Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sara B

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Sara B'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sara B"

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Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Defy by Sara B. Larson." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 67, no. 5 (2014): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2014.0057.

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Hartley-Kroeger, Fiona. "Sisters of Shadow and Light by Sara B. Larson." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 73, no. 2 (2019): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2019.0668.

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Chmielarz, P., and P. Krol. "PSt-b-PU-b-PSt copolymers using tetraphenylethane-urethane macroinitiator through SARA ATRP." Express Polymer Letters 10, no. 4 (2016): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.28.

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Mauro Mirto, Ignazio. "Automatic Extraction of Semantic Roles in Support Verb Constructions." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 10, no. 03 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2021.10301.

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This paper deals with paraphrastic relations in Italian. In the following sentences: (a) Max strappò delle lacrime a Sara 'Max moved Sara to tears' and (b) Max fece piangere Sara 'Max made Sara cry', the verbs differ syntactically and semantically. Strappare 'tear/rip/wring' is transitive, fare ‘have/make’ is a causative, and piangere 'cry' is intransitive. Despite this, a translation of (a) as (b) is legitimate and therefore (a) is a paraphrase of (b). In theoretical linguistics this raises an issue concerning the relationship between strappare and fare/piangere in Italian, and that in English between move and make. In computational linguistics, can such paraphrases be obtained automatically? Which apparatus should be deployed? The aim of this paper is to suggest a pathway with which to answer these questions.
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BESHERO-BONDAR, ELISA E. "SARA HUTCHINSON'S FINAL HOURS: A NEW WORDSWORTH LETTER TO SOUTHEY." Notes and Queries 44, no. 3 (1997): 323—b—324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/44.3.323-b.

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Yusriani, Yusriani, Abdul Alim, Ajeng Kusuma Wardani, and Sitti Hermina. "PERUBAHAN ADAT PERKAWINAN MASYARAKAT DESA TONGALERE KECAMATAN WAWONII UTARA KABUPATEN KONAWE KEPULAUAN: 1987-2018." Journal Idea of History 3, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/history.v3i1.1014.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan adat perkawinan masyarakat Desa Tongalere Kecamatan Wawonii Utara Kabupaten Konawe Kepulauan: 1987-2018. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah menurut Kuntowijoyo dengan tata kerja penelitian sejarah sebagai berikut: (1) Pemilihan Topik, (2) Heuristik sumber (3) Verifikasi sumber, (4) Interpretasi sumber, (5) Historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Pelaksanaan adat perkawinan masyarakat Desa Tongalere Kecamatan Wawonii Utara terdiri dari beberapa tahap berikut: (a) Melamasi (pelamaran), (b) Mompepanga (peminangan), (c) Kawia (kawin/ijab kabul), (d) Ponteoa (pengantaran). (2) Bentuk perkawinan masyarakat Desa Tongalere Kecamatan Wawonii Utara yaitu (a) Perkawinan meminang (saba), (b) Kawin lari (mompolaisako), (c) Kawin paksa (mompolaisako). (3) Perubahan dalam adat perkawinan masyarakat Desa Tongalere Kecamatan Wawonii Utara yaitu (a) Perlengkapan adat (kolungku sara) yaitu tidak digunakannya talam adat tempat peletakan kolungku sara, (b) Mahar (tinasuka) yaitu berubah dari “boka” menjadi “ringgi” setelah itu menjadi kelapa, (c) Proses pernikahan/perkawinan yaitu dimulai dari pemilihan jodoh sampai dengan ponteoa, namun dengan adanya perubahan proses pemilihan jodoh sudah tidak digunakan lagi. (4) Faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan pelaksanaan adat perkawinan masyarakat Desa Tongalere yaitu (a) Pengaruh kebudayaan masyarakat lain, (b) Sistem pendidikan yang maju, (c) Transportasi dan informasi.
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Blevins, Jon S., Mohamed O. Elasri, Scott D. Allmendinger, Karen E. Beenken, Robert A. Skinner, J. Roby Thomas, and Mark S. Smeltzer. "Role of sarA in the Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus Musculoskeletal Infection." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 1 (January 2003): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.1.516-523.2003.

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ABSTRACT We recently demonstrated that mutation of sarA in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus results in a phenotype that is distinct by comparison to sarA mutants generated in the laboratory strain RN6390 (J. S. Blevins, K. E. Beenken, M. O. Elasri, B. K. Hurlburt, and M. S. Smeltzer, Infect. Immun. 70:470-480, 2002). This raises the possibility that studies demonstrating that RN6390 sarA mutants are attenuated do not accurately reflect the role of sarA in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal disease. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model of musculoskeletal infection to assess the virulence of sarA and agr mutants generated in a clinical isolate of S. aureus (UAMS-1). By using this model, we confirmed that mutation of sarA and/or agr results in a reduced capacity to cause both septic arthritis and osteomyelitis.
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Trotonda, María Pilar, Adhar C. Manna, Ambrose L. Cheung, Iñigo Lasa, and José R. Penadés. "SarA Positively Controls Bap-Dependent Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 16 (August 15, 2005): 5790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.16.5790-5798.2005.

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ABSTRACT The biofilm-associated protein Bap is a staphylococcal surface protein involved in biofilm formation. We investigated the influence of the global regulatory locus sarA on bap expression and Bap-dependent biofilm formation in three unrelated Staphylococcus aureus strains. The results showed that Bap-dependent biofilm formation was diminished in the sarA mutants by an agr-independent mechanism. Complementation studies using a sarA clone confirmed that the defect in biofilm formation was due to the sarA mutation. As expected, the diminished capacity to form biofilms in the sarA mutants correlated with the decreased presence of Bap in the bacterial surface. Using transcriptional fusion and Northern analysis data, we demonstrated that the sarA gene product acts as an activator of bap expression. Finally, the bap promoter was characterized and the transcriptional start point was mapped by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. As expected, we showed that purified SarA protein binds specifically to the bap promoter, as determined by gel shift and DNase I footprinting assays. Based on the previous studies of others as well as our work demonstrating the role for SarA in icaADBC and bap expression (J. Valle, A. Toledo-Arana, C. Berasain, J. M. Ghigo, B. Amorena, J. R. Penades, and I. Lasa, Mol. Microbiol. 48:1075-1087), we propose that SarA is an essential regulator controlling biofilm formation in S. aureus.
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Marchalonis, John J. "Immobilised Macromolecules: Application Potentials.U. B. Sleytr , P. Messner , D. Pum , M. Sara." Quarterly Review of Biology 69, no. 2 (June 1994): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/418575.

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Chmielarz, Paweł, Pawel Krys, Sangwoo Park, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "PEO-b-PNIPAM copolymers via SARA ATRP and eATRP in aqueous media." Polymer 71 (August 2015): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.042.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sara B"

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Hallenheim, Martina. "SARA B-SAFER som riskbedömningsinstrument." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24235.

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Studien är en källstudie vars syfte är att undersöka huruvida SARA B-SAFER fungerar som riskbedömningsinstrument och om brottsutvecklingen för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer har ökat eller minskat under tidsperioden, åren 2000-2012. Urvalet för studien är Kalmar polismyndighet och Södertörn polismästardistrikt. Underlaget för studien är tidigare forskning från hur Polisen har arbetat med SARA B-SAFER och offentlig statistik på antalet anmälda brott från Brottsförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). Resultaten i studien visar på en ökning av antalet anmälda brott för våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, samtidigt som anmälningarna ligger på en förhållandevis jämn nivå. Vidare indikerar studien på att det finns en komplexitet kring SARA B-SAFER som riskbedömnings-instrument, då det finns indikationer på att instrumentet har en prediktiv validitet. Åtgärder för att skydda brottsoffren hamnar i skymundan och SARA B-SAFER fungerar då inte preventivt, vilket kan förklara antalet ökade anmälningar för att instrumentet predicerar rätt.
This study aims to appose if the SARA B-SAFER are successful as a risk-assessment tool and if the crime development for spousal against women have risen or declined between the years 2000-2012. Kalmar Police County and Södertörn Manor are participating and statistics over crimes for spousal violence against women are studied in these areas. The material for the study is earlier research and statistics from Brottförebyggande rådet (BRÅ). The result in the study show that the crimes for spousal violence against women have increased but lay on a stable level. Further there is a complexity about SARA as a risk-assessment tool, when it seems to work on a predictive level, but not as much on a preventive stage, as wishes. The predictive factor on SARA can explain the increased numbers of crimes.
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Kuszynski, Janka [Verfasser], Jens B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Asendorpf, Ursula [Akademischer Betreuer] Hess, and Sara D. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hodges. "Nonverbal communication in intergenerational interactions / Janka Kuszynski. Gutachter: Jens B. Asendorpf ; Ursula Hess ; Sara D. Hodges." Berlin : Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070910538/34.

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Kuszynski, Janka [Verfasser], Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Asendorpf, Ursula [Akademischer Betreuer] Hess, and Sara D. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hodges. "Nonverbal communication in intergenerational interactions / Janka Kuszynski. Gutachter: Jens B. Asendorpf ; Ursula Hess ; Sara D. Hodges." Berlin : Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-100229735.

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Herz, Sara Brigitte [Verfasser], Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Niemeyer, Markus [Gutachter] Niemeyer, and Marion B. [Gutachter] Kiechle. "Untersuchungen zur Funktion, Regulation und klinischen Bedeutung von CXCL9 und CXCL10 im Mammakarzinom des Menschen / Sara Brigitte Herz ; Gutachter: Markus Niemeyer, Marion B. Kiechle ; Betreuer: Markus Niemeyer." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180602048/34.

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Ryan, Sarah-Louise. "Targeting the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells (NF-kb) pathway to overcome cisplatin-resistance in non-small cell lung cancer." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127346/1/Sarah-Louise_Ryan_Thesis.pdf.

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This project contributed to a greater understanding of chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a prevalent issue to chemotherapy. The potential of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-ĸB as a therapeutic target was investigated to combat NSCLC chemo-resistance using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The activity of NF-ĸB was elucidated in models of chemo-resistant NSCLC and where specific inhibitors of NF-ĸB were used to block activity. In addition, a novel 3D model of chemo-resistance in NSCLC was generated which will serve as an important model in future studies.
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Ruggiero, Chiara. "Proposta di traduzione del libro per l'infanzia "B" di Sarah Kay." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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L’obiettivo del presente elaborato è presentare una proposta di traduzione della poesia B, scritta da Sarah Kay e trasformata in libro per l’infanzia nel 2011 con illustrazioni a cura di Sophia Janowitz. L’elaborato si divide fondamentalmente in tre parti. Nella prima si espongono le diverse teorie sulla traduzione poetica che sono state formulate in passato e che vengono sostenute tutt’oggi. Inoltre, si analizza e commenta il dibattito sull’effettiva possibilità di tradurre la poesia e su chi, traduttori o poeti, debba avere il compito di farlo. Successivamente, nella seconda parte viene presentata l’autrice Sarah Kay e la sua biografia, che comprende il suo percorso di poetessa, i progetti di incoraggiamento dell’espressione artistica tra i più giovani, di cui si è occupata negli anni, e la sua visione poetica. Infine, l’ultima parte è dedicata alla proposta di traduzione con testo a fronte, accompagnata da un commento in cui si descrivono le difficoltà incontrate e le soluzioni ai problemi traduttivi.
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Borgloh, Sarah [Verfasser], and B. U. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wigger. "Charitable Giving, Taxes and Fundraising / Sarah Borgloh. Betreuer: B. U. Wigger." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024729583/34.

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Grebing, Sarah Caecilia [Verfasser], and B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Beckert. "User Interaction in Deductive Interactive Program Verification / Sarah Caecilia Grebing ; Betreuer: B. Beckert." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198309989/34.

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Grebing, Sarah [Verfasser], and B. [Akademischer Betreuer] Beckert. "User Interaction in Deductive Interactive Program Verification / Sarah Caecilia Grebing ; Betreuer: B. Beckert." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1198309989/34.

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Pires, Maria Eva Alves Pereira. "b-learning na aprendizagem da língua portuguesa : extensão da sala de aula ao ciberespaço." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1379.

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Mestrado em Multimédia em Educação
O presente estudo – b-learning na aprendizagem da Língua Portuguesa – extensão da sala de aula ao ciberespaço – integra-se num trabalho de investigação do Mestrado em Multimédia em Educação da Universidade de Aveiro. Refere-se à análise das potencialidades da implementação de um modelo de b-learning, que assenta essencialmente, na construção do eportefólio do aluno. O estudo decorreu ao longo do ano lectivo de 2007/08 no contexto da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, com uma turma do 9.º ano de escolaridade. Na primeira parte, é feita a caracterização da Sociedade dos Fluxos, no sentido de se compreender a sua dinâmica, os desafios e as possibilidades que coloca à instituição escolar. Na segunda parte, apresentamos a peça de software que serve de suporte à criação do e-portefólio do aluno na disciplina de Língua Portuguesa e o modo como esta actividade se desenvolveu ao longo do ano lectivo, de forma a auxiliar a abordagem dos conteúdos e o desenvolvimento de competências. Na terceira parte, são apresentadas as opções metodológicas seguidas no âmbito desta investigação de natureza predominantemente qualitativa. Além do objecto de investigação e das questões orientadoras, são especificados os instrumentos de recolha de dados e a sua finalidade. Na quarta parte, é descrito o contexto de implementação do projecto, com a caracterização da escola e dos intervenientes no estudo. Na quinta parte, são apresentados e analisados os dados obtidos a partir dos instrumentos de recolha definidos. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos concluir que a construção do e-portefólio pelo aluno contribuiu para que este demonstrasse um maior interesse e motivação para a realização das actividades da disciplina, permitiu a reflexão acerca do seu percurso de aprendizagem, facilitou o aperfeiçoamento das suas produções e contribuiu para o seu progresso na aprendizagem. ABSTRACT: “B-learning in Portuguese Language Learning – from classroom to Cyberspace” is an essay which is part of an investigation work of the Master’s Degree in Multimedia in Education provided by the University of Aveiro. This work considers the implement of a b-learning model and its potential factors which are mainly supported on the student’s e-portefolio construction. This essay was made in a teaching and learning context, in Portuguese subject lessons, during the school year 2007/2008 with a 9th grade class. In the first part of this essay, we describe the so-called flux society, in order to understand the dynamic, the challenge and the possibilities that school faces nowadays. In the second part, we introduce a software application which is used to build up the student´s e-portefolio to Portuguese subject. Moreover, we will be able to comprehend the way this software and student’s e-portefolio worked out along the school year and how that was relevant to assist the content achievement and skills development. In the third part, the methodology used in this research is presented, as well as the study object, the guiding questions, the queries, the surveys and their purposes. You can identify the project context, that is, the school environment and the subjects that made part of this study. This is the reason of the fourth part. The assessment and query instruments will provided sufficient data which will be presented and analyzed in the fifth part. As far as the results are concerned, we can conclude that the building up of a student’s e-portefolio has helped the student himself to gain higher awareness and motivation to perform the class task. We can also state that is has set a new kind of personal self-thinking about the learning course and it has certainly eased the process and the quality of the student’s contribution to succeed in better learning.
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Books on the topic "Sara B"

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Buyankesig, B. Ȯrȯgesu̇n sara: B. Buyankesig. [Kȯkeqota]: Ȯbȯr Mongġol-un Arad-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a, 1990.

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Devilish Snooks: B-29 saga of C.B.I. and Pacific theaters. [Bloomington, IN]: 1stBooks, 2003.

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Glatfelter, Charles Henry. The Jacob B. and Sarah Ann Miller family: Roots and branches. Glenville, Pennsylvania: Jacob B. and Sarah Ann Miller Reunion, 1996.

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Pusan Kŭndae Yŏksagwan. Hagye Yŏn'gusil. Ch'ŏlto ro ttŏnanŭn kŭndae tosi kihaeng: Pusan saram B-ssi ŭi Inch'ŏn kihaeng. Pusan Kwangyŏksi: Pusan Kŭndae Yŏksagwan Hagye Yŏn'gusil, 2008.

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I am not a televangelist!: The continuing saga of Reverend Will B. Dunn. Atlanta, Ga: Longstreet Press, 1988.

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1924-, Mayor David G., ed. The saga of a quiet birdman: The autobiography of Paul B. Jackson, Colonel, USAF (Ret.). New Smyrna Beach, FL: Luthers, 1994.

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J, Fontenot Chester, Morgan Mary Alice, and Du Bois, W. E. B. 1868-1963., eds. W.E.B. Du Bois and race: Essays celebrating the centennial publication of The souls of Black folk / edited by Chester J. Fontenot, Jr. and Mary Alice Morgan, with Sarah Gardner. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press, 2001.

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Mrazek, Robert J. To kingdom come: An epic saga of survival in the air war over Germany. New York: NAL Caliber, 2011.

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International Saga Conference 1985 Copenhagen). Workshop papers, the sixth International Saga Conference, 28.7-28.8 1985 : themes: Christianity and West Norse literature (A), Transmission and editing of texts (B). [København: Københavns Universitet, 1985.

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Sieren, Klaus. Zwischen Saar und Leuk: Familienbuch 1675-1900 der Pfarreien Freudenburg, Weiten, Trassem, Kastel sowie der Orte Hamm/b. Taben (nur 1675-1800) und Kollesleuken rechts der Leuk. Köln: Westdeutsche Gesellschaft für Familienkunde, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sara B"

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Clark, Jenna Leigh. "Algoe, Sara B." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 107–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1438.

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Clark, Jenna Leigh. "Algoe, Sara B." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1438-1.

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Nørtoft, Peter, and Tor Dokken. "Isogeometric Analysis of Navier-Stokes Flow Using Locally Refinable B-Splines." In SAGA – Advances in ShApes, Geometry, and Algebra, 299–318. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08635-4_15.

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Tietz, Manfred. "Torrente Ballester, Gonzalo: La saga. Fuga de J. B." In Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), 1–3. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_18139-1.

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Jain, Ananya, and Shilpa Sharma. "Nanotechnology in COVID-19 Vaccines." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 14–26. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_3.

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AbstractNanotechnology has been proposed in vaccine development as carriers and adjuvants time and again but received limited recognition before the development of vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in the triumph of the vaccines for the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The first vaccine got approved within a year of the earliest reported case of the novel coronavirus. Presently, more than 35 vaccines are approved in at least one country, 10 out of which are sanctioned for emergency use by the WHO. The key categories include peptide vaccine, mRNA vaccine, inactivated & viral vector vaccines. Nanotechnology is a crucial component in the success of mRNA vaccines. Nanoparticles not only allow targeted drug delivery but also boost the pharmacokinetic profile and the immune response against the therapeutic. A few nanoparticles have received approval for use as adjuvants (MF59), and countless others (virosomes, PGLA) are under development for many vaccines for infectious diseases, for instance, Influenza, Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus, Malaria, Tuberculosis, etc. In this article, we will review the vaccines available against SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the nanotechnology utilized in their development.
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Tendler Krieger, Bella. "'Abd Allāh b. Saba' and the Role of the Nuṣayrī Bāb. Rehabilitating the Heresiarchs of the Islamic Tradition." In Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses, 441–72. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.behe-eb.4.01181.

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"Sara Pogreb (b. 1921)." In An Anthology of Jewish-Russian Literature: Two Centuries of Dual Identity in Prose and Poetry, 929–33. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315706474-112.

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"Sara Pogreb (b. 1921)." In Voices of Jewish-Russian Literature, 678–82. Academic Studies Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781618117939-077.

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Heyman, Barbara B. "Prelude to War." In Samuel Barber, 213–41. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863739.003.0009.

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This chapter reveals the most accurate account of Barber’s first major commission, the Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. It was commissioned in 1939 by Samuel Fels of Fels-Naptha soap for his ward Iso Briselli, a young violinist prodigy. Barber’s work on the concerto in Switzerland was interrupted by the impending Nazi invasion in Poland and, on arriving home, the illness of his father. As the work could not be completed in time for Briselli’s debut, it was premiered instead by Albert Spalding and the Philadelphia Orchestra and received a generous response, newspapers reporting it to be an “exceptional popular success.” The chapter also features four songs on texts by Gerard Manley Hopkins, James Agee, W. B. Yeats, and Frederic Prokosch, a friend of Barber’s. It mentions the piano trio he wrote for the wedding of Barber’s sister Sara and his nomination to the National Institute of Arts and Letters as its youngest member.
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"APPENDIX B: Handlist of Relic Thefts." In Furta Sacra, 149–56. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400820207-012.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sara B"

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Leite, Francisco Antônio Sabino, and CARLA ISLENE HOLANDA MOREIRA COELHO. "LINFÓCITOS B NA COVID-19: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Imunologia On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conbrai/5999.

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Introdução: Doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), causada pelo novo patógeno humano síndrome respiratória aguda grave coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). É uma patologia que resultou em morbidade e mortalidade global. Os avanços científicos no conhecimento do SARS-CoV-2 e do COVID-19 foram completamente rápidos e amplos. Nesse sentido, é importante relatar o mecanismo imunológico desencadeado pelas células B (Linfócitos B), para impedir a proliferação viral no organismo humano. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho é destacar a importância e mecanismos imunológicos desencadeados por Linfócitos B, para interromper a infecção por coronavírus em humanos. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa produzida através de pesquisas em bases eletrônicas como Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Biblioteca Eletrônica Científica Online (Scielo) e Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos (PubMed). Utilizando como descritores para produção desse trabalho Linfócitos B e Covid-19 em associação com o operador booleano AND. Usando critérios de inclusão como artigos publicados nos últimos 5 anos (2017-2022), tipos de estudos em inglês e português como livros e documentos, ensaios clínicos, meta-análise, teste controlado e aleatório e análise. E critérios de exclusão como artigos duplicados entre as bases de dados e não propício ao tema. Resultados: Após a infecção com SARS-CoV-2, as células B virgens ou células B de memória são ativadas pelo reconhecimento de antígeno e pela ajuda das células T CD4+. As células B ativadas diferenciam-se rapidamente em plasmócitos extrafoliculares de vida curta (SL PCs) e células B de memória (MBCs) com SHM. Os plasmócitos secretores de anticorpos e os MBCs entram no sangue e (potencialmente) na mucosa, combatendo a infecção viral e a protege contra a reinfecção. Lembrando-se que, a abundância de células B que expressam IgG3 ou IgG1 de baixa taxa de hipermutação somática (SHM), ocorre nas semanas iniciais após o início dos sintomas de COVID-19. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, a ativação dos linfócitos B através do reconhecimento de antígenos SARS-CoV-2, é extremamente importante para combater a proliferação viral no organismo humano. Contudo, as células B por sua vez ativadas impedirá a infecção do coronavírus em humanos.
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Smith, R. S., and A. P. Annan. "Using an induction coil sensor to indirectly measure the B-field response in the bandwidth of the transient electromagnetic method." In 6th SAGA Biennial Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.221.018.

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Hati, Manas Kumar, and Tarun K. Bhattacharyya. "An 8-b 250-Msample/s power optimized pipelined A/D converter in 0.18-µm CMOS." In 2015 International Conference on VLSI Systems, Architecture, Technology and Applications (VLSI-SATA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsi-sata.2015.7050479.

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Badamshina, G. G., E. P. Sizova, and L. M. Fatkhutdinova. "STUDY OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY TO INFECTIONS IN MEDICAL WORKERS." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-44-47.

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Abstract: Introduction. In the course of their work, medical workers are exposed to a biological factor, including bacterial, viral nature. Medical personnel come into contact with patients with measles, rubella, diphtheria, tuberculosis, hepatitis, coronavirus infection and other infectious diseases. The aim of the study is to assess the humoral immunity by the presence antibodies to the measles, rubella, hepatitis B viruses, to the causative agent COVID-19, tuberculosis and diphtheria bacteria in health care workers. Methods. Antibodies to measles, rubella, hepatitis B viruses, diphtheria and tetanus pathogens were measured in blood serum samples of 1221 MW; total antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis - in 120 MW; antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus – in 301 MW. The study was carried out by the method of enzyme immunoassay using commercial test systems; antibodies to diphtheria toxoid were detected in the passive hemagglutination reaction. The control group consisted of persons of engineering and technical personnel, comparable in age, gender and work experience. Results. Medical personnel were found to have significantly more frequent detection of seronegative reactions to the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (40.9% and 13.5%, p<0.001) of measles (28.8% and 3.9%, p<0.05); significantly high prevalence in the presence of total antibodies to mycobacterium tuberculosis (7.5% of cases in medical, 0% of cases of workers in the control group, p<0.05). In comparison with doctors, nurses had a significantly higher prevalence of antibodies to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (38.9% and 23.7%, p<0.05). Conclusions. The study of post-vaccination immunity in medical workers showed the presence of a high proportion of seronegative individuals among vaccinated (viral hepatitis B, measles) medical workers and, accordingly, significant biological risks. A higher seroprevalence in total antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis may also indicate insufficient immune protection among MW. The biological significance of seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins (for nurses) requires further study.
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Alshibly, Rafal, Rana Shalaby, Omran A. H. Musa, George Hindy, Nazmul Islam, Mohammed Habibullah, Talal Al-Marwani, et al. "The prevalence of adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and reinfection after recovery – a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 011 447 individuals." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0146.

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Research purpose: The research aims to estimate the prevalence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, T and B memory cells after recovery, to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, and to investigate the protective efficacy of infection with SARS-CoV-2 against reinfection. Methodology: Several online databases were searched for studies conducted between 1 January 2020 to 1 April 2021. Studies which compared COVID-19 infection between individuals with and without prior infection were included and assessed for quality and risk of bias. Pooled estimates of the prevalence of humoral and cellular immunity parameters and reinfection were obtained in a meta-analysis using bias adjusted synthesis methods. Findings: At ≥ 6 months after recovery, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific immunological memory remained high; IgG – 90.4% (95%CI 72.2-99.9, I2=89.0%, p<0.01, 5 studies), and CD4+ - 91.7% (95%CI 78.2 – 97.1, one study). The pooled prevalence of reinfection was 0.2% (95%CI 0.0 – 0.7, I2 = 98.8, 9 studies). Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 had an 81% reduction in odds of a reinfection (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.1 - 0.3, I2 = 90.5%, 5 studies). Research value: This review of 12 million individuals presents evidence that most individuals who recover from COVID-19 develop immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2, thus, reinfection after recovery was rare.
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Morais, Lynna Stefany Furtado, Beatriz Caroline Conceição do Nascimento, Sara Cristina Santos Rodrigues, Maria Zilda Domingos da Silva, and Suzane dos Santos Matos. "ANÁLISE DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DO SISTEMA SANGUÍNEO ABO E O RISCO DE INFECÇÃO E MORTALIDADE POR COVID-19: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Hematologia Clínico-laboratorial On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/621.

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Introdução: No início de 2020, foi confirmado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a pandemia da doença COVID-19 causada pelo vírus SARS-Cov-2. O sistema sanguíneo ABO, composto por quatro tipos sanguíneos: A, B, AB e O, é associado à múltiplas doenças infecciosas, como hepatite B e dengue hemorrágica. Por conseguinte, surge a necessidade de investigação da relação entre o risco de infecção e mortalidade por COVID-19 e os diversos tipos sanguíneos. Objetivo: Levantamento bibliográfico em busca da associação entre a infecção e mortalidade por COVID-19 e o sistema sanguíneo ABO. Material e métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada a partir de artigos publicados nas bases de dados PUBMED e Google Acadêmico com um recorte temporal de 2019 a 2020. Resultados: O risco de infecção por SARS-Cov-2 é maior em mulheres com tipo sanguíneo A. Em contrapartida, indivíduos com tipo sanguíneo O têm menores riscos de infecção pelo vírus. Com relação ao tipo sanguíneo AB, há maior inclinação para complicações e mortalidade por COVID-19. Por outro lado, o tipo sanguíneo O está associado a menores riscos de complicações, e o tipo sanguíneo B a menores taxas de mortalidade pelo vírus. Conclusão: Indivíduos com tipo sanguíneo A, principalmente mulheres, estão mais suscetíveis a infecção por COVID-19. O tipo sanguíneo O está relacionado a menores riscos de infecção pelo vírus. Complicações e mortalidade associadas ao sistema ABO ainda não possuem muitas evidências, porém destaca-se que pessoas com tipo sanguíneo AB requerem maior cuidado. Acerca do tipo sanguíneo B, os resultados são escassos, mas há inclinação para menor mortalidade pelo vírus.
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Frenzel, Aline Porciuncula, Maria Cristina Gonzalez, and Renata Moraes Bielemann. "APLICABILIDADE DO QUESTIONÁRIO SARC-F POR ENTREVISTA TELEFÔNICA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Pública On-line: Uma abordagem Multiprofissional. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/3059.

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Introdução: A sarcopenia é uma doença muscular, associada ao envelhecimento. Para o rastreamento deste deste quadro, o European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) recomenda a utilização do questionário SARC-F. Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicabilidade do questionário SARC-F, por entrevista telefônica, em idosos não institucionalizados pertencentes a uma coorte no sul do Brasil. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de base populacional realizado com a polução idosa da cidade de Pelotas-RS. Foram utilizados dados sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde dos idosos, coletados em 2014, e dados referentes ao questionário SARC-F, aplicado por contato telefônico, coletados em 2016. Foram excluídos indivíduos com diagnóstico confirmado de sarcopenia, conforme os critérios da EWGSOP de 2019. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo programa estatístico Stata 16. Foram testadas associações entre a variável desfecho e variáveis de exposição através de teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para heterogeneidade e/ou tendência linear. Para todos os testes foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%, bicaudal. Resultados: Foram avaliados 951 idosos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (62,67%), entre 60 e 69 anos (59,06%), não praticante de atividade física no lazer (79,10%), com excesso de peso (64,52%) e independente quanto a capacidade funcional (69,19%). A prevalência de risco de sarcopenia foi de 20,50% e esteve associada significativamente com as variáveis: sexo (12,11%:homens; 25,50%:mulheres), idade (14,44%:60-69; 25,59%:70-79; 41,30%:≥80 anos/tendência linear), escolaridade (41,90%:nenhum ano de estudo; 24,11%:<8; 8,66%:≥8 anos/tendência linear), nível socioeconômico (10,48%:classe A/B; 25,57%:C; 37,65%:D/E/tendência linear), situação conjugal (16,55%:casado/com companheiro; 20,26%:solteiro/separado/divorciado; 30,08%:viúvo), atividade física no lazer (9,18%:ativos; 23,72%:inativos), depressão (40,54%:presente; 17,82%:ausente), multimorbidade (5,54%:0-4; 29,47%: 5 ou mais comorbidades), capacidade funcional (11,85%:independentes; 36,67%:dependentes para 1; 78,26%:dependentes para 2 ou mais atividades/tendência linear) e polifarmácia (15,04%:<5; 32,03%:≥5 medicamentos) (p<0,001 para todas associações). Conclusão: O questionário SARC-F, aplicado por contato telefônico, esteve associado à importantes variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde da população idosa. Estes dados fortalecem a importância da construção de políticas públicas voltadas à prevenção da sarcopenia, que possam ser implementadas em situações de isolamento social.
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Park, Bu S., Sunder S. Rajan, and Leonardo M. Angelone. "A New Method to Concentrate Electromagnetic Field Within ROI Using a High Dielectric Material in 3T Body MRI." In ASME 2013 Conference on Frontiers in Medical Devices: Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fmd2013-16135.

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We present numerical simulation results showing that high dielectric materials (HDMs) when placed between the human body model and the body coil significantly alter the electromagnetic field inside the body. The numerical simulation results show that the electromagnetic field (E, B, and SAR) within a region of interest (ROI) is concentrated (increased). In addition, the average electromagnetic fields decreased significantly outside the region of interest. The calculation results using a human body model and HDM of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) show that the mean local SAR was decreased by about 56% (i.e., 18.7 vs. 8.2 W/kg) within the body model.
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Sábio, Laís Roberta, JULIANA FERNANDES AREAL CARRIZO, HELOÍSA PEDRO GERMANO, and LAHIS CANELLO MÜLLER. "PAPEL DA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA INFECÇÃO POR SARS-COV-2." In II Congresso Nacional de Microbiologia Clínica On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conamic/06.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A microbiota intestinal é conhecida por influenciar e ser influenciada por diversos sistemas orgânicos do corpo humano. Dentre eles, sua interface com o sistema imunológico tem recebido atenção por seu papel na execução e modulação de respostas imunológicas. Recentemente foi demonstrada uma interação bidirecional da microbiota intestinal com a mucosa respiratória, o que foi denominado como eixo intestino-pulmão. OBJETIVO: Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o envolvimento da microbiota intestinal na infecção por SARS-CoV-2. METODOLOGIA: Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados PubMed, onde foram selecionados artigos condizentes ao tema publicados entre 2020 e 2021. RESULTADOS: Indivíduos infectados por SARS-CoV-2 demonstraram decréscimo na diversidade da microbiota intestinal quando comparados aos controles em estudos com metodologia similar. Houve predominância de gêneros oportunísticos, tais como Actinomyces, Rothia, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Coprobacillus, Clostridium ramosum e Clostridium hathewayi ao mesmo tempo em que houve correlação positiva com a severidade da COVID-19 associados a marcadores de inflamação intestinal. Além disso, os pacientes infectados também apresentaram um decréscimo de bactérias benéficas, tais como dos gêneros Bifidobacterium, Agathobacter, Fusicatenibacter, Roseburia e da família Ruminococcaceae e foram correlacionados negativamente com a progressão da doença. Ainda, durante a hospitalização por COVID-19, a quantidade relativa de Bacteroides dorei, B. massiliensis, B. ovatus e B. thetaiotaomicron foi inversamente correlacionada à carga viral nas fezes de pacientes com COVID-19. Durante hospitalização, pacientes infectados mostraram aumento de fungos oportunistas mesmo após eliminação do vírus e resolução dos sintomas, sugerindo um microbioma intestinal instável e persistente disbiose. Em biópsias de casos fatais de COVID-19 foram detectadas espécies comumente encontradas na microbiota intestinal tais como Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella e Proteus, nos pulmões de pacientes falecidos por COVID-19, o que evidencia a relação da microbiota intestinal com a pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: Tendo em vista esses achados é possível concluir que mudanças na composição da microbiota intestinal podem contribuir com o estabelecimento e progressão da doença. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários a fim de esclarecer se a microbiota intestinal modula o sistema imunológico frente à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e/ou é afetada pela resposta imunológica frente à infecção por esse vírus.
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Kaptelova, V. V., A. S. Speranskaya, A. E. Samoilov, A. V. Valdokhina, V. P. Bulanenko, E. V. Korneenko, O. Y. Shipulina, and V. G. Akimkin. "MUTATIONS IN THE GENOMES OF SARS-COV-2 FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES OBTAINED IN LATE MARCH-EARLY APRIL FROM PATIENTS IN MOSCOW." In Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-147.

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Many papers suggested that D614G mutation in the viral spike (S) protein SARS-CoV-2 can influence the ability of virus transmission. In recent work [1], it was shown D614G influences the rate of disease transmission only in combination with the P323L mutation in the viral polymerase. We have sequenced 28 full genomes of SARS-CoV-2, obtained from clinical material from patients of different ages. The analyzed isolates belong to clades B.1 (GH) and B1.1 (GR). Combinations of mutations P323L and D614G were found in all genomes. These differences can be explained by sampling: the samples for the sequencing of the whole genome were selected with high viral load, it can be related to the rate of viral replication in intra-host. That, in turn, can be dependent on the presence of P323L/D614G mutations in the virus genome.
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Reports on the topic "Sara B"

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Irvin, Janet G., Jeffrey A. Doyal, Earl D. Sharp, and James M. LaSalvia. Experimental Evaluation of Cursors for B-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Application. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada283025.

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Johnson, E. W. Light-Weight Radioisotope Heater Unit Safety Analysis Report (LWRHU-SAR). Volume I. A. Introduction and executive summary. B. Reference Design Document (RDD). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5063463.

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Altstein, Miriam, and Ronald Nachman. Rationally designed insect neuropeptide agonists and antagonists: application for the characterization of the pyrokinin/Pban mechanisms of action in insects. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587235.bard.

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The general objective of this BARD project focused on rationally designed insect neuropeptide (NP) agonists and antagonists, their application for the characterization of the mechanisms of action of the pyrokinin/PBAN (PK-PBAN) family and the development of biostable, bioavailable versions that can provide the basis for development of novel, environmentally-friendly pest insect control agents. The specific objectives of the study, as originally proposed, were to: (i) Test stimulatory potencies of rationally designed backbone cyclic (BBC) peptides on pheromonotropic, melanotropic, myotropic and pupariation activities; (ii) Test the inhibitory potencies of the BBC compounds on the above activities evoked either by synthetic peptides (PBAN, LPK, myotropin and pheromonotropin) or by the natural endogenous mechanism; (iii) Determine the bioavailability of the most potent BBC compounds that will be found in (ii); (iv) Design, synthesize and examine novel PK/PBAN analogs with enhanced bioavailability and receptor binding; (v) Design and synthesize ‘magic bullet’ analogs and examine their ability to selectively kill cells expressing the PK/PBAN receptor. To achieve these goals the agonistic and antagonistic activities/properties of rationally designed linear and BBC neuropeptide (NP) were thoroughly studied and the information obtained was further used for the design and synthesis of improved compounds toward the design of an insecticide prototype. The study revealed important information on the structure activity relationship (SAR) of agonistic/antagonistic peptides, including definitive identification of the orientation of the Pro residue as trans for agonist activity in 4 PK/PBANbioassays (pheromonotropic, pupariation, melanotropic, & hindgut contractile) and a PK-related CAP₂b bioassay (diuretic); indications that led to the identification of a novel scaffold to develop biostbiostable, bioavailable peptidomimetic PK/PBANagonists/antagonists. The work led to the development of an arsenal of PK/PBAN antagonists with a variety of selectivity profiles; whether between different PKbioassays, or within the same bioassay between different natural elicitors. Examples include selective and non-selective BBC and novel amphiphilic PK pheromonotropic and melanotropic antagonists some of which are capable of penetrating the moth cuticle in efficacious quantities. One of the latter analog group demonstrated unprecedented versatility in its ability to antagonize a broad spectrum of pheromonotropic elicitors. A novel, transPro mimetic motif was proposed & used to develop a strong, selective PK agonist of the melanotropic bioassay in moths. The first antagonist (pure) of PK-related CAP₂b diuresis in flies was developed using a cisPro mimetic motif; an indication that while a transPro orientation is associated with receptor agonism, a cisPro orientation is linked with an antagonist interaction. A novel, biostablePK analog, incorporating β-amino acids at key peptidase-susceptible sites, exhibited in vivo pheromonotropic activity that by far exceeded that of PBAN when applied topically. Direct analysis of neural tissue by state-of-the-art MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was used to identify specific PK/PK-related peptides native to eight arthropod pest species [house (M. domestica), stable (S. calcitrans), horn (H. irritans) & flesh (N. bullata) flies; Southern cattle fever tick (B. microplus), European tick (I. ricinus), yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti), & Southern Green Stink Bug (N. viridula)]; including the unprecedented identification of mass-identical Leu/Ile residues and the first identification of NPs from a tick or the CNS of Hemiptera. Evidence was obtained for the selection of Neb-PK-2 as the primary pupariation factor of the flesh fly (N. bullata) among native PK/PK-related candidates. The peptidomic techniques were also used to map the location of PK/PK-related NP in the nervous system of the model fly D. melanogaster. Knowledge of specific PK sequences can aid in the future design of species specific (or non-specific) NP agonists/antagonists. In addition, the study led to the first cloning of a PK/PBAN receptor from insect larvae (S. littoralis), providing the basis for SAR analysis for the future design of 2ⁿᵈgeneration selective and/or nonselective agonists/antagonists. Development of a microplate ligand binding assay using the PK/PBAN pheromone gland receptor was also carried out. The assay will enable screening, including high throughput, of various libraries (chemical, molecular & natural product) for the discovery of receptor specific agonists/antagonists. In summary, the body of work achieves several key milestones and brings us significantly closer to the development of novel, environmentally friendly pest insect management agents based on insect PK/PBANNPs capable of disrupting critical NP-regulated functions.
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Aslam, Saba, and Megan Schmidt-Sane. Evidence Review: COVID-19 Recovery in South Asian Urban Informal Settlements. SSHAP, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.012.

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The global pandemic has brought renewed attention toward the everyday challenges in informal settlements. COVID-19 reminds us that southern urban life is rooted in ‘collective’ experiences where toilets and kitchens are shared by multiple families; where the categories of work and home, private and public space overlap; and where the majority live in vulnerable conditions. Despite these challenges, some of the most innovative and collective responses to COVID-19 have emerged from these areas. While informal settlements did face a host of risks and vulnerabilities during the pandemic, local responses have highlighted the resilience of informal settlement communities. However, few informal settlements are actually ‘resilient’ and any local responses must be robustly supported by system-wide change including support from local and national governments, improvements to built infrastructure, and improved access to health care services, among other priorities. The category of ‘informal settlements’ also captures a wide range of settlement types, from a legal slum to an informal settlement with no legal status, with many other types in between. This underscores the need to address fundamental issues that ‘perpetuate conditions of inequity, exclusion and vulnerability’ while also recognising the needs and contexts of different kinds of informal settlements. Whether COVID-19 helps governments recognise conditions of insecurity and vulnerability to address safe and secure housing and infrastructures remains to be seen. This is an update to the previous SSHAP brief on ‘COVID-19 in Informal Urban Settlements’ (March 2020). This evidence review highlights local responses, grassroots efforts, and challenges around COVID-19 recovery within urban informal settlements in South Asia. It focuses on specific examples from Karachi, Pakistan and Mumbai, India to inform policy responses for COVID-19 recovery and future epidemic preparedness and response. We show how local level responses are shaped in these cities where national and international responses have not reached communities at municipal and sub-municipal levels. This brief was written by Saba Aslam (IDS Alumni) and Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), with reviews from Professor Amita Bhide (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India), Dr Asad Sayeed (Collective for Social Science Research, Pakistan), Annie Wilkinson (IDS), and contributions from Swati Mishra (LSHTM), Prerana Somani (LSHTM), Saleemullah Odho (Deputy Commissioner, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Noman Ahmed (NED University, Karachi), Tahera Hasan (Imkaan Foundation, Karachi), Atif Khan (District Health Officer, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Harris (District Focal person, Korangi), Aneeta Pasha (Interactive for Research and Development, Karachi), Yasmeen Shah (Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum), Ghulam Mustafa (HANDS Pakistan), and Dr Shehrin Shaila Mahmood (icddr,b). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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