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Journal articles on the topic 'Satellite tracking'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Hong, Zhenqiang, Xuxing Huang, Lifeng Yang, Zhiqiang Bian, Yong Yang, and Shuang Li. "Test Method for Single Satellite’s Inter-Satellite Link Pointing and Tracking via Ground Station." Aerospace 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2024): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090713.

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An inter-satellite link is a key technology that improves control accuracy, transmission efficiency, and autonomous capability of constellations. A satellite’s pointing and tracking abilities mainly determine the inter-satellite link’s performance, which should be validated through an in-orbit test. However, during the construction of the constellation, the distribution of satellites does not satisfy the constraints of establishing the inter-satellite link. A test method for inter-satellite link pointing and tracking is developed with respect to a single satellite. A practical mission scenario for testing inter-satellite links’ performance is constructed. A virtual satellite is introduced as the target satellite to establish an inter-satellite link with the local satellite. The orbit of the virtual target satellite between two ground stations is characterized based on the Newton–Raphson method. By comparing the predicted and actual time differences between two ground stations receiving the signals from the local satellite, the inter-satellite link pointing and tracking abilities are evaluated independently. Numerical simulations verify the design of the virtual satellite. The single satellite test method for inter-satellite link pointing and tracking abilities is available.

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Salat, Junaidi, Cut Lilis Setiawati, and Zikrul Khalid. "Ku-Band Low Noise Block Converter (LNB) Sync Application Design Using Android Based Solid Dish." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 1135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1725.

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Mobile phone users, especially the Android version of the smartphone, are increasingly spoiling their users. It is undeniable that users do not know their age, even many children have an Android version of the smartphone to play with. Meanwhile, in the satellite tracking world, the satellite tracking is still using TV when tracking the satellite so that it feels difficult. ApplicationLow Noise Block Converter is a video view application from a receiver to an Android smartphone that was built to make it easier for tracking satellites to track one of the satellites that you want to lock. This application also includes satellite tracking information facilities such as tracking guides, frequency updates, and satellite location. ApplicationLow Noise Block Converterbuilt with the Android Studio application using the Java programming language. With the creation of the applicationLow Noise Block Converter seas a new alternative to replace TV as a satellite tracking device or monitoring tool.

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Ahmad Fauzan. "Implementasi Penggunaan Sistem Pelacakan Menggunakan Antena Tracking Sistem." Jurnal Penelitian Rumpun Ilmu Teknik 1, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/juprit.v1i4.1246.

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Satellites are objects in space that move around the earth according to certain orbits. Satellite communication systems can be regarded as a communication system using satellites as repeaters. Satellite communication systems can be regarded as a communication system using satellites as repeaters. The satellite functions as an active repeater where the process of amplifying signal power and frequency translation occurs on the satellite. The satellite is a repeater whose function is to amplify the signal from the earth station and retransmit it on a different frequency to the receiving earth station. The path on each channel from the receiving antenna to the transmitting antenna on the satellite is called the satellite transponder. In addition to amplifying the signal, the transponder also functions as isolation from other RF (Radio Frequency) channels.

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Cui, Jun Xia, Hu Li Shi, Chang Lv, and Rui Zhu He. "SIGSO Satellite Tracking Characteristics of Large-Diameter Parabolic Antenna." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 1328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.1328.

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SIGSO satellite is a special kind of geosynchronous orbit communications satellites. Its orbit height is the same as geostationary orbit, but its inclination varies periodically and annually, with variation in the range of 0 ° to 15 °. When communication master station uses large-diameter antenna tracking SIGSO satellites, only a fraction of 1 degree of the antenna beam width is relatively small along with its inclination becomes bigger. Then which kind of tracking mode should be selected to keep precisely pointing to the SIGSO satellite becomes a very important issue. This paper takes Apstar-1 satellite as an example to analyze SIGSO satellites motion characteristics. Pros and cons of a 16-meter antenna with Truss-step tracking Apstar-1 satellite were studied and actual measurement was carried out in Beijing. Finally, mono-pulse tracking and turntable antenna mount is recommended which lays a good foundation for the system optimization design.

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Carson-Jackson, J. "Satellite AIS – Developing Technology or Existing Capability?" Journal of Navigation 65, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331100066x.

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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an integral element in vessel tracking. But what about ‘Satellite AIS’? Is Satellite AIS a viable, current and effective tool to assist in vessel tracking? This paper will present the basic premise of reception of AIS by Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. It will identify the technical aspects, present practical applications of Satellite AIS and look at implications for global tracking of vessels.

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Y. CH BISSA, Stevry, Ibnu Nurul Huda, Muhammad Bayu Saputra, Sofian Rizal, Ridlo W. Wibowo, and Farahhati Mumtahana. "Development of artificial Earth satellite simulation software for future radio telescopes in Indonesia." Romanian Astronomical Journal 33, no. 1-2 (December 12, 2023): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/roaj.2023.1-2.01.

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"In the near future, four radio telescopes will be installed in Indonesia. Besides the astronomical purposes, these telescopes are expected to support the ground station for tracking the Artificial Earth Satellites (AES). In this study, we focus on the development of AES simulation software, named AESSIMS, that can be used to aid Indonesian radio telescope engineers in tracking the AES. This software is interactive and web-based. It can track the AES position in real time as well as predict the position for the near future. This software provides information about when a satellite signal can be acquired and lost, which can be beneficial for radio telescopes to establish communication with the satellite. We visualize the use of this software by conducting a simulation of satellite tracking by Indonesian future radio telescopes. Three Indonesian satellites named LAPAN-A1/TUBSAT, LAPAN-A2/ORARI, and LAPAN-A3/IPB are considered in the simulation. This study demonstrates that AESSIMS simulation results for Indonesian satellites and radio telescopes are consistent with the results obtained from already existing satellite tracking simulation software."

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Zhang, Zhaoxiang, Chenghang Wang, Jianing Song, and Yuelei Xu. "Object Tracking Based on Satellite Videos: A Literature Review." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2022): 3674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153674.

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Video satellites have recently become an attractive method of Earth observation, providing consecutive images of the Earth’s surface for continuous monitoring of specific events. The development of on-board optical and communication systems has enabled the various applications of satellite image sequences. However, satellite video-based target tracking is a challenging research topic in remote sensing due to its relatively low spatial and temporal resolution. Thus, this survey systematically investigates current satellite video-based tracking approaches and benchmark datasets, focusing on five typical tracking applications: traffic target tracking, ship tracking, typhoon tracking, fire tracking, and ice motion tracking. The essential aspects of each tracking target are summarized, such as the tracking architecture, the fundamental characteristics, primary motivations, and contributions. Furthermore, popular visual tracking benchmarks and their respective properties are discussed. Finally, a revised multi-level dataset based on wpafb videos is generated and quantitatively evaluated for future development in the satellite video-based tracking area. In addition, 54.3% of the tracklets with lower ds are selected and renamed as the Easy group, while 27.2% and 18.5% of the tracklets are grouped into the Medium-ds group and the Hard-ds group, respectively.

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Prasad, S. N., S. Pal, and S. G. Basu. "Satellite Tracking Systems." IETE Journal of Education 36, no. 2-3 (April 1995): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09747338.1995.11415618.

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Kisoon, Rushil, Khehla Gumede, J. Fernandes, and Riaan Stopforth. "Design of a remotely accessible satellite tracking system." MATEC Web of Conferences 406 (2024): 04012. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440604012.

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The growing number of objects in orbits has led to an increase in space monitoring. While large-scale tracking system exist, enthusiasts often use basic methods for satellite monitoring. To eliminate the need for physical access to tracking stations, the remote accessible satellite tracking system is proposed and implemented in this paper. The proposed system will track satellites and receive transmissions. A Raspberry Pi was used for control of the device, and a satellite tracking software – Gpredict – was used for calculating coordinates for rotation. Test results showed that the system could operate within 5 degrees of the intended target. Radio transmissions and slow-scan images could be received and recorded.

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Chauhan, Mayur, Teesha Sonawane, Yash Mehta, and Mahalaxmi Palinje. "Review on Automatic Antenna Tracking System For LEO Satellites." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48515.

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Abstract: This paper is about comparing the Yagi- Uda Antenna, Turnstile Antenna, Parabolic Antenna Phased Array Antenna with a different parameters required to track LEO Satellites and to receive the Telemetry Information from them. LEO Satellites is Low Earth Orbit typically organized as a satellite constellation. The number of Satellite LEO would be ten to even thousand to fully cover the globe. As LEO satellites move very quickly and are most visible for 20to 30 min during each pass, it requires an antenna that can track signals, and satellite paths, and upload anddownload as much data as possible in a short amount of time. The continual motion of tracing one LEO satellite after other equates to significant mechanical performance. So in this paper, we carry out a review of which antenna suites are best for tracking the LEO, getting data from them, and also the mechanical parameter of Antennas.

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Guarnieri, Fernando L., Bruce T. Tsurutani, Rajkumar Hajra, Ezequiel Echer, and Gurbax S. Lakhina. "NORAD tracking of the 2022 February Starlink satellites and the immediate loss of 32 satellites." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 32, no. 1 (March 25, 2025): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-32-75-2025.

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Abstract. In this work, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) tracking of the SpaceX Starlink satellite launch on 3 February 2022 is reviewed. Of the 49 Starlink satellites released into orbit, 38 were eventually lost. A total of 32 of the satellites were never tracked by NORAD. Two different physical mechanisms have been proposed and published in Space Weather to explain the satellite losses, while another mechanism has been proposed in a publication archived on arXiv. It is argued that none of these three papers can explain the immediate loss of 32 of the 49 satellites. We suggest that scientists use NORAD satellite tracking information to further investigate possible loss mechanisms.

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He, Wang, Liu, Song, Zhou, Wang, Gao, et al. "Shipborne Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing Experimental Verifications Towards Satellite-to-Sea Laser Communication." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183940.

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Acquisition, tracking, and pointing (ATP) is a key technology in free space laser communication that has a characteristically high precision. In this paper, we report the acquisition and tracking of low-Earth-orbit satellites using shipborne ATP and verify the feasibility of establishing optical links between laser communication satellites and ships in the future. In particular, we developed a shipborne ATP system for satellite-to-sea applications in laser communications. We also designed an acquisition strategy for satellite-to-sea laser communication. In addition, a method was proposed for improving shipborne ATP pointing error. We tracked some stars at sea, achieving a pointing accuracy of less than 180μrad.We then acquired and tracked some low-Earth-orbit satellites at sea, achieving a tracking accuracy of about 20μrad. The results achieved in this work experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of ATP in satellite-to-sea laser communications.

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G. Ramarao and G. Raju. "Advances in Satellite Ranging Methods Towards Precise Orbit Determination." Defence Science Journal 75, no. 2 (March 24, 2025): 141–48. https://doi.org/10.14429/20413.

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Accuracy in the satellite positioning is crucial for maintaining integrity and functionality, especially in safety-critical services of communication, navigation, and imaging applications. Perturbations in space affect the accuracy of satellite orbits. This paper discusses the satellite ranging methods, viz. ground-based tracking, onboard GNSS receivers, and inter-satellite links for satellite orbit determination. Accuracies achieved using the individual and combination of ranging methods have been analysed in this paper for the satellites in different orbits. The study reveals that the satellites in low earth orbit increasingly depend on onboard GNSS receivers supported by ISL for better accuracy and to reduce dependency on the ground-based tracking. Satellites in the medium-earth orbits rely predominantly on one-way CDMA ranging, supported by ISL to improve autonomy and accuracy. Satellites in geo-synchronous orbits and beyond utilise either passive or ground-based RF ranging. Advances in the Space Service Volume simulations in effectively utilising the GNSS applications in space are discussed. The paper analyses the accuracy levels and improvements in using hybrid ranging techniques across all orbits to optimize satellite positioning, emphasising the importance of continuity and autonomy in satellite operations.

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G. Ramarao and G. Raju. "Advances in Satellite Ranging Methods Towards Precise Orbit Determination." Defence Science Journal 75, no. 2 (March 24, 2025): 141–48. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.20413.

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Zhou, Fansen, Yidi Wang, Wei Zheng, Zhao Li, and Xin Wen. "Fast Distributed Multiple-Model Nonlinearity Estimation for Tracking the Non-Cooperative Highly Maneuvering Target." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 4239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174239.

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The newly developed near-space vehicle has the characteristics of high speed and strong maneuverability, being able to perform vertical skips and a wide range of lateral maneuvers. Tracking this kind of target with ground-based radars is difficult because of the limited detection range caused by the curvature of the Earth. Compared with ground-based radars, satellite tracking platforms equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs) have a wide detection range, and can keep the targets in custody, making them a promising approach to tracking near-space vehicles continuously. However, this approach may not work well, due to the unknown maneuvers of the non-cooperative target, and the limited computing power of the satellites. To enhance tracking stability and accuracy, and to lower the computational burden, we have proposed a Fast Distributed Multiple-Model (FDMM) nonlinearity estimation algorithm for satellites, which adopts a novel distributed multiple-model fusion framework. This approach first requires each satellite to perform local filtering based on its own single model, and the corresponding fusion factor derived by the Wasserstein distance is solved for each local estimate; then, after diffusing the local estimates, each satellite performs multiple-model fusion on the received estimates, based on the minimum weighted Kullback–Leibler divergence; finally, each satellite updates its state estimation according to the consensus protocol. Two simulation experiments revealed that the proposed FDMM algorithm outperformed the other four tracking algorithms: the consensus-based distributed multiple-model UKF; the improved consensus-based distributed multiple-model STUKF; the consensus-based strong-tracking adaptive CKF; and the interactive multiple-model adaptive UKF; the FDMM algorithm had high tracking precision and low computational complexity, showing its effectiveness for satellites tracking the near-space target.

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Хмелев, А. В., А. В. Дуплинский, В. Ф. Майборода, Р. М. Бахшалиев, М. Ю. Баланов, В. Л. Курочкин та Ю. В. Курочкин. "Регистрация однофотонного сигнала от низколетящих спутников для целей спутникового квантового распределения ключей". Письма в журнал технической физики 47, № 17 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2021.17.51387.18817.

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A ground-based receiving station for quantum key distribution with a satellite, capable of analyzing the quantum polarization states of photons, is demonstrated. In the experiment on tracking a low-Earth orbit satellite, the residual tracking error by the ground station does not exceed 10 μrad, which ensures stable reception of the optical signal in four channels of the polarization state decoder. An estimation of the efficiency of registration of an optical signal in the mode of tracking satellites is carried out.

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Zhou, Yitong, Jing Chang, and Weisheng Chen. "A Disturbance-Observer-Based Prescribed Performance Control Approach for Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Trajectory Tracking." Remote Sensing 17, no. 3 (January 31, 2025): 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17030499.

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As the complexity of Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellite tasks and their performance requirements increase, higher demands are placed on satellites’ ability to track mission trajectories, including their accuracy, speed, and capacity to resist external disturbances during operation. This paper proposes an anti-disturbance prescribed performance control scheme for LEO satellites. The scheme establishes a unified framework to accommodate the high-performance requirements of satellite observation, while also incorporating a disturbance observer within this framework to counteract unknown external disturbances. Unlike existing trajectory tracking control methods, the proposed control scheme allows for the flexible selection of performance functions to adapt to diverse satellite performance demands. By focusing on the distance between tracking errors and the performance function, this approach avoids the performance boundary issues faced by traditional prescribed performance control, thus preventing excessive energy consumption by the LEO satellite. Additionally, within the proposed control framework, a disturbance observer is implemented to provide real-time compensation for unknown disturbances while ensuring minimal control input usage for disturbance rejection. Our experimental results show that the proposed control scheme achieves consistent performance for the LEO satellite and successfully accomplishes mission trajectory tracking, even in the presence of unknown disturbances.

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Yang, Zhixin, Hui Liu, Chuang Qian, Bao Shu, Linjie Zhang, Xintong Xu, Yi Zhang, and Yidong Lou. "Real-Time Estimation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Clock Based on Ground Tracking Stations." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050.

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The rapid movement of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite can improve geometric diversity, which contributes to the rapid convergence of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP). However, the LEO onboard receiver clock cannot be used directly by PPP users as the LEO satellite clock because the LEO onboard receiver clock and LEO satellite clock absorb different code delays when receiving and transmitting signals. In this study, a real-time estimation approach for the LEO satellite clock based on ground tracking stations was proposed for the first time. The feasibility for the rapid convergence of the LEO satellite clock was analyzed using the satellite time dilution of precision (TDOP) that one satellite is relative to multiple ground tracking stations. The LEO constellation of 168 satellites and observations for 15 ground tracking stations were simulated to verify the proposed method. The experiment results showed that the average convergence time was 31.21 min for the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite clock, whereas the value for the LEO satellite clock was only 2.86 min. The average root mean square (RMS) and standard deviation (STD) values after convergence were 0.71 and 0.39 ns for the LEO satellite clock, whereas the values were 0.31 and 0.13 ns for the GPS satellite clock. The average weekly satellite TDOP for the LEO satellite was much smaller than that for the GPS satellite. The average satellite TDOPs for all LEO and GPS satellites were 19.13 and 1294.70, respectively. However, the average delta TDOPs caused by satellite motion for all LEO and GPS satellites were both 0.10. Therefore, the rapid convergence of the LEO satellite clock resulted from the better geometric distribution of the LEO satellite relative to ground stations. Despite errors and the convergence time of the LEO satellite clock, the convergence time and positioning accuracy for LEO-augmented GPS and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) PPP with the real-time estimated LEO satellite clock can still reach 10.63 min, 1.94 cm, 1.44 cm, and 4.18 cm in the east, north, and up components, respectively. The improvements caused by LEO satellite for GPS/BDS PPP were 59%, 30%, 31%, and 33%, respectively.

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Liu, Yaosheng, Yurong Liao, Cunbao Lin, Yutong Jia, Zhaoming Li, and Xinyan Yang. "Object Tracking in Satellite Videos Based on Correlation Filter with Multi-Feature Fusion and Motion Trajectory Compensation." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030777.

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As a new type of earth observation satellite approach, video satellites can continuously monitor an area of the Earth and acquire dynamic and abundant information by utilizing video imaging. Hence, video satellites can afford to track various objects of interest on the Earth's surface. Inspired by the capabilities of video satellites, this paper presents a novel method to track fast-moving objects in satellite videos based on the kernelized correlation filter (KCF) embedded with multi-feature fusion and motion trajectory compensation. The contributions of the suggested algorithm are multifold. First, a multi-feature fusion strategy is proposed to describe an object comprehensively, which is challenging for the single-feature approach. Second, a subpixel positioning method is developed to calculate the object’s position and overcome the poor tracking accuracy difficulties caused by inaccurate object localization. Third, introducing an adaptive Kalman filter (AKF) enables compensation and correction of the KCF tracker results and reduces the object’s bounding box drift, solving the moving object occlusion problem. Based on the correlation filtering tracking framework, combined with the above improvement strategies, our algorithm improves the tracking accuracy by at least 17% on average and the success rate by at least 18% on average compared to the KCF algorithm. Hence, our method effectively solves poor object tracking accuracy caused by complex backgrounds and object occlusion. The experimental results utilize satellite videos from the Jilin-1 satellite constellation and highlight the proposed algorithm's appealing tracking results against current state-of-the-art trackers regarding success rate, precision, and robustness metrics.

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Baig, Muhammad W., and Mahmoud Shafik. "Remote sensing mission sentinel pro: Analysis of satellite tracking, control, and health monitoring system with solar tracking capability." MATEC Web of Conferences 401 (2024): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440108004.

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Nowadays, satellite systems are experiencing noticeable disruptive issues due to the single functionality, high cost of operations, and limited adaptability. This paper presents a satellite mission control system with RF duplex communication, which gives multiple functionalities and health monitoring systems with solar tracking capability. This aims to present a flexible and affordable solution called the Remote Sensing Mission Sentinel Pro Platform. The quantitative approach is used and implemented to trans-receive data from space and pass it to the ground station. Arduino-based prototype uses the nRF24L01 module with an antenna at the ground station to trans-receive satellite data has been developed. Testing and verifications of the developed platform prototype indicated that satellites could monitor key health parameters, including temperature, humidity, and battery charge capacity.

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Bloßfeld, Mathis, Julian Zeitlhöfler, Sergei Rudenko, and Denise Dettmering. "Observation-Based Attitude Realization for Accurate Jason Satellite Orbits and Its Impact on Geodetic and Altimetry Results." Remote Sensing 12, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040682.

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For low Earth orbiting satellites, non-gravitational forces cause one of the largest perturbing accelerations. During a precise orbit determination (POD), the accurate modeling of the satellite-body attitude and solar panel orientation is important since the satellite’s effective cross-sectional area is directly related to the perturbing acceleration. Moreover, the position of tracking instruments that are mounted on the satellite body are affected by the satellite attitude. For satellites like Jason-1/-2/-3, attitude information is available in two forms—as a so-called nominal yaw steering model and as observation-based (measured by star tracking cameras) quaternions of the spacecraft body orientation and rotation angles of the solar arrays. In this study, we have developed a preprocessing procedure for publicly available satellite attitude information. We computed orbits based on Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) observations to the Jason satellites at an overall time interval of approximately 25 years, using each of the two satellite attitude representations. Based on the analysis of the orbits, we investigate the influence of using preprocessed observation-based attitude in contrast to using a nominal yaw steering model for the POD. About 75% of all orbital arcs calculated with the observation-based satellite attitude data result in a smaller root mean square (RMS) of residuals. More precisely, the resulting orbits show an improvement in the overall mission RMS of SLR observation residuals of 5.93% (Jason-1), 8.27% (Jason-2) and 4.51% (Jason-3) compared to the nominal attitude realization. Besides the satellite orbits, also the estimated station coordinates benefit from the refined attitude handling, that is, the station repeatability is clearly improved at the draconitic period. Moreover, altimetry analysis indicates a clear improvement of the single-satellite crossover differences (6%, 15%, and 16% reduction of the mean of absolute differences and 1.2%, 2.7%, and 1.3% of their standard deviations for Jason-1/-2/-3, respectively). On request, the preprocessed attitude data are available.

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French, John. "Tracking animals by satellite." Electronics and Power 32, no. 5 (1986): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1986.0219.

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Barnes, W. G. "Tracking animals by satellite." Electronics and Power 32, no. 7 (1986): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1986.0293.

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LI, Yuheng, Jun ZHENG, and Kechu YI. "On a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) Tracking a Lunar satellite." Chinese Journal of Space Science 27, no. 3 (2007): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss2007.03.227.

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Skirmante, K., N. Jekabsons, K. Salmins, V. Bezrukovs, and M. Nechaeva. "The Joint SLR (Optical Range) and Radar-VLBI Satellite Observations using VIRAC Radio Telescope RT32, RT16 and SLR Station Riga." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 57, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2020-0008.

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AbstractJoint VLBI and SLR satellite tracking is a novel tracking approach to explore potential applications and to work out common procedures to coordinate observations between astronomical observatories in Latvia. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites equipped with laser retroreflectors have been chosen as test targets because they are accessible by both measuring techniques – satellite laser ranging (SLR) and Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI).The first Joint SLR and VLBI observations of selected GNSS satellites using three of Latvian large-scale astronomical utilities – VIRAC radio telescopes RT32 and RT16 (Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre of Ventspils University of Applied Sciences) with L band receivers and SLR station Riga (Institute of Astronomy of University of Latvia) were obtained in 2016 (NKA16) and 2017 (NKA41 and NKA42).

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Meitri Kristiani Simamora. "Implementasi Hasil Perancangan Sistem Pelacakan dengan Menggunakan Antena Tracking Sistem." JURAL RISET RUMPUN ILMU TEKNIK 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jurritek.v2i1.889.

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Orbital perturbation is a phenomenon in which the orbit of a satellite changes due to one or more external influences such as an anomaly in the Earth's gravitational distribution, gravitational disturbances from the moon, meteor impacts or other objects, or solar radiation pressure. These maneuvers use small rockets (thrusters) that are on the satellite body and the direction is set according to the correction direction. Ignition of these small rockets will consume fuel brought by satellites from Earth as a provision. Communications satellites have demonstrated their capabilities since the last three decades. that the communication satellite mission in the 60s was an alternative point-to-point transmission between continents, due to its ability to see approximately one third of the earth's surface from the geostationary orbit altitude just above the equator.

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Oh, Hyungjik, Eunseo Park, Hyung-Chul Lim, Sang-Ryool Lee, Jae-Dong Choi, and Chandeok Park. "Orbit Determination of High-Earth-Orbit Satellites by Satellite Laser Ranging." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 34, no. 4 (December 2017): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2017.34.4.271.

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This study presents the application of satellite laser ranging (SLR) to orbit determination (OD) of high-Earth-orbit (HEO) satellites. Two HEO satellites are considered: the Quasi-Zenith Satellite-1 (QZS-1), a Japanese elliptical-inclinedgeosynchronous-orbit (EIGSO) satellite, and the Compass-G1, a Chinese geostationary-orbit (GEO) satellite. One week of normal point (NP) data were collected for each satellite to perform the OD based on the batch least-square process. Five SLR tracking stations successfully obtained 374 NPs for QZS-1 in eight days, whereas only two ground tracking stations could track Compass-G1, yielding 68 NPs in ten days. Two types of station bias estimation and a station data weighting strategy were utilized for the OD of QZS-1. The post-fit root-mean-square (RMS) residuals of the two week-long arcs were 11.98 cm and 10.77 cm when estimating the biases once in an arc (MBIAS). These residuals were decreased significantly to 2.40 cm and 3.60 cm by estimating the biases every pass (PBIAS). Then, the resultant OD precision was evaluated by the orbit overlap method, yielding three-dimensional errors of 55.013 m with MBIAS and 1.962 m with PBIAS for the overlap period of six days. For the OD of Compass-G1, no station weighting strategy was applied, and only MBIAS was utilized due to the lack of NPs. The post-fit RMS residuals of OD were 8.81 cm and 12.00 cm with 49 NPs and 47 NPs, respectively, and the corresponding threedimensional orbit overlap error for four days was 160.564 m. These results indicate that the amount of SLR tracking data is critical for obtaining precise OD of HEO satellites using SLR because additional parameters, such as station bias, are available for estimation with sufficient tracking data. Furthermore, the stand-alone SLR-based orbit solution is consistently attainable for HEO satellites if a target satellite is continuously trackable for a specific period.

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Qi, Lihua, Dongqiu Xing, Rui Wang, and Jingna Cui. "Research on the operational regional coverage of satellite and spacecraft tracking and controlling." MATEC Web of Conferences 309 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030901005.

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In view of the problem of building ground stations for tracking and controlling of satellites and spacecraft, considering the fixed angle between the orbit of the satellite or spacecraft and the equatorial surface of the earth, and the difference of longitude between the two circles in succession of the satellite or spacecraft caused by the rotation of the earth, the operation area of the satellite or spacecraft was calculated by using the method of spherical projection of satellite orbit rotation, taking the earth as the reference system. The minimum number of ground stations needed for satellite tracking and controlling was calculated in three cases, by using the mathematical model of sphere ring area and honeycomb coverage. This model was validated by the launch and operation data of Shenzhou 7.

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Chen, Shaohua, and Yang Gao. "Improvement of Carrier Phase Tracking Based on a Joint Vector Architecture." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9682875.

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Carrier phase measurements are essential to high precision positioning. Usually, the carrier phase measurements are generated from the phase lock loop in a conventional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. However there is a dilemma problem to the design of the loop parameters in a conventional tracking loop. To address this problem and improve the carrier phase tracking sensitivity, a carrier phase tracking method based on a joint vector architecture is proposed. The joint vector architecture contains a common loop based on extended Kalman filter to track the common dynamics of the different channels and the individual loops for each channel to track the satellite specific dynamics. The transfer function model of the proposed architecture is derived. The proposed method and the conventional scalar carrier phase tracking are tested with a high quality simulator. The test results indicate that carrier phase measurements of satellites start to show cycle slips using the proposed method when carrier noise ratio is equal to and below 15 dB-Hz instead of 21 dB-Hz with using the conventional phase tracking loop. Since the joint vector based tracking loops jointly process the signals of all available satellites, the potential interchannel influence between different satellites is also investigated.

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BENMANSOUR, JALAL EDDINE, RIMA ROUBACHE, BOULANOUAR KHOUANE, and NACERA BEKHADDA. "ROBUST ATTITUDE CONTROLLER AND FAULT DETECTION OF FLEXIBLE SATELLITE." REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 70, no. 1 (March 25, 2025): 121–26. https://doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2025.1.21.

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To ensure reliable and accurate flexible satellite operations, it is crucial to develop effective control schemes. This paper proposes an interesting PD controller and observer scheme for a flexible satellite. Specifically, a functional observer aimed to detect and mitigate actuator fault occurrences, complemented by an output feedback-based control system to effectively compensate for the satellite disturbances and vibrations. The controller achieves enhanced steady-state tracking accuracy by handling the satellite’s flexible dynamics as disturbances. The convergence of tracking error and stability of the closed-loop system is ensured through Lyapunov analysis. The performance of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated numerically, which revealed significant improvements in satellite attitude control precision and stability against vibration issues with actuator faults.

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Liu, Ying-Chun, and Lin Liu. "Orbit Determination Using Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking Data." Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 1, no. 3 (June 2001): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-9271/1/3/281.

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Porras-Hermoso, A., S. Marín-Coca, J. González-Monge, J. Bermejo-Ballesteros, E. Roibás-Millán, J. Zamorano, and Á. Pérez. "Derivation of a Sun-tracking law for payloads with pointing restrictions in the UPMSat-3 mission." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2716, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2716/1/012098.

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Abstract Satellites dedicated to remote sensing either for the Earth or space, typically require their instruments to be pointing toward the location of their object of study. These satellites can face significant challenges as different components also have its own pointing requirements to be operative or work optimally. For instance, we have the case of solar panels for electrical power generation, where perfect pointing of the panels toward the Sun can affect negatively to payload operation. Common solutions for maximizing power generation include the usage of orientable solar panels. However, this approach increases the complexity of the satellite, raising the cost of the solar panels and their associated mechanism. In this study, we propose a new approach that enables high-consuming remote sensing payloads to operate for extended periods without using orientable solar panels. To ensure maximum power generation without compromising the satellite’s pointing constraints, an optimal tracking law is derived. This law maximizes the projected solar array area at each instant, resulting in maximum electrical power generation. The proposed method is validated against an actual mission scenario. This work offers significant benefits for satellite operators, reducing the need for costly orientable solar panels and enhancing the overall efficiency of satellite missions.

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Kim, Gwang Tae, Gyuhan Cho, and Sihun Jo. "Hybrid Tracking Method Combined with Step Tracking and Monopulse Tracking for Improving Satellite Tracking Performance of Mobile Satellite Antenna System." Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2017.34.11.745.

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Shangguan, Yong, Hua Zhang, Yong Yu, Wenjin Wang, Bin Liu, Haihan Li, and Rong Ma. "Unidirectional Orbit Determination for Extended Users Based on Navigation Ka-Band Inter-Satellite Links." Sensors 25, no. 8 (April 18, 2025): 2566. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082566.

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Traditional spacecraft orbit determination primarily employs two methodologies: ground station/survey ship-based orbit determination and global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based orbit determination. The ground tracking measurement system, reliant on multiple tracking stations or ships, presents a less favorable efficiency-to-cost ratio. For high-orbit satellites, GNSS orbit determination is hindered by a limited number of receivable satellites, weak signal strength and suboptimal geometric configurations, thereby failing to meet the demands for the continuous, high-precision orbit measurement of overseas high-orbit satellites. Satellite navigation systems, characterized by global coverage and Ka-band inter-satellite links, offer measurement and communication services to extended users, such as satellites, aircraft, space stations and other spacecraft. With the widespread adoption of navigation satellite systems, particularly in scenarios where ground tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C) stations are out of sight, there is a growing demand among users for Ka-band inter-satellite links for high-precision ranging and orbit determination. This paper introduces an innovative unidirectional orbit-determination technology for extended users, leveraging the navigation Ka-band inter-satellite link. When extended users are constrained by weight and power consumption limitations, preventing the incorporation of high-precision atomic clocks, they utilize their extensive capture capability to conduct distance measurements between navigation satellites. This process involves constructing clock error models, calculating clock error parameters and compensating for these errors, thereby achieving high-precision time–frequency synchronization and bidirectional communication. The technology has enhanced the time and frequency accuracies by three and two orders of magnitude, respectively. Following the establishment of bidirectional communication, unidirectional ranging values are collected daily for one hour. Utilizing these bidirectional ranging values, a mechanical model and state-transfer matrix are established, resulting in orbit-determination calculations with an accuracy of less than 100 m. This approach addresses the challenge of high-precision time–frequency synchronization and orbit determination for users without atomic clocks, utilizing minimal inter-satellite link time slot resources. For the first time in China, extended users can access the navigation inter-satellite link with a minimal allocation of time slot resources, achieving orbit determination at the 100 m level. This advancement significantly enhances the robustness of extended users and provides substantial technical support for various extended users to employ the Ka inter-satellite link for emergency communication and orbit determination.

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Liu, G., and L. Wang. "JOINT TRACKING GPS AND LEO SIGNALS WITH ADAPTIVE VECTOR TRACKING LOOP IN CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-3/W1-2022 (April 22, 2022): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-3-w1-2022-119-2022.

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Abstract. Navigation from LEO satellites own many merits and attracts increasing popularity recently. In addition to increasing the signal availability, the low signal strength loss and fast satellite geometry change from LEO satellite are particularly appealing in challenging environments. Recently, a few researchers attempt to navigate with non-cooperative signals from LEO satellites with pure phase lock loop (PLL) or frequency lock loop (FLL), while a more practical solution to utilizing LEO navigation is joint positioning with the existing GNSS signals which has not been seriously studied. In this study, we proposed a joint GPS and LEO navigation signal tracking strategy that employs a vector tracking loop (VTL) with fully considering the high dynamic characteristics of the LEO signals. In order to solve the high dynamics problem, the second-order deviation parameters were considered in the extended Kalman filter, which is more adaptive to the non-linear variation of the signal acceleration. In addition, a carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) based observation noise determination strategy is employed to adapt different observation conditions. The proposed method was verified with different simulation data and the results indicate the adaptive vector tracking loop is capable of tracking GPS and LEO signals simultaneously and robustly. The benefit is particularly in the weak signal scenarios. The experiment results also reveal that the joint vector tracking loop improves positioning accuracy in GNSS challenging environments.

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CROITORU, Emilian-Ionuţ, and Gheorghe OANCEA. "SATELLITE TRACKING USING NORAD TWO-LINE ELEMENT SET FORMAT." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 18, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2016.18.1.58.

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Fakoor, M., F. Amozegary, M. Bakhtiari, and K. Daneshjou. "Relative tracking control of constellation satellites considering inter-satellite link." Advances in Space Research 60, no. 9 (November 2017): 2021–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.07.012.

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Wu, Di, Haibo Song, and Caizhi Fan. "Object Tracking in Satellite Videos Based on Improved Kernel Correlation Filter Assisted by Road Information." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174215.

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Video satellites can stare at target areas on the Earth’s surface to obtain high-temporal-resolution remote sensing videos, which make it possible to track objects in satellite videos. However, it should be noted that the object size in satellite videos is usually small and has less textural property, and the moving objects in satellite videos are easily occluded, which puts forward higher requirements for the tracker. In order to solve the above problems, consider that the remote sensing image contains rich road information, which can be used to constrain the trajectory of the object in a satellite video, this paper proposes an improved Kernel Correlation Filter (KCF) assisted by road information to track small objects, especially when the object is occluded. Specifically, the contributions of this paper are as follows: First, the tracking confidence module is reconstructed, which integrates the peak response and the average peak correlation energy of the response map to more accurately judge whether the object is occluded. Then, an adaptive Kalman filter is designed to adaptively adjust the parameters of the Kalman filter according to the motion state of the object, which improves the robustness of tracking and reduces the tracking drift after the object is occluded. Last but not least, an object tracking strategy assisted by road information is recommended, which searches for objects with road information as constraints, to locate objects more accurately. After the above improvements, compared with the KCF tracker, our method improves the tracking precision by 35.9% and the tracking success rate by 18.1% with the tracking rate at a speed of 300 frames per second, which meets the real-time requirements.

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Jouventin, Pierre, and Henri Weimerskirch. "Satellite tracking of Wandering albatrosses." Nature 343, no. 6260 (February 1990): 746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343746a0.

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Hawkins, G. J., D. J. Edwards, and J. P. McGeehan. "Tracking systems for satellite communications." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 135, no. 5 (1988): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1988.0047.

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Li, Chao Hai, Wen Xian Jiang, and Guo Long Wang. "The Research on Phantom-Bit Technology of Digital Phase Shifters for Satellite Tracking System of Phase Array." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4555.

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Phased array satellite platform self-tracking system is for the stability between the missiles and other high-speed movement of the platform and the relay satellite two-way information transmission needs to carry out the self-tracking technology research of onboard platform-dimensional active phased array satellite. The system uses a sub-array correlation method for accurate measurement of the angle of the satellite signal. Receiving array is divided into four 4 * 4 sub-array, each antenna signal combining unit 4 sub array for 4-way A / D to be converted, through down-conversion, filtering, extraction and other processes to get a digital baseband signal, the baseband digital signal processing is to extract the angle error information into digital beam orientation system for tracking filtering operation, thereby ensuring that the transceiver has been aligned with the satellite antenna beam direction. In this paper ,phantom-bit technology for satellite tracking system under the condition of minimum beam displacement is researched for satellite tracking system.

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Hill, Keric, and George H. Born. "Autonomous Interplanetary Orbit Determination Using Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 30, no. 3 (May 2007): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.24574.

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Wiejak, W., E. J. O. Schrama, and R. Rummel. "Spectral representation of the satellite-to-satellite tracking observables." Advances in Space Research 11, no. 6 (January 1991): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90254-h.

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Floberghagen, R., R. Noomen, P. N. A. M. Visser, and G. D. Racca. "Global lunar gravity recovery from satellite-to-satellite tracking." Planetary and Space Science 44, no. 10 (October 1996): 1081–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00152-2.

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McDonald, James, and Ian M. Whillans. "Comparison of Results From Transit Satellite Tracking." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500006376.

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Large-scale motions and strain-rates over great distances on polar ice sheets are often obtained from the tracking of Transit (or doppler) satellites. The results of different processing techniques for these tracking data are compared, using some of the data collected on and near Ice Stream C. Reduction is made by using the software packages CALIPER, GEODOP V, MAGNET, and the micro-processor on the Magnavox MX 1502 satellite receiver. The orbital data broadcast by the satellites are used, as well as more precise orbits obtained afterward. In addition, calculations are made for single sites individually (point positioning) and for many sites with simultaneous tracking data (network adjustment).The results agree within the range of known errors associated with the orbits. Earth-based positions (latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height), based on the broadcast orbits, agree to within 41.1 m. Positions with more precise orbits are within 0.7 m of one another. Relative positions are best obtained by using network techniques, and these agree with terrestrial survey results within 0.2 m in horizontal separation for sites 19 km apart, and are within 4.8 m in elevation difference. The calculated azimuth differs by 1.5 m/19 km or 10−4 rad.

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McDonald, James, and Ian M. Whillans. "Comparison of Results From Transit Satellite Tracking." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500006376.

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Large-scale motions and strain-rates over great distances on polar ice sheets are often obtained from the tracking of Transit (or doppler) satellites. The results of different processing techniques for these tracking data are compared, using some of the data collected on and near Ice Stream C. Reduction is made by using the software packages CALIPER, GEODOP V, MAGNET, and the micro-processor on the Magnavox MX 1502 satellite receiver. The orbital data broadcast by the satellites are used, as well as more precise orbits obtained afterward. In addition, calculations are made for single sites individually (point positioning) and for many sites with simultaneous tracking data (network adjustment). The results agree within the range of known errors associated with the orbits. Earth-based positions (latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height), based on the broadcast orbits, agree to within 41.1 m. Positions with more precise orbits are within 0.7 m of one another. Relative positions are best obtained by using network techniques, and these agree with terrestrial survey results within 0.2 m in horizontal separation for sites 19 km apart, and are within 4.8 m in elevation difference. The calculated azimuth differs by 1.5 m/19 km or 10−4 rad.

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Cheng, Yu, Cheng Wei, Yongshang Wei, Bindi You, and Yang Zhao. "Intention Prediction of a Hypersonic Glide Vehicle Using a Satellite Constellation Based on Deep Learning." Mathematics 10, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10203754.

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Tracking of hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) by a constellation tracking and observation system is an important part of the space-based early warning system. The uncertainty in the maneuver intentions of HGVs has a non-negligible impact on the tracking and observation process. The cooperative scheduling of multiple satellites in an environment of uncertainty in the maneuver intentions of HGVs is the main problem researched in this paper. For this problem, a satellite constellation tracking decision method that considers the HGVs’ maneuver intentions is proposed. This method is based on building an HGV maneuver intention model, developing a maneuver intention recognition and prediction algorithm, and designing a sensor-switching strategy to improve the local consensus-based bundle algorithm (LCBBA). Firstly, a recognizable maneuver intention model that can describe the maneuver types and directions of the HGVs in both the longitudinal and lateral directions was designed. Secondly, a maneuver intention recognition and prediction algorithm based on parallel, stacked long short-term memory neural networks (PSLSTM) was developed to obtain maneuver directions of the HGV. On the basis of that, a satellite constellation tracking decision method (referred to as SS-LCBBA in the following) considering the HGVs’ maneuver intentions was designed. Finally, the maneuver intention prediction capability of the PSLSTM network and two currently popular network structures: the multilayer LSTM (M-LSTM) and the dual-channel and bidirectional neural network (DCBNN) were tested for comparison. The simulation results show that the PSLSTM can recognize and predict the maneuver directions of HGVs with high accuracy. In the simulation of a satellite constellation tracking HGVs, the SS-LCBBA improved the cumulative tracking score compared to the LCBBA, the blackboard algorithm (BM), and the variable-center contract network algorithm (ICNP). Thus, it is concluded that SS-LCBBA has better adaptability to environments with uncertain intentions in solving multi-satellite collaborative scheduling problems.

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Zhu, Kun, Xiaodong Zhang, Guanzhou Chen, Xiaoliang Tan, Puyun Liao, Hongyu Wu, Xiujuan Cui, Yinan Zuo, and Zhiyong Lv. "Single Object Tracking in Satellite Videos: Deep Siamese Network Incorporating an Interframe Difference Centroid Inertia Motion Model." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071298.

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Satellite video single object tracking has attracted wide attention. The development of remote sensing platforms for earth observation technologies makes it increasingly convenient to acquire high-resolution satellite videos, which greatly accelerates ground target tracking. However, overlarge images with small object size, high similarity among multiple moving targets, and poor distinguishability between the objects and the background make this task most challenging. To solve these problems, a deep Siamese network (DSN) incorporating an interframe difference centroid inertia motion (ID-CIM) model is proposed in this paper. In object tracking tasks, the DSN inherently includes a template branch and a search branch; it extracts the features from these two branches and employs a Siamese region proposal network to obtain the position of the target in the search branch. The ID-CIM mechanism was proposed to alleviate model drift. These two modules build the ID-DSN framework and mutually reinforce the final tracking results. In addition, we also adopted existing object detection datasets for remotely sensed images to generate training datasets suitable for satellite video single object tracking. Ablation experiments were performed on six high-resolution satellite videos acquired from the International Space Station and “Jilin-1” satellites. We compared the proposed ID-DSN results with other 11 state-of-the-art trackers, including different networks and backbones. The comparison results show that our ID-DSN obtained a precision criterion of 0.927 and a success criterion of 0.694 with a frames per second (FPS) value of 32.117 implemented on a single NVIDIA GTX1070Ti GPU.

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Bodhare, Hemant Gautam, and Asst Prof Gauri Ansurkar. "LEO based Satellite Navigation and Anti-Theft Tracking System for Automobiles." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41316.

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Abstract: GPS and Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) are used today in automobile navigation and tracking systems to locate themselves in Four Dimensions (latitude, longitude, altitude, time). However, GNSS or GPS still has its own bottleneck, such as the long initialization period of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without dense reference network. For navigation, a number of selected LEO satellites can be equipped with a transmitter to transmit similar navigation signals to land users, so they can act like GNSS satellites but with much faster geometric change to enhance GNSS capability, which is named as LEO constellation enhanced GNSS (LeGNSS). This paper focuses on Low Earth Orbit navigation and anti-theft tracking system in automobiles that represents a framework which enables a navigating vehicle to aid its Inertial Navigation System when GNSS or GPS signal becomes unusable. Over the course of following years LEO satellite constellation will be available globally at ideal geometric locations. LEO Satellite aided Inertial navigation system with periodically transmitted satellite positions has the potential to achieve meter-level-accurate location. Keywords: LEO constellation, LEO enhanced GNSS (LeGNSS), Precise Point Positioning (PPP), Inertial Navigation System (INS), Precise Orbit Determination (POD)

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Jokoantoro Budi Solichin. "Analisis Penggunaan Sistem Pelacakan Menggunakan Antena Tracking Sistem." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Informatika dan Komunikasi 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/juitik.v3i1.404.

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Orbital phenomena are altered by one or more external influences, such as an anomaly in the distribution of Earth's gravity, disturbances of the gravitational pull from the moon, impacts of meteors or other objects, or solar radiation pressure. Satellites make corrections by performing maneuvers controlled by stations on Earth, these maneuvers are known as north-south corrections and west-east corrections. These maneuvers use small rockets (thrusters) that are on the satellite body and the direction is set according to the correction direction. This shift in satellite trajectory results in reduced signal quality received by stations on earth, so we have to re-pointer manually to get a better signal by shifting ajimuth, elevation, and polarization, this method requires relatively long time and a high degree of accuracy.

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