Journal articles: 'Saprophytes'

1

Fernandez, Myriam R., and Michèle C. Heath. "Interactions of the nonhost French bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) with parasitic and saprophytic fungi. I. Fungal development on and in killed, untreated, heat-treated, or blasticidin S treated leaves." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-089.

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Germination, penetration, and subsequent growth of four saprophytic and five parasitic fungi nonpathogenic on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) were examined on, or in, killed, untreated, and heat-treated or blasticidin S treated leaves in the presence (saprophytes only) or absence of additional nutrients. The saprophytes required either an external supply of nutrients or a diffusate from autoclaved leaves to germinate, and they subsequently did not attempt to penetrate untreated or heat-treated living leaves. In contrast, the parasites germinated well, and penetrated untreated tissue almost exclusively through stomata. For some parasites, preinoculation heat treatment increased the incidence of direct penetration and the degree of fungal growth in the tissue. The saprophytes and nonbiotrophic parasites all penetrated and grew well in leaves that had been killed by autoclaving or freezing. The data suggest that living, intact bean leaves are resistant to the fungal saprophytes tested because these fungi lack pathogenicity factors necessary for germination on, and penetration of, the leaf. Resistance to the parasites, in contrast, appears to reside in heat-sensitive and heat- or blasticidin S insensitive defenses in the leaf that may differ with the fungus.

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Fernandez, Myriam R., and Michèle C. Heath. "Interactions of the nonhost French bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) with parasitic and saprophytic fungi. II. Fungal development after inoculation by injection or wounding." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-090.

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Germination and growth of four saprophytic and five parasitic fungi nonpathogenic on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) were examined in leaves after the epidermis was bypassed by injection or wounding. In unheated leaves, only the parasites had the ability to spread from the wound site and to germinate and grow inside the tissue after injection. The saprophytes behaved similarly only after the leaves were given a preinoculation heat treatment, suggesting a sensitivity to heat-sensitive inhibitors. For two of the saprophytes, evidence for the presence of heat-insensitive inhibitors also was found. Unlike the intercellular growth following stomatal penetration, growth of all of the parasites was affected by heat-sensitive defenses once the epidermis was bypassed. The greater intercellular growth after injection as compared with stomatal penetration suggested that the guard cells play a significant role in the resistance of intact, unheated leaves to Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. Of the saprophytes examined, Neurospora crassa Shear & Dodge appeared to posses a number of attributes that might be considered as potential pathogenicity factors.

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Musselman, Lytton J., P. J. M. Mass, T. Rubsamen, P. Ruyters, H. Mass-van de Kamer, J. van Benthem, and H. C. M. Snelders. "Saprophytes Pro Parte." Systematic Botany 12, no. 1 (January 1987): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419227.

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Fernandez, Myriam R., and Michèle C. Heath. "Interactions of the nonhost French bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) with parasitic and saprophytic fungi. III. Cytologically detectable responses." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-091.

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Cytologically detectable responses of the nonhost French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto) to saprophytic and parasitic fungi were examined when fungal spores were introduced into heated or unheated leaves via wounds or by injection. Although similar types of responses were observed in interactions with all the fungi, some of these responses were characteristic of each group (saprophytes vs. parasites) in the frequency and (or) extent with which they were elicited. Differences in responses between and within each of these groups of fungi were more related to their degree of adaptation for parasitism than to their taxonomic relationships. Certain responses that were typically elicited by the saprophytes occurred to a lesser extent in tissue responding to the parasites, suggesting that the ability to not trigger, or suppress, these responses may be a general feature of parasitic fungi. None of the fungi elicited significant levels of plant cell necrosis, and for two of the saprophytes, dead spores elicited a lower frequency of responses than live ones. The data indicate that many of the responses of a nonhost plant to living fungi may be the result of reactions to fungal activity rather than to constitutive recognition molecules such as components of the fungal cell wall.

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5

MACURA, ANNA B. "DERMATOPHYTES, PATHOGENS OR SAPROPHYTES." International Journal of Dermatology 34, no. 8 (August 1995): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1995.tb02944.x.

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6

Poole, Philip, Vinoy Ramachandran, and Jason Terpolilli. "Rhizobia: from saprophytes to endosymbionts." Nature Reviews Microbiology 16, no. 5 (January 30, 2018): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.171.

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7

Stehmann, Christiane, Shaun Pennycook, and Kim M. Plummer. "Molecular Identification of a Sexual Interloper: The Pear Pathogen, Venturia pirina, has Sex on Apple." Phytopathology® 91, no. 7 (July 2001): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.7.633.

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Venturia pirina (the pear scab pathogen) and V. inaequalis (the apple scab pathogen) were detected as ascospores discharged from apple leaf litter in New Zealand (spring 1998). Pseudothecia of both species were located on dead apple leaves; however, only those of V. inaequalis were associated with scab lesions. V. pirina was identified by rDNA sequence analyses, because morphological characters could not distinguish this fungus from V. asperata (a rare saprophyte on apple) and other Venturia spp. pathogenic on rosaceous fruit trees. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction primers designed to the 18S end of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region differentiated Venturia fruit tree pathogens reliably. V. pirina field isolates were pathogenic on pear, but only weak saprophytes on apple. In rare instances, when appressoria of V. pirina appeared to penetrate the cuticle of apple leaves, epidermal cells responded with a localized hypersensitive response (HR). To our knowledge, this is the first report of induction of HR-like events by V. pirina on its nonhost, apple, and also the first record of sexual reproduction of V. pirina on apple. It is assumed that V. pirina pseudothecia formed from saprophytic lesions in senescing apple leaves when active defense mechanisms such as HR were no longer induced.

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Ivanova, I. S., A. V. Edelev, N. V. Yurkevich, I. N. Eltsov, N. G. Nalivayko, and O. P. Saeva. "Assessment of the Impact of an Emergency Oil Spill on the Surface Waters of the Pyasina River Basin." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-7-48-55.

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The ecological state of the Pyasina river basin was assessed by the microbiological and chemical composition of surface waters. The waters of the Bezymyanny (Nadezhdinsky) stream, the Daldykan, Ambarnaya, Pyasina, Dudypta and Tareya rivers, Pyasinsky lakes were studied. The content of oil products, sulfate ions, copper, nickel, iron and manganese in water was identfied. The microbiological composition of waters was analyzed and saprophytes, oligotrophic plants, bacteria oxidizing individual hydrocarbons and oil were isolated. It is shown that the aquatic ecosystems of the Norilsk industrial region are exposed to technogenic impact with subsequent local anomalies in pollutant concentrations. The ecological state of the studied reservoirs was determined by the number of saprophytic bacteria.

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Howard, Susan T., and Thomas F. Byrd. "The rapidly growing mycobacteria: saprophytes and parasites." Microbes and Infection 2, no. 15 (December 2000): 1845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01338-1.

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10

Milijasevic, Tanja, and Dragan Karadzic. "Parasitic and saprophytic fungi occurring in connection with Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 90 (2004): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0490119m.

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The study of epidemiology and significance of the parasitic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea in Serbia and Montenegro shows that some parasitic and saprophytic fungi occur in connection with this pathogen. Among the 13 identified species, the most frequent are Truncatella hartigi and Cenangium accum. Dothistroma septospora is a fungus with the most expressed pathogenic properties among those that colonize Austrian pine needles. A new data is that the above two fungi can occur also on the needles of the same current-year shoots, i.e. that D. septospora can be in succession with S. sapinea when it colonizes the needles on the shoots which were previously infected by S. sapinea. The remaining identified species occurred individually and they are the weak parasites or the saprophytes.

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11

Pavlik, Ivo, Vit Ulmann, Dana Hubelova, and Ross Tim Weston. "Nontuberculous Mycobacteria as Sapronoses: A Review." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2022): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071345.

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Mycobacteria are a unique group of microorganisms. They are characterised by exceptional adaptability and durability. They are capable of colonisation and survival even in very unfavourable conditions. In addition to the well-known obligate human pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, more than 200 other species have been described. Most of them form a natural part of the microflora of the external environment and thrive in aquatic and soil environments especially. For many of the mycobacterial species associated with human disease, their natural source has not yet been identified. From an ecological point of view, mycobacteria are saprophytes, and their application in human and animal diseases is opportunistic. Most cases of human disease from saprophytic mycobacteria occur in immunocompromised individuals. This adaptability and resilience to environmental pressures makes treatment of mycobacterial diseases (most often sapronoses and less often zoonoses) and permanent eradication of mycobacteria from the environment very difficult. Saprophytic mycobacterial diseases (sapronoses) are chronic and recurrent due to the fact of repeated endogenous or exogenous re-exposure. Therefore, knowledge regarding their occurrence in soil and dust would aid in the prevention of saprophytic mycobacterioses. In conjunction, their presence and ecological significance in the environment can be revealed.

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12

Wells, AK, and RS Hill. "Epiphyllous Microorganisms as Palaeoclimate Estimators: The Developmental Sequence of Fungal 'Germlings' on their Living Host." Australian Systematic Botany 6, no. 5 (1993): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9930377.

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It is known that epiphyllous microorganisms have the potential to provide important information about palaeoclimates and palaeohabitats. Previous studies have shown one of the major candidates, fungal 'germlings', to be possibly climatically sensitive. In this study we demonstrate that at least two organisms are present as germlings, one an epiphyte and the other a saprophyte. While there is some evidence to support the hypothesis that grades of germlings represent a sequence of developmental steps, most data either refute this hypothesis or neither refute nor support it. We show that grade 1 and 2 germlings are unlikely to be reliable for predictive purposes, since their presence is not consistent among host species, and they may represent saprophytes as well as epiphytes. The ecology and life history of germlings is complex, and more data are required on these factors before they can be used for predictive purposes.

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13

Simon, Harold J. "SAPROPHYTES IN INFECTION AND THE LABORATORY BEDSIDE INTERACTION*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 98, no. 3 (December 15, 2006): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb30595.x.

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14

Scherer, William P., Jon P. McCreary, and Walter W. Hayes. "The Diagnosis of Onychomycosis in a Geriatric Population." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 91, no. 9 (October 1, 2001): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-91-9-456.

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An investigative study was performed to determine the diagnosis of onychomycosis in a South Florida geriatric population. In this study, 450 cases of suspected onychomycosis involving men and women 65 years of age and older from a private practice office and two nursing home settings were used. Samples were taken from the hallux toenail and sent to a mycology laboratory for fluorescent potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation and microscopic examination of a fungal culture. Of the 450 cases studied, 46.4% of the patients had a single fungal organism cultured, 30.4% had a mixed fungal infection cultured, and 23.1% had no fungal growth. Saprophytes were found in 59.9% of the 526 total fungal organisms cultured while dermatophytes were found in only 23.8%. The results of this investigation demonstrate that there may be a shift from isolated dermatophyte infection to mixed saprophyte infections in a geriatric population with onychomycosis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(9): 456-464, 2001)

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15

Sandrock, Robert W., and Hans D. VanEtten. "Fungal Sensitivity to and Enzymatic Degradation of the Phytoanticipin α-Tomatine." Phytopathology® 88, no. 2 (February 1998): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.2.137.

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α-Tomatine, synthesized by Lycopersicon and some Solanum species, is toxic to a broad range of fungi, presumably because it binds to 3β-hydroxy sterols in fungal membranes. Several fungal pathogens of tomato have previously been shown to be tolerant of this glycoalkaloid and to possess enzymes thought to be involved in its detoxification. In the current study, 23 fungal strains were examined for their ability to degrade α-tomatine and for their sensitivity to this compound and two breakdown products, β2-tomatine and tomatidine. Both saprophytes and all five non-pathogens of tomato tested were sensitive, while all but two tomato pathogens (Stemphylium solani and Verticillium dahliae) were tolerant of α-to-matine (50% effective dose > 300 μM). Except for an isolate of Botrytis cinerea isolated from grape, no degradation products were detected when saprophytes and nonpathogens were grown in the presence of α-tomatine. All tomato pathogens except Phytophthora infestans and Pythium aphani-dermatum degraded α-tomatine. There was a strong correlation between tolerance to α-tomatine, the ability to degrade this compound, and pathogenicity on tomato. However, while β2-tomatine and tomatidine were less toxic to most tomato pathogens, these breakdown products were inhibitory to some of the saprophytes and nonpathogens of tomato, suggesting that tomato pathogens may have multiple tolerance mechanisms to α-tomatine.

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16

Milijasevic, Tanja. "The most frequent parasitic and saprophytic fungi on some species in the fam. Cupressaceae." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 87 (2003): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0387161m.

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The parasitic and saprophytic mycoflora was inventoried on three species in the fam. Cupressaaceae (Cupressus sempervirens, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Juniperus virginiana) in Serbia and Montenegro. The greatest number of fungi was recorded on eastern red cedar, but they were mainly the parasites of weakness or saprophytes. The greatest damage on cypress is caused by the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale - agent of bark necrosis and canker. Sphaeropsis sapinea, the pathogen of many coniferous species, was identified on all three hosts on which it does not cause great harm. The study of the morphological characteristics of the fungus on these host plants and the comparative analysis with the morphological characteristics of the same fungus on Pinus spp. shows a difference between them. The study of S. sapinea pathogenicity by artificial inoculations of Austrian pine seedlings in the controlled conditions shows that the isolate of the fungus from cypress can cause infection of uninjured P. nigra shoots.

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17

Lyamin, A., D. Ismatullin, A. Zhestkov, A. Kovalev, T. Persiyantseva, D. Davydova, and V. Manasyan. "Contaminating microflora at a tuberculosis test: saprophytes or potential pathogens?" Immunopathology, Allergology, Infectology, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14427/jipai.2019.3.63.

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18

Preston, Gail M. "Plant perceptions of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1446 (June 29, 2004): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1384.

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Plant–associated Pseudomonas live as saprophytes and parasites on plant surfaces and inside plant tissues. Many plant–associated Pseudomonas promote plant growth by suppressing pathogenic micro–organisms, synthesizing growth–stimulating plant hormones and promoting increased plant disease resistance. Others inhibit plant growth and cause disease symptoms ranging from rot and necrosis through to developmental dystrophies such as galls. It is not easy to draw a clear distinction between pathogenic and plant growth–promoting Pseudomonas . They colonize the same ecological niches and possess similar mechanisms for plant colonization. Pathogenic, saprophytic and plant growth–promoting strains are often found within the same species, and the incidence and severity of Pseudomonas diseases are affected by environmental factors and host–specific interactions. Plants are faced with the challenge of how to recognize and exclude pathogens that pose a genuine threat, while tolerating more benign organisms. This review examines Pseudomonas from a plant perspective, focusing in particular on the question of how plants perceive and are affected by saprophytic and plant growth–promoting Pseudomonas (PGPP), in contrast to their interactions with plant pathogenic Pseudomonas . A better understanding of the molecular basis of plant–PGPP interactions and of the key differences between pathogens and PGPP will enable researchers to make more informed decisions in designing integrated disease–control strategies and in selecting, modifying and using PGPP for plant growth promotion, bioremediation and biocontrol.

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19

Pan, Y. B., M. P. Grisham, D. M. Burner, B. L. Legendre, and Q. Wei. "Development of Polymerase Chain Reaction Primers Highly Specific for Xanthomonas albilineans, the Causal Bacterium of Sugarcane Leaf Scald Disease." Plant Disease 83, no. 3 (March 1999): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.218.

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New primers were developed that greatly improved the specificity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for Xanthomonas albilineans, the causal agent of sugarcane leaf scald disease. Length-polymorphic PCR products, amplified under the current PCR protocol from the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS) of X. albilineans and three unidentified sugarcane saprophytic bacterial species, were cloned and sequenced. Fourteen other nonredundant ITS sequences retrieved from the database were highly homologous to the sequence of X. albilineans. Two X. albilineans-specific PCR primers, namely, PGBL1 (5′ CTT TGG GTC TGT AGC TCA GG) and PGBL2 (5′ GCC TCA AGG TCA TAT TCA GC), were designed based on a multiple sequence alignment among these 18 sequences. These two primers permitted specific PCR amplification of a 288-bp DNA product from all 71 diverse X. albilineans strains tested. No amplification product was observed from any other bacterial species tested, including the three unidentified sugarcane saprophytes. The new PCR protocol has been routinely used to detect the leaf scald pathogen from infected sugarcane tissues.

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Kurilova, A. A., T. V. Taran, L. S. Katunina, and S. I. Golovneva. "Development of Nutrient Media out of Vegetable Material for Culturing Particularly Dangerous Infections Agents." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3(101) (June 20, 2009): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2009-3(101)-66-68.

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5 experimental nutritious bases were prepared out of plant materials (soybeans, soymilk, sugar-beet molasses - sugar syrup), and their physical and chemical parameters and amino-acid composition were studied. Nutrient media developed on experimental basis met the nutritious demands of studied strains of plague, cholera, anthrax microbes and sporogenous saprophytes.

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21

Sherysheva, N. G. "SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIOBENTHOS IN THE PRIPLOTINNYREACH OF THE KUIBYSHEV RESERVOIR IN THE AUTUMN PERIOD." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 23, no. 5 (2021): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2021-23-5-152-159.

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Extended studies of the spatial distribution of bacteriobenthos and its saprophytic groupin the Priplotinny Reach of the Kuibyshev reservoir in the autumn period of 2020 have been carried out for the first time. The analysis of long-term data of the abundance of bacteria from 1966 till nowadays has been made. During the 54-year period of existence of the Priplotinny Reach, the abundance of bacteriobenthoshas increased threefold.In 2020, the abundance of bacteria varied in the range of 2.47-25.59×109cells mL-1, the biomass – 0.10-2.43 μg mL-1, the abundance of saprophytic bacteria was 1.4-6.8×105 CFU/mL-1. The spatial distribution of autumn bacteriobenthos and its saprophytic group is significantly influenced by the granulometric composition of bottom sediments, the content of organic matter, and the hydrodynamic regime.The minimum abundance and biomass of bacteria were found in sands and silted sands, the maximum – in grayaleuritic and fine-aleuritic silts. The influence of the UsinskyBay on the formation of the quantitative structure of bacteriobenthos is shown – the total abundance of bacteria increases and the abundance of saprophytes decreases from the confluence of the riverUsa to the dam.Regularities of the spatial distribution of saprophytic bacteria were revealed: 1 – an increase in the abundance in sandy sediments compared to finely dispersed gray silts, 2 – a decrease in the abundance along the trans-verse profile from the coast of the left bank to the central zone and to the deep-water zone of the right bank. In the morphological structure, an increase in the proportion of cocci in the total abundance of bacteriobenthos increases in sandy sediments in coastal shallow waters, and the proportion of sticks, on the contrary, increases in fine-grained silts in deep-water zones.

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22

G., V. "On the biology of microbes of the female genital canal According to Sternberg'y (Zeit, f. Geb., Bd. 84)." Kazan medical journal 18, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj79913.

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According to Sternberg'y (Zeit, f. Geb., Bd. 84), the microbes found in the female genital canal remain innocent saprophytes only as long as the body's defenses are at the proper height, with the weakening of the same microbes can in a short time, acquire the properties of parasites and infect the body.

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Muñoz-Egea, María-Carmen, María García-Pedrazuela, Ignacio Mahillo, María Jesús García, and Jaime Esteban. "Autofluorescence as a Tool for Structural Analysis of Biofilms Formed by Nonpigmented Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 1065–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03149-12.

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ABSTRACTThe structure of biofilms formed by seven nonpigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria, including saprophytes and opportunistic species, was analyzed. Analysis included amount of covered surface, thickness, cell viability, and presence of intrinsic autofluorescence at different times using confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. Autofluorescence was detected inside and outside cells of all mycobacteria.

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Mihál, I., and K. Bučinová. "Species diversity, abundance and dominance of macromycetes in beech forest stands." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 5 (January 10, 2012): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4558-jfs.

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The aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of dynamics of species diversity, abundance, distribution of fruiting bodies and dominance of macromycetes in mycocoenosis of beech monocultures. The problems were studied in beech monocultures on three permanent research plots with various impacts of air pollutants generated by the aluminium plant in Žiar nad Hronom. Over the research period we determined 121 macromycete species and one species of imperfect fungus. We found relatively balanced values of abundance, fruiting body distribution and species dominance on all the examined plots. The species diversity in groups consisting of the most dominant species was practically the same on each plot. As for the ecotrophic requirements of individual macromycetes, we can conclude that the diversity of tree parasites decreased with decreasing pollutant load. We also found out relatively balanced numbers of lignicolous saprophytes and terrestrial saprophytes on each research plot. Air pollutants also influenced the species spectrum of ectomycorrhizal macromycetes negatively (only 6 species on the plot with highest pollution stress and 21 species on the plot with lowest pollution stress).

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Nermuť, Jiří, Vladimír Půža, and Zdeněk Mráček. "Re-description of the slug-parasitic nematode Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859 (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae)." Nematology 17, no. 8 (2015): 897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002911.

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Alloionema appendiculatum is a common juvenile parasite of many terrestrial molluscs. Its third-stage juveniles (dauers) invade the foot muscle of snails and slugs and develop into fourth-stage juveniles, which then leave the host. Later they mature and reproduce in the soil. A population of A. appendiculatum was isolated from infected individuals of the invasive slug Arion vulgaris (= A. lusitanicus), collected in the city of České Budějovice, Czech Republic, and was designated as the AL strain. This nematode is also able to reproduce on pig kidney in laboratory culture. Our isolate was compared primarily with the description published by Mengert (1953) and in some aspects with the original description published by Schneider (1859). Insufficient morphology, morphometrics, phylogeny and an absence of pictorial material encouraged us to re-describe this frequent slug parasite and to add some new information on its life-cycle. The species is characterised by the absence, in adults, of ridges in the lateral fields. At this life stage the stoma is short, narrow and approximately twice as long as it is broad. Fourth-stage female juveniles produce a mucus-like substance from the phasmids. Males possess six pairs of papillae and a single inconspicuous papilla. The nematode has both parasitic and saprophytic life-cycles. Parasitic adults are bigger than the saprophytes and have a thick, digitate tail, whereas the smaller saprophytic generation has a filiform tail. The species is amphimictic, displaying a higher proportion of females, but males are frequent.

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ENGBAEK, HANS CHR. "DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN TUBERCLE BACILLI AND ACID-FAST SAPROPHYTES FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES." Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 34, no. 1 (August 18, 2009): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1954.tb00802.x.

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27

Kolm, Hedda Elisabeth, Maria Fernanda Schoenenberger, Mariana da Rocha Piemonte, Patrícia S. de A. Souza, Guilherme Schnell e. Scühli, Mariele B. Mucciatto, and Roseli Mazzuco. "Spatial Variation of Bacteria in Surface Waters of Paranaguá and Antonina Bays, Paraná, Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 45, no. 1 (March 2002): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132002000100005.

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Spatial variability in the concentration of total bacteria, saprophytes and coliforms abundance was investigated in surface waters of Paranaguá and Antonina Bays. Six points along a profile from the entrance of Paranaguá Bay to the innermost part of Antonina Bay, were sampled on February 26, 1997. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, particulate organic carbon, water transparency and seston were also measured. Determination of total bacterial abundance and biomass were made with the epifluorescent method. Saprophytic bacteria counts were conducted with ZoBell 2216E culture medium with fresh and 32‰ water and the coliform MPN was enumerated with the chromogenic substrate method. Principal component analysis of biotic and abiotic data showed a gradient from the innermost bay to the baymouth bar with an increase in total and halophobic aerobic cultivated bacteria concentration at Antonina Bay. Greatest values of halophilic aerobic cultivated bacteria were found at the bay’s middle part. The greatest fecal coliform number was observed near Paranaguá City. We concluded that regarding bacterial spatial distribution the outer region of the estuary was highly influenced by the adjacent ocean and that the inner part had typical estuarine characteristics.

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JIANG, NING, YING-MEI LIANG, and CHENG-MING TIAN. "Aureobasidium pini sp. nov. from pine needle in China." Phytotaxa 402, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.4.3.

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Aureobasidium is a yeast-like genus occurring on various substrates as pathogens, saprophytes or endophytes. In this study, Aureobasidium strains were isolated from needles of Pinus tabuliformis in China. The morphology and phylogeny evidences showed that it can be recognized as a new species. Hereby, Aureobasidium pini sp. nov. is introduced and it can be distinguished from its phylogenetically close species, A. namibiae by having shorter conidia.

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Chaudhary, Raina, Alina Singh, Manoj Pradhan, Reeba Karki, and Paawan Bahadur Bhandari. "A Fatal Case of Cerebral Melioidosis." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 18, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v18i2.22705.

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Introduction: Melioidosis is potentially fatal type of infectious disease caused by soil saprophytes Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is endemic to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. We report the case of Cerebral Melioidosis which was consequences of acute otitis media. Patient was treated with Ceftazidime and Meropenem, despite of that patient died. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cerebral melioidosis from Nepal.

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Sharma, Lav, and Guilhermina Marques. "Fusarium, an Entomopathogen—A Myth or Reality?" Pathogens 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7040093.

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The Fusarium species has diverse ecological functions ranging from saprophytes, endophytes, and animal and plant pathogens. Occasionally, they are isolated from dead and alive insects. However, research on fusaria-insect associations is very limited as fusaria are generalized as opportunistic insect-pathogens. Additionally, their phytopathogenicity raises concerns in their use as commercial biopesticides. Insect biocontrol potential of Fusarium is favored by their excellent soil survivability as saprophytes, and sometimes, insect-pathogenic strains do not exhibit phytopathogenicity. In addition, a small group of fusaria, those belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex, act as insect mutualists assisting in host growth and fecundity. In this review, we summarize mutualism and pathogenicity among fusaria and insects. Furthermore, we assert on Fusarium entomopathogenicity by analyzing previous studies clearly demonstrating their natural insect-pathogenicity in fields, and their presence in soils. We also review the presence and/or production of a well-known insecticidal metabolite beauvericin by different Fusarium species. Lastly, some proof-of-concept studies are also summarized, which demonstrate the histological as well as immunological changes that a larva undergoes during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis. These reports highlight the insecticidal properties of some Fusarium spp., and emphasize the need of robust techniques, which can distinguish phytopathogenic, mutualistic and entomopathogenic fusaria.

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Latour, X., and P. Lemanceau. "Métabolisme carboné et énergétique des Pseudomonas spp fluorescents saprophytes à oxydase positive." Agronomie 17, no. 9-10 (1997): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19970901.

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Mohamed Zubi, Wafa S., Masratul Hawa Mohd, Nik Mohd Izham Mohamed Nor, and Latiffah Zakaria. "Fusarium Species in Mangrove Soil in Northern Peninsular Malaysia and the Soil Physico-Chemical Properties." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030497.

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Fusarium genus comprises important saprophytic and phytopathogenic fungi and is widespread in nature. The present study reports the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in soils from two mangrove forests in northern Peninsular Malaysia and analyzed physico-chemical properties of the mangrove soil. Based on TEF-1α sequences, nine Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) (n = 77), Fusarium verticillioides (n = 20), Fusarium incarnatum (n = 10), Fusarium proliferatum (n = 7), Fusarium lateritium (n = 4), Fusarium oxysporum (n = 3), Fusarium rigidiuscula (n = 2), Fusarium chlamydosporum (n = 1), and Fusarium camptoceras (n = 1); FSSC isolates were the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined TEF-1α and ITS sequences revealed diverse phylogenetic affinities among the FSSC isolates and potentially new phylogenetic clades of FSSC. Soil analysis showed varied carbon content, pH, soil moisture, and salinity, but not nitrogen content, between sampling locations. Regardless of the physico-chemical properties, various Fusarium species were recovered from the mangrove soils. These were likely saprophytes; however, some were well-known plant pathogens and opportunistic human pathogens. Thus, mangrove soils might serve as inoculum sources for plant and human pathogenic Fusarium species. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of various Fusarium species in the extreme environment of mangrove soil, thereby contributing to the knowledge on species diversity in Fusarium.

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TIAN, LONG-YAN, YAN-FENG ZHANG, TAO LIAN, CHANG-SHENG QIN, and JIN-ZHU XU. "Nigrospora guangdongensis sp. nov. from the needle of Cunninghamia lanceolata in China." Phytotaxa 449, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.2.6.

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Nigrospora is a genus occurring on various substrates as pathogens, saprophytes or endophytes. In this study, Nigrospora strains were isolated from the needles of Cunninghamia lanceolata in Guangdong province of China. According to the morphological and phylogenetic evidence, it can be recognized as a new species. Hereby, Nigrospora guangdongensis sp. nov. is introduced and it can be distinguished from its phylogenetically close species, by having sparse, discrete, and solitary conidiophores with sporadic conidia.

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Cąkała-Jakimowicz, Marta, and Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka. "Towards Understanding the Lymph Node Response to Skin Infection with Saprophytic Staphylococcus epidermidis." Biomedicines 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051021.

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In individuals with lymphedema, diabetic foot, or other diseases, infections with saprophytes are common. The response of major cell subpopulations in the draining lymph nodes to skin infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed using the rat model. After massive subepidermal infection, a cytometric evaluation showed an increase in cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes and major subpopulations of the innate immune response. Three weeks later, signs of inflammation reduction with an increase in the content of memory T helper lymphocytes and effector memory T cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed. After skin re-infection, a rapid response of cytotoxic, helper, and memory T lymphocytes, memory B lymphocytes and plasmablasts, and macrophages was detected. In addition, a reduction in the number of naïve B lymphocytes, activated MHC class II+ cells, and some cells of the innate immune system was observed. T regulatory lymphocyte response after the initial and secondary S. epidermidis skin infection was not detected. The morphometric evaluation showed significant changes in the main cell subpopulations in each functional zone of the node and then confirmed the efficient elimination of the administered antigen, as evidenced by the observations on day 28. Notably, after re-infection, the cellular response did not exceed the level after the initial infection and was reduced in many cell subpopulations. Understanding how the lymph nodes eliminate S. epidermidis can provide valuable insights into creating immunological therapies against infections with saprophytes.

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Ftayeh, Radwan M., Andreas von Tiedemann, and Klaus W. E. Rudolph. "A New Selective Medium for Isolation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis from Tomato Plants and Seed." Phytopathology® 101, no. 11 (November 2011): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-11-0045.

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A new selective and highly sensitive medium was developed for isolation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, from seed and latently infected plants. The new medium (BCT) proved to be superior to all published semiselective media for Cmm and is denoted as selective medium because of (i) its mean plating efficiency, amounting to ≤89% within 7 days for all 30 Cmm strains from different sources tested; (ii) the high selectivity, because accompanying bacterial species occurring on tomato plants and seed or bacteria obtained from culture collections were inhibited to an extent of 98 to 100%; and (iii) the remarkable detection sensitivity. Thus, 8 CFU of Cmm in field plant homogenates containing 12,750 CFU of accompanying saprophytes were detected on BCT. Under these extreme conditions, all of the published semiselective media (D2, KBT, D2ANX, SCM, mSCM, CMM1, mCNS, and EPPO) gave false-negative results. Either some media were rather toxic and Cmm growth was also inhibited or the other, less toxic media allowed growth of high numbers of saprophytes, so that Cmm growth was suppressed. Exclusively, BCT also supported growth of the closely related C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus, nebraskensis, and tessellarius. The new medium is recommended for Cmm detection in tomato seed, and in symptomless tomato plantlets, to improve disease control of bacterial canker of tomato.

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Priyadarshi Ketan, Lakshmi Shanmugam, Stanley Pheba Monika Sivaradjy, S. Balamurugan Elamurugan Thirthar Palanivelu, and Sastry Apurba Sankar. "A Rare Case Report of Splenic Abscess Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei Progressing to Disseminated Melioidosis." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1011.023.

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Splenic abcess is a rare but potentially life threatening condition which can be less frequently caused by gram negative saprophytes, Burkholderia pseudomallei. Because of the challenges faced in the identification of this organism, it is often under diagnosed or misdiagnosed. Here, we report a case of splenic abcess eventually leading to disseminated melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in a 40 year old diabetic male from a tertiary-care hospital in southern India, who presented with fever and pain over left upper abdomen.

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Przybył, Krystyna. "Disease symptoms and fungi occurring on overground organs of Quercus petraea." Acta Mycologica 31, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1996.015.

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The observatins of Quercus petraea trees growing in mixed forests of Wielkopolska National Park and Wolin National Park were carried out in 1994 and 1995. The fungi were isolated from dead sections of twigs and branches and from trunks exhibiting necrosis in secondary bark and discolorations of sapwood. Thirty one fungal species were identified on the organs studied. They belonged to saprophytes and to the group of fungi secondarily colonizing tissues of weakened trees.

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Czaplińska, S. "Studies on alfalfa diseases caused by fungi. II." Acta Mycologica 9, no. 1 (November 21, 2014): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1973.004.

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The specific and quantitative composition of the microflora was investigated within the range of the roots of 1-, 2- and 3-year plants in alfalfa cultures with the aim of finding effective new methods of control or prevention of diseases of alfalfa caused by Verticillium albo-atrum and Ascochyta imperfect. The biotic realations between the most numerous saprophytes found on the same sites and the above named pathogens were also studied.

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Wilson, Dennis. "Fungal endophytes which invade insect galls: insect pathogens, benign saprophytes, or fungal inquilines?" Oecologia 103, no. 2 (1995): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00329088.

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Łakomy, Piotr, Joanna Zieniewicz, and Tomasz Świdkiewicz. "The influence of Hypholoma fasciculare and Phlebiopsis gigantea on the growth of Heterobasidion annosum in vitro." Acta Mycologica 33, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.014.

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The influence of two saprotrophes — isolates of Hypholoma fasciculare and Phlebiopsis gigantea on the growth of thirty three root pathogen strains — Heterobasidion annosum was analysed. Two methods were used. The different reaction in paired cultures among saprotrophe and pathogen isolates suggest, that one isolate of H. annosum is not enough to study the interaction between this pathogen and saprophytes in vitro irrespective of the method used.

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Perkins, AJ, G. Masuhara, and PA Mcgee. "Specificity of the Associations Between Microtis parviflora (Orchidaceae) and Its Mycorrhizal Fungi." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 1 (1995): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950085.

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The specificity between Microtis parviflora R.Br. and its mycorrhizal associates was examined in situ and in vitro. Two fungi, Epulorhiza repens (Bernard) Moore and Epulorhiza sp. Moore (synonym Rhizoctonia globularis), were isolated from the roots and protocorms of the orchid from the field. In the laboratory, these fungi and three others that form mycorrhizae with other orchids and two others that are saprophytes, initiated mycorrhizae with M. parviflora. Two pathogenic isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn killed the germinating seeds. The addition of sucrose to the germination media increased growth and rate of development of seedlings.

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Raphael, Eva, Lisa K. Wong, and Lee W. Riley. "Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gene Sequences in Gram-Negative Saprophytes on Retail Organic and Nonorganic Spinach." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 5 (January 7, 2011): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02506-10.

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ABSTRACTA substantial proportion of infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in community and health care settings are recognized to be caused by evolutionarily related GNB strains. Their global spread has been suggested to occur due to human activities, such as food trade and travel. These multidrug-resistant GNB pathogens often harbor mobile drug resistance genes that are highly conserved in their sequences. Because they appear across different GNB species, these genes may have origins other than human pathogens. We hypothesized that saprophytes in common human food products may serve as a reservoir for such genes. Between July 2007 and April 2008, we examined 25 batches of prepackaged retail spinach for cultivatable GNB population structure by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and for antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing and the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. We found 20 recognized GNB species among 165 (71%) of 231 randomly selected colonies cultured from spinach. Twelve strains suspected to express ESBLs based on resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were further examined forblaCTX-MandblaTEMgenes. We found a 712-bp sequence inPseudomonas teessideathat was 100% identical to positions 10 to 722 of an 876-bpblaCTX-M-15gene of anE. colistrain. Additionally, we identified newly recognized ESBLblaRAHN-2sequences fromRahnella aquatilis. These observations demonstrate that saprophytes in common fresh produce can harbor drug resistance genes that are also found in internationally circulating strains of GNB pathogens; such a source may thus serve as a reservoir for drug resistance genes that ultimately enter pathogens to affect human health.

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Engel, Sebastian, Melany P. Puglisi, Paul R. Jensen, and William Fenical. "Antimicrobial activities of extracts from tropical Atlantic marine plants against marine pathogens and saprophytes." Marine Biology 149, no. 5 (March 15, 2006): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0264-x.

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Puglisi, Melany P., Sebastian Engel, Paul R. Jensen, and William Fenical. "Antimicrobial activities of extracts from Indo-Pacific marine plants against marine pathogens and saprophytes." Marine Biology 150, no. 4 (July 8, 2006): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0376-3.

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Zavgorodniy, A. I., and S. A. Pozmogova. "Formation of resistance to the disinfectant drug “Dezaktin” in mycobacteria." Veterinary Medicine: inter-departmental subject scientific collection, no. 105 (August 7, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/vm-2019-105-2.

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The purpose of the work was to study the resistance formation in mycobacteria at multiple passages in the presence of the disinfectant “Dezaktin”, to compare the critical concentrations of “Dezaktin” at repeated and single exposure, as well as depending on the phase of growth of the seed. Under the conditions of the constant effect of “Dezaktin” on mycobacteria, it has been established that the mechanisms of resistance formation in pathogens and saprophytes have different paths. The adaptive response of pathogens of tuberculosis and paratuberculosis to adverse conditions in vitro is similar to the process that occurs in vivo and was characterized by transformation into dormant and CWD-forms. The mechanism of resistance in M. phlei to “Dezactin” consisted in the formation of heteromorphic populations with a partial or complete loss of acid resistance, thickening of the cell wall, and an increase in adhesive and hydrophobic properties. M. phlei had the highest biocide resistance, and MAP among pathogenic cultures. After 13 consecutive passages, the critical concentration of “Dezactin” in the medium for M. bovis and M. avium increased 100 times, for MAP — 7, for M. phlei — 1.4 times. The research results allow us to conclude that the processes of adaptation of pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria to the negative effects of the environment have different paths, which, in our opinion, is due to the evolutionary niche of their existence, namely, the first group are intracellular parasites, and others are environmental mycobacteria

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Pava-Ripoll, Monica, Claudia Angelini, Weiguo Fang, Sibao Wang, Francisco J. Posada, and Raymond St Leger. "The rhizosphere-competent entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae expresses a specific subset of genes in plant root exudate." Microbiology 157, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.042200-0.

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Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are ubiquitous insect pathogens and possible plant symbionts, as some strains are endophytic or colonize the rhizosphere. We evaluated 11 strains of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, and two soil saprophytes (the non-rhizospheric Aspergillus niger and the rhizosphere-competent Trichoderma harzianum) for their ability to germinate in bean root exudates (REs). Our results showed that some generalist strains of M. anisopliae were as good at germinating in RE as T. harzianum, although germination rates of the specialized acridid pathogen Metarhizium acridum and the B. bassiana strains were significantly lower. At RE concentrations of <1 mg ml−1, M. anisopliae strain ARSEF 2575 showed higher germination rates than T. harzianum. Microarrays showed that strain 2575 upregulated 29 genes over a 12 h period in RE. A similar number of genes (21) were downregulated. Upregulated genes were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, cofactors and vitamins, energy metabolism, proteolysis, extracellular matrix/cell wall proteins, transport proteins, DNA synthesis, the sexual cycle and stress response. However, 41.3 % of the upregulated genes were hypothetical or orphan sequences, indicating that many previously uncharacterized genes have functions related to saprophytic survival. Genes upregulated in response to RE included the subtilisin Pr1A, which is also involved in pathogenicity to insects. However, the upregulated Mad2 adhesin specifically mediates adhesion to plant surfaces, demonstrating that M. anisopliae has genes for rhizosphere competence that are induced by RE.

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Sarfaty, Anna E., Susan R. Compton, Peter C. Smith, and Caroline J. Zeiss. "Cutaneous and Pulmonary Mucormycosis in Rag1- and Il2rg-deficient Rats." Comparative Medicine 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000015.

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Immunodeficient rats are valuable in transplantation studies, but are vulnerable to infection from opportunistic organisms such as fungi. Immunodeficient Rag1- and Il2rg-deficient (RRG) rats housed at our institution presented with dark, proliferative, keratinized dermal growths. Histologic and PCR results indicated that the predominant organism associated with these lesions was fungus from the family Mucoraceae, mostly of the genus Rhizopus. The Mucoraceae family of fungi are environmental saprophytes and are often found in rodent bedding. These fungi can cause invasive opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed humans and animals. We discuss husbandry practices for immunosuppressed rodents with a focus on controlling fungal contaminants.

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Milijasevic, Tanja, and Dragan Karadzic. "Hypoxylon species on beech and other broadleaves." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 89 (2004): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0489185m.

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Fungi in the genus Hypoxylon cause wood decay and most of them are saprophytes on dead wood or parasites of weakness. The following species in this genus were identified in this study performed at several localities in Serbia and Montenegro: H. deustum, H. fragiforme, H. nummularium, H. multiforme, H. rubiginosum and H. fuscum. Among them the most significant species is H. deustum, the fungus causing root and butt rot of standing beech trees. It was recorded from all coppice and high forests of beech. This paper presents the morphological characteristics of the recorded fungi their range, plant hosts and significance.

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Legault, D., M. Dessureault, and G. Laflamme. "Mycoflora of Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa needles. II. Epiphytic fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-260.

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The epiphytic mycoflora isolated from healthy needles of Pinus banksiana and Pinus resinosa was investigated. Approximately 75% of the fungi were present on less than 5% of the needles. The number of different fungi per needle increased with needle age on both species, but more fungi were found on P. resinosa needles. The most frequently isolated species were common primary saprophytes nonspecific to Pinus: Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarum, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Hormonema dematioides. Aureobasidium microstictum, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. spinulosum, and Pithomyces chartarum are reported for the first time in the phylloplane of Pinus.

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HUANG, CHENG XIN, FENG YIN LIU, YA NAN GOU, JIAN XIN DENG, and MEI JIA LI. "Alternaria vignae sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Pleosporaceae) from Vigna unguiculata in China." Phytotaxa 556, no. 3 (August 8, 2022): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.556.3.4.

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Alternaria is a widely distributed fungal genus served as saprophytes, endophytes and pathogens. An Alternaria species was isolated from Vigna unguiculata in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. The strains were determined based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses including the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA region (ITS), glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) and translation-elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1). The results indicated that it was a new species, which described and illustrated as Alternaria vignae sp. nov. in this study. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the species formed a well-supported clade (sect. Helianthiinficientes) close to A. helianthiinficiens.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Saprophytes'

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