Journal articles: 'Sarcoptes scabiei vulpes'

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Bates, P. "Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var vulpes) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-west Surrey." Veterinary Record 152, no. 4 (January 11, 2003): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.4.112.

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Rousseau, Julieta, Mónia Nakamura, Helena Rio-Maior, Francisco Álvares, Rémi Choquet, Luís Madeira de Carvalho, Raquel Godinho, and Nuno Santos. "Non-Invasive Molecular Survey of Sarcoptic Mange in Wildlife: Diagnostic Performance in Wolf Faecal Samples Evaluated by Multi-Event Capture–Recapture Models." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020243.

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Sarcoptic mange is globally enzootic, and non-invasive methods with high diagnostic specificity for its surveillance in wildlife are lacking. We describe the molecular detection of Sarcoptes scabiei in non-invasively collected faecal samples, targeting the 16S rDNA gene. We applied this method to 843 Iberian wolf Canis lupus signatus faecal samples collected in north-western Portugal (2006–2018). We further integrated this with serological data (61 samples from wolf and 20 from red fox Vulpes vulpes, 1997–2019) in multi-event capture–recapture models. The mean predicted prevalence by the molecular analysis of wolf faecal samples from 2006–2018 was 7.2% (CI95 5.0–9.4%; range: 2.6–11.7%), highest in 2009. The mean predicted seroprevalence in wolves was 24.5% (CI95 18.5–30.6%; range: 13.0–55.0%), peaking in 2006–2009. Multi-event capture–recapture models estimated 100% diagnostic specificity and moderate diagnostic sensitivity (30.0%, CI95 14.0–53.0%) for the molecular method. Mange-infected individually identified wolves showed a tendency for higher mortality versus uninfected wolves (ΔMortality 0.150, CI95 −0.165–0.458). Long-term serology data highlights the endemicity of sarcoptic mange in wild canids but uncovers multi-year epidemics. This study developed and evaluated a novel method for surveying sarcoptic mange in wildlife populations by the molecular detection of S. scabiei in faecal samples, which stands out for its high specificity and non-invasive character.

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Bornstein, S., G. Zakrisson, and P. Thebo. "Clinical Picture and Antibody Response to Experimental Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes Infection in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36, no. 4 (December 1995): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03547665.

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Scott, Dawn M., Rowenna Baker, Alexandra Tomlinson, Maureen J. Berg, Naomi Charman, and Bryony A. Tolhurst. "Spatial distribution of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Great Britain as determined by citizen science." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 5 (March 24, 2020): 1127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00985-5.

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Abstract Urban areas may support high densities of wild carnivores, and pathogens can strongly influence carnivore populations. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are hosts of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei), which infects numerous species, and transmission can be density dependent. In Great Britain, urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have recently increased in population density and undergone range expansions. Here we investigate corresponding changes in urban fox mange prevalence. We predicted a higher prevalence closer to historic epi/enzootics and lower prevalence where urban features reduce fox density and movements, i.e. large areas of public green space, and fragmented habitat, as measured by road length and urban perimeter shape complexity. We visually assessed mange symptoms from georeferenced images of urban foxes submitted online by the public, thus surveying private land on a national scale. We measured the proportion of foxes apparently showing mange and used SATSCAN to identify spatial clusters of high infection risk. Landscape features were extracted from urban layers in GIS to determine associations. Although mange was widespread, we identified a single cluster of high prevalence (37.1%) in Northwest and Central England, which exceeded double mean prevalence overall (15.1%) and mirrors the northward expansion of urban fox distribution. Prevalence was positively correlated with perimeter shape complexity and negatively correlated with distance to the nearest city with mange, although the latter association was weak. Our findings show that citizen science can effectively monitor diseases with highly visible symptoms and suggest that fox movements are influential in explaining spatial patterns of prevalence.

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Martínez, Ileana Z., Álvaro Oleaga, Irene Sojo, María José García-Iglesias, Claudia Pérez-Martínez, Juan F. García Marín, and Ana Balseiro. "Immunohistochemical Assessment of Immune Response in the Dermis of Sarcoptes scabiei—Infested Wild Carnivores (Wolf and Fox) and Ruminants (Chamois and Red Deer)." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071146.

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Sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and has been described in several species of domestic and wild mammals. Macroscopic lesions are predominantly hyperkeratotic (type I hypersensitivity) in fox, chamois and deer, but alopecic (type IV hypersensitivity) in wolf and some fox populations. To begin to understand the immune processes underlying these species differences in lesions, we examined skin biopsies from wolves (Canis lupus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infested with S. scabiei. Twenty skin samples from five animals per species were used. Sections were immuno-stained with primary antibodies against Iba1 to detect macrophages, lambda chain to detect plasma cells, CD3 to detect T lymphocytes and CD20 to detect B lymphocytes. Skin lesions contained significantly more inflammatory cells in the fox than in the wolf and chamois. Macrophages were the most abundant inflammatory cells in the lesions of all the species studied, suggesting a predominantly innate, non-specific immune response. Lesions from the wolf contained higher proportions of macrophages than the other species, which may reflect a more effective response, leading to alopecic lesions. In red deer, macrophages were significantly more abundant than plasma cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which were similarly abundant. The fox proportion of plasma cells was significantly higher than those of T and B lymphocytes. In chamois, T lymphocytes were more abundant than B lymphocytes and plasma cells, although the differences were significant only in the case of macrophages. These results suggest that all the species examined mount a predominantly innate immune response against S. scabiei infestation, while fox and chamois may also mount substantial humoral and cellular immune responses, respectively, with apparently scarce effectiveness that lead to hyperkeratotic lesions.

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Davidson, Rebecca K., Set Bornstein, and Kjell Handeland. "Long-term study of Sarcoptes scabiei infection in Norwegian red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) indicating host/parasite adaptation." Veterinary Parasitology 156, no. 3-4 (October 2008): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.019.

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Loredo, Ariel Irene, Jamie Leann Rudd, Janet Elizabeth Foley, Deana Louise Clifford, and Brian Leslie Cypher. "CLIMATIC SUITABILITY OF SAN JOAQUIN KIT FOX (VULPES MACROTIS MUTICA) DENS FOR SARCOPTIC MANGE (SARCOPTES SCABIEI) TRANSMISSION." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 56, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2019-02-035.

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BORNSTEIN, SET, and GORAN ZAKRISSON. "Humoral Antibody Response to Experimental Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes Infection in the Dog." Veterinary Dermatology 4, no. 3 (September 1993): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1993.tb00202.x.

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BORNSTEIN, SET. "Experimental Infection of Dogs with Sarcoptes scabiei Derived from Naturally Infected Wild Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes): Clinical Observations." Veterinary Dermatology 2, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.1991.tb00126.x.

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Jakubek, Eva-Britt, Roland Mattsson, Torsten Mörner, Jens G. Mattsson, and Dolores Gavier-Widén. "Potential application of serological tests on fluids from carcasses: detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcoptes scabiei in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 54, no. 1 (2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-54-13.

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Rudd, Jaime L., Deana L. Clifford, Brian L. Cypher, Joshua M. Hull, A. Jane Riner, and Janet E. Foley. "Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1 (September 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04328-3.

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Abstract Background In 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species. Methods We used 10 Sarcoptes microsatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445 S. scabiei mites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities. Results We identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FST of 0.467. The lowest FST (i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843). Conclusions These results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.

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Tiffin, Hannah S., Robert Cockerill, Justin D. Brown, and Erika T. Machtinger. "A Tissue Digestion Protocol for Measuring Sarcoptes scabiei (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae) Density in Skin Biopsies." Journal of Insect Science 20, no. 6 (November 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa105.

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Abstract Sarcoptic mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei that affects a diversity of mammals, including humans, worldwide. In North America, the most commonly affected wildlife includes wild canids, such as coyotes and red foxes, and more recently American black bears in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States. Currently, surveillance for sarcoptic mange in wildlife is syndromic, relying on detection of clinical signs and lesions, such as alopecia and crusting of skin. When possible, skin scrapes are used to identify the causative mite. While skin scrapes are a valuable diagnostic tool to identify mites, this approach has significant limitations when used for quantification of mite burden. To further investigate mite burden in cases of sarcoptic mange, 6-mm punch biopsies were collected from affected skin of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus [Carnivora: Canidae]), a species historically affected by sarcoptic mange, frequently with high mite burdens and severe skin disease, and validated on skin tissue from mange-affected American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas [Carnivora: Ursidae]) and coyotes (Canis latrans Say [Carnivora: Canidae]). Biopsies were digested by incubating the tissue in potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 55°C. The greatest tissue clearance and lowest mite degradation resulted after 12 h of tissue digestion. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a methodology for host tissue digestion and mite quantification in cases of sarcoptic mange. This method will provide a valuable surveillance and research tool to better understand sarcoptic mange in wild and domestic animals, with applications to a diversity of other ectoparasitic diseases.

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DeCandia, Alexandra L., Kennedy N. Leverett, and Bridgett M. vonHoldt. "Of microbes and mange: consistent changes in the skin microbiome of three canid species infected with Sarcoptes scabiei mites." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1 (October 16, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3724-0.

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Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Although it afflicts over 100 mammal species worldwide, sarcoptic mange remains a disease obscured by variability at the individual, population and species levels. Amid this variability, it is critical to identify consistent drivers of morbidity, particularly at the skin barrier. Methods Using culture-independent next generation sequencing, we characterized the skin microbiome of three species of North American canids: coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). We compared alpha and beta diversity between mange-infected and uninfected canids using the Kruskal–Wallis test and multivariate analysis of variance with permutation. We used analysis of composition of microbes and gneiss balances to perform differential abundance testing between infection groups. Results We found remarkably consistent signatures of microbial dysbiosis associated with mange infection. Across genera, mange-infected canids exhibited reduced microbial diversity, altered community composition and increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens. The primary bacteria comprising secondary infections were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, previously associated with canid ear and skin infections, and Corynebacterium spp., previously found among the gut flora of S. scabiei mites and hematophagous arthropods. Conclusions This evidence suggests that sarcoptic mange infection consistently alters the canid skin microbiome and facilitates secondary bacterial infection, as seen in humans and other mammals infected with S. scabiei mites. These results provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of mange at the skin barrier of North American canids and can inspire novel treatment strategies. By adopting a “One Health” framework that considers mites, microbes and the potential for interspecies transmission, we can better elucidate the patterns and processes underlying this ubiquitous and enigmatic disease.

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Pisano, Simone Roberto Rolando, Fridolin Zimmermann, Luca Rossi, Simon Capt, Ezgi Akdesir, Roland Bürki, Florin Kunz, Francesco Carlo Origgi, and Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. "Spatiotemporal spread of sarcoptic mange in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Switzerland over more than 60 years: lessons learnt from comparative analysis of multiple surveillance tools." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1 (November 5, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3762-7.

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Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a contagious skin disease of wild and domestic mammals caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Reports of sarcoptic mange in wildlife increased worldwide in the second half of the 20th century, especially since the 1990s. The aim of this study was to provide new insights into the epidemiology of mange by (i) documenting the emergence of sarcoptic mange in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the last decades in Switzerland; and (ii) describing its spatiotemporal spread combining data obtained through different surveillance methods. Methods Retrospective analysis of archived material together with prospective data collection delivered a large dataset from the 19th century to 2018. Methods included: (i) a review of historical literature; (ii) screening of necropsy reports from general health surveillance (1958–2018); (iii) screening of data on mange (1968–1992) collected during the sylvatic rabies eradication campaign; (iv) a questionnaire survey (<1980–2017) and (v) evaluation of camera-trap bycatch data (2005–2018). Results Sarcoptic mange in red foxes was reported as early as 1835 in Switzerland. The first case diagnosed in the framework of the general health surveillance was in 1959. Prior to 1980, sarcoptic mange occurred in non-adjacent surveillance districts scattered all over the country. During the period of the rabies epidemic (1970s-early 1990s), the percentage of foxes tested for rabies with sarcoptic mange significantly decreased in subregions with rabies, whereas it remained high in the few rabies-free subregions. Sarcoptic mange re-emerged in the mid-1990s and continuously spread during the 2000–2010s, to finally extend to the whole country in 2017. The yearly prevalence of mange in foxes estimated by camera-trapping ranged from 0.1–12%. Conclusions Sarcoptic mange has likely been endemic in Switzerland as well as in other European countries at least since the mid-19th century. The rabies epidemics seem to have influenced the pattern of spread of mange in several locations, revealing an interesting example of disease interaction in free-ranging wildlife populations. The combination of multiple surveillance tools to study the long-term dynamics of sarcoptic mange in red foxes in Switzerland proved to be a successful strategy, which underlined the usefulness of questionnaire surveys.

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FRANCO, M. B., and W. HAMANN. "DORAMECTINA NO TRATAMENTO DE CÃES COM SARNA SARCÓPTICA E NEMATÓDEOS GASTRINTESTINAIS." Archives of Veterinary Science 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v9i1.4042.

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O objetivo principal do presente estudo consistiu na avaliação da eficácia da doramectina contra o ácaro Sarcoptes scabiei e nematódeos gastrintestinais caninos. O experimento foi realizado com 26 cães, naturalmente infectados com o ácaro Sarcoptes scabiei e nematódeos gastrintestinais, divididos em dois grupos (grupo controle e grupo de tratamento). Os cães do grupo tratamento receberam administração única subcutânea de doramectina 1%, na dose de 0,3 mg/kg e o grupo controle recebeu administração única subcutânea de solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9%, na dose de 0,03 ml/kg. Os grupos foram acompanhados durante 28 dias e avaliados quanto à evolução das lesões dermatológicas, presença e intensidade do prurido, raspados de pele e exame coproparasitológico (método de Willis-Mollay). O grupo tratado não apresentou mais o ácaro no 14° dia, juntamente com redução significativa do prurido e das lesões de pele, com recuperação completa de todos os animais no 28° dia após o tratamento. Os exames coproparasitológicos pré-tratamento revelaram a presença de Toxocara sp, Ancylostoma sp, Trichuris vulpis e Uncinaria stenocephala nos animais estudados, sendo que no 21° dia todos os animais apresentaram exames coproparasitológicos negativos. Não foram observadas reações adversas locais ou sistêmicas, inclusive em filhotes. Estes resultados evidenciam a eficácia da doramectina, em única aplicação, contra o ácaro Sarcoptes scabiei e nematódeos gastrintestinais caninos. Doramectin in the treatment of dogs with sarcoptic mange and gastrintestinal nematodes Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of doramectin against the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and canine gastrintestinal nematodes. The experiment was carried out with 26 dogs, naturally infected by Sarcoptes scabiei mites and gastrointestinal nematodes, divided in two groups: the control group and the treatment group. The dogs under treatment received a single subcutaneous injection of doramectin 1%, at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg. The dogs of the control group got one single injection of saline 0.9 %, at a dosage of 0.03 ml/kg. The groups were monitored for 28 days and evaluated according to the evolution of skin lesions, itching presence and intensity, skin scrapers and coproparasitologic exams (Willis-Mollay method). The mite was not observed in the treatment group on the 14th day, along with important reduction of the itching and skin lesions, and complete recovery on the 28th day of treatment. Coproparasitologic exams revealed presence of Toxocara sp, Ancylostoma sp, Trichuris vulpis and Uncinaria stenocephala; on the 21st day the coproparasitologic exams of all dogs were negative. Adverse reaction, either local or systemic, was not observed in any dog, even in puppies. In conclusion, the results of this study proved the efficacy of a single dose administration of doramectin against the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and canine gastrintestinal nematodes.

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Al-Sabi, Mohammad, Tariq Halasa, and Christian Kapel. "Infections with cardiopulmonary and intestinal helminths and sarcoptic mange in red foxes from two different localities in Denmark." Acta Parasitologica 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-014-0214-6.

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AbstractMonitoring parasitic infections in the red fox is essential for obtaining baseline knowledge on the spread of diseases of veterinary and medical importance. In this study, screening for cardiopulmonary and intestinal helminths and sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) was done on 118 foxes originating from two distinct localities in Denmark, (Copenhagen) greater area and southern Jutland. Fifteen parasite species were recorded in 116 foxes (98.3%), nine parasitic species are of zoonotic potential. Parasite diversity was greater in foxes of Copenhagen in terms of overall parasite species richness and species richness of all helminth groups individually: trematodes; cestodes; and nematodes. Six parasite species were recovered from foxes of Copenhagen, but not from foxes of Southern Jutland: Echinochasmus perfoliatus; Echinostoma sp.; Pseudamphistomum truncatum; Dipylidium caninum; Angiostrongylus vasorum; and Sarcoptes scabiei, but Toxascaris leonina was only recorded in foxes of southern Jutland. A high prevalence and abundance of A. vasorum in foxes of Copenhagen was observed. The prevalence of four nematode species; Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, and Crenosoma vulpis, in foxes of both localities were comparable and ranging from 22.9% to 89%. The prevalence of Mesocestoides sp. was significantly higher in foxes of Copenhagen. Taenia spp. were detected using morphological and molecular analysis, which revealed the dominance of T. polyacantha in foxes of both localities. Infections with sarcoptic mange were evident only among foxes of Copenhagen (44.9%), which significantly affected the average weight of the infected animals. Further remarks on the zoonotic and veterinary implications of the parasites recovered are given.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sarcoptes scabiei vulpes'

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