Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Saprobity'

Das Verständnis über die Ausprägung der Lebensgemeinschaften von benthischen Invertebraten in aquatischen Ökosystemen in Abhängigkeit von abiotischen Faktoren ist von grundlegender wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung und eine Voraussetzung für die Bewertung, den Schutz und die Wiederherstellung der ökologischen Integrität in Fließgewässern. Für die Erarbeitung von Abhängigkeiten zwischen der benthischen Lebensgemeinschaft, der Hydromorphologie und der Saprobie standen insgesamt 409 Datensätze in Form von Taxalisten des Makrozoobenthos zur Verfügung. Diese wurden mit Strukturgütedaten verschnitten und anhand uni- und multivariater statistischer Methoden analysiert. Folgende Ergebnisse konnten dabei erzielt werden: (a) es können sieben Einzelparameter der Gewässerstruktur identifiziert werden, die einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die benthische Biozönose ausüben, (b) die Fließgewässertypen 5 und 5.1 unterscheiden sich auf Basis des vorliegenden Datensatzes weder in der taxonomischen noch in der funktionalen Zusammensetzung der Makrozoobenthoszönose und (c) bei einer erhöhten saprobiellen Belastung überlagert der Einfluss der organischen Belastung die strukturellen Gegebenheiten. Für die Entwicklung und Anpassung effizienter Strukturgüteverfahren und die daraus resultierenden Monitoring- und Maßnahmenprogramme für ein integriertes Fließgewässermanagement ist die Auswahl ökologisch relevanter Parameter von immenser Bedeutung
The understanding about the development of benthic invertebrate communities as a function of abiotic influencing factors in aquatic ecosystems is of essential scientific relevance for the assessment of the ecological status of rivers and streams. For the development of interdependencies between benthic invertebrates, hydromorphology and saprobity, 409 species lists of the macroinvertebrates were provided. They were aggregated with morphological features and analysed with different uni- and multivariate statistical methods. On the basis of the used analyses, the following results were achieved: (a) seven ecological relevant morphological features with significant influence to benthic invertebrate community could be identified, (b) on the basis of the present database, the structural and functional composition of the benthic invertebrates can not be differ river type specific (type 5 and 5.1) and (c) if the saprobic pressure decrease, the organic pressure superpose the hydromorphology. The values of the biological attributes are low in spite of near natural morphological conditions. For an ecological efficiency stream habitat assessment, the identified relevant morphological parameters have to consider. The “morphological characteristic curves” are well describing the results of a local monitoring. This application-oriented instrument can be used for (a) the operationalisation of environmental objectives, (b) the development and adaption of monitoring strategies and (c) the derivation and prioritisation of ecological and economic efficiency measurements for an integrated river management

Das Verständnis über die Ausprägung der Lebensgemeinschaften von benthischen Invertebraten in aquatischen Ökosystemen in Abhängigkeit von abiotischen Faktoren ist von grundlegender wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung und eine Voraussetzung für die Bewertung, den Schutz und die Wiederherstellung der ökologischen Integrität in Fließgewässern. Für die Erarbeitung von Abhängigkeiten zwischen der benthischen Lebensgemeinschaft, der Hydromorphologie und der Saprobie standen insgesamt 409 Datensätze in Form von Taxalisten des Makrozoobenthos zur Verfügung. Diese wurden mit Strukturgütedaten verschnitten und anhand uni- und multivariater statistischer Methoden analysiert. Folgende Ergebnisse konnten dabei erzielt werden: (a) es können sieben Einzelparameter der Gewässerstruktur identifiziert werden, die einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die benthische Biozönose ausüben, (b) die Fließgewässertypen 5 und 5.1 unterscheiden sich auf Basis des vorliegenden Datensatzes weder in der taxonomischen noch in der funktionalen Zusammensetzung der Makrozoobenthoszönose und (c) bei einer erhöhten saprobiellen Belastung überlagert der Einfluss der organischen Belastung die strukturellen Gegebenheiten. Für die Entwicklung und Anpassung effizienter Strukturgüteverfahren und die daraus resultierenden Monitoring- und Maßnahmenprogramme für ein integriertes Fließgewässermanagement ist die Auswahl ökologisch relevanter Parameter von immenser Bedeutung.
The understanding about the development of benthic invertebrate communities as a function of abiotic influencing factors in aquatic ecosystems is of essential scientific relevance for the assessment of the ecological status of rivers and streams. For the development of interdependencies between benthic invertebrates, hydromorphology and saprobity, 409 species lists of the macroinvertebrates were provided. They were aggregated with morphological features and analysed with different uni- and multivariate statistical methods. On the basis of the used analyses, the following results were achieved: (a) seven ecological relevant morphological features with significant influence to benthic invertebrate community could be identified, (b) on the basis of the present database, the structural and functional composition of the benthic invertebrates can not be differ river type specific (type 5 and 5.1) and (c) if the saprobic pressure decrease, the organic pressure superpose the hydromorphology. The values of the biological attributes are low in spite of near natural morphological conditions. For an ecological efficiency stream habitat assessment, the identified relevant morphological parameters have to consider. The “morphological characteristic curves” are well describing the results of a local monitoring. This application-oriented instrument can be used for (a) the operationalisation of environmental objectives, (b) the development and adaption of monitoring strategies and (c) the derivation and prioritisation of ecological and economic efficiency measurements for an integrated river management.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The Atlantic Forest has the highest biodiversity among tropical forests is one of the 34 priority areas for global conservation. Currently remains about 11% of its original area, which is composed of fragmented and geographically distant remnants. Among the microorganisms that compose forest ecosystems, fungi are important components because ensure the cycling of carbon and nutrients, however are poorly studied. The present study aimed to assess the diversity and distribution of fungi associated to leaf litter from three Atlantic Forest remnants in the semiarid region of Brazil: Brejo Paraibano-PB, Serra da Ibiapaba-CE and Serra da Jib?ia-BA; and the effects of methodological aspects on mycobiota. Two expeditions were conducted in each area, during the wet season and the other in the dry season, between June/2011 and January/2013. Twenty-three samples of leaf litter, five Clusia nemorosa G. Mey and eighteen Vismia guianensis (Aubl) Choisy, were collected and submitted to the technique of particle filtration. The total volume of 9.3 mL of particle suspension was plated on two different culture media: dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (DRBC) and malt yeast extract agar (MYE). The analysis of this material yielded 6.460 colonies identified 168 taxa for which data were divided into three chapters. The first chapter evaluates the effects of time (fresh material, 07, 14, 21 and 28 d) and storage temperature (room temperature and 4?C) of the leaves of C. nemorosa plus the use of two culture media on mycobiota. Analysis of covariance indicated that the richness and the number of isolates decreased with storage, however in relation to the culture medium there was no significant difference. The storage temperature had no significant influence on the community according to the t-test. The second chapter compared the communities of fungi of C. nemorosa and V. guianensis during the wet and dry seasons. Clusia nemorosa showed higher species richness and diversity of fungi compared to V. guianensis. Similarity analysis indicated that variations in the community between plants and seasons were significant while the cluster analysis and multivariate NMDS showed seasonality factor as more decisive for the distribution of fungi. The third chapter investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of fungi associated with leaf litter community of V. guianensis present in the three remaining. Multivariate analysis NMDS revealed differences in community composition of fungi in each area and climate season and the similarity analysis indicated that the differences were statistically significant. The results of this study presented a great diversity associated with the leaf litter present in remnants of Atlantic Forest and indicate that the distribution of fungi in the environment is not random. Knowledge of the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution of saprobic fungi is fundamental to understanding the role that they play in forest ecosystems.
A Mata Atl?ntica apresenta uma das maiores biodiversidade dentre as florestas tropicais sendo uma das 34 ?reas priorit?rias para a conserva??o mundial. Atualmente resta cerca de 11% da sua ?rea original, que ? composto por remanescentes fragmentados e distantes geograficamente. Dentre os micro-organismos que comp?em os ecossistemas florestais, os fungos s?o componentes importantes, pois promovem a ciclagem de carbono e nutrientes, no entanto, s?o pouco estudados. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade e distribui??o de fungos associados ao folhedo de tr?s remanescentes de Mata Atl?ntica na regi?o semi?rida do Brasil: Brejo Paraibano-PB, Serra da Ibiapaba-CE e Serra da Jib?ia-BA; bem como os efeitos de aspectos metodol?gicos sobre a micobiota. Duas expedi??es foram realizadas em cada ?rea, uma durante a esta??o chuvosa e a outra na esta??o seca, entre junho/2011 e janeiro/2013. Vinte e tr?s amostras de folhas da serapilheira, cinco de Clusia nemorosa G. Mey e dezoito de Vismia guianensis (Aubl) Choisy, foram coletadas e submetidas ? t?cnica de filtra??o de part?culas. O volume total de 9.3 mL de suspens?o de part?culas foi plaqueado em dois meios de cultivo: ?gar dicloran rosa bengala cloranfenicol (DRBC) e ?gar extrato de malte e levedura (MYE). A partir da an?lise desse material, 6.460 col?nias foram isoladas e identificadas em 168 t?xons cujos dados foram distribu?dos em tr?s cap?tulos. O primeiro cap?tulo avaliou os efeitos do tempo (material fresco, 07, 14, 21 e 28 dias) e temperatura (ambiente e 4?C) no acondicionamento das folhas de C. nemorosa al?m do uso dos dois meios de cultura sobre a micobiota. A an?lise de covari?ncia indicou que a riqueza e o n?mero de isolados diminu?ram com o tempo de acondicionamento, entretanto em rela??o ao meio de cultura n?o houve diferen?a significativa. A temperatura de acondicionamento n?o apresentou influ?ncia significativa sobre a comunidade, segundo o teste-t. O segundo cap?tulo comparou as comunidades de fungos de C. nemorosa e V. guianensis durante as esta??es chuvosa e seca. Clusia nemorosa apresentou maior riqueza de esp?cies e diversidade de fungos comparada a V. guianensis. A an?lise de similaridade indicou que as varia??es na comunidade entre as plantas e esta??es foram significativas, enquanto que a an?lise de agrupamento e a multivariada NMDS apresentaram a sazonalidade como fator determinante para a distribui??o dos fungos. O terceiro cap?tulo investigou a distribui??o espacial e temporal da comunidade de fungos associada ao folhedo de V. guianensis presentes nos tr?s remanescentes. A an?lise multivariada NMDS revelou diferen?as na composi??o das comunidades de fungos em cada ?rea e esta??o clim?tica e a an?lise de similaridade indicou que as diferen?as encontradas foram estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados deste estudo apresentam uma grande diversidade de fungos associada ao folhedo presente nos remanescentes de Mata Atl?ntica e indicam que a distribui??o dos fungos no ambiente n?o ? aleat?ria. O conhecimento dos efeitos dos fatores bi?ticos e abi?ticos sobre a distribui??o dos fungos sapr?bios ? fundamental para entender o papel que desempenham nos ecossistemas florestais.

Šio darbo tikslas – įvertinti Dubysos upės vidurupio vandens kokybę, taikant bioindikacinius vandens telkinių vertinimo metodus. Naudojant Saprobiškumo (S) ir Simpsono įvairovės indeksų (D) metodus buvo identifikuoti zooplanktoniniai organizmai bei įvertinti rūšių skaičiaus, gausumo ir įvairovės pasiskirstymo dėsningumai. Pagal J. Brown-Blanquet skalę atliktas atskirų augalų rūšių gausumo (projekcinis padengimo) barelyje vertinamas. Apie 50 km atkarpoje buvo išdėstytos 15 tyrimų vietų, kurias pasirenkant buvo atsižvelgiama į netoliese esančius žemės ūkio, pramonės, transporto objektus bei gamtinę aplinką. Tiriant zooplanktoniną paimti 270 vandens ir vandens – dumblo mėginiai. Šie tyrimai atlikti tris kartus metuose, bandymą pakartojant tris kartus. Naudojant J. Brown-Blanquet skalę augalų projekcinio padengimo vertinimas atliktas liepos mėn. Taigi vandens kokybės vertinimui buvo skaičiuoti tokie rodikliai: zooplanktoninių organizmų rūšių skaičius, gausumas, Simpsono įvairovės (D), Saprobiškumo (S) indeksai bei augalų projekcinis padengimas. Tirtoje teritorijoje buvo aptikta 33 zooplanktono rūšys: 8 infuzorijos, 8 dumbliai, 2 bakterijos, 2 vabzdžių lervos, 3 verpetės, 4 pirmuonys, 2 šakotaūsiai ir 3 irklakojai vėžiagyviai. Taikyta vienfaktorinė dispersinė analizė (One–way ANOVA) parodė, kad tyrimų vietos vandens kokybė (vandens užterštumas arba švarumas) turi įtakos vandens kokybę indikuojantiems rodikliams (rūšių skaičiui, gausumui, D bei S indeksams). Rūšių sudėtis ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The aim – to assess middle of the river Dubysa water quality, using valuation techniques by bioindicationous water mines. Using saprobic index (S) and Simpson's diversity index (D) methods have been identified zooplanktons organisms and the number of species, abundance and diversity of distribution patterns. According to J. Brown-Blanquet scale of an individual plant species richness (covering projection) rating in the barrel. About 50 km stretch was down 15 test sites, the choice was taken to the nearby agricultural, industrial, transport facilities and the environment. Studying zooplankton, it was taken of 270 water mines, and water - sludge ("hanging drop") samples. These studies were conducted three times a year, repeating the test three times. Using J. Brown-Blanquet scale projection covering the plant assessment was carried out in July. Thus, the assessment of water quality indicators have been calculated as follows: organisms zooplankton number of species, abundance, Simpson's diversity index (D), saprobic index (S) and the projection coating plant. There was found 33 species of investigated zooplankton area: 8 infusoria, 8 algae, 2 bacteria, 2 insect larvae, 3 vortex, 4 protozoa, crustaceans 2 and 3 copepods. Applied to one factor analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) revealed that research on local water quality (water pollution or purity) affect water quality for indication indicators (number of species, abundance, D index). Species composition and quantitative... [to full text]

The objective of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the quality of the water after flow through the ponds with conventional (Blatensko, Czech Republic) and organic (Waldviertel, Austria) technologies using the colonization of artificial substrates by macrozoobenthos (MZB) to asses the differences in the influence of different managements of pond farming (organic vs. traditional) on water quality. Samplings were performed in monthly intervals (AprilSeptember 2016) at nine inflow and outflow profiles of four ponds. Samples of MZB were processed in the laboratory. Evaluation of MZB was supplemented by in-situ monitoring of basic parameters of the aquatic environment. The resulting values of saprobic index (SI) match the water quality in outlets in the range valid for the beta to alpha mesosabrobity (SI 2.302.62). In the inlets to the Skaličný and Haslauerteich ponds, where the SI value corresponded the betamesosabrobity (SI 2.482.49), the discharged water quality in the outlet was insignificantly (p>0,05) deteriorated to the alphamesosabrobity (SI 2.54 2.62). On the contrary, in the inlet to the Gebhartsteich pond, where the value SI matched the alphamesosabrobity (SI 2.57), water quality in the outlet was insignificantly (p>0,05) slightly improved (SI 2.54), but the degree of saprobity has not changed. Similarly, in the inlet to the Pančár pond, where the SI value matched betamesosabrobity (SI 2.30), the outlet water quality was insignificantly (p>0,05) slightly deteriorated (SI 2.33), however again the degree of saprobity remained unchanged. Water quality changes after the flow through the investigated ponds resulted in the increase of the diversity index (H´) and vice versa (the worse water quality the lower H´). According to the analysis of the data of environmental conditions in organic and conventional carp ponds, they did not differ significantly. Also the species richness and the total number of individuals were not significantly different. The results of this diploma thesis demonstrated that the applied organic technologies of fish culture in monitored ponds did not have any significant impact (improvement) on the quality of aquatic environment and the composition of macrozoobenthos in the recipients of farm outflows, and also that no significant differences (deterioration) can be documented in the outflows from conventional ponds compared to the organic pond farming management.

The presented thesis deals with the structure and composition of macrozoobenthos of Pohořský and Dobechovský brooks in the Novohradské Mountains. The evaluation was based on the collections from 10 localities carried out in July 2001, March 2002 and July 2002/2003. In addition to determination and classification of the species found, the collections have also been qualitatively evaluated with the use of the diversity index (saprobic index, Belgian Biotic index) and the similarity index. It has been found that the zoobenthos population of Pohořský and Dobechovský brooks encompasses the species of both trout and grayling zones. In most taxa it concerns characteristic representatives of clear, flowing and adequately aerated water. Mutual species similarity of macrozoobenthos population of Pohořský and Dobechovský brooks is approximately 40%. The comparison of macrozoobenthos population diversity indices of Pohořský and Dobechovský brooks has shown that the Pohořský brook bentic fauna is, according to the obtained data, richer and better balanced. From the saprobity point of view, the Pohořský brook can mainly be placed into oligosaprobic stream class. The water of Dobechovský brook oscillates between oligosaprobic and {$\beta$}-mesosaprobic level.

The "Zákolanský potok" takes part in European nature program Special Area of Conservation because of the presence of stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torentium), which is listed as threatened species. The area around brook is intensively agriculturally cultivated. Water from wastewater treatments plants is drained to the local brooks. The aim of the work was to describe diversity of macrozoobenthos on the brook called "Zákolanský potok". Further aim was to evaluate the ecological condition of the watercourse using biotic indexes. The samples of macrobenthos were taken from three profiles in five sampling periods. Profile 1 was control, profile 2 was under the wastewater treatments plants and the third profile was placed down the stream. Diversity, biomass, saprobic index, BMWP, and ASTP scores were evaluated for the community of macrozoobenthos. The saprobic index was evaluated to the beta-mezosaprobity value (2.0-2.4) in the first profile, the saprobic index on the second profile showed a relatively wide range from worse oligosaprobity to worse beta-mesosaprobity (1.2-2.4). On the third profile, the saprobic index ranged from better beta-mesosaprobity to better alpha-mesosaprobity (1.6-2.6). The BMWP and ASPT scores in all profiles refer to medium to low quality aquatic environments. The diversity of the community gained the best values on the 3rd profile, here was found with one more taxon than on the 1st profile. With increasing organic load, diversity decreased on the 2nd profile, although a more sensitive species was found here.

碩士
國立中央大學
生命科學系
102
Hyphomycetes belonging to Fungi Imperfecti subphylum (Deuteromycotina) is a group of fungi that do not have sexual generation or sexual generation yet to be discovered. In Taiwan, many fungi have not yet been found, identified and characterized. This study is focused on the identification and characterization of saprobic hyphomycetes. More than 16 samples on 10 host plants were collected in this study in Northern Taiwan. Clonostachys epichloë, Cl. rogersoniana, Cylindrocladium floridanum, Selenodriella fertilis, Tubercularia longispora, and Verticillium insectorum are new records to Taiwan. In addition, Venustosynnema sp. nov., Myrothecium sp. 1, Myrothecium sp. 2 are new species of the world. Venustosynnema sp. has central setae and peripheral setae, Myrothecium sp. 1 has abundant hook-like marginal hairs surrounding entire synnemata, and Myrothecium sp. 2 has a small amount of hook-like marginal hairs and numerous setae surrounding sporodochia. The morphology of specimens derived from cultures grown on CMA and from natural substrata was compared and described and illustrated. Cl. rogersoniana and T. longispora are described from natural substrata for the first time. In contrast to culture morphology, Cl. rogersoniana on the natural substrate rarely forms Verticillium-like conidiophores. DNA sequence data of ITS regions within nuclear rDNA confirmed the morphological species concept.

Monitoring of 0+ juvenile fish communities was realized in years 2012 and 2013 in 39 localities in 25 selected Moravian rivers. It was realized in collaboration with Povodí Moravy SOE research workers. The aim of this diploma thesis was to conduct a survey of 0+ juvenile fish communities and evaluate basic attributes of these ichthyocenosis (species richness, biodiversity, equitability, abundance and domiance). Secondary aim was the evalutation od hydromorphological conditions and water quality based on data provided by Povodí Moravy SOE. This monitoring was realized using the mobile FEG 1500 electrofishing device. The electrofishing crew moved upstream using continuous fishing strategy. Each locality was selected by highly experienced research workers of Povodí Moravy SOE. Caught fish were determined immediately and carefully retruned to the stream. In total there was present 28 0+ juvenile fish species. The most frequent was chub (Leuciscus cephalus, 23 localities), gudgeon (Gobio gobio, 19 localities) and roach (Rutilus rutilus, 19 localities). In 13 localities occured the fish fry of barbel (Barbus barbus) wich is positive surprise due to its sensitivity to water pollution. In contrast the massive presence of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in some localities was an unpleasant finding. 4 localities were without fish fry. This survey has observed increasing trend of biodiversity depending on improving of hydromorphological status while the abundance showed almost no diference. Saprobic index of 0+ juvenilie fish community increased with deteriorating of water quality which could mean that the fish fry is relatively reliable indicator of water quality. The results of this diploma thesis could be used in documenting of Moravian streams and in comparisson with another monitorings in these localities.