobitas. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa nilai kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar antara 236-865 ind/l, indeks keanekaragaman berkisar antara 1.02-1.77 indeks keseragaman berkisar antara 0.58-0.85 dan indeks dominasi berkisar antara 0.14-0.96. Indeks Kualitas Air (IKA) yang didapatkan berkisar antara 51.74-55.06 sehingga kualitas perairan dalam kategori sedang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa nilai indeks saprobitas berkisar antara 0.60-2.75 dan nilai indeks tropik saprobik berkisar antara 2.02-4.06 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa perairan Waduk Jatibarang termasuk dalam golongan β-mesosaprobik/ oligosaprobik atau tercemar ringan. Water pollution is entry or inclusion by a substance, energy into water by the human activities so that quality of the water can decrease till the certain level which it can cause the water can be not function in accordance with the designation. Jatibarang Reservoir is a dam that holds several streams from the river which then becomes the aquatic facilities and infrastructure and can support the tourism activities. The entry of the water to reservoir, can carry pollutants it can cause the reservoir be polluted. One of the important indicators to determine the quality of the water is the saprobic level in the water. Based on the matter, it is necessary to study further about condition of the water quality of Jatibarang Reservoir in terms of saprobic aspect. The objective of the research has to know the level of waters saprobic in Jatibarang Reservoir. The research was conducted in May – June 2017. This research used case study method with descriptive analysis and correlation analysis, with measuring the supporting parameters like physics, chemistry, biology index, and saprobic index. The result of the observation showed that the phytoplankton abundance value ranged between 236-865 ind/l, index of diversity ranged between 1.02-1.77, uniformity index ranged between 0.49-0.85, and the index of dominance range between 0.14-0.96. Water Quality Index (WQI) obtained ranged between 51.74-55.06 so that quality of the water in medium category . The result of the research, found that the Saprobic Index value ranged between 0.60-2.75, and the Tropic Saprobic Index value ranged between 2.02-4.06, so it can be concluded that the Jatibarang Reservoir belongs to the class of β-mesosaprobic/oligosaprobic or light polluted.
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Lintjewas, Lediyantje, Iwan Setiawan, and Andrie Al Kausar. "Profil Endapan Nikel Laterit di Daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 29, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2019.v29.970.
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Nikel laterit adalah mineral logam hasil dari proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan mineral pada batuan ultramafik. Geologi di daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, disusun oleh batugamping dari Formasi Eimoko dan Formasi Langkolawa yang memiliki hubungan ketidakselarasan dengan batuan ultramafik di bawahnya sebagai pembawa endapan nikel laterit. Proses pelapukan pada batuan ultramafik menghasilkan karakter dan profil nikel laterit yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasi nikel laterit berdasarkan pada mineralogi dan profil dari Zona lateritisasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa jenis batuan pembawa nikel laterit di Daerah Palangga adalah harsburgit. Nikel laterit memiliki ketebalan sekitar 15 meter. Zona Limonit memiliki komposisi mineral lempung berupa kaolinit, mineral oksida berupa mineral magnetit, hematit, kromit dan mineral hidroksida berupa gutit. Kedalaman Zona Limonit yaitu sekitar 0 - 3 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe sekitar 34,10 – 48,31%, dan SiO2 sekitar 9,42 – 18,02%. Zona Saprolit memiliki komposisi mineral silikat berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Kedalaman Zona Saprolit sekitar 3 – 9 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe sekitar 10,27 – 34,52%, SiO2 sekitar 22,0 – 49,63%. Batuan dasar (Bedrock) memiliki komposisi mineral silikat, antigorit, enstatit, olivin, augit dan lisardit. Kedalaman batuan dasar (bedrock) sekitar 9 – 10 meter dengan kandungan Ni sekitar 0,95 – 1,28%, Fe sekitar 7,62 – 8,29%, SiO2 sekitar 42,81 – 45,85%. Zona Saprolit merupakan Zona yang kaya akan nikel, dengan mineral penyusun berupa kuarsa, garnierit, antigorit, enstatit, dan lisardit. Nickel laterite is metal mineral formed by weathering and mineral enrichment of ultramafic rocks. Geology of Palangga area, Southeast Sulawesi Province arranged by limestone of Eimoko Formation and Langkowala Formation that have unconformity relation with ultramafic rocks as source of nickel laterite. Weathering process underwent ultramafic rocks resulted in different nickel laterite characters and their profile. The study aims to identify characterization of nickel laterite based on mineralogy and lateritization profile zones. Based on the result of study, source of nickel laterite in Palangga area is harzburgite. Nickel laterite profile has around 15 meters thick. Mineral composition of Limonite Zone is clay mineral as kaolinit, oxide mineral consisted of magnetite, hematite, chromite, and hidroksida mineral as goetite. Depth of Limonite Zone around 0 - 3 meters with Ni grade around 0,76 – 1,78%, Fe around 34,10 – 48,31%, and SiO2 around 9,42 – 18,02%. Mineral composition of Saprolite Zone is silicate mineral consist of quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Saprolite Zone around 3 – 9 meters with Ni grade around 1,79 – 2,98%, Fe around 10,27 – 34,52%, and SiO2 around 22,0 – 49,63%. Mineral composition of bedrock is silikat minerals consits of antigorite, enstatite, olivine, augit, and lizardite minerals. Depth of Bedrock ar ound 9 – 10 meters with grade Ni 1,28%, Fe around 7,62 – 8,29%, and SiO2 around 42,81 – 45,85%. The Saprolit Zone is a Zone that rich in nickel, with mineral composition is quartz, garnierite, antigorite, enstatite, and lizardite minerals.
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Soeprobowati, Tri Retnaningsih, Hendro Christi Suhry, Tyas Rini Saraswati, and Jumari Jumari. "Kualitas Air dan Indeks Pencemaran Danau Galela." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.18.2.236-241.
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Danau Galela adalah salah satu sumberdaya perairan tawar terbesar di Provinsi Maluku Utara. Seiring dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk, Danau Galela mengalami permasalahan seperti penurunan kualitas air akibat meningkatnya sistem budidaya ikan dengan menggunakan keramba, perikanan tangkap dan objek wisata. Aktifitas yang dilakukan di badan air maupun daratan perlahan berpengaruh terhadap ekosistem danau. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air dan status pencemaran danau galela, berdasarkan parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi (Kelimpahan fitoplankton). Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Sampel fitoplankton diambil dengan metode stratifikasi secara vertikal setiap 1m. selanjutnya data di analisis kelimpahan dan komposisi fitoplankton untuk menentukan indeks saprobic dan indeks pencemaran. Berdasaarkan hasil analisis kandungan Kadar fosfor, nitrit dan amonia pada beberapa stasiun melewati baku mutu perairan kelas I dan II. Komposisi fitoplankton di Danau Galela terdiri atas Chlorophyta 15 spesies, Bacillariophyta 10 spesies, Cyanophyta 4 spesies, Euglenophyta dan Pyrrhophyta 1 spesies. Berdasarkan kelimpahan fitoplankton diketahui bahwa perairan Danau Galela berkisar antara 10.089 ind/l hingga 32.108 ind/l, termasuk kategori mesoeutrofik hingga eutrofik. Indeks saprobik berkisar pada β Mesosaprobik hingga α Mesosaprobik, sementara indeks pencemaran menunjukan memenuhi baku mutu hingga cemar ringan.
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Soeprobowati, Tri Retnaningsih, Hendro Christi Suhry, Tyas Rini Saraswati, and Jumari Jumari. "Kualitas Air dan Indeks Pencemaran Danau Galela." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.18.2.240-246.
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Danau Galela adalah salah satu sumberdaya perairan tawar terbesar di Provinsi Maluku Utara. Seiring dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk, Danau Galela mengalami permasalahan seperti penurunan kualitas air akibat meningkatnya sistem budidaya ikan dengan menggunakan keramba, perikanan tangkap dan objek wisata. Aktifitas yang dilakukan di badan air maupun daratan perlahan berpengaruh terhadap ekosistem danau. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air dan status pencemaran danau galela, berdasarkan parameter fisika, kimia dan biologi (Kelimpahan fitoplankton). Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Sampel fitoplankton diambil dengan metode stratifikasi secara vertikal setiap 1m. selanjutnya data di analisis kelimpahan dan komposisi fitoplankton untuk menentukan indeks saprobic dan indeks pencemaran. Berdasaarkan hasil analisis kandungan Kadar fosfor, nitrit dan amonia pada beberapa stasiun melewati baku mutu perairan kelas I dan II. Komposisi fitoplankton di Danau Galela terdiri atas Chlorophyta 15 spesies, Bacillariophyta 10 spesies, Cyanophyta 4 spesies, Euglenophyta dan Pyrrhophyta 1 spesies. Berdasarkan kelimpahan fitoplankton diketahui bahwa perairan Danau Galela berkisar antara 10.089 ind/l hingga 32.108 ind/l, termasuk kategori mesoeutrofik hingga eutrofik. Indeks saprobik berkisar pada β Mesosaprobik hingga α Mesosaprobik, sementara indeks pencemaran menunjukan memenuhi baku mutu hingga cemar ringan.
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Hyde, Kevin D., Boonsom Bussaban, Barbara Paulus, Pedro W. Crous, Seonju Lee, Eric H. C. Mckenzie, Wipornpan Photita, and Saisamorn Lumyong. "Diversity of saprobic microfungi." Biodiversity and Conservation 16, no. 1 (January 2007): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9119-5.
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Franz, A., O. Nowak, and H. Kroiss. "Mödling WWTP – treatment efficiency and relationship to receiving water quality." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0300.
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The relationship between water protection of small receiving waters and the reliability of treatment efficiency is represented by a 100,000 PE plant. On the basis of stringent emission and immission standards a concept for a one-stage activated sludge plant was developed that meets the current demands on removal efficiency and limit values in Austria with a high degree of reliability. Classic saprobiological analysis of the receiving creek showed saprobic class II. The operation of the treatment plant has been tested in a period of more than two years under normal operational conditions. In this period several modes of operation were investigated and the concept has proved to be successful. A comprehensive data base has been worked up for process comparison and design evaluation. Relevant effluent parameters of a filtration unit in pilot scale are also given. Mass balances for a validation of the data and statistical characterisation of treatment efficiency combined with saprobiological characterisation of the receiving river has proved the applicability to similar cases. These investigations may serve as an example of how to relate treatment efficiency to saprobity of small receiving rivers.
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DePriest, Paula T., Natalia V. Ivanova, Dianne Fahselt, Vagn Alstrup, and Andrea Gargas. "Sequences of psychrophilic fungi amplified from glacier-preserved ascolichens." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-120.
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Ribosomal DNA sequences were amplified from subfossils of the ascolichen Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise ex Duby collected at the ablating edges of Greenland glaciers. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the amplified rDNA sequences were not closely related to those of the lichen-forming fungus but rather represented two groups of psychrophilic basidiomycetes (orders Cystofilobasidiales and Sporidiales) and one group of ascomycetes (order Leotiales). Two of these groups, the Sporidiales and the Leotiales, include other fungi previously detected in DNA extracted from the grass clothing of the Tyrolean Iceman desiccated and frozen for over 3000 years and also in 2000- and 4000-year-old ice core samples from northern Greenland. Large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences representing the group Cystofilobasidiales were nearly identical to those of the basidioyeast saprobe Mrakia frigida. The adjacent internal transcribed spacer sequence was more than 98% similar to those from three samples of U. cylindrica from different sites that had been subjected to ice burial for various lengths of time, suggesting they also were Mrakia sequences. Although ancient contamination of multiple U. cylindrica specimens with fungi such as Mrakia cannot be ruled out, it is more probable that saprobic colonization of the subfossil tissues by psychrophilic fungi proceeded during recent ice melt.Key words: ancient DNA, small subunit ribosomal DNA, 18S ribosomal DNA, phylogenetic analysis, psychrophilic fungi, lichen-forming fungi.
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Lee, Bee-Na, Scott Kroken, David Y. T. Chou, Barbara Robbertse, O. C. Yoder, and B. Gillian Turgeon. "Functional Analysis of All Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases in Cochliobolus heterostrophus Reveals a Factor, NPS6, Involved in Virulence and Resistance to Oxidative Stress." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 3 (March 2005): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.3.545-555.2005.
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ABSTRACT Nonribosomal peptides, made by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, have diverse biological activities, including roles as fungal virulence effectors. Inspection of the genome of Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a fungal pathogen of maize and a member of a genus noted for secondary metabolite production, revealed eight multimodular nonribosomal peptide synthase (NPS) genes and three monomodular NPS-like genes, one of which encodes a nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase hybrid enzyme presumed to be involved in synthesis of a peptide/polyketide molecule. Deletion of each NPS gene and phenotypic analyses showed that the product of only one of these genes, NPS6, is required for normal virulence on maize. NPS6 is also required for resistance to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting it may protect the fungus from oxidative stress. This and all other nps mutants had normal growth, mating ability, and appressoria. Real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of all NPS genes is low (relative to that of actin), that all (except possibly NPS2) are expressed during vegetative growth, and that expression is induced by nitrogen starvation. Only NPS6 is unfailingly conserved among euascomycete fungi, including plant and human pathogens and saprobes, suggesting the possibility that NPS6 activity provides oxidative stress protection during both saprobic and parasitic growth.
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Sládeček, V. "Indicator Value of Saprobic Amoebina." Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 13, no. 4 (1985): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19850130411.
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Putri, Cinthya Ruhanto, Ali Djunaedi, and Subagyo Subagyo. "Ekologi Fitoplankton : Ditinjau dari Aspek Komposisi, Kelimpahan, Distribusi, Struktur Komunitas dan Indeks Saprobitas Di Perairan Morosari, Demak." Journal of Marine Research 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v8i2.25103.
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Perairan Morosari yang terletak di Kecamatan Sayung, Kabupaten Demak merupakan tempat terjadinya percampuran antara air darat dan air laut. Disekitar perairan Morosari terdapat pemukiman penduduk, industri wisata dan aktifitas nelayan. Aktivitas masyarakat dan wisatawan tersebut akan menimbulkan perubahan yang mengarah pada peningkatan pencemaran yang berimbas kepada keberadaan fitoplankton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui komposisi, kelimpahan, distribusi, struktur komunitas dan indeks saprobitas fitoplankton di perairan Morosari. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif eksploratif dan penentuan lokasi menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini terbagi atas 3 sub-area di 3 area yang berbeda. Pengambilan sampel zooplankton dengan cara aktif dengan menarik planktonet secara horizontal. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 24 genera fitoplankton dari 3 kelas di perairan Morosari. Kelimpahan fitoplankton bervariasi antara 12.556 – 19.108 individu/m3. Distribusi fitoplankton tidak merata dan cenderung mengikuti arah arus. Indeks keanekaragaman menunjukkan nilai 1,70–2,25 yang termasuk dalam kategori sedang. Indeks keseragaman fitoplankton menunjukkan nilai 0,71–0,81 yang termasuk dalam kategori Tinggi. Indeks dominansi di perairan Morosari berkisar antara 0,18–0,29 dan termasuk ke dalam kriteria tidak ada jenis yang mendominasi. Indeks Saprobik menunjukkan nilai 0,6–1,3 yang termasuk dalam kategori β–Mesosaprobik. Morosari waters located in District Sayung, Demak Regency is waters area there is a mixture of land and sea water. Surrounding the Morosari waters there are residential, tourist industry and fishing activities. These activities will be affected changes that lead to increased pollution that affects the presence of phytoplankton. The purpose of this research was to know the composition, abundance, distribution, community structure and saprobity index of phytoplankton in Morosari waters, Sayung Subdistrict, Demak District. This research used deskriptive eksplorative method and determination location used purposive sampling method. The results obtained 24 genera phytoplankton of 3 classes. The abundance of phytoplankton ranges from 12.556-19.108 individu/m3. The distribution of phytoplankton is uneven and tends to follow the current direction. The phytoplankton Diversity Index indicated the values of 1,70–2,25 which were in the medium category. The phytoplankton evenness index indicated a value of 0,71 to 0,81 belonged to the High category. The dominance index in Morosari waters indicated no particular genus dominating with the values of 0,18-0,29. The Saprobik Index indicated the values of 0,6–1,3 which were into the category β –Mesosaprobic.
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Andini, Mutiara, Niki Rahma Rizkita, Pherto Rimos, Febri E. Prihasto, Ahmad R. Trilaksana, and Novi F. R. Dewi. "KAJIAN PENGARUH MATERIAL PROPERTIS DOMAIN BATUAN DASAR TERHADAP KESTABILAN LERENG PADA NIKEL LATERIT DI SITE POMALAA , SULAWESI TENGGARA, PT ANTAM Tbk." Prosiding Temu Profesi Tahunan PERHAPI 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/ptptp.v1i1.88.
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ABSTRAK Untuk mendukung kegiatan operasional penambangan, perlu dilakukan pembuatan kajian geoteknik yang bertujuan sebagai rencana awal desain lereng tambang maupun mengevaluasi kestabilan lereng pada saat kegiatan penambangan berlangsung. Untuk pembuatan kajian geoteknik di Site Pomalaa, dilakukan pengambilan 15 sampel untuk masing-masing domain (Hazburgit, Dunit, Serpentinit dan Peridotit) yang dibagi menjadi 5 sampel limonit, 5 sample saprolit dan 5 sampel bedrock. Selanjutnya, sampel tersebut dilakukan pengujian di laboratorium untuk mendapatakan nilai material properties. Material propertis limonit pada setiap domain memiliki rentang nilai kohesi 31,22 kN/m2- 40,49 kN/m2, sudut geser dalam 31,30o-37,36o, berat jenis basah 11,56 kN/m2-12,89 kN/m2, UCS 0,11Mpa – 0,59 Mpa.Sedangkan nilai material propertis pada saprolit memiliki rentang nilai kohesi 31,22 kN/m2-39,18 kN/m2, sudut geser dalam 34,71o-39,11o, berat jenis basah 10,86 kN/m2-13,52 kN/m2, UCS 0,19Mpa – 0,29 MPa. Material propertis tersebut selanjutnya digunakan sebagai parameter dalam melakukan analisis kestabilan lereng dengan mengeluarkan nilai faktor keamanan (FK) dan probability of failure (PoF). Pada kajian ini dilakukan simulasi dengan 4 pendekatan : (a) Pertama, menganalisis lereng dengan domain geologi tunggal, (b)Kedua, menganalisis lereng dengan menggabungkan 2 domain geologi yang berbeda, (c) Ketiga, menganalisis lereng dengan menggabungkan 3 domain geologi yang berbeda, (d) Menganalisis lereng dengan menggabungkan 4 domain geologi yang berbeda. Hasil simulasi dengan menggunakan 4 pendekatan tersebut menunjukkan nilai rata-rata FK limonit secara berturut sebesar 1.72, 1.71,1.73, dan 1.73 . Sedangkan nilai FK saprolit secara berturut sebesar 1.74, 1.78 , 1.75 dan 1.74. Rata-rata probability of failure pada simulasi ini dibawah 1%. Dari hasil simulasi dapat dilihat bahwa nilai faktor keamanan dari hasil simulasi beberapa material menunjukkan nilai yang konsisten, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa nilai material propertis nikel laterit pada batuan dasar yang berbeda cenderung sama (homogen), oleh karena itu pengambilan sampel geoteknik di site pomalaa tidak sensitif terhadap domain batuan. Key words: Domain Batuan Dasar, Kohesi, Sudut Geser Dalam, Berat Jenis Basah, UCS, Faktor Keamanan, Probability of Failure. ABSTRACT Concerning mining operations activities, geotechnical analysis should be carried out with the aim of planning the initial design of slope and evaluating the stability of the slope during mining activities. For making geotechnical studies at the Pomalaa Site, 15 samples were taken for each domain (Hazburgit, Dunit, Serpentinit and Peridotit) which were allocated into 5 samples for limonite, 5 samples for saprolite and 5 samples for bedrock. Furthermore, the sample is tested in a laboratory to obtain the value of material properties. Limonite property material in each domain has a range of cohesion values of 31.22 kN / m2-40.49 kN / m2, friction angle at 31.30o-37.36o, wet density 11.56 kN / m2-12.89 kN / m2, UCS 0.11Mpa - 0.59 Mpa. While the value of proper material in saprolite has a range of cohesion values of 31.22 kN / m2-39.18 kN / m2, shear angle in 34.71o-39.11o, wet specific gravity 10.86 kN / m2-13.52 kN / m2, UCS 0.19Mpa - 0.29 Mpa. The property material is then used as a parameter input to obtain slope stability analysis by issuing factor of safety (FK) and probability of failure (PoF) values ). In this case a simulation was conducted to 4 approaches: (a) First, analyzing slopes with a single geological domain, (b) Second, analyzing slopes by combining 2 different geological domains, (c) Third, analyzing slopes by combining 3 different geological domains , (d) Analyze slopes by combining 4 different geological domains. The simulation results using the 4 approaches show the average value of FK limonite which are 1.72, 1.71.1.73, and 1.73 respectively. While FK saprolite values were 1.74, 1.78, 1.75 and 1.74 respectively. The average probability of failure in this simulation is below 1%. From the simulation results it can be seen that the value of the safety factor from the simulation results of several materials shows a consistent value, so it can be said that the material value of laterite nickel properties in different bedrock tends to be the same (homogeneous), therefore geotechnical sampling at the Pomalaa site is not sensitive to the rock domain. Key words: Host Rock Domain, Cohesion, Friction angle, Wet Specific Gravity, UCS, Safety Factor, Probability of Failure.
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Paixão, G. C., J. J. C. Sidrim, G. M. M. Campos, R. S. N. Brilhante, and M. F. G. Rocha. "Dermatophytes and saprobe fungi isolated from dogs and cats in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 53, no. 5 (October 2001): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352001000500010.
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The possible involvement of saprobe fungi in dermatomycoses, as well as the determination of the incidence of dermatophytes in dogs and cats were studied. During a period of one year, 74 dogs and 18 cats, with cutaneous lesions suggesting mycoses were included in this study. The mycological analyses were conducted by direct microscopy and by fungal culture on Sabouraud agar, chloramphenicol Sabouraud agar and mycosel agar. Of the 92 samples, 21 resulted in positive cultures for dermatophytes. Dermatophyte fungi pure cultures were obtained from 13 samples. A simultaneous growth of dermatophytes plus saprobe fungi was observed in 8 of the samples. Of the remaining 71 samples, no fungal growth was observed in 10 samples, and at minimum the growth of one saprobe fungi in 61. One, two and three genera of saprobe fungi were isolated in 29, 30 and 2 samples, respectively. Microsporum canis was isolated in 6 (28.6 %) and 10 samples (47.6 %) from cats and dogs, respectively, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 2 (9.5 %) and 3 samples (14.3 %) from cats and dogs, respectively. The following genera of saprobe fungi were also isolated: Alternaria sp (1.9%), Chaetomium sp (1.9%), Rhizopus sp (2.9%), Curvularia sp (3.9%), Candida sp (6.8%), Trichoderma sp (6.8%), Fusarium sp (7.8%), Cladosporium sp (8.7%), Penicillium sp (21.4%) and Aspergillus sp (37.9%).
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Cahyaningtyas, Ina, Sahala Hutabarat, and Prijadi Soedarsono. "STUDI ANALISA PLANKTON UNTUK MENENTUKAN TINGKAT PENCEMARAN DI MUARA SUNGAI BABON SEMARANG." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2013): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v2i3.4185.
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Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Babon merupakan salah satu DAS yang sangat penting bagi kelangsungan ekosistm khususnya wilayah Semarang dan sekitarnya. Plankton merupakan organisme perairan yang keberadaannya dapat menjadi indikator perubahan kualitas biologi perairan sungai. Plankton memegang peran penting dalam mempengaruhi produktivitas primer perairan sungai. Perairan sungai Babon secara nyata telah menerima limbah yang berasal dari kegiatan industri yang berada di sekitar sungai Babon dan limbah yang berasal dari kegiatan rumah tangga (domestik). Keadaan ini diduga menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas lingkungan muara Sungai Babon. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji bagaimana tingkat pencemaran di muara Sungai Babon. Pengamatan dilakukan berdasarkan analisis SI (Saprobik Indeks) dan TSI (Tropik Saprobik Indeks) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana tingkat pencemaran yang terjadi. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah fitoplankton dan zooplankton yang berada di muara Sungai Babon berikut parameter fisika dan kimia. Kelimpahan fitoplankton di muara Sungai Babon adalah 10.765 – 13.777 ind/L dengan 19 - 24 genera. Kelimpahan zooplankton adalah 218-241 Ind/m3 dengan 9 genera. Berdasarkan kelimpahan plankton maka didapatkan nilai Saprobik Indeks (SI) berkisar 0,07 - 0,34 dan nilai Tropik Saprobik Indeks berkisar (-0,73) – (-0,98) kualitas perairan muara sungai Babon selama penelitian termasuk dalam tingkat α-Mesosaprobik atau dalam kondisi tercemar sedang hingga berat.
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Sládeček, Vladimír. "Scale of saprobity." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 22, no. 4 (March 1985): 2337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1983.11897678.
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Yatsyna, Aleksandr, Vaclovas Stukonis, and Bernd Gliwa. "Lichens and Allied Fungi from the Praviršulio Tyrelis State Nature Reserve (Central Lithuania)." Botanica 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2020-0017.
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AbstractThe paper presents the results of the inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from the Praviršulio Tyrelis State Nature Reserve. A total of 199 species were recorded, including 183 lichens, eight lichenicolous and eight non-lichenised saprobic fungi. Four lichenised species (Micarea pseudomicrococca, Parmelia serrana, Sclerophora amabilis and Thelocarpon laureri) were reported new to Lithuania. Three protected species, Cetrelia olivetorum, Cladonia parasitica and Hypotrachyna revoluta, were also observed.
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Vepraskas, Michael J., Aziz Amoozegar, and Terrence Gardner. "Estimation of Saprolite Thickness Needed to Remove E. coli from Wastewater." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052066.
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Saprolite, weathered bedrock, is being used to dispose of domestic sewage through septic system drainfields, but the thickness of saprolite needed to remove biological contaminants is unknown for most saprolites. This study developed and tested a simple method for estimating the thickness of saprolite needed below septic drainlines to filter E. coli from wastewater using estimates of the volume of pores that are smaller than the length of the coliform (≤10 μm). Particle size distribution (texture) and water retention data were obtained for 12 different saprolites from the Piedmont and Mountain regions of North Carolina (N.C.). Saprolite textures ranged from clay loam to coarse sand. The volume of pores with diameters ≤10 μm were determined by water retention measurements for each saprolite. The data were used in an equation to estimate the saprolite thickness needed to filter E. coli. The estimated saprolite thicknesses ranged from 36 cm in the clay loam to 113 cm for the coarse sand. The average thickness across all samples was 58 cm. Saprolite thickness estimates increased as silt percentage decreased and as sand percentage and in situ saturated hydraulic conductivity increased. Silt percentage may be most useful for estimating appropriate saprolite thicknesses in the field.
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Suprobo, Harisya Diah, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Prijadi Soedarsono. "PENILAIAN PENCEMARAN PERAIRAN DI POLDER TAWANG SEMARANG DITINJAU DARI ASPEK SAPROBITAS." Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES) 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2013): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/marj.v2i3.4192.
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Pencemaran air adalah suatu perubahan keadaan disuatu tempat penampungan air seperti danau, sungai, lautan dan air tanah akibat aktivitas manusia. Polder Tawang Semarang merupakan suatu sistem untuk memproteksi air limpahan dari luar kawasan dan mengendalikan muka air di dalam Kota Lama. Polder Tawang Semarang mempunyai masalah pencemaran akibat limbah yang berasal dari limbah kota, pasar ikan, industri, dan rumah tangga yang masuk ke perairan yang berpengaruh terhadap kekeruhan,bau air dan pertumbuhan mikroorganisme.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan mengetahui tingkat saprobitas di Polder Tawang Semarang berdasarkan nilai SI (Saprobik Indeks) dan TSI (Tropik Saprobik Indeks), mengetahui hubungan antara saprobitas perairan dengan variabel kualitas air (BOD dan DO), serta mengetahui tingkat pencemaran air menggunakan penilaian saprobitas perairan. Penelitian ini menggunakan plankton sebagai materi utama yaitu sampel air dan sampel plankton. Komunitas fitoplankton yang terdapat di Polder Tawang Semarang terdapat 14 genera fitoplankton. Berdasarkan nilai kelimpahan individu fitoplankton dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 8.423- 8.774 ind/L, sedangkan nilai Saprobik Indeks (SI) berkisar (-0,33) – (0,09) dan Tropik Saprobik Indeks berkisar (-0,67) – (0,14) maka tingkat pencemaran di Polder Tawang Semarang selama penelitian diketegorikan sebagai pencemaran sedang sampai berat (α-mesosaprobik). Dari hasil uji regresi antara saprobitas perairan dengan BOD dan DO menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang kuat yang berarti kontribusi pengaruh BOD dan DO terhadap saprobitas cukup besar.
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Wahab, Wahab, Erwin Anshari, Marwan Zam Mili, WD Rizky Awaliah Nafiu, Muh Nuzul Khaq, Daniyatno Daniyatno, Firdaus Firdaus, and Yayat Iman Sutriyatna. "Studi Pengaruh Variabel Proses dan Kinetika Ekstraksi Nikel dari Bijih Nikel Laterit Menggunakan Larutan Asam Sulfat pada Tekanan Atmosferik." Jurnal Rekayasa Proses 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.61533.
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Leaching at atmospheric pressure is one of the leaching methods of concern because it has several advantages, namely that it can process low-level nickel ore, can operate at temperatures >100 ⁰C at atmospheric pressure, and can be used in saprolite and limonite ores. In this research, nickel extraction from nickel laterite ore was carried out using sulfuric acid solution (H2SO4) as a leaching agent. The variables that were varied in the leaching process were temperature (30, 60, and 90 ⁰C), sulfuric acid concentration (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 molar) and leaching time (30, 60, and 90 minutes). In this study, a 3-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to see the significance of the variable effects and the order of the most influential variables. In addition, leaching kinetics was studied by shrinking core models to determine rate determining step. The results showed that the increase in temperature, sulfuric acid and leaching time produced a higher percentage of extracted nickel. Based on the 3-factor ANOVA, the order of the most influential variables was obtained, namely temperature, acid concentration and leaching time. The kinetics analysis showed that rate determining step of leaching ore nickel laterite with H2SO4 solution on atmospheric pressure is controlled by diffusion through solid layer product.Keywords: analysis of variance; leaching; saprolit; limonitA B S T R A KLeaching pada tekanan atmosfer adalah salah satu metode pelindian yang menjadi perhatian karena memiliki beberapa keuntungan yaitu dapat mengolah bijih nikel kadar rendah, dapat beroperasi pada temperatur >100 ⁰C pada tekanan atmosfer serta dapat digunakan pada bijih saprolit dan limonit. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan ekstraksi nikel dari bijih nikel laterit menggunakan larutan asam sulfat (H2SO4) sebagai agen pelindi. Variabel yang divariasikan dalam proses pelindian yaitu temperatur (30, 60, dan 90 ⁰C), konsentrasi asam sulfat (0,2; 0,5; dan 0,8 molar) dan waktu pelindian (30, 60, dan 90 menit). Dalam penelitian ini digunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) 3 faktor untuk melihat signifikansi variabel dan urutan variabel yang paling berpengaruh. Selain itu, dilakukan studi kinetika pelindian menggunakan shrinking core model untuk mengetahui pengendali laju reaksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan variabel temperatur, konsentrasi asam sulfat dan waktu pelindian menyebabkan meningkatnya persen ekstraksi nikel. Berdasarkan hasil ANOVA 3 faktor diperoleh urutan variabel yang paling berpengaruh yaitu temperatur, konsentrasi asam dan waktu pelindian. Hasil analisis kinetika menunjukkan bahwa pengendali laju reaksi pelindian bijih nikel laterit menggunakan larutan H2SO4 pada tekanan atmosfer yaitu difusi melalui lapisan produk padat.Kata kunci: analysis of variance; pelindian; limonit; saprolit
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Kohlmeyer, Jan, and Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer. "Marine fungi from Aldabra, the Galapagos, and other tropical islands." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-073.
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Saprobic higher marine fungi were collected in Aldabra (8 species, 1 variety), Galapagos (10 species), Hawaii (17 species), and Tobago (22 species). The material includes 26 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete, and 5 deuteromycetes. Lindra hawaiiensis (Maui) and Massarina thalassiae (Aldabra, Belize, Florida, Galapagos, India (Madras), Mexico (Baja California)) are new species. Distribution maps for the following species are presented: Cytospora rhizophorae, Didymosphaeria rhizophorae, Halosphaeria cucullata – Periconia prolifica, Lindra thalassiae, and Massarina thalassiae. Endemic marine fungi with saprobic modes of life have not been encountered.
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Hernández-Restrepo, M., J. Gené, R. F. Castañeda-Ruiz, J. Mena-Portales, P. W. Crous, and J. Guarro. "Phylogeny of saprobic microfungi from Southern Europe." Studies in Mycology 86 (March 2017): 53–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.05.002.
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Zhao, Guozhu, Xingzhong Liu, Xiangming Xie, and Aixin Cao. "Saprobic dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Shennongjia region, China." Nova Hedwigia 88, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0217.
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Nuriasih, D. M., S. Anggoro, and Haeruddin. "Saprobic analysis to Marina coastal, Semarang city." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 116 (February 2018): 012096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/116/1/012096.
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Sukop, Ivo. "Macrozoobenthos of the Moravice river and Bělokamenný potok brook." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 4 (2006): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654040075.
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Qualitative and quantitative composition of macrozoobenthos was studied on the Moravice river (six sites) and Bělokamenný potok brook (one site). Altogether, 64 and 29 taxa of water macroinvertebrates were determined in the Moravice river and Bělokamenný potok brook respectively. Saprobic index on the majority of monitored localities corresponded to oligosaprobity. On the sites 2 and 3 (downstream of the small town of Břidličná), the saprobic index showed β-mesosaprobity. The values of macrozoobenthos density and biomass ranged between 317–605 ind.m–2 and 4.1–6.5 g.m–2 respectively.
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Flinchum, Brady, Luk Peeters, Tim Munday, and Kevin Cahill. "Improving the hydrogeologic conceptualization of a remote semiarid palaeovalley groundwater system using airborne electromagnetics, seismic refraction and reflection, and downhole nuclear magnetic resonance." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): WB207—WB226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0614.1.
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A hydrogeologic conceptualization is critical to understand, manage, protect, and sustain groundwater resources, particularly in regions where data are sparse and accessibility is difficult. We used airborne electromagnetics (AEM), shallow seismic reflection and refraction, and downhole nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs to improve our understanding of an arid groundwater system influenced by palaeovalleys. We found that there is a limited connection between the palaeovalley and fractured bedrock aquifers because they are separated by a spatially variable layer of saprolite, which is the layer of chemically altered rock on top of the fractured bedrock. The AEM data provided an estimate of the top of the saprolite but failed to effectively image the bottom. In contrast, the seismic data provided an estimate of the bottom of the saprolite but failed to image the top. This geophysical combination of electrical and seismic data allowed us to map saprolite thickness in detail along a 1.7 km long transect that runs perpendicular the main trunk of a well-defined palaeovalley. These data indicate that the palaeovalley is lined with a heterogeneous layer of saprolite (approximately 3–120 m thick) that is thickest near its edges. Despite the observed variability, only a small percentage of the fractured bedrock aquifer (8%–17%) appears to be in contact with the palaeovalley aquifer. Furthermore, the lack of an elastic boundary at the top of saprolite suggests that the porosity of the saprolite is similar to the palaeovalley sediments — an observation that is supported by the downhole NMR-derived water contents. The electrical change at the top of saprolite is caused by a combination of a decrease in total dissolved solids of the groundwater in the saprolite and a change in pore structure associated weathering in situ versus transported weathered materials. The presence of saprolite, which commonly behaves as an aquitard, may limit the groundwater exchange between the palaeovalley and bedrock aquifers, with implications for the regional groundwater resource potential.
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McVay, K. A., D. E. Radcliffe, L. T. West, and M. L. Cabrera. "Anion Exchange in Saprolite." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (May 2004): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0668.
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McVay, K. A., D. E. Radcliffe, L. T. West, and M. L. Cabrera. "Anion Exchange in Saprolite." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/3.2.668.
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Motiejūnaitė, Jurga. "Lichens And Allied Fungi From The Čepkeliai State Nature Reserve (Southern Lithuania)." Botanica Lithuanica 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botlit-2015-0001.
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AbstractResults of inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from the Čepkeliai State Nature Reserve are presented. From this largest in Lithuania mire complex, altogether 207 species (of these, 180 species of lichens, 22 lichenicolous and 5 non-lichenized saprobic fungi) are reported. One lichenized – Fuscidea praeruptorum and two lichenicolous species – Sphaerellothecium cladoniae and Taeniolella cladinicola are reported for the first time in Lithuania. Two lichenicolous fungi – Endococcus tricolorans and Nectriopsis cariosae are reported for the first time in the Baltic region. Parmelia and Pseudevernia are reported as new host genera for Endococcus tricolorans.
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Deksne, Rasma, Margarita Božko, Jekaterina Kuzmina, and Andris Linužs. "Ecological Quality Analysis of the Rezekne River after Zooplankton." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.802.
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During seasonal studies 2012 (August/October), samples of zooplankton were collected and analyzed according standard method. Chemical quality of the Rezekne River's water investigated. Changes of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, saprobity index, species diversity (Shannon- Wiener index) and Renkonen index were employed for the analysis of zooplankton community structure in the Rezekne River. The Rezekne River saprobity varies from o – saprobity to β – mesosaprobity. The lowest ecological quality was determined in the leg of the Rezekne River in the territory of Rezekne city, which characterises with decrease in the total zooplankton abundance and species diversity according to Shannon - Wiener index, increase of saprobity.
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Khusainov, M., and Ludmil L.Frolova. "The Ecological Estimation of Sredniy Kaban Lake Based on Molecular Methods." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.7 (September 27, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.20521.
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Sredniy Kaban lake is part of the system of Kaban urban lakes, experiencing anthropogenic load, and being currently used for sporting events in rowing. Monitoring of the reservoir is carried out regularly with restoration and improvement activities, and green beaches landscaped. Assessment of the ecological state of the reservoir and the surrounding environment is carried out by different methods, one of the main is bioindication. The method is based on the study of indicator species, identified by obsolete methods based on their morphological features. As an alternative to the visual approach with the use of a microscope, the paper considers a method for identifying hydrobionts by the CO1 marker gene based on the DNA-barcoding method and modern sequencing methods. The sequenced sequences of the fragment of the CO1 hydrobiont gene of freshwater Sredniy Kaban lake in the autumn (2016) and summer (2017) sampling periods in the fastq format are included in the international database on the NCBI’s website with unique numbers SRR5852708 (2016) and SRR5839796 (2017). The paper presents the results of the analysis and gives an assessment of the water quality of Sredniy Kaban lake (Kazan, Russia). Comparative analysis of metagenomic data shows that most of the animals of Sredniy Kaban lake are grouped near the b-mesosaprobic zone in 2016, and o-saprobic zone in 2017. By water quality Sredniy Kaban lake is transitional from b-o-saprobic to b-a-mesosaprobic as of the results of 2016, and according to the results of 2017 - from b-o-saprobic to o-saprobic, which is due to the restoration activities carried out during this period on Sredniy Kaban lake.
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Trombert, Alejandro. "3º Simposio Argentino de Procesos Biotecnológicos (SAProBio 2014)." FABICIB 19 (April 12, 2016): 135–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14409/fabicib.v19i0.5357.
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Vilaclara, G., E. Robles, F. Rivera, and V. Sládeček. "Saprobic evaluation ofEuglena viridis, E. agilis andE. proxima." Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 16, no. 2 (1988): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19880160208.
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Krajden, S., R. C. Summerbell, J. Kane, I. F. Salkin, M. E. Kemna, M. G. Rinaldi, M. Fuksa, E. Spratt, C. Rodriguez, and C. Rodrigues. "Normally saprobic cryptococci isolated from Cryptococcus neoformans infections." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29, no. 9 (1991): 1883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.29.9.1883-1887.1991.
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Barros, Daiane Cristina Martins, Inês Cristina de Batista Fonseca, Maria Isabel Balbi-Peña, Sérgio Florentino Pascholati, and Douglas Casaroto Peitl. "Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold of soybean using saprobic fungi from semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil." Summa Phytopathologica 41, no. 4 (December 2015): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2086.
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ABSTRACTThe incidence and the levels of yield loss caused by the white mold of soybean (caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) have increased in areas of higher altitude at Cerrado and Southern Brazil, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The aim of this study was to select saprobic fungi with the potential to control the white mold of soybean. First, in vitroantagonism screening was carried out to test eight saprobic fungi against S. sclerotiorum. Assessment of S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth was done at four and seven days after its placement on the culture medium. The isolate showing greatest antagonistic effect in all tests/assessments was Myrothecium sp. An in vivo experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and growth chamber, where plants previously treated with eight saprobic fungi were artificially inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. The fungal culture medium (potato-dextrose) and the commercial resistance inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl were used as controls. In the in vivotests, severity of the white mold was assessed at 8, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. The highest reduction percentage in the lesion length was observed for the treatment with Myrothecium sp. (70%), which has the greater potential to be used as biocontrol agent of soybean under the conditions of this experiment.
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Laborde, Marie Caroline Ferreira, Deila Magna dos Santos Botelho, Gabriel Alfonso Alvarez Rodriguez, Mário Lúcio Vilela de Resende, Marisa Vieira de Queiroz, Aline Duarte Batista, Patrícia Gomes Cardoso, et al. "PHIALOMYCES MACROSPORUS REDUCES CERCOSPORA COFFEICOLA SURVIVAL ON SYMPTOMATIC COFFEE LEAVES." Coffee Science 14, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25186/cs.v14i1.1448.
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<p>Saprobe fungi and necrotrophic pathogens share the same niche within crop stubble and the search for fungi non-pathogenic to plants that are able to displace the plant pathogens from its overwintering substrate contributes to the disease management. Brown eye spot (<em>Cercospora coffeicola</em>) is among the most important coffee diseases, it is caused by a necrotrophic pathogen that has decaying leaves as its major source of inoculum. We have screened saprobe fungi for the ability to reduce <em>C. coffeicola</em> sporulation and viability and determined the possible mechanisms involved in the observed biocontrol. A selected saprobe fungus, <em>Phialomyces macrosporus</em>, reduced the pathogen’s viability by 40% both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. The fungus acts through antibiosis and competition for nutrients. It produced both volatile and non-volatile compounds that inhibited <em>C. coffeicola</em> growth, sporulation, and viability. It also produced the tissue maceration enzyme (polygalacturonase), which reduces the pathogen both in detached leaves or in planta. The reduction in the fungal viability either by the saprobe fungus or its polygalacturonase-fraction supernatant resulted in the reduction of the disease rate. Therefore, <em>P. macrosporus </em>is a potential microbial agent that can be used in an integrated management of brown eye spot through the reduction of the initial inoculum of the pathogen that survives and builds up in infected leaves.</p><p> </p>
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Anbiyak, Nur. "PENGGUNAAN METODE GEOSTATISTIK DALAM ESTIMASI KADAR NIKEL PADA CEBAKAN BIJIH NIKEL LATERIT PETEA." Prosiding Temu Profesi Tahunan PERHAPI 1, no. 1 (September 4, 2018): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/ptptp.v0i0.27.
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Cebakan bijih nikel laterit Petea berada di Kabupaten Luwu Timur, ProvinsiSulawesi Selatan yang terbentuk sebagai produk dari proses pelapukan batuanultramafik yang tersebar di sebagian lengan selatan dan tenggara Pulau Sulawesi. Profil pelapukan batuan di Petea terdiri dari tiga lapisan utama dengan urutan dari bawah ke atas, yaitu batuan dasar, lapisan saprolit, dan limonit. Mineralisasi nikel terbentuk pada lapisan saprolit dan limonit dan dapat dibedakan berdasarkan karakteristik geologi dan geokimianya.Metode geostatistik dipakai karena kemampuan metode tersebut untukmenunjukkan korelasi spasial dalam populasi data. Analisis variografi dilakukandengan membuat variogram untuk yang mewakili arah utama sebaran nikel pada lapisan saprolit dan limonit. Variogram directional mengindikasikan bahwa kadar nikel tersebar pada kedua lapisan tersebut dan tidak menunjukkan kecenderungan pada arah tertentu. Parameter variogram dipergunakan sebagai dasar analisis geostatistik untuk melakukan estimasi kadar nikel. Metode ordinary kriging dipilih untuk melakukan estimasi kadar nikel Petea dan menghasilkan kadar nikel rata-rata sebesar 1,89% pada bijih saprolit. Hasilrekonsiliasi dengan data produksi bijih saprolit menunjukkan deviasi sebesar4,42% dimana hasil estimasi menghasilkan nilai kadar nikel yang lebih besar.
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Séa, Frédéric, Marc G. Tanguay, Pierre Trudel, and Mario Bergeron. "Solubilité de l'or dans les eaux interstitielles de la latérite coiffant le gîte aurifère de Misséni, au Mali." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-134.
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Twenty samples of interstitial waters and pressed saprolite were collected within undisturbed saprolite blocks to determine the actual gold transporting mode in the auriferous laterites of Misséni, Mali. The results of the analyses indicate a very high solubility of gold in the interstitial waters of the Misséni laterites (from <2 to 16.7 ppb Au; Eh, 0.356–0.419 V; pH, 6.7–7.7). The calculated theoretical concentrations of auric chloride ion, [Formula: see text], (0.3 × 10−14 – 32.7 × 10−4 ppm) and thiosulphate ion, [Formula: see text], (2.5 × 10−212 – 6.7 × 10−180 ppm), which are generally inferred to be the ions transporting the gold in a supergene environment, are insignificant in the interstitial waters of the Misséni saprolite. Given the absence of significant concentrations of chloride or thiosulphate ions as measured in the interstitial waters of Misséni (Cl−, 1.5 × 10−4 – 1.2 × 10−2 mol L−1; [Formula: see text], 1.1 × 10−111 – 4.2 × 10−95 mol L−1), the gold monohydroxide, AuOH(H2O)0, could be responsible for the gold mobilization in the studied saprolite. However, its transport could be limited by the conspicuous (Fe, Mn) oxides in the Misséni saprolite, which can act as adsorbents. The calculated concentrtion of humic acid (0.004–0.03%), which can solubilize the gold contained in the analyzed interstitial waters, is 2 to 4 times lower than that of the measured organic matter in the samples of pressed saprolite (from <0.016 to 0.07% in organic carbon). These latter results could indicate that a part of the gold solubility in the Misséni superficial saprolite is linked to the humic acids. [Journal Translation]
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Jurajda, P., Z. Adámek, M. Janáč, and Z. Valová. "Longitudinal patterns in fish and macrozoobenthos assemblages reflect degradation of water quality and physical habitat in the Bílina river basin." Czech Journal of Animal Science 55, No. 3 (March 24, 2010): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/14/2009-cjas.
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The aim of this study was to provide the first account of fish and macroinvertebrate communities in a heavily degraded river basin in the Czech Republic. Fish and macrozoobenthos were surveyed at 18 sites in the Bílina River and 11 sites in tributary streams during June–July 2007. Fish were sampled by electrofishing and macrozoobenthos were collected by kick-sampling using a sweep net. The composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages in headwater and reference sites in the upper Bílina River indicated clean water with saprobic index (SI) 1.31–1.43 followed by a transitional stretch downstream the Kyjická reservoir (SI 2.05–2.32) and dramatic decline of water quality to SI 3.18 in the river stretch downstream of industrial and municipal pollution at Litvínov-Záluží. Despite several minor pollution sources on the subsequent downstream river stretch until its mouth into the Elbe River, the water quality indicators fluctuated in the range of lower betamesosaprobity (SI 2.06–2.58). Species richness and biodiversity indices followed a similar pattern as river saprobity. Twenty-three fish species were documented in the Bílina River basin. Chub (<I>Leuciscus cephalus</I>), gudgeon (<I>Gobio gobio</I>) and roach (<I>Rutilus rutilus</I>) were the most frequent species at the Bílina sites. Chub was the most numerous fish in the tributaries. Fish species richness in the longitudinal profile did not increase downstream in the Bílina mainstem, most likely because the presence of reservoirs and water pollution interrupted the river continuum pattern. Qualitative data on fish assemblages corresponded to the course of environmental stress. A sustainable fish community was documented only in the lowermost site in Ústí nad Labem near the confluence with the Elbe River. The Bílina River tributaries constitute potential refuges for fish in this basin.
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Anand, R. R. "Feldspar Weathering in Lateritic Saprolite." Clays and Clay Minerals 33, no. 1 (1985): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1985.0330104.
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RUTHERFORD, G. K., LORETTA LI, and G. J. ROSS. "NATURE OF SMECTITES IN SOILS DEVELOPED ON BASALTIC SAPROLITE AND BASALTIC AND GRANITIC TILL IN NOVA SCOTIA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-089.
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In Kings County Nova Scotia, soils have developed over pre-Wisconsinan basaltic saprolite and basaltic and granitic till. The clay fraction of the soil developed on the saprolite is predominantly a trioctahedral smectite and apparently has not been significantly changed by post-Wisconsinan weathering. The clay fraction of the Aej horizon of the soil developed on granitic till is dominantly composed of dioctahedral layer silicates, mainly mica with some montmorillonite and vermiculite, and that developed on basaltic till by smectite and vermiculite. Key words: Basaltic saprolite, trioctahedral smectite, post-Wisconsinan weathering