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Journal articles on the topic 'Saprolite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Vepraskas, Michael J., Aziz Amoozegar, and Terrence Gardner. "Estimation of Saprolite Thickness Needed to Remove E. coli from Wastewater." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052066.

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Saprolite, weathered bedrock, is being used to dispose of domestic sewage through septic system drainfields, but the thickness of saprolite needed to remove biological contaminants is unknown for most saprolites. This study developed and tested a simple method for estimating the thickness of saprolite needed below septic drainlines to filter E. coli from wastewater using estimates of the volume of pores that are smaller than the length of the coliform (≤10 μm). Particle size distribution (texture) and water retention data were obtained for 12 different saprolites from the Piedmont and Mountain

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DE TOLEDO, MARIA CRISTINA MOTTA, SONIA BARROS DE OLIVEIRA, MARCONDES LIMA DA COSTA, CAMILA PASSOS, and HENRIQUE DINIZ DE ALMEIDA. "Evolução do Manto de Intemperismo Laterítico Rico em Fosfatos na Ilha de Itacupim (PA) - Mineralogia, Micromorfologia e Geoquímica." Pesquisas em Geociências 33, no. 2 (2006): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19520.

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The lateritic mantle overlying ultramafic rocks at Itacupim Island (state of Pará, northern Brazil) comprises 5 horizons. From bottom to top they are: (1) altered rock (hornblende, phlogopite, apatite, magnetite, fissural wavellite, and smaller amounts of smectite or kaolinite), (2) a smectitic saprolite (smectite, wavellite, goethite, and traces of hornblende), a kaolinitic saprolite (kaolinite, wavellite, goethite, and traces of phlogopite), a phosphatic duricrust (crandallite, goethite and hematite), and a ferruginous duricrust (hematite, goethite and crandallite). The mineralogical and che

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3

Ruslan, Arya Raihan Nugroho, Yatini Yatini, and Muhammad Arief Wicaksono. "Delineation of Nickel Laterite Based on Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) Method at Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi." Jambura Geoscience Review 7, no. 1 (2025): 48–59. https://doi.org/10.37905/jgeosrev.v7i1.22109.

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Fulfillment of nickel laterite needs for various industrial purposes has become a government plan that must be realized immediately. The sustainability of the nickel laterite supply is the main reason for increasing exploration activities in various nickel laterite-producing areas in Indonesia. Nickel laterite explorations have been carried out in several areas, one of which is in Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography) method combined with drilling and geochemical data is very suitable for delineating nickel laterite in the subsurface

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Gan, Julian K.-M., and D. G. Fredlund. "Shear strength characteristics of two saprolitic soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 4 (1996): 595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-085-307.

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The saturated and unsaturated shear strength behavior of an undisturbed, completely decomposed fine ash tuff and an undisturbed, completely decomposed granite from Hong Kong were studied using direct shear and triaxial tests. The completely decomposed fine ash tuff is a fine- to medium-grained saprolite. The completely decomposed granite is a coarse-grained saprolite. Results show that matric suction increases the shear strength of both soils. The extent of the increase is the shear strength with matric suction is related to the soil-water characteristic curve for the soil and to the amount of

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Hasria, Hasria, Moh Ruliansyah, Salih awadh, et al. "Identification of Lateritic Nickel Deposits Potential in the Kokoe Area, Kabaena Island, Central Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia." Iraqi Geological Journal 57, no. 1A (2024): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1a.15ms-2024-1-26.

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The study is situated in the Kokoe Region of Central Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, specifically in the southern part of Kabaena Island. Its primary objective is to assess the potential of nickel laterite in the designated area. The research methodology involved microscopic analysis of bedrock using a polarizing microscope, examining the drilling data, including logging descriptions, and utilizing XRF geochemical analysis (Ni, Fe, Al2O3, Co, Mg, and SiO2) from 32 drilling sites. Both elementary grade and laterite profiles were visualized using Strater 5 software to simplify the representat

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Ferreira, Quênia C. G., and Luis A. P. Bacellar. "Analysis of Chemical Mobility of Leachate Contaminants in Gneiss Saprolite of Belo Horizonte Solid Waste Landfill (CTRS BR 040), South-Eastern Brazil." Soils and Rocks 37, no. 1 (2014): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.371051.

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Municipal solid waste landfill is a potential source of contamination due to the harmful elements of the leachate, such as trace elements. In the Belo Horizonte landfill, the waste is partially disposed of directly on gneiss saprolites, with lower capacity to mitigate contaminants than upper soil horizons. Column tests were made to analyse the attenuation capacity of this saprolite. The analysis of the chemical elements concentration in soil and leached effluent after the tests and the calculation of the saturation index with PHREEQC software showed the ability of saprolite to mitigate the con

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Balogun, Fatai O., Hannah R. Peel, Robert E. Austin, et al. "Sorption and Phase Associations of Chromate and Vanadate with Two Contrasting North Carolina Saprolites." Soil Systems 8, no. 4 (2024): 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8040127.

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Geogenic chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) contamination of groundwater in the Piedmont region of North Carolina poses threats to public health. These contaminants are naturally derived from saprolite and aquifer materials, but geochemical variability in these materials makes it difficult to predict specific risks of Cr and V in well water. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine host phases of Cr and V in representative subsurface materials; (2) characterize contaminant binding parameters of chemically variable saprolites; and (3) examine the influence of saprolite chemistry on contam

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Azikin, Busthan, Hery Astaman, and Rohaya Langkoke. "Geometric Design Analysis of Pit X Mine Slope Koninis Area, Bunta District, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province." Journal of Geology and Exploration 2, no. 2 (2023): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.58227/jge.v2i2.114.

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Penelitian mengenai mengenai analisi geometri lereng tambang PIT X dilakukan IUP PT. X di Desa Koninis yang secara administrasi termasuk di Kecamatan Bunta, Kabupaten Bangggai, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, dengan mendesain geometri lereng secara statis dan dinamis berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri ESDM No. 1827 K/30/MEM Tahun 2018. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode Bishop Simplified menggunakan perangkat lunak Slide 6.0 dari Rockscience. Hasil dari analisis lereng statis lereng keseluruhan pada kondisi tanpa muka air tanah adalah 2.00 dan pada lereng keseluruhan yang dipengaruhi oleh muka air tan

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Santos, Pabllo Henrique Costa dos, Marcondes Lima da Costa, and Desiree Lisette Roerdink. "Geochemical and Isotopic Fractionation in the Hypogene Ore, Gossan, and Saprolite of the Alvo 118 Deposit: Implications for Copper Exploration in the Regolith of the Carajás Mineral Province." Minerals 13, no. 11 (2023): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13111441.

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In the Carajás Mineral Province, gossan formation and lateritization have produced numerous supergene orebodies at the expense of IOCG deposits and host rocks. The Alvo 118 deposit comprises massive and disseminated hypogene copper sulfides associated with gossan and mineralized saprolites. The hypogene reserves are 170 Mt, with 1% Cu and 0.3 ppm Au, while the supergenes are 55 Mt, comprised of 30% gossan and 70% saprolite, with 0.92% Cu and 0.03 ppm Au. The gossan includes goethite, malachite, cuprite, and libethenite zones. The saprolite comprises kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, and relics

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Munahruddin, Munahruddin, Sufriadin Sufriadin, and Irzal Nur. "Fractionation Studies to Increase the Ni Grade of Saprolite Ores from the Wolo Mine Area, Kolaka Regency of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia." Advanced Materials Research 1182 (December 30, 2024): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-ushhi5.

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The raw materials of stainless steel production are mainly derived from nickel laterite ore. The production of stainless steel is carried out using the pyrometallurgical method. The Rotary Kiln Electric Furnace (RKEF) process is widely used to produce ferronickel or nickel matte. The feed for the RKEF smelter originates from saprolite ores and is usually divided into soft saprolite and rocky saprolite. Soft saprolite generally has a higher Ni-grade than rocky saprolite. The potential for increased nickel grade in rocky saprolite can be carried out by screening the bulk ores to minimize gangue

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Flinchum, Brady, Luk Peeters, Tim Munday, and Kevin Cahill. "Improving the hydrogeologic conceptualization of a remote semiarid palaeovalley groundwater system using airborne electromagnetics, seismic refraction and reflection, and downhole nuclear magnetic resonance." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 5 (2021): WB207—WB226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0614.1.

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A hydrogeologic conceptualization is critical to understand, manage, protect, and sustain groundwater resources, particularly in regions where data are sparse and accessibility is difficult. We used airborne electromagnetics (AEM), shallow seismic reflection and refraction, and downhole nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs to improve our understanding of an arid groundwater system influenced by palaeovalleys. We found that there is a limited connection between the palaeovalley and fractured bedrock aquifers because they are separated by a spatially variable layer of saprolite, which is the la

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Schepp, Claudia, Bernd Diekkrüger, and Mathias Becker. "Hillslope Hydrology in a Deeply Weathered Saprolite and Associated Nitrate Transport to a Valley Bottom Wetland in Central Uganda." Hydrology 9, no. 12 (2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9120229.

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While interflow from the slopes can be crucial for water and nutrient availability in low-input farming systems in wetlands in East Africa, very little data exist on hillslope hydrology and associated nutrient transport in deeply weathered saprolites over crystalline rocks. This study aims for a better process understanding of interflow generation and routing in this environment and its contribution to water and nitrate availability at the wetland fringe of a valley bottom wetland in central Uganda. The study was set up as a plot study following a multi-method approach, including interflow tre

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Domènech, Cristina, Salvador Galí, Josep M. Soler, et al. "The Loma de Hierro Ni-laterite deposit (Venezuela): Mineralogical and chemical composition." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (2020): A050620. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a050620.

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Nickel laterite deposits developed on ultramafic rocks have traditionally been a significant source of Ni and Co and recently of Sc. Although the Loma de Hierro deposit (Venezuela) has been in operation for more than 50 years, it lacks detailed studies on the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the lateritic profile. In this study, we present a geochemical and mineral description of the main carrier phases of Ni and Co in a complete profile of the deposit. The selected weathering profile has been developed from a partially serpentinized harzburgitic protolith and has a well-developed

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Evans, Daniel L., Bernardo Cândido, Ricardo M. Coelho, et al. "The Loss of Soil Parent Material: Detecting and Measuring the Erosion of Saprolite." Soil Systems 8, no. 2 (2024): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8020043.

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Soil parent material is a fundamental natural resource for the generation of new soils. Through weathering processes, soil parent materials provide many of the basic building blocks for soils and have a significant bearing on the physico-chemical makeup of the soil profile. Parent materials are critical for governing the stock, quality, and functionality of the soil they form. Most research on soil parent materials to date has aimed to establish and measure the processes by which soil is generated from them. Comparatively little work has been performed to assess the rates at which soil parent

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Oluwatoyin, O. Akinola, and L. Ademilua Oladimeji. "Geomorphological Transformation of a Granite Rotten in-Situ in Nigeria: Implications for Chemical Weathering, Lateritization and Pedogenesis." Geomorphological Transformation of a Granite Rotten in-Situ in Nigeria: Implications for Chemical Weathering, Lateritization and Pedogenesis 8, no. 11 (2023): 13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10213165.

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Nigeria is a sub-Saharan Africa country, its closeness to the equator precipitates tropical type of climate. The consequence of the alternating raining and dry seasons coupled with relatively high humidity throughout the year triggers severe chemical decay which causes rock rot in Ekiti area of SW Nigeria. Decomposition of rocks through intense in-situ chemical weathering and selective leaching resulted in prevalence of laterites, lateritic soils and saprolite in the area. Lateritization and formation of saprolite in the area is consequent on de-silicification processes during which substantia

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Felix-Henningsen, Peter. "Field Trip D (27 September 2018): characteristics and development of the Mesozoic–Tertiary weathering mantle and Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits in the Hintertaunus mountainous region." DEUQUA Special Publications 1 (August 20, 2018): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-1-53-2018.

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Abstract. The Devonian slates and sandstones of the Rhenish Massif were subject to deep and intensive weathering under (sub)tropical climate conditions during the Cretaceous, the Paleogene and the Neogene, which caused the development of a weathering mantle (regolith) >100 m thick, consisting of kaolinitic saprolite and paleosols as well as correlated sediments. Especially the tectonic uplift of the Rhenish Massif and climate change during the Neogene and the Pleistocene led to a vast denudation of the weathering mantle. Only in less uplifted areas of the mountainous region did thick remnan

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Nunusara, Werdhi, Adi Maulana, and Adi Tonggiroh. "Geostatistical Models and Estimation of Laterite Nickel Ore Reserves, Marombo Block, South Sulawesi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1373, no. 1 (2024): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1373/1/012040.

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Abstract Geostatistical modeling in this study requires a distribution of drill points that have a fixed dimension so that they can produce a reserve accuracy match that is the same as the variograph. The choice of reserve estimation method is prioritized by determining the geological domains of limonite, saprolite and bedrock through a geostatistical approach, namely ordinary krigging (OK) and inverse distance weight (IDW) with the JORC standard (2012), for the accuracy of the limonite and saprolite zone boundaries. The reserve model has shown a definite model of the limonite and saprolite zo

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Séa, Frédéric, Marc G. Tanguay, Pierre Trudel, and Mario Bergeron. "Solubilité de l'or dans les eaux interstitielles de la latérite coiffant le gîte aurifère de Misséni, au Mali." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 8 (1993): 1553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-134.

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Twenty samples of interstitial waters and pressed saprolite were collected within undisturbed saprolite blocks to determine the actual gold transporting mode in the auriferous laterites of Misséni, Mali. The results of the analyses indicate a very high solubility of gold in the interstitial waters of the Misséni laterites (from <2 to 16.7 ppb Au; Eh, 0.356–0.419 V; pH, 6.7–7.7). The calculated theoretical concentrations of auric chloride ion, [Formula: see text], (0.3 × 10−14 – 32.7 × 10−4 ppm) and thiosulphate ion, [Formula: see text], (2.5 × 10−212 – 6.7 × 10−180 ppm), which are generally

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Salu, Sahrul Poalahi, and Chanro Silaban. "Perbandingan Tonase Kemajuan Tambang Menggunakan Metode Mine Survey Terhadap Realisasi Penambangan di Bukit Everest PT. Antam Tbk. UBPN Sulawesi Tenggara." G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan 8, no. 1 (2024): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33379/gtech.v8i1.3789.

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Untuk mengetahui tonase realisasi penambangan dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu metode timbangan dan metode Truck Count. Metode timbangan diterapkan untuk material High Grade Saprolite Ore (HGSO) dengan kadar Ni ≥ 1.80% sedangakan metode Truck Count diterapakan untuk dua material yaitu Low Grade Saprolite Ore (LGSO) dengan kadar 1.50% ≤ Ni <1.80% dan material overburden (OB). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan tonase realisasi penambangan dengan tonase kemajuan tambang menggunakan metode Mine Survey. Perhitungan tonase Mine Survey menggunakan bantuan software Surpac 6.3. Berdasark

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Fahrullah, Muh, La Ode Muhammad Golok Jaya, and Lukas Kano Mangallah. "Analisis Kelayakan Teknik dan Estimasi Sumberdaya Mineral Terukur pada Blok 4 Izin Usaha Pertambangan (IUP) Biji Nikel PT. Tiran Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Rekayasa (Journal of Engineering Management) 6, no. 1 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jmr.v6i1.49049.

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Analisis kelayakan teknik, pemodelan geologi dan estimasi sumberdaya terukur nikel laterit bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan secara teknik dan penyebaran sumberdaya yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk constrain blok model. Hasil estimasi sumberdaya mempresentasikan bentuk dan penyebaran dari endapan mineral sehingga memudahkan dalam melakukan penambangan serta dapat memperkirakan batas-batas penambangan berdasarkan hasil pemodelan geologi dan estimasi sumberdaya. Data yang digunakan dalam estimasi sumberdaya nikel laterit terdiri dari data geologi, data hasil pengeboran, data hasil uji kadar dari

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Ripamole, J. N. A., Warsa, and S. Bahri. "Identification of Nickel Laterite Deposit in Hukurila Ambon Based on Electrical Resistivity Tomography Data." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1458, no. 1 (2025): 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1458/1/012010.

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Abstract Nickel reserves in the Hukurila area are laterite nickel deposits from the weathering ultramafic rocks. The layers in laterite nickel deposits show different percentages of element values, where the focus point is the saprolite and limonite zones with a large percentage of nickel elements. This research examines the structure of nickel laterite deposits below the surface. Each layer in laterite nickel deposits has a different resistivity value, this means that the structure of the limonite and saprolite layers below the surface can be studied easily using the electrical resistivity to

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RUTHERFORD, G. K., LORETTA LI, and G. J. ROSS. "NATURE OF SMECTITES IN SOILS DEVELOPED ON BASALTIC SAPROLITE AND BASALTIC AND GRANITIC TILL IN NOVA SCOTIA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 4 (1989): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-089.

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In Kings County Nova Scotia, soils have developed over pre-Wisconsinan basaltic saprolite and basaltic and granitic till. The clay fraction of the soil developed on the saprolite is predominantly a trioctahedral smectite and apparently has not been significantly changed by post-Wisconsinan weathering. The clay fraction of the Aej horizon of the soil developed on granitic till is dominantly composed of dioctahedral layer silicates, mainly mica with some montmorillonite and vermiculite, and that developed on basaltic till by smectite and vermiculite. Key words: Basaltic saprolite, trioctahedral

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Pai, C. W., M. K. Wang, H. C. Chiang, H. B. King, J. L. Hwong, and H. T. Hu. "Formation of iron nodules in a Hapludult of central Taiwan." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, no. 2 (2003): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s02-068.

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This study compared iron nodules with their matrix materials in a Hapludult from central Taiwan. Mineralogy and 14C ages of the iron nodules were compared with their associated matrix materials. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and accelerated mass spectroscopy (AMS). Hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and illite were the major clay minerals in the soil matrix, but illite and kaolinite were dominant in the iron nodules. Clay mineralogy of iron nodules revealed more intense weathering process than the surrounding soil matrix. 14C dates showed that the age of saprolite an

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McVay, K. A., D. E. Radcliffe, L. T. West, and M. L. Cabrera. "Anion Exchange in Saprolite." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (2004): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/3.2.668.

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McVay, K. A., D. E. Radcliffe, L. T. West, and M. L. Cabrera. "Anion Exchange in Saprolite." Vadose Zone Journal 3, no. 2 (2004): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0668.

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Kew, G. A., R. J. Gilkes, and D. Evans. "Relationships between fabric, water retention, and strength of hard subsoils in the south of Western Australia." Soil Research 48, no. 2 (2010): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09080.

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Crop yield in the sandy soils of the Western Australian wheatbelt is influenced strongly by the plant-available water (PAW) and strength of subsoils. The fabric of hard subsoils of fluvial and aeolian origin has been compared with that of in situ saprolite materials that also occur as subsoils in Western Australia. A fabric classification was developed and relationships between, fabric, water retention, and strength were examined. The clay matrix of hard subsoils is denser and is less porous than in saprolite. Hard subsoils contain rounded quartz grains and transported, rounded aggregates of c

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Hasria, Hasria, Rio Jaya, Salih Awadh, et al. "Mineralogy and Geochemical Characteristics of Lateritic Nickel Deposit in Wiwirano District, North Konawe, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia." Iraqi Geological Journal 57, no. 2C (2024): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.2c.13ms-2024-9-21.

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This research aims to understand the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the nickel laterite deposit in the East Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt in Wiwirano District, North Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The deposit is analyzed and described to determine the laterization process and supergene enrichment. The geochemical data was obtained from X-ray fluorescence analysis, and mineralogical data from petrography and X-ray diffraction analysis. The minerals in the limonite zone are dominated by goethite and hematite. Minerals found in the saprolite zone include quartz, orthopyroxene,

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Revil, André, Magnus Skold, Susan S. Hubbard, Yuxin Wu, David B. Watson, and Marios Karaoulis. "Petrophysical properties of saprolites from the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, Tennessee." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 1 (2013): D21—D40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0176.1.

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At the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, the shallow saprolitic aquifer is contaminated by nitric acid, uranium, and metals originating from the former S3 settling ponds. To interpret low-frequency geophysical methods used to image contaminant plumes, we have characterized the petrophysical properties of three representative saprolite core samples. Their hydraulic conductivity ranges from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] in agreement with field data. Complex conductivity measurements, in the frequency range of 1 mHz to 45 kHz, were perform

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Nur, I., S. Widodo, D. Aditya, et al. "Reconstruction of Subsurface Geological Model of Laterite Nickel Ore Deposit using Resistivity Geoelectric Method at PT Baula Petra Buana Mining Permit Area, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2973, no. 1 (2025): 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2973/1/012001.

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Abstract Indonesia has abundant mineral resources, one of which is laterite nickel, which holds high economic value and is in increasing demand. Laterite nickel exploration requires a deep understanding of subsurface geological conditions, including lithology, ore layer thickness, and its distribution. This study aims to reconstruct the subsurface geological model of laterite nickel ore deposits at Block X PT Baula Petra Buana, Tinanggea District, Southeast Sulawesi, covering an area of 60.45 hectares, using the dipole-dipole geoelectrical method. This method involves measuring subsurface resi

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Madsen, Ian C., Nicola V. Y. Scarlett, and Barry I. Whittington. "Pressure acid leaching of nickel laterite ores: anin situdiffraction study of the mechanism and rate of reaction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 38, no. 6 (2005): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980502813x.

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This paper outlines the use of an innovative system for thein situinvestigation of hydrothermal reactions by X-ray diffraction. The key features are the use of: (i) a purpose-built capillary reaction vessel which allows close emulation of the conditions present in mineral processing plants; (ii) MoKα radiation, to ensure that the X-ray beam penetrates through the capillary, and (iii) an Inel CPS120 position-sensitive detector, to enable simultaneous collection of a wide range (120° 2θ) of diffraction data. The pressure acid leaching (PAL) of nickel laterite ores is used to illustrate the capab

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Aquino, Karmina A., Carlo A. Arcilla, Christian Schardt, and Carmela Alen J. Tupaz. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of the Sta. Cruz Nickel Laterite Deposit, Zambales, Philippines." Minerals 12, no. 3 (2022): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030305.

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In this study, we present mineralogical and geochemical characterization of samples systematically collected from a nickel laterite profile at the Sta. Cruz nickel laterite deposit, Zambales, Philippines. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WDSXRF), mass-balance element mobility calculations, transmitted and reflected light microscopy, and previously reported results from coupled X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement analyses reveal that the laterite profile investigated is composed of two main horizons—the limonite and saprolite zones—separated by a thin transitio

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Najar, Mohamed, Amrita Karn, Paresh Nageshwar, Pravin Bhukte, Mukesh Chaddha, and Anupam Agnihotri. "PROCESS FOR RECOVERING SILICA FROM LITHOMARG CLAY: VALUE ADDITION OF UNEXPLOITEDMINING REJECT." Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 59, no. 1 (2024): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v59.i1.2024.15.

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Physico-chemical treatment was adopted for processing alumino-siliceous lithomarg clay known as saprolite. The study explained the potential of utilizing saprolite clay as fast resource for recovering silica mineral phases for value added utilization of unused mining reject. The conversion of saprolite to silica enriched low iron precursor was achieved by chemical activation with 1:1 v/v aqueous hydrochloric acid. Recovery of nano-silicate was achieved from the low iron precursor by dissolution in aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by precipitation in acid medium and centrifugation. Physical ch

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Barongo, J. O., and G. J. Palacky. "Investigations of electrical properties of weathered layers in the Yala area, western Kenya, using resistivity soundings." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 1 (1991): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442949.

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Investigation in many parts of the world have indicated that resistivity of saprolite (a chloritization zone at the base of the weathering profile) depends uniquely on the underlying rock type. A study of electrical properties of the weathered layer was undertaken near Yala in the Nyanzian‐Kavirondian greenstone belt in western Kenya. Resistivity soundings were systematically carried out in a 24 × 40 km area. Saprolite formed over basalt had the lowest resistivity (14 Ω•m), followed by andesite (27 Ω•m) and rhyolite (67 Ω•m). Statistically meaningful data sets conclusively show, for the first

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Asmiani, Nur, Alam Budiman Thamsi, Supardin Nompo, Suryanto Bakri, Muh Yusril Affandy Tukloy, and Harmitun Harmitun. "MODEL OF LATERITE NICKEL DEPOSITS BASED ON LGSO AND HGSO VALUES PT MITRA KARYA AGUNG LESTARI." JGE (Jurnal Geofisika Eksplorasi) 10, no. 1 (2024): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jge.v10i1.305.

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The laterite nickel deposit model provides information about the form of laterite nickel deposits below the surface, which can be used as one of the considerations in the implementation of mining activities. The purpose of conducting this research is to determine the distribution model of nickel laterite deposits in 3 dimensions (3D) and to determine the amount of nickel laterite reserves based on high-grade saprolite ore (HGSO) and low-grade saprolite ore (LGSO) values in the DH Block. In this research, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) is used to estimate nickel laterite resources, which are a

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Anand, R. R. "Feldspar Weathering in Lateritic Saprolite." Clays and Clay Minerals 33, no. 1 (1985): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1985.0330104.

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Putra, Inga Kharisma, Avellyn Shinthya Sari, and Sapto Heru Yuwanto. "Estimation of Nickel Laterite Resources and Reserves Using Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Methods: A Case Study from the Kolaka Block, PT Indrabakti Mustika, North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi." Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 5, no. 1 (2024): 35–41. https://doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2024.v5i1.6190.

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This study aims to assess the geological domains and estimate the nickel laterite resources and reserves within the Kolaka Block exploration area at PT Indrabakti Mustika, utilizing the Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) methods. The research employs quantitative and qualitative approaches to evaluate the geological framework and estimate the nickel laterite resources and reserves. Geological domain classification—limonite, saprolite, and bedrock layers—was achieved through detailed core section analysis, which informed the delineation of the nickel laterite zones. Based on the

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Riebe, Clifford S., Russell P. Callahan, Sarah B. M. Granke, et al. "Anisovolumetric weathering in granitic saprolite controlled by climate and erosion rate." Geology 49, no. 5 (2021): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48191.1.

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Abstract Erosion at Earth’s surface exposes underlying bedrock to climate-driven chemical and physical weathering, transforming it into a porous, ecosystem-sustaining substrate consisting of weathered bedrock, saprolite, and soil. Weathering in saprolite is typically quantified from bulk geochemistry assuming physical strain is negligible. However, modeling and measurements suggest that strain in saprolite may be common, and therefore anisovolumetric weathering may be widespread. To explore this possibility, we quantified the fraction of porosity produced by physical weathering, FPP, at three

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Gardner, T., M. J. Vepraskas, and A. Amoozegar. "Efficiency of saprolite for removing E. coli from simulated wastewater." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (2020): 2545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.514.

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Abstract Saprolite, weathered bedrock, is being used to dispose of domestic sewage through septic system drainfields, but its ability to remove coliforms is unknown. This study determined if Escherichia coli could be removed by a sandy loam saprolite material. Triplicate columns containing saprolite were prepared with lengths of 30, 45, and 60 cm. A 215-mL solution containing 1 × 105 CFU/100 mL of non-toxic E. coli was applied to the top of each column for 5 days/week for 13 weeks, and selected outflow samples were analyzed for E. coli. Control columns had only tap water applied to them at the

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De Kimpe, C. R., J. Dejou, and Y. Chevalier. "Magnetic susceptibility of a saprolite and a soil profile developed on pyroxenite at Mont-Saint-Bruno, Quebec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 2 (2001): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-049.

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Magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements were performed with a recording magnetic susceptivimeter on a pyroxenite and its alteration products, i.e., a saprolite and the horizons of a soil profile. Pyroxenite contains a relatively high percentage of opaque minerals that, under alteration, transformed partly into Fe oxides with a high magnetic susceptibility. In the saprolite and the soil, χ values varied according to depth in the profile, particle size, mineralogical and chemical composition. Significant correlations between χ values and Fe and Ti oxides indicated the importance of opaque miner

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Vidya Sari, Dwi, and Aftri Nurdiyansyah. "The Distribution of Major Elements By Geochemical Perspective of Whole-Rock Weathering Profile at Ulie Nickel Laterite Deposit in Central Halmahera Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1437, no. 1 (2024): 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1437/1/012002.

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Abstract As one of the world’s largest nickel (Ni) producers, Indonesia should become one of the centers determining the direction of global nickel policy and is expected to be an important source of Ni in the future. In general, Ni laterite deposits evolved with three layers from the bottommost bedrock, saprolite layers, and uppermost limonite layers, as a consequence of intense weathering processes. A common trend of Ni enrichments concentrated in the saprolite layers must be understandable for efficient exploration. This study is to investigate the geochemical characteristics of weathering

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Anand, Ravi R., Martin A. Wells, Melvyn J. Lintern, et al. "The (U-Th)/He Chronology and Geochemistry of Ferruginous Nodules and Pisoliths Formed in the Paleochannel Environments at the Garden Well Gold Deposit, Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia: Implications for Landscape Evolution and Geochemical Exploration." Minerals 11, no. 7 (2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070679.

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Ferruginous nodules and pisoliths that cap deeply weathered profiles and transported cover are characteristic of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Here we show how ferruginous nodules and pisoliths formed in the paleochannel sediments during Miocene can be used to locate buried Au mineralization. Three types of ferruginous nodules and pisoliths were identified in paleochannel sediments and saprolite, representing different parent materials and environments covering the Garden Well Au deposit: (i) ferruginous nodules formed in saprolite on the flanks of the paleochannel (NSP), (ii) ferrugi

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Hayes, Jorden L., Clifford S. Riebe, W. Steven Holbrook, Brady A. Flinchum, and Peter C. Hartsough. "Porosity production in weathered rock: Where volumetric strain dominates over chemical mass loss." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (2019): eaao0834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao0834.

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Weathering in the critical zone causes volumetric strain and mass loss, thereby creating subsurface porosity that is vital to overlying ecosystems. We used geochemical and geophysical measurements to quantify the relative importance of volumetric strain and mass loss---the physical and chemical components of porosity---in weathering of granitic saprolite of the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Porosity and strain decrease with depth and imply that saprolite more than doubles in volume during exhumation to the surface by erosion. Chemical depletion is relatively uniform, indicating that

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Supit, Jance Mudjani, Arifudin Idrus, Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus, I. Gde Sukadana, and Fadiah Pratiwi. "Nickel and Scandium-Bearing Minerals Associated with Limonitic Laterite Zone of the Lameruru Deposit in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 12, no. 2 (2025): 175–97. https://doi.org/10.17014/ijog.12.2.175-197.

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This study investigates nickel and scandium enrichment within a laterite profile developed on ultramafic rocks in the Lameruru area, Southeast Sulawesi. Utilizing mineralogical and geochemical analyses, the research examines transformations from parent rock through four laterite horizons: rocky saprolite, earthy saprolite, yellow limonite, and red limonite. Results reveal distinct enrichment patterns for Ni and Sc. Nickel is concentrated in the saprolite, hosted by minerals such as willemseite, vermiculite, lizardite, and antigorite, and decreases towards the red limonite, suggesting an initia

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Wibowo, G. S., D. V. Sari, and A. Milwadi. "Nickel mine planning application to support smelter demand fulfilment: a case study of gag nickel mine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1422, no. 1 (2024): 012026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1422/1/012026.

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Abstract Gag Nickel is a mining project in West Papua developed by Antam, with a total resource of approximately 300 million wet metric tons. In the central block, mining activities are carried out to meet the demand target for the nickel smelter. There are two types of specifications, saprolite and limonite ores, each with specific grade requirement based on sales purchase contract. The aim of this study was to fulfill the long-term target from 2024 to 2028 through integrated mine planning to generate production scheduling plan based on agreed contract of around 6 million wet metric tons ore

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Morgan, Kevin. "Developing Water Supplies from Saprolite Regolith." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2018, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2018abw9_2g.

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Winarno, Tri, Rinal Khaidar Ali, and Resa Komala. "The Relationship of Grain Size to Nickel Grade at Saprolite Zone of Lateritic Nickel Deposite in Moronopo Site, East Halmahera Regency, North Maluku." TEKNIK 43, no. 1 (2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v43i1.40277.

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The research was conducted at the Dinding A and Dinding B, Moronopo Site PT Antam Tbk, East Halmahera, North Maluku which is a block that has been opened for the mining process. Generally the stratigraphy of laterite nickel deposits, from top (young) to bottom (old) consists of overburden, limonite, saprolite and bedrock. The saprolite zone is an economical ore layer for Ni content. This research aims to determine the relationship between grain size of ore and the mineralogy and economical Ni content. The research methods used include the grain size fractionation method with sizes of -5 cm, +5

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Pedron, Fabrício de Araújo, Rodrigo Bomicieli de Oliveira, Ricardo Simão Diniz Dalmolin, Antonio Carlos de Azevedo, and Ricardo Vargas Kilca. "Boundary between Soil and Saprolite in Alisols in the South of Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 3 (2015): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140229.

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Despite numerous studies conducted on the lower limit of soil and its contact with saprolite layers, a great deal of work is left to standardize identification and annotation of these variables in the field. In shallow soils, the appropriately noting these limits or contacts is essential for determining their behavior and potential use. The aims of this study were to identify and define the field contact and/or transition zone between soil and saprolite in profiles of an Alisol derived from fine sandstone and siltstone/claystone in subtropical southern Brazil and to subsequently validate the f

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Lintjewas, Lediyantje, Iwan Setiawan, and Andrie Al Kausar. "Profil Endapan Nikel Laterit di Daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 29, no. 1 (2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2019.v29.970.

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Nikel laterit adalah mineral logam hasil dari proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan mineral pada batuan ultramafik. Geologi di daerah Palangga, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, disusun oleh batugamping dari Formasi Eimoko dan Formasi Langkolawa yang memiliki hubungan ketidakselarasan dengan batuan ultramafik di bawahnya sebagai pembawa endapan nikel laterit. Proses pelapukan pada batuan ultramafik menghasilkan karakter dan profil nikel laterit yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakterisasi nikel laterit berdasarkan pada mineralogi dan profil dari Zona lateritisasi. Berdasarka

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Barrientos, M. A., J. A. Gabo-Ratio, T. Yamada, K. Jabagat, A. M. Francisco, and K. Yonezu. "Co, Sc, and Ni enrichment in the Cagdianao nickel laterite deposit, Dinagat Islands, Philippines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1373, no. 1 (2024): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1373/1/012041.

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Abstract Nickel laterites are soils that are derived from the weathering of mafic and ultramafic rocks. These deposits are being extracted mostly for their economic Ni and Fe content. However, in recent studies, the potential of nickel laterites to hold significant amounts of critical metals such as Sc and Co are already being investigated. In the Philippines, nickel laterite deposits form through the weathering of ophiolitic units. One of these is the Cagdianao nickel laterite deposit which was derived from the weathering of the ultramafic units of the Dinagat Ophiolite Complex in Dinagat Isl

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Wakila, Muhamad, Supardin Nompo, Nurlia Jafar, Alam Thamsi, Abdul Salam Munir, and Andi Heriansyah. "Analysis of Cobalt Distribution and Co-Ni Correlation in Nickel Laterite Zonation in Tropical Region." Iraqi Geological Journal 57, no. 2B (2024): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.2b.14ms-2024-8-24.

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Cobalt is a key metallic element required in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries in the electric car industry, which has led to increased demand for cobalt globally. Cobalt is found associated with laterite nickel deposits but generally at lower levels. This study aims to analyze the distribution of cobalt in the laterite zone, determine cobalt-rich zones, determine cobalt-forming minerals in the limonite, saprolite and bedrock zones. As well as determining the average cobalt content in each nickel laterite zone, and determining the correlation between Co and Ni in the laterite zone. The

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