Journal articles on the topic '"Sarf" asari'

Xorazimlik mashhur olim Abul Fath Mutarriziyning bizgacha yetib kelgan va juda qimmatli asarlari orasida <strong><em>&ldquo;</em></strong>Kitabul-Mishbah fin-Nahv<strong><em>&rdquo;</em></strong> hamda ulamolar va tilshunoslar orasida katta hurmatga sazovor bo&lsquo;lgan <strong>&ldquo;</strong>al-Mug&lsquo;rib fi Tartibil-Mu&rsquo;rib<strong>&rdquo;</strong> nomli asarlari mavjud. Maqolada uning asarlari orasida deyarli o&lsquo;rganilmagan <em>&ldquo;Risalatun fin-Nahv&rdquo;</em> asari va undagi til o&lsquo;qitish usullari, hozirgi kunda xorijiy tilni o&lsquo;rgatuvchi mutaxassislar va o&lsquo;rganuvchi yoshlar uchun foydali taraflari va uslublari xususida so&lsquo;z boradi.

<em>Mazkur maqolada arab tilshunosligiga katta hissa qo&lsquo;shgan Ibn Molik haqida so&lsquo;z boradi. Arab tili o&lsquo;zining qator xususiyatlari bilan boshqa tillardan farq qiladi, jumladan, atamalar, ta&rsquo;riflar, til hodisalariga yondashuv va boshqa jihatlari bilan. Ulardan biri har qanday ilmiy tushunchaning, albatta, dastlab lug&lsquo;aviy, so&lsquo;ng uning istilohiy ma&rsquo;nolariga e&rsquo;tibor qaratilishidir. Bunday uslubni boshqa tilshunoslik maktablarida deyarli uchratmaymiz. Darhaqiqat, bu arab nazariy tilshunosligining o&lsquo;ziga xos xususiyati va yutug&lsquo;idir. Arab tili grammatikasining tarixiy taraqqiyotida alohida o&lsquo;rin tutuvchi asarlar sirasidan Xalil ibn Ahmadning &laquo;Al-Ayn&raquo;, Sibavayhning &laquo;Al-Kitob&raquo;, Zamaxshariyning &laquo;Al-Mufassal&raquo; asarlarini sanash mumkin. Bu kitoblar qatoriga shubhasiz &laquo;Al-Xulosatu fi-n-nahv&raquo; asari ham kiradi. Bu kitob ko&lsquo;proq ikkinchi nomi &ndash; &laquo;Alfiyatu-bni Molik fi-n-nahvi va-s-sarf&raquo;, yana ham qisqa shaklda aytganda &laquo;Alfiya&raquo; nomi bilan shuhrat qozongan. Ta&rsquo;bir joiz bo&lsquo;lsa, mashhurlik bobida bu kitob bilan faqatgina Sibavayhning &laquo;Al-Kitob&raquo;i raqobat qilishi mumkin. &laquo;Alfiya&raquo; asarining muallifi Ibn Molik arab tilshunosligi tarixida o&lsquo;chmas iz qoldirgan siymolardan biri sifatida e&rsquo;tirof etiladi.</em>

<em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ibn Hojib (1174&ndash;1249) o&lsquo;rta asr islom olamining mashhur olimlaridan biri bo&lsquo;lib, arab tili grammatikasi, fiqh va boshqa diniy-ilmiy fanlarga muhim hissa qo&lsquo;shgan. U asosan o&lsquo;zining arab tili grammatikasiga oid mashhur asarlari &ndash; "Al-Kofiya" va "Ash-Shofiya" bilan tanilgan. Ushbu asarlar o&lsquo;rta asr va keyingi davrlardagi arab tili va grammatika ilmiy tadqiqotlarining asosini tashkil etgan. Ibn Hojibning ilmiy merosi musulmon olimlari orasida katta qadr-qimmatga ega bo&lsquo;lib, uning asarlari Sharq va G&lsquo;arbda keng o&lsquo;rganilgan va ko&lsquo;plab sharhlar bilan boyitilgan.</em><em> "Al-Kofiya" kitobi arab tilining sintaksisi, ya&rsquo;ni naxv ilmi haqida bo&lsquo;lib, o&lsquo;rta asr olimlari tomonidan tilni o&lsquo;rganish va o&lsquo;rgatishda qo&lsquo;llanilgan eng asosiy qo&lsquo;llanmalardan biri hisoblanadi. Bu asar nafaqat arab tili grammatikasi uchun, balki islom huquqi, tafsir va hadis kabi diniy fanlarni o&lsquo;rganishda ham muhim ahamiyat kasb etgan. Ibn Hojibning "Ash-Shofiya" asari esa arab tilining morfologiyasiga, ya&rsquo;ni sarf ilmi bilan bog&lsquo;liq bo&lsquo;lib, tilning lug&lsquo;aviy tuzilishi va so&lsquo;z yasash qoidalariga bag&lsquo;ishlangan.</em> <em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ibn Hojib nafaqat arab tilshunosligi, balki fiqh &ndash; islom huquqi sohasida ham faoliyat yuritgan. Uning huquqshunoslikka oid asarlari o&lsquo;rta asr musulmon huquqshunosligi rivojiga katta ta&rsquo;sir ko&lsquo;rsatgan va ko&lsquo;p jihatdan hozirgi davrga qadar o&lsquo;z dolzarbligini yo&lsquo;qotmagan. Mazkur maqolada Ibn Hojibning hayoti, uning ilmiy faoliyati va merosi keng tahlil qilinadi. Unda olimning yashab o&lsquo;tgan davri, uning ta&rsquo;lim olishi, ustozi va shogirdlari, ilmiy izlanishlarining asosiy yo&lsquo;nalishlari haqida so&lsquo;z yuritiladi. Shuningdek, Ibn Hojibning asarlari va ularning keyingi avlod olimlari tomonidan qanday qabul qilinganligi ham ko&lsquo;rib chiqiladi. Bu maqola orqali Ibn Hojibning musulmon dunyosida tutgan o&lsquo;rni va uning ilmiy merosining bugungi kunga ta&rsquo;siri yoritiladi.</em>

AbstrakReformation steps must be seen as part of change that 's happened ininternational sphere where democracy and human rights been become newcivilization pillar. Under that milieu then the author reasons might not hideseveral sensitive problems on ethnic, race and religion (SARA). Reformationitself that's believed would delivery freedom from prior alllhoritarian regimebut also has raised another authoritarian in fimdamentalism form.Discrimination as target to annihilate in recent time has change into manyprivilege been asked for local (native) person also by their nepotism. Theauthor submits moralistically approach why more sophisticated to buildhuman rights consciousness. Constitutional legitimating has been stipulatedto make lndonesiafree from discrimination that still has strong roots

Sara (essence of all dhatus) is the purest or most vital part of dhatu (tissues), providing strength and stability to the body. Sarata of dhatu will get modified due to variations in food, habitat, season, lifestyle, etc. There is the effect of Sara and Asara condition of dhatu on physical and mental health. The present study aims to find out if there is any relationship between Asthi Sara Purusha Lakshanas and Bone mineral density. The Asthi Sara Questionnaire and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed the Asthi Sara and Bone mineral density, respectively. The result of the study indicates that a statistically significant association exists between the Asthi Sara categories and Bone mineral density. Furthermore, Asthi Sara scores were positively correlated with total Bone density and the T scores were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. By assessing Asthi Sara Purusha Lakshanas, we can understand the strength of Asthi dhatu. This study finding helps Ayurvedic physicians use the tool developed by the researchers to determine Asthi Sara cost-effectively.

Abstract: In a heterogeneus society, as in Indonesia, multicultural conflict contributed significantly to the crisis of culture and human right violations. Cultural interaction that is not harmonius or coercion between the cultural phenomenon of one over another has threatened the ideal of culture itself. Therefore, the required planting patterns in a more businesslike culture and heterogeneous to answer the crisis of culture. Awareness of multiculturalism and respect for human rights need to be inculcated in every student the education in our country. This paper attempts to describe how important and growing signicance of education in the world of multicultural education to be able to issues of conflict and human right violations are constantly palgued this nation.&#x0D; Keywords: Multiculturalism, Conflict, SARA, Human Right

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Penerapan Persetujuan Tindakan Medis di Gunung Sari Medical Clinic. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian hukum empiris berdasarkan tipe pendekatan sosiologis, fakta, dan konseptual. Data bersumber dari hasil penelitian lapangan dan juga perundang-undangan. Sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik dokumentasi, wawancara dan studi pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian bahwa pelaksanaan persetujuan tindakan medis yang ada di Gunung Sari Medical Clinic secara yuridis sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku, dimana dalam pelaksanaannya lebih diutamakan pada proses komunikasi antara dokter dengan pasiennya, bukan hanya pada pengisian dan ditandatanganinya formulir. Jika muncul perbedaan pendapat antara dokter dengan pasiennya akan tindakan medis yang akan dijalankan, pihak tenaga medis dalam penyelesaiannya, tetap berusaha menghormati hak-hak asasi pasien dengan tetap memberikan layanan terbaik, memberikan alternatif tindakan lainnya meskipun hasilnya tidak maksimal dibandingkan tindakan medis yang telah disarankan, dan tidak menyuruh pulang paksa.

Raktasarata is assessed with the reference from ancient Ayurvedic books like Charaka, Sushrutaand Vaghbhata. Detailed proforma of raktasara is prepared. Characters of raktasarata described by Charaka and Sushruta have taken into consideration. The terms Sukha, Medha, Manaswita, Uddhata, Anatibalam, Ushnasahishnutvam are tried to explain and proforma is prepared to rule out these mental characters. Characters of Raktasara person described by Charaka and Sushruta belong to Raktapravarasara persons. Characteristics of Raktamadhyamsara And Raktaasara are not described in texts. If the characters of sara are absent then dhatu is said to be Asara while some characters of Raktasara are observed in Raktamadhyamsara persons. In ancient days, due to unavailability of devices, study of dhatu was done by examining external structures of body.

Berbicara tentang keadilan maka hal ini merupakan kebajikan dalam hidup masyarakat. Setiap orang ingin menjalani hidup ini dalam keadilan. Namun, harapan akan keadilan sampai saat ini masih diperjuangkan. Berbagai hal, cara atau usaha dilakukan untuk memperjuangkan keadilan. Maka dari itu, sebagai alternatif dalam memperjuangkan keadilan, penulis mengkolaborasikan teori keadilan John Rawls dan diakonia transformatif Josef komunitas dalam memperjuangkan keadilan. Kedua tokoh ini sama-sama memiliki keprihatinan terhadap ketidakadilan. Rawls mengatakan bahwa untuk memperjuangkan keadilan harus melalui kesepakatan bersama yang dihasilkan dalam posisi asali, dan Josef mengatakan dengan diakonia trasformatif, keadilan dapat ditegakkan dan diperjuangkan. Untuk mencapai ini, rakyat harus menjadi subyek dan membentuk komunitas, dari komunitas tersebut masalah-masalah sosial dipecahkan dan diusahakan solusi sampai menghasilkan kesepakatan-kesepakatan yang terorganisir dengan berdasar pada prinsip keadilan. Di dalam komunitas, tidak ada SARA, semua golongan dan kalangan sama dan setara. Berpegang teguh pada nir-kekerasan, dan mengedepankan solidaritas-partisipatoris demi keadilan.

Secara yuridis, adanya asas hukum Equality Before The Law, merupakan asas hukum yang tertuang dalam Konstitusi. Sebagaimana disebutkan di Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, asas ini berarti setiap orang mempunyai kedudukan yang sama dihadapan hukum dan keadilan. Pengenjawanatah dari asas ini juga tersurat dalam Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) Melalui Asas Praduga Tidak Bersalah (Presumption Of Innocence). Yang berarti setiap orang harus dianggap tidak bersalah sebelum adanya putusan hakim yang bersifat tetap. Beberapa faktor penyebab terjadinya disparitas pidana, di antaranya tidak adanya pengawasan terhadap kekuasaan penegak hukum dalam menjalankan fungsainya. Terutama dalam pelaksanaan peradilan pidana. Di samping itu, terdapat perbedaan penafsiran terutama bagi penegak hukum (dalam hal ini hakim) ketika menerapkan sanksi pidana yang sama untuk tindak pidana yang sama. Perbedaan penafsiran itu, terlihat dalam perkara-perkara tindak pidana terorisme, atau dalam menangani kasus-kasus kerusuhan yang berindikasi SARA. Menawarkan pendekatan viktimologi untuk meminimalisir disparitas pidana, adalah salah satu wujud tanggung jawab negara melindungi hak asasi mansuia. Pendekatan viktimologi ini, terutama dalam tindak pidana terorisme maupun kasus yang berindikasi SARA, seringkali korban yaitu masyakat luas, tidak mendapat perhatian yang serius dari negara. Negara melalui undang-undang, (terkait dalam pembahasan ini yaitu Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Terorisme), lebih menitikberatkan pada perlindungan hukum kepada tersangka/terdakwa tindak pidana tersebut. Sementara korban akibat terjadinya tindak pidana terorisme, belum sepeunuhnya mendapat perhatian negara. Peristiwa Kerusuhan Mei 1998, maupun peristiwa Bom Bali I dan Bom Bali II adalah fakta bahwa negara belum memperhatikan nasib korban akibat tindak pidana ini.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui relevansi, tantangan dan peluang pendidikan Islam Multikultural di Indonesia. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan agama dan sosiologi. Data penelitian yang diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam, konten dokumen dan dokumentasi akan diolah melalui analisis data model interaktif dari Mile &amp; Hubberman yang terdiri dari langkah reduksi, tampilan, dan verifikasi/ kesimpulan. Adapun hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa terdapat kesesuaian antara nilai multikultural dengan nilai pendidikan dalam perspektif Islam seperti demokrasi, toleransi, keadilan, kesetaraan, menghargai perbedaan dan menjungjung hak asasi manusia. Adapun tantangan dan hambatan dalam merumuskan dan mengadopsi nilai multikultural dalam pendidikan Islam adalah perbedaan persepsi batasan multikultural sebagai sebuah Ideologi, ambigunya batasan toleransi yang berpotensi pada ego-sentrisisme, pemilihan model dan jenis multikultur yang cocok untuk bangsa Indonesia, kecenderungan ekslusifitas pada kelompok homogen, kelayakan dan kesiapan setiap komponen-komponen dari sistem pendidikan Islam. Pengembangan pendidikan Islam multikultur memiliki peluang yang besar dan masih sangat terbuka berdasarkan adanya relevansi dan inherensi konsep multikultural dalam pendidikan Islam. Pengembangan pendidikan Islam berbasis multikultur merupakan respon dan jawaban akan tantangan keragaman, modernisasi, globalisasi, solusi dari banyaknya konflik dan ketegangan- ketegangan bermotif SARA di Indonesia dan sekaligus sebagai wadah pengalihan budaya antar generasi.

Makalah ini membahas penggunaan bahasa bermuatan ujaran kebencian di media sosial yang ditujukan kepada Calon Presiden Republik Indonesia dalam konteks Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu) Tahun 2024. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan ujaran kebencian terhadap calon presiden yang diproduksi oleh warganet di media sosial. Data yang digunakan dalam makalah ini berupa 120 konten tulisan yang memuat ujaran kebencian, yaitu terdiri atas 40 konten yang ditujukan kepada Anies Baswedan, 40 konten yang ditujukan kepada Prabowo Subianto, dan 40 konten yang ditujukan kepada Ganjar Pranowo. Konten yang mengandung ujaran kebencian tersebut diunggah di media sosial X (Twitter) dalam kurun waktu Februari 2023 sampai dengan Februari 2024. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian linguistik forensik yang menggunakan metode atau pendekatan campuran antara pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis korpus dan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis semantik dan pragmatik. Data ujaran kebencian yang ditemukan dianalisis dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Sketch Engine untuk menjelaskan frekuensi dan konkordansi kosakata yang berhubungan dengan calon presiden dan ujaran kebencian yang menyertainya. Adapun ujaran kebencian dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada konsep ujaran kebencian yang tertuang dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) dan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor I1 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (ITE). Penjelasan muatan ujaran kebencian dalam makalah ini dijelaskan dengan analisis semantik yang mengacu pada makna kata dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia VI Daring dan analisis pragmatik yang mengacu pada teori tindak tutur (Searle, 1979) dan formula ketidaksantunan berbahasa (Culpeper, 2011). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kosakata ujaran kebencian terkait calon presiden Anies Baswedan yang ditemukan cenderung berhubungan dengan pertentangan suku, agama, ras, dan antargolongan (SARA), misalnya adjektiva radikal dan nomina yaman, kadal, serta imigran. Kosakata ujaran kebencian terkait calon presiden Prabowo Subianto yang ditemukan cenderung berhubungan dengan penghinaan terhadap kecakapannya, misalnya adjektiva goblok, tolol, dan dungu serta tuduhan terhadap pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, misalnya nomina pembunuh dan penculik. Adapun kosakata ujaran kebencian terkait calon presiden Ganjar Pranowo yang ditemukan cenderung berhubungan dengan isu pornografi, misalnya adjektiva doyan dan cabul serta nomina bokep, sugiono, dan porno. Selanjutnya, jenis ujaran kebencian yang ditemukan terdiri atas ujaran yang menyerang kehormatan atau nama baik dan ujaran yang menimbulkan rasa kebencian atau permusuhan berbasis SARA.

National Agriculture Policy (DPN 3) 1998-2010, and the National Agro Food Policy (NAP) 2011-2020 is the transformation of the government to improve the country's food quality. However, there are shortcomings in the realization of achieving food self-sufficiency level of at least 80%. This study aims to examine the needs of basic food supplies of rice from the perspective of Islam. The research methodology used in this study is content analysis, the data were analyzed through descriptive approach with a combination of qualitative approach of analyzing the text, including the analysis of documents such as official reports, circulars, annual reports, statements of position, financial plan, reports agencies, and transcripts. The study found that the concept of jurisprudence awlawiyyah in improving the quality of food and income country emphasizes on clean and halal food products. Implication of the study suggests that the development of agricultural land on which the agency involved is Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Agro-based Industry must be given attention. The DPN and the DAN are expected to play a role in promoting the growth of the agricultural sector and farmers in line with the development of holistic development.&#x0D; Key Words: National Agricultural Policy (DPN), the supply of basic food supplies of from the perspective of Islam.&#x0D; &#x0D; Dasar Pertanian Negara (DPN 3) 1998-2010, dan Dasar Agro Makanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 merupakan satu transformasi kerajaan bagi meningkatkan kualiti makanan negara. Namun terdapat kepincangan dalam merealisasikannya untuk mencapai tahap sara mampu diri makanan negara sekurang-kurangnya 80%. Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti keperluan bekalan makanan asasi padi dan beras mengikut perspektif Islam. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kajian analisis kandungan, data-data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis melalui pendekatan deskriptif dengan gabungan pendekatan kualitatif iaitu menganalisis teks termasuk menganalisis dokumen-dokumen seperti laporan- laporan rasmi, surat pekeliling, laporan tahunan, laporan jabatan, rancangan kewangan, laporan agensi, dan transkrip. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa konsep fiqh awlawiyyah dalam meningkatkan kualiti makanan dan pendapatan negara, menekankan produk pemakanan yang halal dan bersih. Implikasi kajian mencadangkan pembangunan tanah pertanian Islam ke atas agensi yang terlibat khusus seperti Kementarian Pertanian &amp; Industri Asas Tani harus diberi perhatian. Dasar Pertanian Negara DPN dan DAN diharapkan agar memainkan peranannya dalam menggalakkan pertumbuhan sektor pertanian dan pembangunan petani selaras dengan pembangunan Islam secara syumul.&#x0D; Kata kunci: Dasar Pertanian Negara (DPN), Keperluan bekalan makanan asasi padi dan beras mengikut perspektif Islam.

Ayurveda is a living science with a big concern to follow the Siddhant of “Swasthsya Swasthya Rakshan.” The Ayurvedic concept of preventive aspect of health is very useful now a days as the people in the modern era are unable to pay attention to their health due to their hectic lifestyles &amp; may suffer from a number of lifestyle disor-ders. Ayurveda proposed many measures to protect health. For the diagnosis &amp; prevention of diseases there should be knowledge of Tridhoshas, Saptadhatus, Malas as well as an understanding of Sarata is also crucial. Dhatu Sarata is an assessment of body by examine the excellent and fine quality status of Dhatu. It is a component of Dashavidha Pariksha. Both physical and emotional health are impacted by Dhatu's Sara-Asara state, we can observe a dhatu's impacts on many bodily parts while it is in the Asar state. So, differ-ent kinds of lifestyle &amp; metabolic diseases are caused by impaired Dhatus. PCOS is common lifestyle and meta-bolic disorders in female &amp; is characterized by a combination of hyperandrogenism, irregular menses, chronic anovulation, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, polycystic ovaries, infertility. As per our classical texts, a few diseases may be correlated with PCOS like Pushpaghnijataharini1 (kashyap samhita), Aartavakshay2, Granthi, Bandhya3 yonivyapad, Sthaulya etc. The proposed pathogenesis of PCOS is as follows, due to Visham Aahar vihar Agni getting vitiated causing Agnimandya which leads to the formation of Aamras resulting Dhatvagni mandya. This Samaras dhatu vitiated the Aartava(Updhatu of Ras) &amp; Kapha Dosha. METHODOLOGY: This papers content is based on Ayurveda classics with the accessible commentaries, textbook of contemporary medical sciences, and a number of articles to better comprehend the idea Medosarata, Mandagni, Mans-Medodusthi &amp; the patho-genesis, symptoms etc of PCOS. RESULT: Thus, sedentary lifestyle is a precipitating factor for Dhatvagni Man-dya and Medodhatu Dushti in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Therefore, the purpose of present article is exploring awareness about lifestyle as well as the medical perspective of PCOS.

Abstract Background: High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, with high recurrence rates and the development of chemoresistance significantly limiting patient survival. While the tumor microenvironment (TME), including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is known to contribute to chemoresistance, non-genetic factors remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence implicates the intratumoral microbiome in modulating the TME and influencing chemoresistance in several solid tumors, but how composition and diversity of the bacterial communities contribute to the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in HGSC is not known. Methods: We analyzed multi-omics data from HGSC samples previously reported. Tumor-associated microbial communities were profiled using metagenomic analysis of whole-genome sequencing data and ECM- and EMT-associated gene expression profiles were evaluated through RNA sequencing. Samples included tumor tissues from 30 patients with complete gross resection (CGR) at primary surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) excellent responders (NACT-ER), and poor responders (NACT-PR). Each group had 10 patients with a primary tumor site and two synchronous metastatic sites. Results: Microbial profiling revealed that Cutibacterium acnes (CB) is the most common and abundant organism within HGSC intratumoral microbiome. It was more abundant in tumor and metastatic tissue from patients treated with NACT (P=0.001) versus those who had upfront CGR. Integration of RNA sequencing data demonstrated a strong correlation between CB abundance and EMT signature, which emerged as the most significantly enriched hallmark gene set according to the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Additionally, tumors enriched in CB exhibited transcriptional signatures associated with aggressive tumor behavior (e.g., enhanced activity of TNFA signaling, adipogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation). Tumors with high CB abundance displayed a distinct ECM organization, decreased infiltration of T and B cells and increased abundance of fibroblasts, neutrophils, and endothelial cells, potentially indicative of an angiogenic phonotype. Conclusions: The tumor-associated microbiome, particularly CB, may play a critical role in HGSC chemoresistance through EMT induction and ECM remodeling. This study highlights the potential of microbiome in shaping tumor phenotypes and identifies possible therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Tatiana V. Karpinets, Xiaogan Wu, Wayne W. Xy, Amma Asare, Sara Corvigno, Joseph Celestino, Ridge T. Rogers, Raymond N. Montoya, Mark S. Kim, Pamela T. Soliman, Shannon N. Westin, P. Andrew Futreal, Amir A. Jazaeri, Anil K. Sood, Jianhua Zhang, Sanghoon Lee. Intratumoral microbiome profiling using high-depth whole-genome sequencing highlighted Cutibacterium acnes in chemoresistance in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 6520.

Abstract Background: Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is identified as the presence of clonal populations of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Hematopoietic lineage differentiation is subjected to genetic mutations that, due to fitness advantages, might give rise to clonally expanded populations. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is defined as the outgrowth of a single clone driven by acquired somatic mutation(s) in HSCs, in the absence of hematological abnormalities. Previous studies have been shown the association of CH with aging and a higher risk of developing secondary hematologic malignancies in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy agents. It is therefore of great interest to study CH incidence prior to and post chemotherapy exposure and its association with the evolution of hematologic malignancies. We aimed to characterize CHIP variants of a highly selected group of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy; moreover, while previous CHIP studies are largely knowledge based and are limited to known hematologic genes or target gene panels, our study discovers novel CHIP mutations. Methods: Comprehensive ultra-high-depth whole exome sequencing using unique molecular barcode technologies was performed using plasma-derived cell-free DNA and matched white blood cells DNA and tumor DNA from pre-NACT (n=12) and post-NACT (n=12) samples of patients with HGSC who have excellent or poor response to NACT. Using spike-in mutated DNAs as positive controls, we detected variant alleles at 1% variant allele frequency. Results: We identified on average about 3,000 candidate CHIP variants in one patient. Among these, 1,977 variants affecting 1,375 genes were recurrently found in more than one patient. These CHIP genes include not only previous reported CHIP genes (e.g. DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, and KMT2D) but also many novel CHIP candidates (such as RPTN, MTCH2, FAM186A, CACNA1A, FCGBP, and MUC3A). A number of CHIP mutations were uniquely found enriched in post-chemotherapy samples (e.g. ARID1A T290P, TP53 G245D, SMARCA4 G495D, and CIC T2456P). Interestingly, there is a strong enrichment of COSMIC cancer census genes in CHIP genes identified in every patient. Conclusions: Our findings corroborate the notion that CHIP mutations are present in nonmalignant blood cells of patients with HGSC, and some are enriched after chemotherapy. Moreover, our innovative sequencing approach allowed discovery of novel candidate CHIP genes. The systematic identification of CHIP in patients with HGSC might be an important new clinical consideration when establishing chemotherapy protocols. Citation Format: Sara Corvigno, Jun Yao, Li Zhao, Amma Asare, Joseph Celestino, Richard Hajek, Ency Arboleda Goette, Elaine Stur, Emine Bayraktar, Mark S Kim, Ping Song, Qingxiu Zhang, Xingzhi Song, Mohammad Mohammad, Kenna Shaw, Jianhua Zhang, Karen Lu, Amir Jazaeri, Shannon Westin, Sanghoon Lee, Anil Sood. Genomic profiling of chemotherapy-related clonal hematopoiesis in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5473.

Abstract Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are an important tool for treatment of ovarian and other cancers, particularly for those with mutations in BRCA1 or 2 genes or homologous recombination deficiency. The risk of developing secondary hematologic malignancy, particularly myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML), is substantially higher (4-12%) after PARPi maintenance or treatment in the second line and beyond in patients with ovarian cancer. This elevated risk necessitates additional investigation into the pathogenesis of PARPi-related secondary malignancy. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) has been associated with the development of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. We aim to understand the patterns of CHIP in patients with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma who receive PARPi therapy. Methods: We performed ultra-high-depth whole exome sequencing of plasma derived cfDNA or white blood cells (WBCs) barcoded with unique molecular identifiers from patients with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma who were treated with multiple lines of chemotherapy (n=6) or with PARPi in addition to chemotherapy (n = 10). Using spike-in mutated DNAs as positive controls, we detected variant alleles as low as 1% variant allele frequency. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed on identified groups. Results: We identified 7162 recurrent variants among our patients. We began by comparing quantities of CHIP between the samples from patients who eventually receive PARPi and those who do not. Samples contained a median of 2030 recurrent CHIP variants and 4300 total variants. No differences in total CHIP quantity or mutation type was discernable among samples from patients who will receive PARPi (BRCA1/2 enriched) vs those who will not. Among our 16 patients, 14 ultimately developed secondary hematologic malignancy (t-MN+ Comparison of t-MN+ (n=14) and t-MN- (n=2) defined a group of 14 variants enriched in the t-MN+ population and a group of 85 variants depleted in the t-MN+ population. The t-MN+ enriched variants we identified were not previously associated with CHIP and had significant overlaps with alkyl transferase activity (FDR q val &amp;lt; 0.01) and nucleotide binding gene sets (FDR q val &amp;lt; 0.01). Conclusions: We used a novel methodology to identify unbiased low variant mutational changes in the hematopoietic system. These results suggest that baseline clonal hematopoiesis variants are similar among patients newly diagnosed with ovarian carcinoma. We have also identified a signature potentially related to future risk of leukemia requiring further validation. Citation Format: Amma Asare, Sara Corvigno, Jun Yao, Li Zhao, Nicole D. Fleming, Joseph Celestino, Richard A. Hajek, Mark S. Kim, Alejandra Flores Legarreta, Karen H. Lu, Koichi Takahashi, P Andrew Futreal, Amir A. Jazaeri, Shannon N. Westin, Anil K. Sood, Sanghoon Lee. Landscape of clonal hematopoiesis prior to PARP inhibitor treatment in patients with ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5070.

Abstract Background: Hematopoietic lineage differentiation is subjected to genetic mutations that, due to fitness advantages, might give rise to clonally expanded populations. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is defined as the outgrowth of a single clone driven by acquired somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), in the absence of hematological abnormalities. Previous studies have shown the association of CH with aging and a higher risk of developing secondary hematologic malignancies in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy agents. It is therefore of great interest to study CH incidence prior to and post chemotherapy exposure and its association with the evolution of hematologic malignancies. We aimed to characterize CHIP variants of a highly selected group of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Methods: Comprehensive ultra-high-depth whole exome sequencing, employing unique molecular barcode technologies, was performed using plasma-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and matched white blood cells (WBC) DNA and tumor DNA from pre-NACT (n=10) and post-NACT (n=10) samples of patients with HGSC. CHIP variants were defined as heterozygous variants found in both the WBC and cfDNA samples from the same patients with variant allele frequency less than 5% in the WBC and higher than 0.5% in cfDNA samples. Results: Our analysis identified 93,088 variants, impacting 13,780 genes. Among them, 463 variants were already known and published, and 5,548 variants were common to the COSMIC genes signature. The number of CHIP variants significantly decreased after chemotherapy (p = 0.004). We then focused on CHIP variants enriched after chemotherapy and identified 77 that showed higher VAF in post-NACT cfDNA samples, which may be associated with the development of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (t-AML/MDS). Among them, interestingly, we found a missense mutation with protein change in CDK12 (chr17_39492765_G_T). We noticed that 38% of the CHIP variants found in cfDNA samples, were also found in matched tumor samples. Among these, another CDK12 missense mutation (chr17_39492768_A_T) showed higher VAF in post-NACT tumors. Conclusions: Our innovative approach detected a higher number of CHIP variants than currently characterized. Analysis of cfDNA from HGSC patients consistently demonstrated a reduction in CHIP mutations post-NACT. The subset of variants with increased VAF post-NACT may be associated with therapy-related t-AML/MDS. The detection of cfDNA CHIP variants in matched tumors highlights the potential predictive role of CHIP in t-AML/MDS development, emphasizing its consideration in therapeutic protocols. Citation Format: Sara Corvigno, Amma Asare, Jun Yao, Li Zhao, Nicole Fleming, Joseph Celestino, Richard A. Hajek, Ency A. Arboleda Goette, Ridge T. Rogers, Tri V. Nguyen, Raymond N. Montoya, Karen H. Lu, Amir A. Jazaeri, Shannon N. Westin, Anil K. Sood, Sanghoon Lee. Identification of novel chemotherapy-related CHIP variations in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6407.

BackgroundUpadacitinib (UPA) is an oral reversible Janus kinase inhibitor. In patients (pts) with RA, UPA 15 mg once daily (QD) demonstrated better clinical responses at 12 weeks (wks) vs adalimumab (ADA) 40 mg every other week (EOW) in the phase 3 SELECT-COMPARE study; these were maintained through 3 years (yrs) in the ongoing long-term extension (LTE), along with an acceptable safety profile.[1,2]ObjectivesTo assess the safety and efficacy of UPA vs ADA through 5 yrs in the SELECT-COMPARE LTE.MethodsPts receiving background methotrexate were randomized 2:2:1 to UPA 15 mg QD, placebo (PBO), or ADA 40 mg EOW. Rescue (PBO to UPA, UPA to ADA, or ADA to UPA) was mandated for lack of response (&lt;20% improvement in tender or swollen joint counts at wks 14, 18, or 22), or failure to achieve Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) low disease activity (LDA) at wk 26. All remaining PBO pts switched to UPA at wk 26. Pts who completed the 48-wk double-blind period could continue to receive open-label UPA or ADA in the LTE for up to 10 yrs total. Rates of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and AEs of special interest were calculated per 100 pt-yrs through 5 yrs for all pts receiving UPA or ADA. Efficacy assessments at 5 yrs were performed by original randomized group for CDAI LDA (≤10) and remission (≤2.8), and disease activity score for 28-joints C-reactive protein (DAS28[CRP]) ≤3.2 and &lt;2.6. Radiographic progression (change from baseline in modified total Sharp score [mTSS]) and proportion of pts with no radiographic progression (change from baseline in mTSS ≤0) were assessed at 192 wks (latest available timepoint; data collected at wks 96/192/520 only) by treatment sequence. No formal statistical comparisons were performed.ResultsThrough 5 yrs, 1417 pts were exposed to UPA (4497 pt-yrs) and 579 to ADA (1472 pt-yrs). UPA was generally well tolerated, with similar rates of TEAEs, serious TEAEs, TEAEs leading to discontinuation of study drug, and COVID-related TEAEs vs ADA (Figure 1). Rates of most AEs of special interest with UPA were similar vs ADA, except for numerically higher rates of herpes zoster, creatine phosphokinase elevation, lymphopenia, and hepatic disorder (mainly transaminase elevations) with UPA. In the 651 and 327 pts originally randomized to UPA and ADA, respectively, greater proportions of pts achieved CDAI LDA and remission, and DAS28(CRP) scores ≤3.2 and &lt;2.6, with UPA vs ADA (Table 1). Through 192 wks, similar proportions of pts treated with UPA vs ADA had no radiographic progression; mean changes from baseline in mTSS were similar, except for a numerically smaller change with continuous UPA (Table 1).ConclusionThe safety profile of UPA over 5 yrs was consistent with the 3-yr results and the integrated phase 3 safety analysis.[1,2]Consistent with the 3-yr analyses,[2]UPA continued to show numerically better clinical responses than ADA at 5 yrs. Radiographic progression remained similarly low through 192 wks with UPA and ADA.References[1]Cohen SB, et al.Ann Rheum Dis2020. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218510[2]Fleischmann R, et al.RMD Open2022. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002012Table 1.Efficacy endpointsAt 5 yrs, by original randomized group (non-responder imputation)UPA N=651a,bADA N=327a,cCDAI ≤1036.4 (32.7, 40.1)26.9 (22.1, 31.7)CDAI ≤2.824.6 (21.3, 27.9)18.7 (14.4, 22.9)DAS28(CRP) ≤3.234.7 (31.1, 38.4)24.8 (20.1, 29.4)DAS28(CRP) &lt;2.631.8 (28.2, 35.4)23.2 (18.7, 27.8)At 192 wks, by treatment sequence (as observed)PBO to UPA N=442UPA N=288UPA to ADA N=150ADA N=109ADA to UPA N=111Radiographic progression (change from baseline in mTSS, mean [95% CI])1.3 (0.8, 1.7)0.5 (0.2, 0.9)1.7 (0.7, 2.8)1.2 (0.5, 1.9)0.9 (0.2, 1.5)No radiographic progression (mTSS change from baseline ≤0)77.1(73.2, 81.1)80.9(76.4, 85.4)74.0(67.0, 81.0)78.0(70.2, 85.8)77.5(69.7, 85.2)Data are % of pts (95% confidence interval) unless otherwise stated.aPts rescued at or before wk 26 were considered non-responders.b252 rescued.c159 rescued.AcknowledgementsAbbVie funded this trial and participated in the trial design, research, analysis, data collection, interpretation of data, and the review and approval of the publication. All authors had access to relevant data and participated in the drafting, review, and approval of this publication. No honoraria or payments were made for authorship. Medical writing support was provided by Laura Chalmers, PhD, of 2 the Nth (Cheshire, UK), and was funded by AbbVie.Disclosure of InterestsRoy M. Fleischmann Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galvani, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Biosplice, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Flexion, Gilead, Horizon, Eli Lilly, Galvani, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Selecta, Teva, UCB, Viela, and Vorso, Jerzy Swierkot Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Accord, BMS, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Accord, BMS, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Accord, BMS, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and UCB, Sara Penn Employee of: AbbVie, and may hold stock or options, Patrick Durez Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Galapagos, Lilly, Nordimed, and Thermofischer, Louis Bessette Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, and UCB, Xianwei Bu Employee of: AbbVie, and may hold stock or options, Nasser Khan Employee of: AbbVie, and may hold stock or options, Yihan Li Employee of: AbbVie, and may hold stock or options, Charles Peterfy Shareholder of: Spire Sciences, Inc, Consultant of: Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Five Prime, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Istesso, Labcorp, Paradigm, SetPoint, Sorrento, and UCB, Employee of: Spire Sciences, Inc, Yoshiya Tanaka Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Asahi Kasei, Astellas, BMS, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe, MSD, Novartis, Ono, Pfizer, Sanofi, Taisho Toyama, Takeda, UCB, and YL Biologics, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Asahi Kasei, Astellas, BMS, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe, MSD, Novartis, Ono, Pfizer, Sanofi, Taisho Toyama, Takeda, UCB, and YL Biologics, Eduardo Mysler Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, AZ, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi, Paid instructor for: AbbVie, Amgen, AZ, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, AZ, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, and Sanofi.

Background:EULAR/ACR 2019 SLE Classification Criteria were validated in an international cohort.Objectives:To evaluate performance characteristics of SLE classification systems in sex, race/ethnicity, and disease duration subsets.Methods:Sensitivity and specificity of the EULAR/ACR 2019, SLICC 2012 and ACR 1982/1997 criteria were evaluated in the validation cohort.Results:The cohort consisted of female (n=1098), male (n=172), Asian (n=118), Black (n=68), Hispanic (n=124) and White (n=941) patients; and patients with an SLE duration of 1-3 years (n=196), 3-5 years (n=157), and ≥5 years (n=879). Among patients with 1-3 years disease duration, the EULAR/ACR criteria had better sensitivity than the ACR criteria (97% (95%CI 92-99%) vs 81% (95%CI 72-88%). The new criteria performed well in men (sensitivity 93%, specificity 96%) and women (sensitivity 97%, specificity 94%). The new criteria had better sensitivity than the ACR criteria in White (95% vs 83%), Hispanic (100% vs 86%) and Asian patients (97% vs 77%).Conclusion:The EULAR/ACR 2019 criteria perform well in patients with early disease, and across sexes and ethnicities.Disclosure of Interests:Sindhu Johnson Grant/research support from: Boehringer Ingelheim, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, Merck, Bayer, Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim, Ikaria, Ralph Brinks: None declared, Karen Costenbader Grant/research support from: Merck, Consultant of: Astra-Zeneca, David Daikh: None declared, Marta Mosca: None declared, Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman: None declared, Josef S. Smolen Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, Pfizer, Roche – grant/research support, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Astro, Celgene Corporation, Celtrion, Eli Lilly, Glaxo, ILTOO, Janssen, Medimmune, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, Sanofi, UCB – consultant, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Astro, Celgene Corporation, Celtrion, Eli Lilly, Glaxo, ILTOO, Janssen, Medimmune, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, Sanofi, UCB – speaker, David Wofsy: None declared, Dimitrios Boumpas Grant/research support from: Unrestricted grant support from various pharmaceutical companies, Diane L Kamen Consultant of: Consulted on SLE survey development for Lilly and consulted on SLE trial protocol development for EMD Serono in 2019, David Jayne Grant/research support from: ChemoCentryx, GSK, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi-Genzyme, Consultant of: Astra-Zeneca, ChemoCentryx, GSK, InflaRx, Takeda, Insmed, Chugai, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ricard Cervera: None declared, Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau Grant/research support from: UCB to my institution, Betty Diamond: None declared, Dafna D Gladman Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen Inc., BMS, Celgene Corporation, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB – grant/research support, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen Inc., BMS, Celgene Corporation, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB – consultant, Bevra H. Hahn Grant/research support from: Janssen Research &amp; Development, LLC, Falk Hiepe: None declared, Soren Jacobsen: None declared, Dinesh Khanna Shareholder of: Eicos Sciences, Inc./Civi Biopharma, Inc., Grant/research support from: Dr Khanna was supported by NIH/NIAMS K24AR063120, Consultant of: Acceleron, Actelion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Therapeutic, Galapagos, Roche/Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, UCB, Kirsten Lerstrom: None declared, Elena Massarotti: None declared, William Joseph McCune: None declared, Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza: None declared, Jorge Sanchez-Guerrero: None declared, Matthias Schneider: None declared, Murray B Urowitz: None declared, George Bertsias Grant/research support from: GSK, Consultant of: Novartis, Bimba F. Hoyer: None declared, Nicolai Leuchten: None declared, Chiara Tani: None declared, Sara Tedeschi: None declared, Zahi Touma: None declared, Gabriela Schmajuk Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Branimir Anic: None declared, Florence Assan: None declared, Tak Chan: None declared, Ann E Clarke: None declared, Mary K. Crow: None declared, László Czirják Consultant of: Actelion, BI, Roche-Genentech, Lilly, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer AG, Andrea Doria Consultant of: GSK, Pfizer, Abbvie, Novartis, Ely Lilly, Speakers bureau: UCB pharma, GSK, Pfizer, Janssen, Abbvie, Novartis, Ely Lilly, BMS, Winfried Graninger: None declared, Bernadett Halda-Kiss: None declared, Sarfaraz Hasni: None declared, Peter Izmirly: None declared, Michelle Jung: None declared, Gabor Kumanovics Consultant of: Boehringer, Teva, Speakers bureau: Roche, Lilly, Novartis, Xavier Mariette: None declared, Ivan Padjen: None declared, Jose M Pego-Reigosa: None declared, Juanita Romero-Diaz Consultant of: Biogen, Iñigo Rua-Figueroa: None declared, Raphaèle Seror Consultant of: BMS, Medimmune, Novartis, Pfizer, GSK, Lilly, Georg Stummvoll: None declared, Yoshiya Tanaka Grant/research support from: Asahi-kasei, Astellas, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Chugai, Takeda, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers, UCB, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Pfizer, and Ono, Consultant of: Abbvie, Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AbbVie, YL Biologics, Bristol-Myers, Takeda, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Novartis, Eisai, Janssen, Sanofi, UCB, and Teijin, Maria Tektonidou Grant/research support from: AbbVie, MSD, Novartis and Pfizer, Consultant of: AbbVie, MSD, Novartis and Pfizer, Carlos Vasconcelos: None declared, Edward Vital Grant/research support from: AstraZeneca, Roche/Genentech, and Sandoz, Consultant of: AstraZeneca, GSK, Roche/Genentech, and Sandoz, Speakers bureau: Becton Dickinson and GSK, Daniel J Wallace: None declared, Sule Yavuz: None declared, Pier Luigi Meroni: None declared, Marvin Fritzler: None declared, Raymond Naden: None declared, Thomas Dörner Grant/research support from: Janssen, Novartis, Roche, UCB, Consultant of: Abbvie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Roche, Janssen, EMD, Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, Roche, Samsung, Janssen, Martin Aringer Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Speakers bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche

In Charaka Samhita 10 assessment criteria are described to judge the strength and immunity of a diseased person which are called as ‘ Dashavidha Pariksha’. Sara Lakshana of all seven dhatus along with Satva sara are described under it.This study mainly focussed to screen and assess Majja sara Lakshana. Majja is 6th dhatu among 7 dhatus by order. Total 17 characteristics were compiled mainly from Brihattrayi. In this study population of 100 individuals were screened for Sara parikshana and also for ‘Majja sara’ based on the results of basic screening of Sara Parikshana. The participants who were found ‘Majja sara’ by even minimum one characteristic were further evaluated by marking method on basis of the exclusiveness of the present characteristics. The results of this were analysed further to get clear view about grade ( Uttama,Madhyama,Alpa,Asara ) of the Sarata depending upon the exclusiveness of the characteristics.Majja Dhatu by order is 6th dhatu, is called ‘gambhir’ (deeper) dhatu. That might be the reason, Sarata of this dhatu has very rare occurrence. In this study 100 participants were screened for general Sara Parikshana. Among them only 12 individuals were found having Madhyam Majja sara lakshana. Remaining 88 fell in category of Alpa Majja sara individuals. Madhyam sara individuals were showing very high occurrence of exclusive Majja sara lakshana (above 80% ). So the quality of their Majjasarata is definitely superior.Â

ABSTRACTExpression of virulence factors inStaphylococcus aureusis regulated by a wide range of transcriptional regulators, including proteins and small RNAs (sRNAs), at the level of transcription and/or translation. ThesarAlocus consists of three overlapping transcripts generated from three distinct promoters, all containing thesarAopen reading frame (ORF). The 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of these transcripts contain three separate regions ∼711, 409, and 146 nucleotides (nt) upstream of thesarAtranslation start, the functions of which remain unknown. Recent transcriptome-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis and subsequent characterization indicated that two sRNAs, teg49 and teg48, are processed and likely produced from thesarAP3 andsarAP1 transcripts of thesarAlocus, respectively. In this report, we utilized a variety ofsarApromoter mutants andcshAandrncmutants to ascertain the contributions of these factors to the generation of teg49. We also defined the transcriptional regulon of teg49, including virulence genes not regulated by SarA. Phenotypically, teg49 did not impact biofilm formation or affect overall SarA expression significantly. Comparative analyses of RNA-Seq data between the wild-type, teg49 mutant, andsarAmutant strains indicated that ∼133 genes are significantly upregulated while 97 are downregulated in a teg49 deletion mutant in asarA-independent manner. An abscess model of skin infection indicated that the teg49 mutant exhibited a reduced bacterial load compared to the wild-typeS. aureus. Overall, these results suggest that teg49 sRNA has a regulatory role in target gene regulation independent of SarA. The exact mechanism of this regulation is yet to be dissected.

Aturan hukum yang harus dikedepankan, peneliti harus mempertimbangkan konteks hukum yang paling relevan dengan esensi ujaran kebencian. Undang-Undang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik cenderung digunakan dalam kasus ini karena secara spesifik mengatur ujaran kebencian di ruang digital, yang sering menjadi medium utama untuk penyebaran ujaran kebencian di era modern. Pasal-pasal dalam Undang-Undang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi Transaksi Elektronik, seperti Pasal 28 ayat (2), mengatur larangan menyebarkan informasi yang menimbulkan kebencian atau permusuhan berbasis SARA. Namun, Undang-undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia memberikan kerangka yang lebih luas, yakni memastikan bahwa hak atas kebebasan berekspresi tetap dijaga, selama tidak melanggar hak orang lain. Sementara itu, Undang-undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum memberikan jaminan terhadap ekspresi di ruang publik, dengan beberapa pembatasan demi menjaga ketertiban umum. Metode yang dipergunakan adalah penelitian hukum sosiologis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa Pengaturan hukum Sanksi terhadap pelaku tindak pidana ujaran kebencian ditinjau dari perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Dan Undang Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 Tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat Di Muka Umum bahwa g-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, memberikan landasan hukum bagi penindakan ujaran kebencian yang disampaikan melalui media elektronik. Pasal 28 ayat (2) g-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, melarang tindakan penyebaran informasi yang menimbulkan kebencian atau permusuhan berdasarkan suku, agama, ras, dan antar-golongan (SARA). Pelanggaran ini dapat dikenai sanksi pidana berupa hukuman penjara maksimal 6 tahun dan/atau denda maksimal Rp1 miliar. Ketentuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah berupaya memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat dari dampak negatif penyebaran ujaran kebencian di dunia maya. Di sisi lain, Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia memberikan perspektif bahwa setiap individu memiliki hak untuk tidak didiskriminasi dan untuk hidup damai tanpa adanya ancaman. Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia menegaskan pentingnya penghormatan terhadap martabat manusia, yang menjadi landasan perlindungan terhadap korban ujaran kebencian. Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia mengimbau agar penegakan hukum dilakukan dengan tetap menghormati hak asasi manusia, termasuk hak terdakwa untuk diperlakukan secara adil. Sementara itu, Undang Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 Tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat Di Muka Umum memberikan jaminan konstitusional terhadap kebebasan berekspresi. Namun, kebebasan ini tidak bersifat absolut, karena Pasal 6 Undang Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 Tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat Di Muka Umum tersebut mengatur bahwa hak menyampaikan pendapat harus dilaksanakan dengan memperhatikan hak asasi manusia orang lain, moral, dan ketertiban umum. Dengan demikian, ujaran kebencian yang melanggar batas ini tidak dapat dibenarkan. Penyelesaian Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Ujaran Kebencian Dari Perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik, Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Dan Undang Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 Tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat Di Muka Umum bahwa penyelesaian hukum terhadap pelaku tindak pidana ujaran kebencian mengacu pada asas keadilan, efektivitas, dan penghormatan terhadap hak asasi manusia. Dalam praktiknya, pendekatan ini melibatkan beberapa mekanisme, termasuk langkah preventif, mediasi, hingga proses hukum formal. Langkah preventif dapat dilakukan melalui edukasi masyarakat terkait dampak ujaran kebencian serta peningkatan literasi digital untuk mencegah penyebaran konten yang melanggar hukum. Pendekatan ini bertujuan menciptakan kesadaran kolektif bahwa ujaran kebencian dapat merusak harmoni sosial. Ketika ujaran kebencian telah terjadi, mekanisme mediasi dapat menjadi alternatif penyelesaian untuk menghindari eskalasi konflik. Mediasi ini, jika memungkinkan, dapat menyelesaikan masalah tanpa harus melalui proses peradilan. Namun, untuk kasus-kasus dengan dampak serius atau melibatkan kepentingan publik, proses hukum formal menjadi langkah yang tidak dapat dihindari. Dalam proses hukum formal, aparat penegak hukum diharapkan menerapkan ketentuan UU ITE dengan tetap memperhatikan prinsip keadilan. Selain itu, penting untuk memastikan bahwa korban mendapatkan perlindungan yang memadai, baik secara fisik maupun psikologis, selama proses hukum berlangsung.

Ayurveda, the ancient system of medicine, designates a unique concept, Dhatu sarata, that categorizes the population into three subgroups Sarva Sara (optimal status of tissue health), Asara (suboptimal quality of tissue health), and Madhya Sara (average level of tissue health) as per health status of the tissue. Ayurved classic believes that the examination of tissue health is one of the best criteria to assess an individual's strength status of an individual irrespective of the person's physique. Acharya Charaka explained the relationship between physical fitness and Dhatu sarata in the eighth chapter of Vimansthan in Charaksamhita. Therefore, validating this association using contemporary parameters and scientific instruments is necessary. The present study aimed to assess physical fitness with a valid parameter and find its association with Dhatu sarata, a subjective parameter. In this era, quantitative data is needed to understand ancient subjective characteristic features. Hence this topic was selected for research. Institutional Ethics Committee permission was obtained, and normal healthy individuals aged 22 to 35 were enrolled in the study. Their Dhatu sarata (tissue excellence) evaluation was done using a standardized, validated questionnaire and software (Ayusoft C-DAC). The reliable, valid, and field-based set of ALPHA-FIT fitness test batteries assessed their health-related physical fitness. Pearson's correlation coefficient(r) was calculated to study the association between Dhatu sarata(tissue excellence) and fitness factors. It was observed that in the study population (n=50), statistical analysis (Pearson’s correlation test) showed a significant positive correlation between the excellence of Mamsa, Asthi, Majja, Shukra, Rasa Dhatu and health-related physical fitness while no significant correlation between health-related physical fitness and excellence of Meda and Rakta Dhatu. Results of the study suggest that excellence of tissue is positively associated with health-related physical fitness.

Indonesia saat ini sungguh sangat memprihatinkan karena banyak fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi di negeri ini, segala bentuk tindakan kriminal seperti SARA, korupsi, perampasan hak asasi manusia, sampai pada tingkatan yang berbeda-beda. semakin tidak sopannya seorang anak kepada orang tuanya, dan lain-lainnya merupakan tindakan penyimpangan moral dan sikap manusia Indonesia saat ini yang sudah tidak beradab. Oleh karena itu sangatlah penting untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Masyarakat yang sangat didambakan saat ini adalah masyarakat yang beradab (masyarakat madani), yaitu masyarakat yang memiliki rasa kebersamaan, swadaya, mandiri, dan memiliki moral baik, menerima dan menghormati pluralisme yang ada di masyarakat. Pemerintah dengan pembentukan masyarakat madani, akan terwujud bangsa mandiri, damai tanpa ada pembedaan golongan.Indonesia merupakan bangsa yang memiliki dasar negara Pancasila. Nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya baik untuk diamalkan, akan tetapi banyak penyimpangan dalam hal pelaksanaannya. Hal ini dikarenakan, Pancasila hanya digunakan sebagai hafalan saja tanpa memperhatikan pengamalannya. Pancasila hanya digunakan sebagai formalitas belaka. kebaikan-kebaikan yang ada di Pancasila berperan dalam pembentukan masyarakat beradab sebagai sarana mengontrol tingkah laku karena nilai yang terkandung sesuai dengan masyarakat madani. Kerjasama yang baik antara masyarakat dan pemerintah untuk mewujudkan masyarakat madani di Indonesia dapat terwujud dengan keteladanan dan saling mengingatkan dengan kebenaran dan kesabaran.

Zakat pendapatan merupakan salah satu kategori zakat yang diwajibkan oleh Islam sekiranya seseorang Muslim memenuhi syarat bagi mengeluarkan zakat. Fokus kajian ini dilakukan bagi menganalisis perbezaan jumlah bayaran zakat pendapatan berdasarkan nisab yang terdapat dalam pengiraan zakat pendapatan di Malaysia. Perbezaan set nisab dan ketidakseragaman boleh menyebabkan jumlah zakat pendapatan yang perlu dikeluarkan berbeza-beza dan berkemungkinan terdapat individu-individu yang mempunyai nilai pendapatan yang sama tetapi tidak dikenakan zakat pendapatan ke atasnya sedangkan di negeri lain bekemungkinan dia diwajibkan zakat. Bagi mencapai objektif kajian ini, maklumat tentang set nisab di setiap negeri dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk memahami corak pentaksiran masing-masing. Justeru, simulasi pengiraan zakat pendapatan telah dilakukan melalui kalkulator zakat yang terdapat dalam laman sesawang setiap majlis agama negeri. Simulasi dijalankan dengan mengandaikan pembayar mempunyai pendapatan kasar sekitar RM2,425 sebulan dan perbelanjaan yang sama. Andaian ini adalah kerana had pendapatan bagi individu dalam kategori B40 adalah sebanyak RM2,425 sebulan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat dua jenis pengiraan nisab dalam pengiraan zakat pendapatan tanpa mengira perbezaan garis kecukupan minima bagi keperluan asasi seseorang individu dan tanggungannya berdasarkan kos sara hidup semasa (dikenali sebagai Had Kifayah) yang dikenakan dalam pengiraan. Analisis simulasi menunjukkan bahawa Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Sarawak dan Johor menetapkan bahawa jumlah nisab dikira sebelum pemotongan had kifayah berbanding negeri-negeri lain, iaitu seseorang dikira mencukupi jumlah nisab selepas pemotongan had kifayah. Hal ini memberi kesan kepada perlaksanaan di lapangan kerana ada individu yang tidak perlu membayar zakat kerana tidak mencukupi syarat nisab. Ada individu di negeri lain yang perlu membayar zakat pendapatan walaupun mereka mempunyai pendapatan dan perbelanjaan yang sama.

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the pattern of internet use and factors that facilitate or dissuade its use among nursing students from a university in Urmia, Iran.Methods. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted with 162 nursing students selected through simple random sampling.Results. The findings indicated that 49.1% of the students used the internet from 15 to 60 min per day. The principal use of the internet was to search for scientific content in the Web. Factors that facilitated internet use were “ease of use” and “Access to experts to solve problems and answer questions”, while the dissuasive factors were “lack of concentration”, “cost of internet services”, and preference for information provided by professors or available directly in textbooks. Internet use by the students was related with the use of this tool in classroom activities and with English fluency.Conclusion. Students have an internet use pattern aimed at self-study that should be strengthened with knowledge of English, assignments online, familiarization with the use of electronic databases, and other strategies to motivate them to use this technology with greater frequency.Descriptors: computers; cross-sectional studies; information technology; information storage and retrieval; Internet; students, nursing.How to cite this article: Shirazi F, Heidari S, Fard SJ, Ghodsbin F. Pattern of Internet Use by Iranian Nursing Students. Facilitators and Barriers. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2019; 37(2):e06.ReferencesGündüz HB. Digital divide in Turkish primary schools: Sakarya sample. TOJET. 2010; 9(1)43-53. Mokhtarinoori J, Zohari S, Yaghmai F, Ebadi A, Yoldashkhan M. Study of factors relation to internet use with usage of internet by teachers according to theory of reasoned action. Iran J. Nurs. Midwifery Res. 2011; 5(19):25-36. Jacobs HL. Information literacy and reflective pedagogical praxis. J. Acad. Librarian. 2008; 34(3):256-62. Jafari M, Diane M. Evaluation of the use of the Internet by students at Kabul University and determinants of Facilitators and Barriers factors. J. Libr. Inf. Sci. 2010; 13(3):179-204. Deltsidou A, Gesouli- Voltyraki E, Mastrogiannis D, Noula M. Undergraduate nursing students computer skills assessment: a study in greece. Health Sci. J 2010; 4:182-8. Hallila LE, Al Zubaidi R, Al Ghamdi N, Alexander G. Nursing students' use of Internet and Computer for Their Education in the College of Nursing. Int. J. Nurs. Clin. Pract. 2014; 1:108. Jetté S, Tribble DS-C, Gagnon J, Mathieu L. Nursing students' perceptions of their resources toward the development of competencies in nursing informatics. Nurse Educ. Today. 2010; 30(8):742-6. Gilmour JA, Huntington A, Broadbent R, Strong A, Hawkins M. Nurses’ use of online health information in medical wards. J. Adv. Nurs. 2012; 68(6):1349-58. Gilmour JA, Scott SD, Huntington N. 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In Victorian times, when female travel narratives were read as excursions rather than expeditions, it was common for women authors to preface their travels with an apology. “What this book wants,” begins Mary Kingsley’s Travels in West Africa, “is not a simple preface but an apology, and a very brilliant and convincing one at that” (4). This tendency of the woman writer to depreciate her travel with an acknowledgment of its presumptuousness crafted her apology essentially as an admission of guilt. “Where I have offered my opinions,” Isabella Bird writes in The Englishwoman in America, “I have done so with extreme diffidence, giving impressions rather than conclusions” (2). While Elizabeth Howells has since argued the apologetic preface was in fact an opposing strategy that allowed women writers to assert their authority by averting it, it is certainly telling of the time and genre that a female writer could only defend her work by first excusing it. The personal apology may have emerged as the natural response to social restrictions but it has not been without consequence for female travel. The female position, often constructed as communal, is still problematised in contemporary travel texts. While there has been a traceable shift from apology to affirmation since the first women travellers abandoned their embroidery, it seems some sense of lingering culpability still remains. In many ways, the modern female traveller, like the early lady traveller, is still a displaced woman. She still sets out cautiously, guide book in hand. Often she writes, like the female confessant, in an attempt to recover what Virginia Woolf calls “the lives of the obscure”: those found locked in old diaries, stuffed away in old drawers or simply unrecorded (44). Often she speaks insistently of the abstract things which Kingsley, ironically, wrote so easily and extensively about. She is, however, even when writing from within the confines of her own home, still writing from abroad. Women’s solitary or “unescorted” travel, even in contemporary times, is considered less common in the Western world, with recurrent travel warnings constantly targeted at female travellers. Travelling women are always made aware of the limits of their body and its vulnerabilities. Mary Morris comments on “the fear of rape, for example, whether crossing the Sahara or just crossing a city street at night” (xvii). While a certain degree of danger always exists in travel for men and women alike and while it is inevitable that some of those risks are gender-specific, travel is frequently viewed as far more hazardous for women. Guide books, travel magazines and online advice columns targeted especially at female readers are cramped with words of concern and caution for women travellers. Often, the implicit message that women are too weak and vulnerable to travel is packaged neatly into “a cache of valuable advice” with shocking anecdotes and officious chapters such as “Dealing with Officials”, “Choosing Companions” or “If You Become a Victim” (Swan and Laufer vii). As these warnings are usually levelled at white, middle to upper class women who have the freedom and financing to travel, the question arises as to what is really at risk when women take to the road. It seems the usual dialogue between issues of mobility and issues of safety can be read more complexly as confusions between questions of mobility and morality. As Kristi Siegel explains, “among the various subtexts embedded in these travel warnings is the long-held fear of ‘women on the loose’” (4). According to Karen Lawrence, travel has always entailed a “risky and rewardingly excessive” terrain for women because of the historical link between wandering and promiscuity (240). Paul Hyland has even suggested that the nature of travel itself is “gloriously” promiscuous: “the shifting destination, arrival again and again, the unknown possessed, the quest for an illusory home” (211). This construction of female travel as a desire to wander connotes straying behaviours that are often cast in sexual terms. The identification of these traits in early criminological research, such as 19th century studies of cacogenic families, is often linked to travel in a broad sense. According to Nicolas Hahn’s study, Too Dumb to Know Better, contributors to the image of the “bad” woman frequently cite three traits as characteristic. “First, they have pictured her as irresolute and all too easily lead. Second, they have usually shown her to be promiscuous and a good deal more lascivious than her virtuous sister. Third, they have often emphasised the bad woman’s responsibility for not only her own sins, but those of her mate and descendents as well” (3). Like Eve, who wanders around the edge of the garden, the promiscuous woman has long been said to have a wandering disposition. Interestingly, however, both male and female travel writers have at different times and for dissimilar reasons assumed hermaphroditic identities while travelling. The female traveller, for example, may assume the figure of “the observer” or “the reporter with historical and political awareness”, while the male traveller may feminise his behaviours to confront inevitabilities of confinement and mortality (Fortunati, Monticelli and Ascari 11). Female travellers such as Alexandra David-Neel and Isabelle Eberhardt who ventured out of the home and cross-dressed for safety or success, deliberately and fully appropriated traditional roles of the male sex. Often, this attempt by female wanderers to fulfil their own intentions in cognito evaded their dismissal as wild and unruly women and asserted their power over those duped by their disguise. Those women who did travel openly into the world were often accused of flaunting the gendered norms of female decorum with their “so-called unnatural and inappropriate behaviour” (Siegel 3). The continued harnessing of this cultural taboo by popular media continues to shape contemporary patterns of female travel. In fact, as a result of perceived connections between wandering and danger, the narrative of the woman traveller often emerges as a self-conscious fiction where “the persona who emerges on the page is as much a character as a woman in a novel” (Bassnett 234). This process of self-fictionalising converts the travel writing into a graph of subliminal fears and desires. In Tracks, for example, which is Robyn Davidson’s account of her solitary journey by camel across the Australian desert, Davidson shares with her readers the single, unvarying warning she received from the locals while preparing for her expedition. That was, if she ventured into the desert alone without a guide or male accompaniment, she would be attacked and raped by an Aboriginal man. In her opening pages, Davidson recounts a conversation in the local pub when one of the “kinder regulars” warns her: “You ought to be more careful, girl, you know you’ve been nominated by some of these blokes as the next town rape case” (19). “I felt really frightened for the first time,” Davidson confesses (20). Perhaps no tale better depicts this gendered troubling than the fairytale of Little Red Riding Hood. In the earliest versions of the story, Little Red outwits the Wolf with her own cunning and escapes without harm. By the time the first printed version emerges, however, the story has dramatically changed. Little Red now falls for the guise of the Wolf, and tricked by her captor, is eaten without rescue or escape. Charles Perrault, who is credited with the original publication, explains the moral at the end of the tale, leaving no doubt to its intended meaning. “From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers, and it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner” (77). Interestingly, in the Grimm Brothers’ version which emerges two centuries later an explicit warning now appears in the tale, in the shape of the mother’s instruction to “walk nicely and quietly, and not run off the path” (144). This new inclusion sanitises the tale and highlights the slippages between issues of mobility and morality. Where Little Red once set out with no instruction not to wander, she is now told plainly to stay on the path; not for her own safety but for implied matters of virtue. If Little Red strays while travelling alone she risks losing her virginity and, of course, her virtue (Siegel 55). Essentially, this is what is at stake when Little Red wanders; not that she will get lost in the woods and be unable to find her way, but that in straying from the path and purposefully disobeying her mother, she will no longer be “a dear little girl” (Grimm 144). In the Grimms’ version, Red Riding Hood herself critically reflects on her trespassing from the safe space of the village to the dangerous world of the forest and makes a concluding statement that demonstrates she has learnt her lesson. “As long as I live, I will never by myself leave the path, to run into the wood, when my mother has forbidden me to do so” (149). Red’s message to her female readers is representative of the social world’s message to its women travellers. “We are easily distracted and disobedient, we are not safe alone in the woods (travelling off the beaten path); we are fairly stupid; we get ourselves into trouble; and we need to be rescued by a man” (Siegel 56). As Siegel explains, even Angela Carter’s Red Riding Hood, who bursts out laughing when the Wolf says “all the better to eat you with” for “she knew she was nobody’s meat” (219), still shocks readers when she uses her virginity to take power over the voracious Wolf. In Carter’s world “children do not stay young for long,” and Little Red, who has her knife and is “afraid of nothing”, is certainly no exception (215). Yet in the end, when Red seduces the Wolf and falls asleep between his paws, there is still a sense this is a twist ending. As Siegel explains, “even given the background Carter provides in the story’s beginning, the scene startles. We knew the girl was strong, independent, and armed. However, the pattern of woman-alone-travelling-alone-helpless-alone-victim is so embedded in our consciousness we are caught off guard” (57). In Roald Dahl’s revolting rhyme, Little Red is also awarded agency, not through sexual prerogative, but through the enactment of traits often considered synonymous with male bravado: quick thinking, wit and cunning. After the wolf devours Grandmamma, Red pulls a pistol from her underpants and shoots him dead. “The small girl smiles. One eyelid flickers. She whips a pistol from her knickers. She aims it at the creature’s head and bang bang bang, she shoots him dead” (lines 48—51). In the weeks that follow Red’s triumph she even takes a trophy, substituting her red cloak for a “furry wolfskin coat” (line 57). While Dahl subverts female stereotypes through Red’s decisive action and immediacy, there is still a sense, perhaps heightened by the rhyming couplets, that we are not to take the shooting seriously. Instead, Red’s girrrl-power is an imagined celebration; it is something comical to be mused over, but its shock value lies in its impossibility; it is not at all believable. While the sexual overtones of the tale have become more explicit in contemporary film adaptations such as David Slade’s Hard Candy and Catherine Hardwicke’s Red Riding Hood, the question that arises is what is really at threat, or more specifically who is threatened, when women travel off the well-ordered path of duty. As this problematic continues to surface in discussions of the genre, other more nuanced readings have also distorted the purpose and practice of women’s travel. Some psychoanalytical theorists, for example, have adopted Freud’s notion of travel as an escape from the family, particularly the father figure. In his essay A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis, Freud explains how his own longing to travel was “a wish to escape from that pressure, like the force which drives so many adolescent children to run away from home” (237). “When one first catches sight of the sea,” Freud writes, “one feels oneself like a hero who has performed deeds of improbable greatness” (237). The inherent gender trouble with such a reading is the suggestion women only move in search of a quixotic male figure, “fleeing from their real or imaginary powerful fathers and searching for an idealised and imaginary ‘loving father’ instead” (Berger 55). This kind of thinking reduces the identities of modern women to fragile, unfinished selves, whose investment in travel is always linked to recovering or resisting a male self. Such readings neglect the unique history of women’s travel writing as they dismiss differences in the male and female practice and forget that “travel itself is a thoroughly gendered category” (Holland and Huggan 111). Freud’s experience of travel, for example, his description of feeling like a “hero” who has achieved “improbable greatness” is problematised by the female context, since the possibility arises that women may travel with different e/motions and, indeed, motives to their male counterparts. For example, often when a female character does leave home it is to escape an unhappy marriage, recover from a broken heart or search for new love. Elizabeth Gilbert’s best selling travelogue, Eat, Pray, Love (which spent 57 weeks at the number one spot of the New York Times), found its success on the premise of a once happily married woman who, reeling from a contentious divorce, takes off around the world “in search of everything” (1). Since its debut, the novel has been accused of being self-absorbed and sexist, and even branded by the New York Post as “narcissistic New Age reading, curated by Winfrey” (Callahan par 13). Perhaps most interesting for discussions of travel morality, however, is Bitch magazine’s recent article Eat, Pray, Spend, which suggests that the positioning of the memoir as “an Everywoman’s guide to whole, empowered living” typifies a new literature of privilege that excludes “all but the most fortunate among us from participating” (Sanders and Barnes-Brown par 7). Without seeking to limit the novel with separatist generalisations, the freedoms of Elizabeth Gilbert (a wealthy, white American novelist) to leave home and to write about her travels afterwards have not always been the freedoms of all women. As a result of this problematic, many contemporary women mark out alternative patterns of movement when travelling, often moving deliberately in a variety of directions and at varying paces, in an attempt to resist their placelessness in the travel genre and in the mappable world. As Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, speaking of Housekeeping’s Ruthie and Sylvie, explains, “they do not travel ever westward in search of some frontier space, nor do they travel across great spaces. Rather, they circle, they drift, they wander” (199). As a result of this double displacement, women have to work twice as hard to be considered credible travellers, particularly since travel is traditionally a male discursive practice. In this tradition, the male is often constructed as the heroic explorer while the female is mapped as a place on his itinerary. She is a point of conquest, a land to be penetrated, a site to be mapped and plotted, but rarely a travelling equal. Annette Kolodny considers this metaphor of “land-as-woman” (67) in her seminal work, The Lay of the Land, in which she discusses “men’s impulse to alter, penetrate and conquer” unfamiliar space (87). Finally, it often emerges that even when female travel focuses specifically on an individual or collective female experience, it is still read in opposition to the long tradition of travelling men. In their introduction to Amazonian, Dea Birkett and Sara Wheeler maintain the primary difference between male and female travel writers is that “the male species” has not become extinct (vii). The pair, who have theorised widely on New Travel Writing, identify some of the myths and misconceptions of the female genre, often citing their own encounters with androcentrism in the industry. “We have found that even when people are confronted by a real, live woman travel writer, they still get us wrong. In the time allowed for questions after a lecture, we are regularly asked, ‘Was that before you sailed around the world or after?’ even though neither of us has ever done any such thing” (xvii). The obvious bias in such a comment is an archaic view of what qualifies as “good” travel and a preservation of the stereotypes surrounding women’s intentions in leaving home. As Birkett and Wheeler explain, “the inference here is that to qualify as travel writers women must achieve astonishing and record-breaking feats. Either that, or we’re trying to get our hands down some man’s trousers. One of us was once asked by the president of a distinguished geographical institution, ‘What made you go to Chile? Was it a guy?’” (xviii). In light of such comments, there remain traceable difficulties for contemporary female travel. As travel itself is inherently gendered, its practice has often been “defined by men according to the dictates of their experience” (Holland and Huggan 11). As a result, its discourse has traditionally reinforced male prerogatives to wander and female obligations to wait. Even the travel trade itself, an industry that often makes its profits out of preying on fear, continues to shape the way women move through the world. While the female traveller then may no longer preface her work with an explicit apology, there are still signs she is carrying some historical baggage. It is from this site of trouble that new patterns of female travel will continue to emerge, distinguishably and defiantly, towards a much more colourful vista of general misrule. References Bassnett, Susan. “Travel Writing and Gender.” The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, eds. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. 225-40. Berger, Arthur Asa. Deconstructing Travel: Cultural Perspectives on Tourism. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 2004. Bird, Isabella. The Englishwoman in America. London: John Murray, 1856. Birkett, Dea, and Sara Wheeler, eds. Amazonian: The Penguin Book of New Women’s Travel Writing. London: Penguin, 1998. Callahan, Maureen. “Eat, Pray, Loathe: Latest Self-Help Bestseller Proves Faith is Blind.” New York Post 23 Dec. 2007. Carter, Angela. “The Company of Wolves.” Burning Your Boats: The Collected Short Stories. London: Vintage, 1995. 212-20. Dahl, Roald. Revolting Rhymes. London: Puffin Books, 1982. Davidson, Robyn. Tracks. London: Jonathan Cape, 1980. Fortunati, Vita, Rita Monticelli, and Maurizio Ascari, eds. Travel Writing and the Female Imaginary. Bologna: Patron Editore, 2001. Freud, Sigmund. “A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis.” The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. XXII. New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works, 1936. 237-48. Gilbert, Elizabeth. Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything Across Italy, India and Indonesia. New Jersey: Penguin, 2007. Grimm, Jacob, and Wilhelm Grimm. “Little Red Riding Hood.” Grimms’ Fairy Tales, London: Jonathan Cape, 1962. 144-9. Hahn, Nicolas. “Too Dumb to Know Better: Cacogenic Family Studies and the Criminology of Women.” Criminology 18.1 (1980): 3-25. Hard Candy. Dir. David Slade. Lionsgate. 2005. Holland, Patrick, and Graham Huggan. Tourists with Typewriters: Critical Reflections on Contemporary Travel Writing. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2003. Howells, Elizabeth. “Apologizing for Authority: The Rhetoric of the Prefaces of Eliza Cook, Isabelle Bird, and Hannah More.” Professing Rhetoric: Selected Papers from the 2000 Rhetoric Society of America Conference, eds. F.J. Antczak, C. Coggins, and G.D. Klinger. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002. 131-7. Hyland, Paul. The Black Heart: A Voyage into Central Africa. New York: Paragon House, 1988. Kingsley, Mary. Travels in West Africa. Middlesex: The Echo Library, 2008. Kolodny, Annette. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. USA: U of North Carolina P, 1975. Lawrence, Karen. Penelope Voyages: Women and Travel in the British Literary Tradition. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1994. Morris, Mary. Maiden Voyages: Writings of Women Travellers. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Perrault, Charles. Perrault’s Complete Fairytales. Trans. A.E. Johnson and others. London: Constable &amp; Company, 1961. Red Riding Hood. Dir. Catherine Hardwicke. Warner Bros. 2011. Sanders, Joshunda, and Diana Barnes-Brown. “Eat, Pray, Spend: Priv-Lit and the New, Enlightened American Dream” Bitch Magazine 47 (2010). 10 May, 2011 &lt; http://bitchmagazine.org/article/eat-pray-spend &gt;. Siegel, Kristi. Ed. Gender, Genre, and Identity in Women’s Travel Writing. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Slettedahl Macpherson, Heidi. “Women’s Travel Writing and the Politics of Location: Somewhere In-Between.” Gender, Genre, and Identity in Women’s Travel Writing, ed. Kristi Siegel. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. 194-207. Swan, Sheila, and Peter Laufer. Safety and Security for Women who Travel. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Travelers’ Tales, 2004. Woolf, Virginia. Women and Writing. London: The Women’s Press, 1979.

While the bombing of Gaza and the resulting loss of civilians continues, I urge the international community to stop the war now, protect civilians (including health-care workers), lift the 16-year blockade on Gaza immediately, and allow international aid to enter Gaza to support the health-care system that has already collapsed.