Academic literature on the topic 'Sartre, Jean Paul, Gaze in literature'

The two world-wars and its massive destruction and horror had a great impact on human mind. Inevitably complete cynicism , pessimism , alienation , nothingness , existentialism reflected in the literature of that time. Pinter's play The Birthday Party (1957) is based on the philosophy of existentialism which later on became the source for the " Theatre of the Absurd ". Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre gave the philosophy of existentialism according to which the universe and man's experience in it are meaningless. All attempts by human mind to understand the world are futile . All philosophical systems and religion which claim that they can enable man to make sense of the world are delusive and useless. Albert Camus in The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) wrote :- " In a universe that is suddenly deprived of illusions and of light , man feels a stranger. ... This divorce between man and his life, the actor and his setting constitutes the feeling of Absurdity. "

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), nephew of the Alsatian theologian, Albert Schweitzer, was born in Paris, passed his agrégation at the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1929, and was a lycée teacher between 1931 and 1945. He was called up to the French Army in 1939, captured by the Germans in 1940 and released after the armistice. In 1938 he published a novel, La Nausée, translated by Robert Baldick as Nausea (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), and in 1940, L'Imaginaire: Psychologie phénoménologique de l'imagination, translated by Bernard Frechtman as The Psychology of Imagination (London: Methuen, 1972). His major philosophical work, L'Etre et le Neant, was published in 1943, and translated by Hazel E. Barnes as Being and Nothingness (London: Methuen, 1957). As a novelist he is best known for a trilogy, Chemins de la Liberté (Roads to Freedom), comprising L'Age de raison (1945) translated by E. Sutton as The Age of Reason (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961), Le Sursis (1945), translated by E. Sutton as The Reprieve (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963) and La Mort dans l'āme (1949), translated by G. Hopkins as Iron in the Soul (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965). His main work of literary criticism is Qu'est-ce que la littérature? (1947), translated by B. Frechtman as What is Literature? (London: Methuen, 1950). Plays includeLes Mouches (1943) and Huis Clos (1944), both translated by S. Gilbert and published in one volume, as The Flies and In Camera (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1965).

Jean-Paul Sartre offers a different way of looking at artworks. He offers psychological as well as phenomenological perspectives. The artworks referred to by Sartre include music, painting, literature, and theater. In his thoughts related to works of art, Sartre offers a notion of analogon, that has a key role to explain his concept of imagination. With this notion, he goes further to explain the concept of irreality in artworks, of which analogon is a medium or a material vehicle. When enjoying an artwork, one is enjoying the analogon. Music can be seen as an excess of reality, literature finds its role within its social environment, a painting provokes a viewer to rise certain images in his or her cosciousness, and an actor in theater not simply portrays the characters of a personage because he becomes ‘not real’ in playing his role on the stage. All this brings to the understanding of artwork as irreality.

Mon sujet de thèse est une tentative d’éclairage de l’énigme du corps absent/ présent, obscur, fictif et extraordinaire chez les personnages romanesques et philosophiques d’un grand auteur français du XXe siècle : Jean-Paul Sartre. L’énigme de ce corps obscur traduit dans les œuvres de Sartre une réalité ontologique, charnelle. Or, la description du corps (absent ou présent) chez Sartre est avant tout imaginaire et il y a un nombre infini d’énigmes corporelles dans son œuvre. Elles se cherchent encore des significations. Le savoir encyclopédique de Sartre mérite, et sans limite, une multitude de lectures qui pourraient enrichir durablement la compréhension du texte littéraire de cet auteur. Beaucoup de questions cherchent des réponses bien précises. La recherche de l’absence du corps ou de l’énigme corporelle dans le texte sartrien n’a jamais été l’objet principal d’une étude entière, ce qui nous permet de prétendre à l’originalité d’un nouveau trajet de lecture. Notre étude a pour objectif de définir les modalités, les structures, les emblèmes, le sens et la nature de l’énigme dans l’œuvre de Sartre. Faire une analyse détaillée de l’énigme existentielle du corps surtout mais tout en s’appuyant sur ce que nous pouvons appeler l’herméneutique de l’énigme et les différents aspects de la présence/ absence. Lire Sartre, avec cette nouvelle méthode va tracer, nous l’espérons bien, une nouvelle ligne de recherche et créer une nouvelle dimension dans la compréhension de la philosophie et de l’écriture littéraire de Sartre
The subject of my thesis is an attempt to shed light on the enigma of the mysterious human body which is fictitious and extraordinary as depicted in the characters of the philosophical works of French writer Jean-Paul Sartre. These contradictions demand an understanding of the ultimate nature of the reality of the body which is both carnal and at the same time real. But the description of the body by Sartre is essentially imaginary and can lead to an infinite number of interpretations The information and facts provided by this author therefore fully deserve an analysis meant to enrich the understanding of his literary works. Such an attempt to solve these riddles through a search for the understanding of the puzzle of the body in the text of Sartre has never been the main subject of a full study. This allows us to claim originality of a new way of understanding his work. Our study aims to determine the structures, symbols, meaning, and nature of this enigma. This dissertation contains a detailed analysis of the existential contradictions of the body primarily based on interpretation of the absence/ presence dilemma. Hence a reading of Sartre with these hopefully more enlightening insights is intended to develop a novel thought process for research and to create a new dimension in the understanding of Sartre’s philosophy and writings

Orientador: Arnaldo Franco Junior
Banca: Márcio Scheel
Banca: Márcio Roberto do Prado
Resumo: Jean-Paul Sartre, filósofo e escritor francês do século XX, embasou seus romances nos ditames de seu pensamento existencialista e em suas ideias a respeito da literatura, considerando a escrita romanesca, cuja tarefa seria a de apresentar-se como meio para possíveis soluções simbólicas dos conflitos existenciais do homem de seu tempo, uma possível via de desvelamento do mundo e de afirmação da liberdade humana. A partir de uma relação dialética entre autor e leitor, Sartre aponta que essas duas partes incitam-se reciprocamente, levando ao fato de a liberdade de uma, quando manifesta, desvendar a liberdade da outra. O escritor francês defendeu uma teoria do romance existencial a partir da qual será abandonada a posição do narrador onisciente e empregada uma técnica de composição romanesca fundada em uma metafísica da liberdade a recusar todo traço de determinismo no decorrer da narrativa. Trata-se, segundo Sartre, de romances voltados para as inquietações humanas, situados em uma época de grandes conturbações políticas, sociais e culturais, na qual, por meio de uma arte engajada, o autor fomentaria, de acordo com um pacto de generosidade entre ele e o leitor, a reflexão crítica e a responsabilidade do homem. Diante disso, nosso propósito foi o de estudar duas obras do universo romanesco do autor - quais sejam, Os dados estão lançados e Com a morte na alma - à luz dos fundamentos elencados em seus trabalhos críticos e teóricos, nos quais Sartre defende os aspectos formais de uma técnica de composição narrativa capaz de conceber textos em conformidade com sua concepção de literatura. Por esse viés, cruzaremos dados teóricos e produção romanesca do autor a fim de identificar as convergências e divergências, os alcances e as limitações entre o que o autor teoriza e o que, de fato, cumpre como romancista, indo ao encontro de nossos objetivos principais...
Résumé: Jean-Paul Sartre, philosophe et écrivain français du XXe siècle, a conçu ses romans selon sa pensée existentialiste et ses idées sur la littérature, lorsque l'on considère l'écriture romanesque, dont la tâche serait de se présenter comme un moyen de solutions symboliques des conflits existentiels d'homme de son temps, comme une manière possible de dévoiler le monde et d'affirmer la liberté humaine. À partir d'une relation dialectique entre l'auteur et le lecteur, Sartre souligne que ces deux parties ont besoin les uns des autres, ce qui conduit au fait que la liberté d'une, quand s'est manifeste, dévoile la liberté de l'autre. L'écrivain français a plaidé pour une théorie du roman existentiel à partir de laquelle sera abandonné la position du narrateur omniscient et sera employé une technique de composition romanesque fondée sur une métaphysique de la liberté, en refusant toute trace de déterminisme dans le cours du récit. Il s'agit, selon Sartre, des romans centrés sur les préoccupations humaines, situés dans une époque de grands bouleversements politiques, sociaux et culturels, dans lequelle, à travers un art engagé, l'auteur encourageait, conformément à un pacte de générosité entre lui et le lecteur, la pensée critique et la responsabilité de l'homme. Par conséquent, notre objectif était d'étudier deux oeuvres de l'univers romanesque de l'auteur - à savoir, Les jeux sont faits et La mort dans l'âme - à la lumière des motifs énumérés dans ses travails critiques et théoriques, dans lesquels Sartre soutient les aspects formels d'une technique de la composition narrative capable de concevoir des textes conformément à sa conception de la littérature. De ce point de vue, nous étudions la production romanesque et les données théoriques de l'auteur afin de idéntifier les convergences et les divergences...
Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A articulação entre as obras filosóficas e literárias de Jean-Paul Sartre nos permite acompanhar o processo de elaboração da compreensão de subjetividade do autor. A partir do método comparativo e do método progressivo-regressivo, Jean-Paul Sartre desenvolve uma compreensão de subjetividade que tem por base a relação dialética do homem com a história, através da qual ocorre a constituição dos valores que orientam a ação humana. Buscando analisar de queforma a narrativa literária pode auxiliar o pesquisador a compreender este processohistórico, faço a leitura reflexiva dos romances que compõem a trilogia Os caminhos da liberdade de Jean-Paul Sartre, tendo por foco as vivências do personagemMathieu Delarue. Ao possibilitar que o pesquisador acompanhe o movimento deconstituição da temporalidade de um sujeito singular, a literatura contribui para que o campo da psicologia social seja capaz de criar caminhos de compreensão darealidade humana a partir da condição de abertura própria ao jogo dialético dohomem com a história.
The relationship between the literary and the philosophical works of Jean-Paul Sartre allows us to follow the development of the author's understandingof subjectivity. From the comparative method and the progressive-regressive method,Jean-Paul Sartre develops an understanding of subjectivity that is based on thedialectical relationship between man and history, in which occurs the formation of thevalues that guide human action. In order to analyze how literary narrative may helpresearchers to understand this historical process, I propose to do a reflective readingof the novels that compose the trilogy The paths of freedom of Jean-Paul Sartre focusing on the experiences of the character Mathieu Delarue. By enabling theresearcher to track the movement of constitution of the temporality of a singularindividual, I consider that literature contributes to social psychology's field to create ways of understanding human reality by respecting the dialectic that exists between man and history.

Il existe un domaine où Jean-Paul Sartre paraît n’avoir laissé, malgré sa polygraphie, presque aucune trace : la poésie. Mais était-elle dès lors étrangère à sa pensée ? Loin de là selon nous. L’acception de ce mot ne se limite pas chez lui au sens ordinaire d’un genre littéraire, mais elle désigne aussi un mode d’être-dans-le-monde propre au poète-écrivain, qui se résume en choix de l’« échec » ou de « l’impossible ». Même si larvée dans ses écrits, la réflexion de Sartre autour de cette idée nous semble former une systématicité qu’on pourrait appeler un « deuxième Qu’est-ce que la littérature ? » qui, en articulant de manière paradoxale l’esthétisme antihumaniste et la moralité de l’« anthropodicée », trahit parfois le premier — qui ne cesse, pour autant, d’être la pensée de la « littérature engagée ». Dans cette présente étude, suivant de telles lignes conductrices, nous avançons nos analyses en deux étapes. Le premier temps de notre travail sera consacré à l’analyse structurelle de la « poésie » sartrienne, menée d’abord sur le plan du projet existentiel (Partie I), ensuite sur le plan de la création poético-littéraire (Partie II). À cette analyse fera suite le second temps de la recherche, la réflexion sur la portée morale de la « poésie » comprise au sens sartrien (Partie III)
There is a domain in which Jean-Paul Sartre appears not to have left any trace, in spite of his polygraphy: poetry. Was it then strange to his thought? Far from it, in our opinion. In Sartre’s work, this word is not limited to the ordinary sense of a literary genre, but also designates a mode of being-in-the-world specific to the poet-writer, which comes down to the choice of “failure” or “impossibility.” Though it remained latent in his writings, his reflection on this idea seems to form a systematicity of what we could call the “second What is literature?” that, articulating in a paradoxical way the antihumanistic aestheticism and morality of “anthropodicy,” sometimes betrays the first What is literature? — without ceasing to be the thought of “committed literature.” Following these guidelines, in this thesis, we advance our analysis in two steps. The primary phase of our work will be devoted to the structural analysis of Sartrian “poetry,” led first on the level of an existential project (Part I), and subsequently, on the level of a poetico-literary creation (Part II). This analysis will be followed by the second phase of the research, reflection on the moral range of “poetry” understood in the Sartrian sense (Part III)

In this dissertation I explain the transition from modernism to postmodernism through the study of the French existentialist novel. I follow theories that demonstrate that the latter owes its success to historiographic metafiction. By setting off the aporias that deeply penetrate modern novels, I demonstrate the obsolescence of the prototype of the realist novel and I explain the impasses towards which the project of a committed literature lead, inscribed in the line of realism and aimed at an almost direct relation with society and history through the mediation of art between 1945 and 1955 in France.
On one hand I consider literature as an object which can be described by the methodologies of history. On the other hand I suggest an analysis of the historicity of the text that is constituted by the dynamic system generated by the interaction, the interdependence, and the correlation of the poetic and aesthetic parameters and the factors of the historical context. My aim is to set off the poetic and aesthetic mecanism of stability and of transformation of literary creation according to the dynamic relation between the vector of the project associated to realism and the one of the prototype associated to the novel. I think that late modernism produces paradoxical configurations of the novel because it is the period in which the project of realism becomes lapsed and the prototype of the realist novel becomes dilapidated.
Among the works that are exemplary of the tension between fiction and history and between project and prototype in the framework of the representation of reality and of the inscription of history in novels, I identified Albert Camus' La Peste, Simone de Beauvoir's Les Mandarins and Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Chemins de la liberte . I conclude that the enterprise of committed literature was an aporias because it was generated from the impoverishment of the project of realism and the obsolescence of the prototype of the novel. Later literature was extricated, firstly, by the radically and extremely metafictional writing of the Nouveau Roman and, secondly, it was changed by postmodern historiographic metafiction. The crisis of history and of the writing of history was solved by works in which there is the acknowledgement and the use of sophisticated mediations to evoke and inscribe history in different ways.

Orientador: Arnaldo Franco Junior
Banca: Márcio Scheel
Banca: Pablo Simpson Kilzer Amorim
Banca: Márcio Roberto do Prado
Banca: Edison Bariani Junior
Resumo: Ao longo da primeira metade do século XX, a humanidade assistiu à derrocada traumática da razão. Muitas das utopias modernas, pautadas nos ideais de progresso técnico e tecnológico, resultaram em reais distopias com a ascensão, na Europa e em outros continentes, de regimes ideológicos totalitários. Aos poucos, o desvanecimento dos últimos resquícios de uma belle époque deu espaço a uma crise moral que perturbou as fronteiras da liberdade - e os limites da arte, o que levou artistas e intelectuais, dentre os quais Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), a repensarem o seu papel na sociedade. Na produção romanesca de Sartre, encontramos a trilogia Les chemins de la liberté (1945-1949), ao longo da qual acompanhamos os eventos da Segunda Guerra Mundial a partir da consciência de personagens que discutem a liberdade em face de sua situação no mundo. Paradigmática para a literatura engajada, a trilogia sartriana apresenta muitos dos aspectos formais defendidos por Sartre em seus textos teórico-críticos: contextualizando a narrativa ao longo da guerra, a ideia de "liberdade" se encontra nos elementos composicionais das histórias e nos dilemas das personagens, livres da onisciência narratorial - o que requisita o leitor para a criação de hipóteses a respeito do que pensam (a partir de como agem) as consciências semilúcidas que interagem no universo romanesco criado por Sartre. Notamos, pois, uma relação entre a liberdade e a literatura (e a sua recíproca influência), relação que objetivamos...
Abstract: Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, humanity witnessed the traumatic overthrow of reason. Many of the modern utopias, based on the ideals of technical and technological progress, have resulted in real dystopias with the rise, in Europe and elsewhere, of totalitarian ideological regimes. Gradually, the fading of the last remnants of a belle époque gave way to a moral crisis that disturbed the frontiers of freedom - and the limits of art, prompting artists and intellectuals, including Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), to rethink their role in society. In Sartre's romanesque production we find the trilogy Les chemins de la liberté (1945-1949), along which we follow the events of World War II from the consciousness of characters who discuss freedom in the face of their situation in the world. Paradigmatic for engaged literature, Sartre's trilogy presents many of the formal aspects defended by the author in his theoretical-critical texts: contextualizing the narrative throughout the war, the idea of "freedom" is found in the compositional elements of the stories and in the dilemmas of the characters, free of narrative omniscience - which requires the reader to create hypotheses about what they think (from how they act) the semilucidal consciousnesses that interact in the romanesque universe created by Sartre. We therefore note a relation between freedom and literature (and its reciprocal influence), a relation that we aim to investigate from the philosophical, political and literary texts of the author, and then to show how and why Sartre's thought and his production influenced and were influenced by freedom (or, rather, by its absence)
Résumé: Tout au long de la première moitié du XXe siècle, l'humanité a témoigné la débâcle traumatique de la raison. Beaucoup d'utopies modernes, basées sur les idéaux du progrès technique et technologique, ont entraîné de véritables dystopies avec l'ascension, en Europe et ailleurs, des régimes idéologiques totalitaires. Peu à peu, la disparition des derniers restes d'une belle époque a cédé la place à une crise morale qui a perturbé les frontières de la liberté - et les limites de l'art, ce qui a conduit les artistes et les intellectuels, y compris Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), à repenser leur rôle dans la société. Dans la production romanesque de Sartre, nous trouvons la trilogie Les chemins de la liberté (1945-1949), dans laquelle nous suivons les événements de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale à partir de la conscience des personnages qui discutent la liberté face à leur situation dans le monde. Paradigmatique pour la littérature engagée, la trilogie sartrienne présente plusieurs des aspects formels préconisés par Sartre dans ses textes théoriques et critiques : en contextualisant le récit pendant toute la guerre, l'idée de « liberté » se retrouve dans les éléments de composition des histoires et dans les dilemmes des personnages, libres de l'omniscience narrative - ce qui oblige le lecteur à créer des hypothèses sur ce que pensent (à partir de la façon dont agissent) les consciences semi-lucides qui interagissent dans l'univers romanesque créé par Sartre. Nous notons donc une relation entre la liberté et la littérature (et son influence réciproque), une relation que nous cherchons à étudier à partir des textes philosophiques, politiques et littéraires de l'auteur, pour montrer comment et pourquoi la pensée sartrienne et sa production romanesque ont influencé et ont été influencés par la liberté (ou plutôt par son manque)
Doutor

FARIAS, Pedro Nogueira. Filosofia e literatura no jovem Sartre: uma sustentação recíproca. 2013. 135f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013.
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A proposta da nossa pesquisa é analisar a relação de sustentação recíproca entre filosofia e literatura em Sartre por via da leitura dos textos filosóficos e das obras de ficção A náusea e O muro, observando no pensamento de juventude de Sartre a predominância da questão ética. Relacionando filosofia e literatura, almejamos, desta forma, esclarecer as correspondências e os entrelaces dos questionamentos éticos que unem o plano teórico e a investigação sobre a concretude da vida humana, ambos, instrumentos interdependentes de um projeto filosófico-literário de fundo ético. Observaremos também as condições éticas do compromisso histórico que se estabelece por via do engajamento do escritor: compromisso recíproco assumido entre o escritor e o leitor a partir da liberdade situada.

This chapter attempts to explain the fascination that animals have long exerted upon the motion picture medium. It explores some of the differences among the human gaze, the animal gaze, and the cinematic gaze. Utilizing examples ranging from the philosophies of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jean-Paul Sartre to films by Edward Dmytryk, Jacques Tourneur, and Paul Schrader, the author explicates affect, identification, and the status of the face in cinematic representations of nonhuman species.

This chapter describes the gradual discrediting of the notion of genius. In France in the 1950s, contemporaneously with the Minou Drouet affair, it became the object of a powerful cultural critique under the aegis of literary theory, when Jean-Paul Sartre and Roland Barthes—more or less simultaneously—portrayed it as an anachronistic legacy from the previous century, and denounced it as a one of the myths that lay at the heart of bourgeois ideology. Two of Barthes's texts in Mythologies (1957) specifically target genius—one devoted to Einstein's brain, and the other to Minou Drouet. Much the same goes for Sartre, whose autobiography, Les Mots, begun in 1953 (and finally published in 1964), targets genius and the child prodigy as central components of his farewell to literature.