Journal articles: 'Satellite-terrestrial networks'

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Daoud, Fawzi. "Hybrid satellite/terrestrial networks integration." Computer Networks 34, no. 5 (2000): 781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(00)00128-6.

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Chitre, D. M., D. J. Shyy, A. Ephremides, and S. Gupta. "Hybrid satellite and terrestrial networks." International Journal of Satellite Communications 12, no. 3 (1994): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.4600120313.

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Shuxin, Shi, Han Bing, Wu Zhongdai, Han Dezhi, Wu Huafeng, and Mei Xiaojun. "BLSAE-SNIDS: A Bi-LSTM sparse autoencoder framework for satellite network intrusion detection." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2024): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis240401041s.

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Due to disparities in tolerance, resource availability, and acquisition of labeled training data between satellite-terrestrial integrated networks (STINs) and terrestrial networks, the application of traditional terrestrial network intrusion detection techniques to satellite networks poses significant challenges. This paper presents a satellite network intrusion detection system named Bi-LSTM sparse selfencoder (BLSAE-SNIDS) to address this issue. Through the development of an innovative unsupervised training Bi-LSTM stacked self-encoder, BLSAE-SNIDS facilitates feature extraction from satellite network traffic, diminishes dimensionality, considerably reduces training and testing durations, and enhances the attack pre diction accuracy of the classifier. To assess the efficacy of the proposed model, we conduct comprehensive experiments utilizing STIN and UNSW-NB15 datasets. The results obtained from the STIN dataset demonstrate that BLSAE-SNIDS achieves 99.99% accuracy with reduced computational and transmission overheads alongside enhanced flexibility. Furthermore, results from the UNSW-NB15 dataset exhibit BLSAE-SNIDS? proficiency in detecting various network intrusion attacks efficiently. These findings indicate that BLSAE-SNIDS suits general satellite security networks and offers a novel approach to designing security systems for polar satellite networks, thus exhibiting practical utility.

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Hu, Jing, Guangxia Li, Dongming Bian, Jingyu Tang, and Shengchao Shi. "Sensing-Based Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in Integrated Wireless Sensor and Cognitive Satellite Terrestrial Networks." Sensors 19, no. 23 (2019): 5290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235290.

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This paper presents a cognitive satellite communication based wireless sensor network, which combines the wireless sensor network and the cognitive satellite terrestrial network. To address the conflict between the continuously increasing demand and the spectrum scarcity in the space network, the cognitive satellite terrestrial network becomes a promising candidate for future hybrid wireless networks. With the higher transmit capacity demand in satellite networks, explicit concerns on efficient resource allocation in the cognitive network have gained more attention. In this background, we propose a sensing-based dynamic spectrum sharing scheme for the cognitive satellite user, which is able to maximize the ergodic capacity of the satellite user with the interference of the primary terrestrial user below an acceptable average level. Firstly, the cognitive satellite user monitors the channel allocated to the terrestrial user through the wireless sensor network; then, it adjusts the transmit power based on the sensing results. If a terrestrial user is busy, the satellite user can access the channel with constrained power to avoid deteriorating the communication quality of the terrestrial user. Otherwise, if the terrestrial user is idle, the satellite user allocates the transmit power based on its benefit to enhance the capacity. Since the sensing-based dynamic spectrum sharing optimization problem can be modified into a nonlinear fraction programming problem in perfect/imperfect sensing conditions, respectively, we solve them by the Lagrange duality method. Computer simulations have shown that, compared with the opportunistic spectrum access, the proposed method can increase the channel capacity more than 20% for Pav = 10 dB in a perfect sensing scenario. In an imperfectsensing scenario, Pav = 15 dB and Qav = 5 dB, the optimal sensing time achieving the highest ergodiccapacity is about 2.34 ms when the frame duration is 10 ms.

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Gao, Xiangqiang, Yingzhao Shao, Yuanle Wang, Hangyu Zhang, and Yang Liu. "Cooperative Caching and Resource Allocation in Integrated Satellite–Terrestrial Networks." Electronics 13, no. 7 (2024): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071216.

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Due to the rapid development of low earth orbit satellite constellations, e.g., Starlink, OneWeb, etc., integrated satellite-terrestrial networks have been viewed as a promising paradigm to globally provide satellite internet services for users. However, when the contents from ground data centers are provided for users by satellite networks, there will be high capital expenditures in terms of communication delay and bandwidth usage. To this end, in this paper, a cooperative-caching and resource-allocation problem is investigated in integrated satellite–terrestrial networks. Popular contents, which are cached on satellites and ground data centers, can be accessed via inter-satellite and satellite–terrestrial networks in a cooperative way. The optimization problem is formulated to jointly minimize the deployment costs of storage resource usage and network bandwidth consumption. A cooperative caching and resource allocation (CCRA) algorithm based on a neighborhood search is proposed to address the problem. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CCRA algorithm outperforms Greedy and BFS in reducing the deployment costs.

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Kuang, Linling, Zhiyong Feng, Yi Qian, and Giovanni Giambene. "Integrated terrestrial-satellite networks: Part one." China Communications 15, no. 6 (2018): iv—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2018.8398219.

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Kuang, Linling, Zhiyong Feng, Yi Qian, and Giovanni Giambene. "Integrated terrestrial-satellite networks: Part two." China Communications 15, no. 8 (2018): iv—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2018.8438267.

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Kapovits, Adam, Marius-Iulian Corici, Ilie-Daniel Gheorghe-Pop, et al. "Satellite communications integration with terrestrial networks." China Communications 15, no. 8 (2018): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cc.2018.8438271.

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Yan, Yanjun, Huihui Xu, Ning Zhang, Guangjie Han, and Mingliu Liu. "Dynamic Divide Grouping Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in Terrestrial-Satellite Integrated Network." Sensors 21, no. 18 (2021): 6199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186199.

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Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been extensively studied to improve the performance of the Terrestrial-Satellite Integrated Network (TSIN) on account of the shortage of frequency band resources. In this paper, the terrestrial network and satellite network synergistically provide complete coverage for ground users, and based on the architecture, we first formulate a constrained optimization problem to maximize the sum rate of the TSIN under the limited spectrum resources. As the terrestrial networks and the satellite network will cause interference to each other, we first investigate the capacity performance of the terrestrial networks and the satellite networks separately, in which the optimal power control factor expression is derived. Then, by constructing the relationship model between user elevation angle, beam angle and distance, we develop a dynamic group pairing schemes to ensure the effective pairing of NOMA users. Based on the user pairing, to obtain the optimal resource allocation, a joint optimization algorithm of power allocation, beam channel and base station channel resource is proposed. Finally, simulation results are provided to evaluate the user paring scheme as well as the total system performance, in comparison with the existing works.

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Karavolos, Michail, Nikolaos Nomikos, and Demosthenes Vouyioukas. "Enhanced Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial NOMA with Cooperative Device-to-Device Communication." Telecom 1, no. 2 (2020): 126–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom1020010.

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The currently deployed terrestrial wireless networks experience difficulties while coping with the massive connectivity demands of coexisting users and devices. The addition of satellite segments has been proposed as a viable way of providing improved coverage and capacity, leading to the formation of integrated satellite-terrestrial networks. In such topologies, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can further enhance the efficient use of wireless resources by simultaneously serving multiple users. In this paper, an integrated satellite-terrestrial NOMA network is studied where cooperation between ground users is allowed, following the device-to-device (D2D) paradigm. More specifically, the proposed satellite NOMA cooperative (SANOCO) D2D scheme optimally selects pairs of users, by considering the channel conditions of the satellite and the terrestrial D2D links. In SANOCO-D2D users are served through NOMA in the satellite link, and then, if the weak user fails to decode its signal, terrestrial D2D communication is activated to maintain the total sum rate of the system. Comparisons with conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and an alternative NOMA optimal user pairing scheme show that significant sum rate and spectral efficiency gains can be harvested through SANOCO-D2D under varying channel conditions and terrestrial D2D bandwidth.

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Jiang, Weiwei, Yafeng Zhan, and Xiaolong Xiao. "Multi-Domain Network Slicing in Satellite–Terrestrial Integrated Networks: A Multi-Sided Ascending-Price Auction Approach." Aerospace 10, no. 10 (2023): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10100830.

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With the growing demand for massive access and data transmission requests, terrestrial communication systems are inefficient in providing satisfactory services. Compared with terrestrial communication networks, satellite communication networks have the advantages of wide coverage and support for massive access services. Satellite–terrestrial integrated networks are indispensable parts of future B5G/6G networks. Challenges arise for implementing and operating a successful satellite–terrestrial integrated network, including differentiated user requirements, infrastructure compatibility, limited resource constraints, and service provider incentives. In order to support diversified services, a multi-domain network slicing approach is proposed in this study, in which network resources from both terrestrial and satellite networks are combined to build alternative routes when serving the same slice request as virtual private networks. To improve the utilization efficiency of limited resources, slice admission control is formulated as a mechanism design problem. To encourage participation and cooperation among different service providers, a multi-sided ascending-price auction mechanism is further proposed as a game theory-based solution for slice admission control and resource allocation, in which multiple strategic service providers maximize their own utilities by trading bandwidth resources. The proposed auction mechanism is proven to be strongly budget-balanced, individually rational, and obviously truthful. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, real-world historical traffic data are used in the simulation experiments and the results show that the proposed approach is asymptotically optimal with the increase in users and competitive with the polynomial-time optimal trade mechanism, in terms of admission ratio and service provider profit.

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Hazer Inaltekin, Mark Bowyer, Iain B. Collings, Gunes Karabulut Kurt, Walid Saad, and Phil Whiting. "Future satellite communications: Satellite constellations and connectivity from space." ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies 5, no. 2 (2024): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52953/pcds7523.

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Satellite communications is currently undergoing a massive growth, with a rapid expansion in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) networks, and a range of new satellite technologies. Until very recently, satellite communication systems and terrestrial 5/6G wireless networks have been complementary distinct entities. There is now the opportunity to bring these networks together and deliver an integrated global coverage multi-service network. Achieving this will require solving some key research challenges, and leveraging new technologies including high frequency phased-array antennas, onboard processing, dynamic beam hopping, physical layer signal processing algorithms, transmission waveforms, and adaptive inter-satellite links and routing. By integrating seamlessly with terrestrial 5/6G networks and low altitude flying access points, future satellite networks promise to deliver universal connectivity on a global scale, overcoming geographical limitations. In this special issue, we focus on the future of satellite communications, exploring topics ranging from beam hopping and design to space routing and THz satellite communications. Our aim is to shed light on the potential of these emerging technologies and their role in reshaping the landscape of global connectivity.

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Aktas, Fatma, Ibraheem Shayea, Mustafa Ergen, et al. "Routing Challenges and Enabling Technologies for 6G–Satellite Network Integration: Toward Seamless Global Connectivity." Technologies 13, no. 6 (2025): 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13060245.

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The capabilities of 6G networks surpass those of existing networks, aiming to enable seamless connectivity between all entities and users at any given time. A critical aspect of achieving enhanced and ubiquitous mobile broadband, as promised by 6G networks, is merging satellite networks with land-based networks, which offers significant potential in terms of coverage area. Advanced routing techniques in next-generation network technologies, particularly when incorporating terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, are essential for optimizing network efficiency and delivering promised services. However, the dynamic nature of the network, the heterogeneity and complexity of next-generation networks, and the relative distance and mobility of satellite networks all present challenges that traditional routing protocols struggle to address. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of 6G networks, addressing key enablers, technologies, commitments, satellite networks, and routing techniques in the context of 6G and satellite network integration. To ensure 6G fulfills its promises, the paper emphasizes necessary scenarios and investigates potential bottlenecks in routing techniques. Additionally, it explores satellite networks and identifies routing challenges within these systems. The paper highlights routing issues that may arise in the integration of 6G and satellite networks and offers a comprehensive examination of essential approaches, technologies, and visions required for future advancements in this area. 6G and satellite networks are associated with technical terms such as AI/ML, quantum computing, THz communication, beamforming, MIMO technology, ultra-wide band and multi-band antennas, hybrid channel models, and quantum encryption methods. These technologies will be utilized to enhance the performance, security, and sustainability of future networks.

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Artiga, Xavier, Ana I. Pérez-Neira, Jorge Baranda, et al. "Shared Access Satellite-Terrestrial Reconfigurable Backhaul Network enabled by Smart Antennas at mm-wave Band." IEEE Network Magazine 32, no. 5 (2018): 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2018.1800030.

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5G traffic expectations require not only the appropriate access infrastructure, but also the corresponding backhaul infrastructure to ensure well-balanced network scaling. Optical fiber and terrestrial wireless backhaul will hardly meet 100 percent coverage, and satellite must be considered within the 5G infrastructure to boost ubiquitous and reliable network utilization. This work presents the main outcomes of the SANSA project, which proposes a novel solution that overcomes the limitations of the traditional fixed backhaul. It is based on a dynamic integrated satellite- terrestrial backhaul network operating on the mmWave band. Its key principles are seamless integration of the satellite segment into terrestrial backhaul networks, a terrestrial wireless network capable of reconfiguring its topology according to traffic demands, and aggressive frequency reuse within the terrestrial segment and between terrestrial and satellite segments. The two technological enablers of SANSA are smart antenna techniques at mmWave and software defined intelligent hybrid network management. This article introduces these 5G enablers, which permit satellite communications to play a key role in different 5G use cases, from the early deployment of 5G services in sparse scenarios to enhanced mobile broadband in denser scenarios.

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Turk, Yekta, and Engin Zeydan. "Satellite Backhauling for Next Generation Cellular Networks: Challenges and Opportunities." IEEE Communications Magazine 57, no. 12 (2019): 52–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.1900193.

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Recently, studies on integration of satellitebased communication with terrestrial next-generation cellular networks (5G) have emerged in academia, standardization bodies, and industry due to extended coverage and service enrichment possibilities for mobile network operators (MNOs). In this article, we (i) first review the existing studies on satellite-based mobile network architectures and standardization efforts, (ii) propose a new satellite-based backhaul architecture for mobile communications and evaluate comparative end-to-end performance of both proposed satellite based backhaul and pure terrestrial architecture deployment scenarios through realistic experimental evaluations in terms of various key performance indicators used by MNOs, (iii) discuss encountered limitations and challenges well as the open issues of the experimented satellite-based mobile backhaul architecture, and finally (iv) provide a reference architecture and some guidelines toward designing a satellite based backhaul for next generation cellular networks from the perspective of MNOs.

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Duc Anh, Nguyen. "Estimation of energy intensity of subscriber radio lines and information capacity of the LEO satellite system of the internet of things." T-Comm 15, no. 11 (2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-11-32-39.

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It is clear that the importance and impact of the Internet of Things on all areas of life is undeniable today. To implement the connection and exchange of information between objects, one cannot fail to mention wireless networks, LPWAN networks ... However, the above networks still have some limitations that need to be overcome, such as coverage areas, signal delay and some other special features. Therefore, research and development of a satellite system with the IoT function is very promising and relevant. In addition, in order to compete with terrestrial networks in terms of equipment cost, service cost, and ease of operation and use, it is necessary to create satellite networks to work with terrestrial networks. The result of the analysis of LPWAN technologies in terrestrial networks showed that Lora technology is the most suitable for working with a satellite system. The article presents an assessment of the energy of subscriber radio lines when the satellite system is compatible with the Lora network. It is shown that the protection against interference on the "Earth-spacecraft" link is not less than 6-8 dB (worst case). The required reserves in the subscriber radio lines of the OFF-Line mode have been determined. Calculations of the information capacity of the IoT satellite system were carried out and the maximum data package of the consumer's subscriber facility was determined.

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Felip, Riera-Palou, Femenias Guillem, Caus Màrius, Shaat Musbah, and Isabel Pérez-Neira Ana. "Scalable Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks With LEO Satellite Support." IEEE Access 10 (April 1, 2022): 37.557–37.571. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3164097.

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This paper presents an integrated network architecture combining a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-M-MIMO) terrestrial layout with a low Earth orbit satellite segment where the scalability of the terrestrial segment is taken into account. The main purpose of such an integrated scheme is to transfer to the satellite segment those users that somehow limit the performance of the terrestrial network. Towards this end, a correspondingly scalable technique is proposed to govern the ground-to-satellite user diversion that can be tuned to different performance metrics. In particular, in this work the proposed technique is configured to result in an heuristic that improves the minimum per-user rate and the sum-rate of the overall network. Simulation results serve to identify under which conditions the satellite segment can become an attractive solution to enhance users' performance. Generally speaking, although the availability of the satellite segment always leads to an improvement of users' rates, it is in those cases where the terrestrial CF-M-MIMO network exhibits low densification traits that the satellite backup becomes crucial.

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Abbasi, Munir, and Lampros K. Stergioulas. "Hybrid Wireless Networks for E-Learning and Digital Literacy." International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence 2, no. 2 (2011): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdldc.2011040104.

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Today, satellite communication networks are being integrated into the infrastructure of modern Terrestrial communication networks and becoming popular for the delivery of educational content and data, as well as education-centric services, including information, tele-conferencing, entertainment, or ‘edutainment’ services. With fresh demand for new services and applications, it is becoming essential that wireless network architecture seamlessly interoperate with new and existing technologies, protocols and standards. This paper presents recent work on the use of hybrid wireless network infrastructures for delivering tele-education and e-learning applications to remote communities by combining a variety of satellite, terrestrial and wireless technologies, and provides the results from live scenarios carried out employing various methods of interoperability testing. The analysis of the results examines a number of different issues such as delay, jitter, packet loss, latency, throughput measurement, and bandwidth. By combining satellite and terrestrial (wireless) technologies, full coverage and high capacity can be achieved for true broadband services for delivering educational content. The interoperability among such diverse networks imposes a number of challenges regarding service provision and management.

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Zhang, Jiaxin, Xing Zhang, Peng Wang, Liangjingrong Liu, and Yuanjun Wang. "Double-edge intelligent integrated satellite terrestrial networks." China Communications 17, no. 9 (2020): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jcc.2020.09.011.

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Qian, Yi. "Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Communication Networks and Services." IEEE Wireless Communications 27, no. 6 (2020): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2020.9316447.

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Zhu, Xiangming, Chunxiao Jiang, Linling Kuang, Ning Ge, Song Guo, and Jianhua Lu. "Cooperative Transmission in Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Networks." IEEE Network 33, no. 3 (2019): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2018.1800164.

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An, Kang, Min Lin, Jian Ouyang, and Wei-Ping Zhu. "Secure Transmission in Cognitive Satellite Terrestrial Networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 34, no. 11 (2016): 3025–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2016.2615261.

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Turkmanović, Haris, Ivan Vajs, Zoran Cica, Dragomir El Mezeni, Predrag Ivaniš, and Lazar Saranovac. "Distributed AI-Driven Simulation Framework for Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Network Access." Electronics 14, no. 7 (2025): 1239. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071239.

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Hybrid satellite–terrestrial network access is gaining significant attention in the 5G ecosystem and is predicted to be an essential part of future 6G standards. Multipath support is required to utilize hybrid access features that are summarized as the ATSSS (Access Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting) paradigm. Simulation frameworks can be very helpful to economically evaluate the performance of hybrid network access. In this paper, we propose a distributed AI (artificial intelligence)-driven simulation framework that can evaluate the performance of hybrid satellite–terrestrial network access. The AI part of the framework enables optimal session switching between satellite and terrestrial access networks based on SNR (Signal-to-Noise) predictions. The successful operation of the AI-based prediction model as well as the complete simulation framework is demonstrated in the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) streaming session scenario. The proposed framework is made to be flexible so it can be adjusted to various multipath scenarios of hybrid satellite–terrestrial network access.

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Tong, Minglei, Xiaoxiang Wang, Song Li, and Liang Peng. "Joint Offloading Decision and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Satellite-Terrestrial Network." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030564.

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With the development of satellite-terrestrial network (STN), mobile edge computing (MEC) servers are deployed at low orbit earth (LEO) satellites to provide computing services for user devices (UEs) in areas without terrestrial network coverage. There is symmetry between satellite networks and terrestrial networks, but there is asymmetry between their resources. Computing resources of satellites’ MEC servers may not be enough. The satellite-terrestrial cooperation is promising, where a satellite migrates tasks to a base station (BS) in an adjacent area, thus utilizing computing resources of the BS’s MEC server. Although there are some studies on computation offloading in STN, few studies consider a satellite as both a relay and a computing unit to assist UEs in computing tasks. This paper proposes a joint offloading decision and resource allocation scheme in MEC-enabled STN, which minimizes the completion delay of all UEs’ indivisible tasks. Firstly, the optimization problem is formulated and decomposed. Then, the proposed scheme based on potential game and the Lagrange multiplier method makes UEs’ task offloading decisions and allocates the satellite’s and the BS’s computing resources, thus obtaining the optimal solution through continuous iterations. Finally, the simulation results validate that the proposed scheme can obtain better gain than other baseline schemes.

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Ruan, Xin. "Deep Learning Algorithms for BCH Decoding in Satellite Communication." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (March 16, 2023): 1104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.6012.

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Deep learning is widely used in various fields due to the advancement of algorithms, the enrichment of high-efficiency databases, and the increase in computing power. Especially in the satellite communication, the learning and parallel computing capabilities of neural networks make them ideal for decoding. Many researchers have recently applied deep learning neural networks to decode high-density parity check (HDPC) codes (such as BCH and RS code), improving the decoder’s performance. This review aims to provide general insights on applying neural network decoders to satellite communications. Due to the neural network’s learning ability, the neural network-based decoder can be trained to change the weights, thereby reducing the influence of non-white noise in satellite communications, such as the influence between the satellite and the terrestrial network and the mutual interference within the satellites. To compensate for non-white noise, shortest circles in Tanner graph and unreliable information, a decoder system model for satellite communication constructed by three neural networks is presented.

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Zhao, Yang. "A study of satellite network based on a comprehensive analysis." Applied and Computational Engineering 92, no. 1 (2024): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/92/20241745.

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Satellite networks have emerged as a crucial component of modern communication systems. Historically, traditional terrestrial communication networks faced limitations in reaching remote and isolated areas. Conversely, Satellite networks possess the ability to provide coverage over vast geographical regions, including areas where laying terrestrial infrastructure is impractical or prohibitively expensive. The development of satellite networks was driven by the increasing demand for global connectivity, enabling seamless communication across various applications such as navigation, remote sensing, weather monitoring, and telecommunications. Moreover, advancements in technology have made satellite networks more efficient and capable. The launch of smaller yet more powerful satellites has reduced costs while increasing data transmission capacity and speed. They also play a vital role in disaster management and emergency response. This paper mainly focuses on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of satellite networks along with several challenges encountered during their application in different fields. Considering that satellite network technology continues to develop at a significant pace, this study will also discuss future trends and make predictions accordingly. Therefore, through diverse analytical perspectives, this research demonstrates that satellite networks have emerged as critical infrastructure in the modern digital era while highlighting their highly promising prospectsa novel approach often overlooked by existing scientific literaturethus providing ample motivation for scientists to explore this domain.

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Gong, Shulei, Hong Shen, Kanglian Zhao, et al. "Toward Optimized Network Capacity in Emerging Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Networks." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 56, no. 1 (2020): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2019.2915415.

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Kumar, Rajnish, and Shlomi Arnon. "Review of Physical Layer Security in Integrated Satellite–Terrestrial Networks." Electronics 13, no. 22 (2024): 4414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224414.

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With the success and commercialization of 5G, 3GPP has started working toward the sixth generation of communication systems. While 5G explored the concept of non-terrestrial networks like satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles working alongside terrestrial networks, 6G is expected to take this integration a step further, aiming to achieve a more coherent network where satellites and terrestrial infrastructure work together seamlessly. However, the complexity and uniqueness of such networks create numerous attack surfaces that make them vulnerable to cyberattacks. The solution to such cyberattacks can be addressed by encryption and other upper-layer authentication methods. However, with the move to higher-frequency bands, such encryption techniques are difficult to scale for low-latency networks. In addition, the recent progress in quantum computing will make networks more vulnerable. To address such challenges, physical layer security (PLS) is proposed as a secure and quantum-resistant way to implement security by taking advantage of the physics of the channel and transceiver. This article reviews the latest trends and progress in PLS in integrated satellite–terrestrial networks (ISTNs) from a signal processing perspective. This work provides a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art research conducted, challenges, and future directions in the PLS of ISTNs.

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Mohanta, Krishnakanth, and Saba Al-Rubaye. "Towards 6G Satellite–Terrestrial Networks: Analysis of Air Mobility Operations." Electronics 13, no. 14 (2024): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142855.

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This paper presents an analytical exploration of sixth-generation (6G) satellite–terrestrial integrated networks, focusing specifically on their applications within air mobility operations, such as those involving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). As the integration of satellite and terrestrial networks promises to revolutionize mobile communication by extending coverage and enhancing connectivity, this study delves into two critical aspects: link budget analysis and handover and mobility analysis for UAVs. The link budget analysis assesses the communication requirements necessary to ensure robust and consistent connectivity between satellites and UAVs, accounting for factors such as path loss, antenna gains, and power transmission. Meanwhile, the handover and mobility analysis investigates the challenges and solutions associated with UAVs transitioning between different network nodes and layers in a dynamic aerial environment. This paper utilizes theoretical models and simulations to provide insights into the design and optimization of these networks, aiming to enhance the reliability and efficiency of UAV operations in the context of the emerging 6G landscape. The findings propose not only technological advancements in network architecture but also practical guidelines for the deployment of UAVs in complex environments, marking a significant step toward the realization of a fully integrated, satellite-terrestrial ecosystem.

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Du, Jun, Chunxiao Jiang, Haijun Zhang, Xiaodong Wang, Yong Ren, and Merouane Debbah. "Secure Satellite-Terrestrial Transmission Over Incumbent Terrestrial Networks via Cooperative Beamforming." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 36, no. 7 (2018): 1367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2018.2824623.

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Do, Dinh-Thuan, Anh-Tu Le, Rupak Kharel, Adão Silva, and Mohammad Abu Shattal. "Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Network: Proposed Model and Application of Power Splitting Multiple Access." Sensors 20, no. 15 (2020): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154296.

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The development of hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay networks (HSTRNs) is one of the driving forces for revolutionizing satellite communications in the modern era. Although there are many unique features of conventional satellite networks, their evolution pace is much slower than the terrestrial wireless networks. As a result, it is becoming more important to use HSTRNs for the seamless integration of terrestrial cellular and satellite communications. With this intent, this paper provides a comprehensive performance evaluation of HSTRNs employing non-orthogonal multiple access technique. The terrestrial relay is considered to be wireless-powered and harvests energy from the radio signal of the satellite. For the sake of comparison, both amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocols are considered. Subsequently, the closed-form expressions of outage probabilities and ergodic capacities are derived for each relaying protocol. Extensive simulations are performed to verify the accuracy of the obtained closed-form expressions. The results provided in this work characterize the outage and capacity performance of such a HSTRN.

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Tirmizi, Syed Bilal Raza, Yunfei Chen, Subhash Lakshminarayana, Wei Feng, and Aziz A. Khuwaja. "Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Networks toward 6G: Key Technologies and Open Issues." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218544.

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Future wireless networks will be required to provide more wireless services at higher data rates and with global coverage. However, existing homogeneous wireless networks, such as cellular and satellite networks, may not be able to meet such requirements individually, especially in remote terrain, including seas and mountains. One possible solution is to use diversified wireless networks that can exploit the inter-connectivity between satellites, aerial base stations (BSs), and terrestrial BSs over inter-connected space, ground, and aerial networks. Hence, enabling wireless communication in one integrated network has attracted both the industry and the research fraternities. In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey of the most recent work on hybrid satellite–terrestrial networks (HSTNs), focusing on system architecture, performance analysis, design optimization, and secure communication schemes for different cooperative and cognitive HSTN network architectures. Different key technologies are compared. Based on this comparison, several open issues for future research are discussed.

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Zang, Jinhu, and Shiyu Song. "A Border Gateway Protocol LRA-BGP for Integrated Satellite-terrestrial Networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2450, no. 1 (2023): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2450/1/012049.

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Abstract With the rapid development of information technology, the demand for multi-dimensional integrated information resources of air, sky, and ground in the future information service industry is increasing day by day. The integrated satellite-terrestrial networks will become an important development trend in my country’s communication network in the future. However, the movement of satellites will cause frequent topology changes, which will seriously affect the overall performance of the terrestrial network. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a lightweight route advertisement border gateway protocol LRA-BGP. LRA-BGP protects terrestrial networks from the high dynamics of satellites by reducing the number of advertised routes. In addition, a real network environment is also built for actual testing. The results show that LRA-BGP can reduce the bandwidth resource occupation of the ground network by 26.9%~68.8% and CPU usage by 6.17%~7.31%.

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Liu, Rui, Kefeng Guo, Kang An, Shibing Zhu, and Haifeng Shuai. "NOMA-Based Overlay Cognitive Satellite-UAV-Terrestrial Networks with Multiple Primary Users." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (February 12, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2958864.

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Satellite communication is becoming more and more significant in present and future communication systems for its unique advantages of strong survivability and seamless coverage, which can offset the defects of terrestrial communication such as being restricted by terrain and little coverage. Moreover, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communication is considered as a promising development direction due to its flexibility and expansibility in the integrated satellite-terrestrial networks (ISTN). In addition, to overcome the spectrum shortage and low spectrum utilization problems, cognitive radio and nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been widely utilized to enhance spectrum efficiency, which is considered as the key technologies of the next generation communication. In this regard, our paper investigates the performance of cognitive satellite-UAV-terrestrial networks with NOMA scheme and multiple primary users. Specifically, the exact expressions of outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity for both primary network and secondary network are derived. To gain further views, the asymptotic expression of OP and diversity orders for the two networks are provided. Finally, through numerical simulations, the correctness of the theoretical derivations is verified and the influences of critical variables on system indexes are also analyzed.

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Zeydan, Engin, and Yekta Turk. "On the Impact of Satellite Communications over Mobile Networks: An Experimental Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 11 (2019): 11146–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2019.2932446.

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Future telecommunication systems are expected to co-exist with different backhauling nodes such as terrestrial or satellite systems. Satellite connectivity can add flexibility to backhauling networks and provide an alternative route for transmission. This paper presents experimental comparisons of satellite and terrestrial based backhaul networks and evaluates their performances in terms of different Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) including Channel Quality Index (CQI), Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) index, Downlink (DL) throughput, Frame Usage (FU) ratio and number of Resource Block (RB) utilization. Our experimental satellite network system uses a real satellite-based backhaul deployment and works in Ka band. As a benchmark, we compare our system with terrestrial network with regular cellular backhaul connection. Our experiments reveal three main observations: The first observation is that problems with FU ratio and number of RB utilization exist in satellite eNodeB even though a single test user equipment (UE) with high CQI and MCS index values is connected. The second observation is that in satellite link relatively low numbers of Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are generated at Radio Link Controller (RLC) layer compared to the Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP) layer. Finally, our third observation concludes that the excessive existence of PDCP PDUs can be due to utilization of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol-User Plane (GTP-U) accelerator where an optimal balance between the caching size and the number of UEs using satellite eNodeB is needed. Hence, the existence of a trade-off between the supported number of UEs using satellite link and the GTP-U acceleration rate is also revealed with our experimental results.

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Wenjing, Qiu, Liu Aijun, and Han Chen. "Joint User Association and Satellite Selection for Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks." China Communications 21, no. 10 (2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jcc.fa.2022-0058.202410.

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Ahn, Do Seob, Hee Wook Kim, Jaekyoung Ahn, and Dong-Chul Park. "Integrated/hybrid satellite and terrestrial networks for satellite IMT-Advanced services." International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking 29, no. 3 (2010): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.977.

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Li, Zhen, Jian Xing, and Jinhui Hu. "Outage Performance of SWIPT-D2D-Based Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Networks." Sensors 25, no. 8 (2025): 2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082393.

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This paper investigates the outage performance of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)-assisted device-to-device (D2D)-based hybrid satellite–terrestrial networks (HSTNs). In the considered system, an energy-constrained terrestrial user terminal (UT) harvests energy from the radio frequency (RF) signal of a terrestrial amplify-and-forward (AF) relay and utilizes the harvested energy to cooperate with the shadowed terrestrial Internet of Things (IoT) devices in a D2D communication. Both power splitting (PS)-based and time switching (TS)-based SWIPT-D2D schemes are adopted by the energy-constrained UT to obtain sustainable energy for transmitting information to the shadowed IoT device. Considering shadowed Rician fading for satellite–terrestrial links and Nakagami-m fading for terrestrial links, we analyze the system performance by deriving the closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP) of both the UT and the IoT device. Our theoretical analyses are validated via Monte Carlo simulations.

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Jabandžić, Irfan, Fadhil Firyaguna, Spilios Giannoulis, et al. "The CODYSUN Approach: A Novel Distributed Paradigm for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in Satellite Communications." Sensors 21, no. 23 (2021): 8052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238052.

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With a constant increase in the number of deployed satellites, it is expected that the current fixed spectrum allocation in satellite communications (SATCOM) will migrate towards more dynamic and flexible spectrum sharing rules. This migration is accelerated due to the introduction of new terrestrial services in bands used by satellite services. Therefore, it is important to design dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) solutions that can maximize spectrum utilization and support coexistence between a high number of satellite and terrestrial networks operating in the same spectrum bands. Several DSS solutions for SATCOM exist, however, they are mainly centralized solutions and might lead to scalability issues with increasing satellite density. This paper describes two distributed DSS techniques for efficient spectrum sharing across multiple satellite systems (geostationary and non-geostationary satellites with earth stations in motion) and terrestrial networks, with a focus on increasing spectrum utilization and minimizing the impact of interference between satellite and terrestrial segments. Two relevant SATCOM use cases have been selected for dynamic spectrum sharing: the opportunistic sharing of satellite and terrestrial systems in (i) downlink Ka-band and (ii) uplink Ka-band. For the two selected use cases, the performance of proposed DSS techniques has been analyzed and compared to static spectrum allocation. Notable performance gains have been obtained.

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Ayofe, Oluwatobiloba Alade, Kennedy Chinedu Okafor, Omowunmi Mary Longe, et al. "SDN-Based Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Cyber–Physical Networks with 5G Resilience Infrastructure: Future Trends and Challenges." Technologies 12, no. 12 (2024): 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12120263.

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This paper reviews the state-of-the art technologies and techniques for integrating satellite and terrestrial networks within a 5G and Beyond Networks (5GBYNs). It highlights key limitations in existing architectures, particularly in addressing interoperability, resilience, and Quality of Service (QoS) for real-time applications. In response, this work proposes a novel Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based framework for reliable satellite–terrestrial integration. The proposed framework leverages intelligent traffic steering and dynamic access network selection to optimise real-time communications. By addressing gaps in the literature with a distributed SDN control approach spanning terrestrial and space domains, the framework enhances resilience against disruptions, such as natural disasters, while maintaining low latency and jitter. Future research directions are outlined to refine the design and explore its application in 6G systems.

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Lanin, K. "Satellite communication will increasingly compete with terrestrial networks." LastMile, no. 6 (2018): 06–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22184/2070-8963.2018.75.6.06.10.

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Xiong, Jun, Dongtang Ma, Haitao Zhao, and Fanglin Gu. "Secure Multicast Communications in Cognitive Satellite-Terrestrial Networks." IEEE Communications Letters 23, no. 4 (2019): 632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2019.2903054.

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Shahid, Syed Maaz, Yemane Teklay Seyoum, Seok Ho Won, and Sungoh Kwon. "Load Balancing for 5G Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Networks." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 132144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3010059.

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An, Kang, and Tao Liang. "Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Networks With Adaptive Transmission." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 12 (2019): 12448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2944883.

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Jiang, Yang-Wei, Jian Ouyang, Chun-Yan Yin, Zhao-Ye Xu, Xiang-Shuai Tao, and Li Lou. "Downlink beamforming scheme for hybrid satellite–terrestrial networks." IET Communications 12, no. 18 (2018): 2342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5313.

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Tao, Xiangshuai, Zhi Lin, Chunyan Yin, Wei Shi, Guoqiang Cheng, and Weiye Xu. "Cooperative Beamforming for Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Networks." Procedia Computer Science 131 (2018): 1170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.292.

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Abderrahim, Wiem, Osama Amin, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, and Basem Shihada. "Latency-Aware Offloading in Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks." IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 1 (2020): 490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.2988787.

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Yuan, Can, Min Lin, Jian Ouyang, and Yijia Bu. "Beamforming schemes for hybrid satellite-terrestrial cooperative networks." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 69, no. 8 (2015): 1118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2015.04.014.

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Li, Bin, Zesong Fei, Xiaoming Xu, and Zheng Chu. "Resource Allocations for Secure Cognitive Satellite-Terrestrial Networks." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 7, no. 1 (2018): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2017.2755014.

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Kolawole, Oluwatayo Y., Satyanarayana Vuppala, Mathini Sellathurai, and Tharmalingam Ratnarajah. "On the Performance of Cognitive Satellite-Terrestrial Networks." IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 3, no. 4 (2017): 668–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2017.2763619.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Satellite-terrestrial networks'

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