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Journal articles on the topic 'Saturated water steam'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Bruining, Johannes, Dan Marchesin, and Stephen Schecter. "Steam condensation waves in water-saturated porous rock." Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems 4, no. 2 (September 2004): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02970859.

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2

Zhang, Di, Qi Luo, Wei Huang, and Kan Wang. "ICONE23-1027 NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF BINARY SATURATED WATER DROPLET'S COLLISION IN HIGH PRESSURE STEAM." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2015.23 (2015): _ICONE23–1—_ICONE23–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2015.23._icone23-1_16.

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3

Westman, M. A. "Computation of nozzle flow capacities for superheated steam, subcooled water, and saturated steam/water mixtures." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 21, no. 6 (November 2008): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2008.06.002.

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4

Xu, An Zhu, Long Xin Mu, Xiang Hong Wu, Zi Fei Fan, and Lun Zhao. "Superiority of Superheated Steam Flooding in Development of High Water-Cut Heavy Oil Reservoir." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.992.

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The dryness of superheated steam is 100% and it exists in the form of pure steam whose properties are like ideal gas. When the steam has a large degree of superheat, it may take a relatively long time to cool, during which time the steam is releasing very little energy and transmitted long distances. The heating radius of superheated steam in the formation is 5-10m larger than saturated steam. In the heating area of superheated steam, the comprehensive effects by superheated steam (crude oil viscosity reduction, improved flow environment, changes in rock wettability and improved oil displacement efficiency, etc.) is much higher than that of saturated steam. Superheated steam stimulation in Kenkyak high water cut heavy oil reservoir pilot test results showed that the average daily oil production of single well by superheated steam stimulation was 2-4 times than that of saturated steam stimulation. Superheated steam is more effective to heat water-invaded oil reservoir than saturated steam.

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5

Dzurenda, Ladislav. "The Effect of Moisture Content of Black Locust Wood on the Heating in the Saturated Water Steam during the Process of Colour Modification." MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816806004.

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The effect of moisture content of black locust wood on the heating of sawn timber with the thickness of h = 32 mm in saturated water steam during the processes of colour modifications by modes: mode I – temperature of saturated water steam t = 112 ± 2.5 °C for τ = 5.5 hours, mode II – temperature of saturated water steam t = 127 ± 2.5 °C for τ = 6.5 hours, and mode III – temperature of saturated water steam t = 137 ± 2.5 °C for τ = 7.5 hours is analysed in the paper. The increase in moisture content affects the heating time, it lasts longer. When the moisture content of black locust wood ranges from W = 60 – 65 %, the heating time by modes I – III did not last longer than the time Δτ ≤ 0.5 min. and no negative impact on the final colour modification is observed.

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6

Shagapov, V. Sh, L. A. Nasyrova, and E. V. Galiakbarova. "Injection of water into a porous medium saturated with steam." High Temperature 38, no. 5 (September 2000): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02755934.

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7

Mityakov, V. Y., S. Z. Sapozhnikov, E. R. Zainullina, A. Y. Babich, O. A. Milto, and K. S. Kalmykov. "Gradient heat flux measurement while researching of saturated water steam condensation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 891 (November 10, 2017): 012128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/891/1/012128.

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8

Barmin, A. A., and G. G. Tsypkin. "Mathematical model of water injection into a geothermal steam-saturated reservoir." Fluid Dynamics 31, no. 6 (November 1996): 874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02030107.

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9

Spatz, R., H. J. Laake, D. Mewes, and F. Mayinger. "Counter-current flow behaviour of steam-saturated water and steam-subcooled water in the fuel element top nozzle area." Nuclear Engineering and Design 99 (February 1987): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(87)90115-4.

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10

Liu, Yan, Hui-lie Shi, Chun Gui, Xian-yuan Wang, and Rui-feng Tian. "Effect of Saturated Steam Carried Downward on the Flow Properties in the Downcomer of Steam Generator." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193650.

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The saturated water separated by the steam separator in a natural circulation steam generator may carry a small amount of saturated steam into the downcomer. The steam contacts subcooled water and condenses directly in the downcomer causing the variations in the pressure and steam quality and likely affecting the stability of the water cycle in the secondary loop. It is not conducive to core heat extraction and thus affects nuclear safety. The mathematical model of the downcomer was established in this study based on the internal structures of a natural circulation steam generator. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) and large-eddy-simulation (LES) models were used for analysis on FLUENT software (ANSYS, Pittsburgh, PA. USA) platform. The influence of direct contact condensation of top-down flowing steam on the flow properties in the downcomer of the steam generator under high pressure was studied. The trend of the temperature, pressure, and the void fraction were obtained by combining these models with the condensation model. Further, a one-dimensional calculation program based on the differential drop was also developed to assess the flow field in the downcomer. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results which indicated that, when affected by the saturated steam carried downward, the flow temperature close to the exit of the downcomer rises slightly due to the absorption of the heat released by the steam condensation. Furthermore, the density corrected by the pressure-drop is more reliable than that corrected by the temperature. After the velocity in the downcomer has increased to a certain value, the sensitivity of steam quality to the subcooling degree in the downcomer begins to decline. The results in this paper can be used to perform stability analyses and to design steam generators. The results of research are helpful to the stability analysis and the design of a steam generator, and to improve the accuracy of the measurement of the steam generator operating parameters, thus enhancing the safety of Pressurize Water Reactor operating system.

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11

Wang, Ya Rong, and Pei Rong Wang. "Comparison of the Two Methods to Determine State Parameters of Wet Saturated Steam." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.330.

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Water steam is widely used in steam turbines, steam engines, nuclear power plants and many other places. As a kind of working medium, it has many advantages, such as proper thermodynamic properties, non-toxic, odorless ,cheap, and so on. So it is very important how to determine the state parameters of water steam. In this paper we describe the two methods to determine state parameters of wet saturated steam, and the two methods are compared.

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12

Gudbjerg, J., O. Trötschler, A. Färber, T. O. Sonnenborg, and K. H. Jensen. "On spurious water flow during numerical simulation of steam injection into water-saturated soil." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 75, no. 3-4 (December 2004): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.07.003.

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13

Yoshida, Seiichiro, Keiichiro Matsushima, and Tohru Joboji. "Direct Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from Cellulose using Saturated Steam." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133305007.

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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a compound that can be synthesized from cellulose, has attracted significant attention because it can be converted into various chemical products. Although various methods for the direct conversion of cellulose to HMF using special solvents and catalysts have been reported, they are not desirable in terms of green sustainable chemistry and manufacturing costs. Herein, we report the direct conversion of cellulose to HMF using saturated steam, i.e., water, as an environment-friendly method. We investigated the effects of the molecular weight of cellulose and amount of added water on the yields of glucose and HMF using a batch system. Glucose and HMF yields were improved by using low-molecular-weight cellulose as the raw material and the amount of added water was important for maximizing the HMF yield. The balance of hydrolysis and dehydration was controlled by optimizing the amount of added water, with a maximized HMF yields of 21%. This study demonstrates that saturated steam has great potential to be applied for the direct conversion of cellulose to HMF.

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14

Yoshida, Seiichiro, Keiichiro Matsushima, and Tohru Joboji. "Direct Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from Cellulose using Saturated Steam." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133305007.

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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a compound that can be synthesized from cellulose, has attracted significant attention because it can be converted into various chemical products. Although various methods for the direct conversion of cellulose to HMF using special solvents and catalysts have been reported, they are not desirable in terms of green sustainable chemistry and manufacturing costs. Herein, we report the direct conversion of cellulose to HMF using saturated steam, i.e., water, as an environment-friendly method. We investigated the effects of the molecular weight of cellulose and amount of added water on the yields of glucose and HMF using a batch system. Glucose and HMF yields were improved by using low-molecular-weight cellulose as the raw material and the amount of added water was important for maximizing the HMF yield. The balance of hydrolysis and dehydration was controlled by optimizing the amount of added water, with a maximized HMF yields of 21%. This study demonstrates that saturated steam has great potential to be applied for the direct conversion of cellulose to HMF.

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15

Fernandes, J. L. M. "Correlations for fast computation of thermodynamic properties of saturated water and steam." International Journal of Energy Research 19, no. 6 (August 1995): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440190605.

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16

Muhieddine, M., É. Canot, R. March, and R. Delannay. "Coupling heat conduction and water-steam flow in a saturated porous medium." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 85, no. 11 (September 2, 2010): 1390–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.3022.

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17

Wang, Yarong, and Peirong Wang. "Analysis of thermodynamic process of water vapor in boiler." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125202043.

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In steam power plant, the working medium used for energy transformation is water vapor. The generation process of water vapor has experienced three stages: pre-heat, vaporization and superheat stage. There are five states in the process. They are sub-cooled liquid, saturated water, saturated liquid-vapour mixture, saturated vapor and superheated vapor. The thermodynamic properties of each state are usually obtained by using water vapor tables and charts. The constant pressure process of water vapor is very common in engineering application. In general, we first determine the state parameters by using charts and tables, and then make relevant calculations according to the first law of thermodynamics.

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18

Lezhnin, S. I., A. L. Sorokin, and N. A. Pribaturin. "Evolution of pressure and temperature upon sudden contact of cold water and saturated steam." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 5 (2007): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2007.1.032.

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The process of rarefaction wave propagation upon sudden contact of cold water and saturated vapor is studied. It is shown that the most intensive steam condensation occurs over a time interval of about 0.01 ms, during which the water surface heats up. Then a constant temperature difference of 2-3 degrees is formed between the water surface and the steam and thus the condensation intensity is reduced.

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19

Tkachenko, Stanislav, and Nataliya Stepanova. "PREPARATION OF A PAIR WITH CERTAIN THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS IN THE HEAT TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3(106) (November 29, 2019): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-3-14.

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Known methods for preparing saturated steam for use in a heat engineering system are analyzed. It was established that the flow rate of cooling water was overestimated in them, since part of this water is drained into the drainage system of the power plant and contributes part of the heat of the primary superheated steam there. In the proposed method for removing steam overheating before it is fed to a specific heat exchanger, it is proposed to use condensate from the same heat exchanger, moreover, due to evaporation of a part of the condensate (estimated 10 ... 20%), the metal consumption of the condensate drainage system decreases. The heat and mass transfer processes in the closed loop “heat exchanger – condensate line – desuperheater and separation device –– steam of saturated saturated steam – heat exchanger” are analyzed, the balance equations are compiled, the degree of uncertainty of the heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes in two-phase media is analyzed. A steam preparation system has been developed for a heat-technological consumer, in which by using all the condensate obtained in the steam heat exchanger as a cooler and observing a certain distance between the lower tube sheet of the heat exchanger and the central axis of the desuperheater, the problems of condensate drainage, its efficient use and removal of steam overheating are achieved.

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20

Barmin, A. A., and A. V. Kondrashov. "Two-front mathematical model of water injection into a steam-saturated geothermal reservoir." Fluid Dynamics 35, no. 3 (May 2000): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02697753.

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21

Lu, Jianfeng, Zheng Liu, Yukun Zou, and Jing Ding. "Experimental thermal performance study of molten salt steam generator-superheater with saturated water." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 168 (April 2021): 120884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120884.

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22

Li, Xiao, and Wan Yang Niu. "Effect of Supplementary Curing after Steam-Curing on Performance of Concrete." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 1376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.1376.

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When the low strength grade of steam-curing concrete is produced, the temperature which the concrete leaves steam-curing kiln is about 20°C commonly. The temperature difference is too large between the environmental temperature and the temperature which the concrete leaves steam-curing kiln when the daily average temperature drops to 10°C. Because the steam-curing concrete is cooled rapidly, a large of crack will be produced in concrete and the internal structure of concrete will be damaged normally. Then the performance of concrete will be influenced badly. In order to improve the negative effect on concrete by steam curing, the different supplementary curing is used after steam curing. The C30 concrete is made in this research. The daily average temperature is 5°C~10°C and the minimum temperature is-6°C during the test. After the concrete is formed, it is placed in 20°C environment for 2h first. Then the concrete is heated to 55°C in 2h and maintained for 8h in the steam-curing kiln. In the end, the concrete is cooled to 20°C in 3h. After steam curing, the standard curing and covering by wet fabric or film outside are used separately for concrete. The supplementary curing time is 1d, 2d, 3d and 4d. Then the concrete is placed in natural environment to 28d. The microstructure of hydration products are observed by electron microscope. The density of concrete is analyzed by the result of the 28d saturated water content, softening factor and 28d rapid carbonation depth. The mechanical properties of concrete are researched by the result of the 28d strength. When the concrete adopts standard curing or covering by film after steam-curing, the saturated water content and 28d rapid carbonation depth of the concrete will reduce, but the softening factor and 28d strength of the concrete will increase with the time. The performance of concrete which adopts covering by wet fabric after steam-curing is worse than that adopting standard curing. At the same time, the saturated water content and softening factor of concrete change little. Covering by wet fabric is worse than no covering or similar. In the test environment, the performance of the steam-curing concrete with each supplementary curing is worse than that of the concrete with standard curing. The standard curing is the best supplementary curing in this test. But covering by film is a worthy supplementary curing from economy and practicability. Covering by film for 4d, the 28d strength of steam-curing concrete is 87 percent of that of the concrete with standard curing and exceeds Design grade. Its saturated water content is 1.50% and softening factor is 0.932. Its rapid carbonation depth is close to that of the concrete with standard curing and its microstructure of hydration products is preferable.

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23

Philip, Jacob, Harivittal Mangalvedekar, and Faruk Kazi. "Mathematical modeling of unbounded spaces using single-equation-based point saturated steam water spaces." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-11-2016-0134.

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Purpose Industries, especially power plants, using steam as power fluid employ many equipment and systems using saturated steam. Mathematical modeling of this saturated steam water space (SSWS) equipment is important for simulators catering to these industries and power plants. Single-equation-based modeling approach and its optimized version, mass factor–volume factor approach, are very efficient in modeling SSWS with bounded volumes, where the volume of the space is fixed. In unbounded volumes, the volume may be changing or is unbounded because of expansion, contraction or pressure control. The purpose of this paper is to propose a single equation based modeling approach for unbounded SSWS. Such unbounded volumes are encountered in coolant channels of pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)-type nuclear power plants (NPPs). Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes an extension of a single-equation approach by considering a subsection of the volume as miniature Point SSWS. In the proposed Point SSWS, the total heat, mass and volume of the SSWS are delinked and overall density and heat density are introduced in place. With this extension, Point SSWS can be applied to unbounded volumes. Findings In this study, 392 coolant channels of proposed 680 MWe PHWR have been simulated to ascertain the overall coolant density when coolant boils partially on nuclear heating. The simulation results have been compared with simulation results available from previous researchers and it has been found that the values are in line with previous researchers with maximum deviation of 1.2 per cent. Originality/value From the simulation results and their low value of deviation, it is clear that point space approach can be effectively used in modeling Point SSWS. Moreover, theoretically, it has been proved that the density of homogenous steam–water mixture is dependent only on the bulk heat density and temperature of the mixture.

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24

Bykh, Oleg, Aleksandr Bakhmetev, Natin Sandler, Petr Tryaev, Anna Ershova, Anatoly Mikhailov, Ekaterina Loginova, and Aleksey Sozinov. "Hot-salt corrosion of alloys PT-7M, 42ХНМ, Inconel 690, Incoloy 800." E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104015.

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The Article contains the results of the study performed for the samples made from alloys PT-7М, 42ХНМ, Inconel 690, Incoloy 800 for resistance against hot salt corrosion in the mixture of crystallized NaCl and KBr salts, in ratio 300:1 by weight, and in the temperature range from 150 °С to 300 °С, both in contact with the air and in a leak-tight autoclave in the atmosphere of saturated water steam. Regularities of hot salt corrosion behavior in the alloys under the study were detected under testing conditions. The atmosphere of saturated water steam inhibits development of halt salt corrosion of alloy ПТ-7М in the entire temperature range of the testing.

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25

Takahashi, Minoru, Arun Kumar Nayak, Shin-ichi Kitagawa, and Hiroyuki Murakoso. "Heat Transfer in Direct Contact Condensation of Steam to Subcooled Water Spray." Journal of Heat Transfer 123, no. 4 (January 30, 2001): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1370510.

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The condensation heat transfer of saturated steam to a hollow-cone spray of subcooled water was investigated experimentally and analytically. The spray water temperature rose more steeply in flow direction than those in the previous studies, because of the use of smaller thermocouple which was capable of measuring the temperature in a thin water sheet and water droplets more accurately. The result of the condensation heat transfer coefficient suggested the breakup of the water sheet into droplets. A pure conduction model underpredicted the heat transfer in the sheet region significantly, which was better predicted by considering turbulence in the sheet. The heat transfer in the droplet region was well estimated by considering internal circulation and mixing inside the droplets.

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26

Ilyasov, U. R., and R. A. Makhmutov. "Injection of water into a porous medium saturated with steam, taking into account capillary forces." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 6 (2008): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2008.1.011.

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The problem of water injection into a high-temperature porous medium through a permeable boundary. Various regimes injection, depending on the initial parameters of the thermal reservoir and coolant (water). In particular, the effect of capillary forces on the effect of ”spontaneous absorption“ of water.

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27

Sato, Takafumi, Toyokazu Sumita, and Naotsugu Itoh. "Decomposition Kinetics of Bean Curd Refuse in Hot Compressed Water at Saturated Steam Pressure." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 47, no. 5 (2014): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.13we279.

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28

Prosvirnikov, D. B., R. G. Safin, D. F. Ziatdinova, N. F. Timerbaev, and V. A. Lashkov. "Multifactorial modelling of high-temperature treatment of timber in the saturated water steam medium." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 124 (April 2016): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/124/1/012088.

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29

Brouwers, H. J. H. "An Experimental Study of Constant-Pressure Steam Injection and Transient Condensing Flow in an Air-Saturated Porous Medium." Journal of Heat Transfer 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2825865.

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In this paper the unsteady process of constant pressure steam injection into an air–saturated porous medium is studied experimentally. To this end, vertical glass tubes are packed with dry quartz sand and injected with dry steam. The propagation of the steam front appears to be proportional to t. It is observed that the water saturation is homogeneously distributed and remains below the irreducible water saturation. Furthermore, the theoretical model of Brouwers and Li (1994) of the process is applied to the experiments and extended to take wall effects into account. A comparison of the predicted front penetration and amount of condensed water with the experimental results yields fairly good agreement.

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30

Smith, D. A., and H. Harris. "Thermal Blast Peeling of Sweetpotatoes." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 544a—544. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.544a.

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Thermal blast peeling is a process whereby peels and blemishes are efficiently removed from produce by holding the produce for a brief period in a heated, closed vessel filled with superheated steam under elevated pressure while supplemental radiant heat is supplied by the vessel wall. This intense, dry heat superheats a film of moisture immediately underlying the peel tissue. The pressure within the vessel is then instantaneously reduced by opening the vessel. Steam within the vessel expands blowing the produce free of the vessel and simultaneously the superheated water in and immediately underlying the peel flashes to steam thus cleanly exploding the peel tissues from the produce. Different size grades and cultivars of sweetpotatoes were peeled by the Thermal blast process, hot caustic immersion, or by high-pressure saturated steam. Thermal blast-peeled sweetpotatoes had higher product recoveries, less heat penetration into the tissue, and better color than caustic or saturated steam-peeled potatoes.

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31

Yarong, Wang, and Wang Peirong. "Analysis of the adiabatic process by using the thermodynamic property diagram of water vapor." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125203055.

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In the steam power plant, the working medium used for energy transformation is water vapor. The thermodynamic properties of water vapor are usually obtained by using water vapor tables and charts. Adiabatic process of water vapor is widespread in engineering applications. The adiabatic process is realized without heat addition or rejection and the entropy of the working medium during a reversible adiabatic process remains constant. During an adiabatic expansion process, superheated steam turns into saturated vapor , and further into wet vapor, the pressure and the temperature of the steam decreases. The entropy during a irreversible adiabatic process increases. In general, when analyzing the thermodynamic process of water vapor, we first determine the state parameters by using charts and tables, and then make relevant calculations according to the first law of thermodynamics.

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32

Liu, Xiao Yi, Rui Feng Tian, Yan Xin Gao, Lan Xin Sun, and Chang Qi Yan. "A Numerical Study of Wet Steam Condensation over a Corrugated Plate Separator." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.805.

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To provide steam of appropriate quality and to improve the efficiency of steam-water separation over corrugated plates, it is necessary to study the condensation behavior of wet steam moving over a corrugated plate separator. In this paper, classical nucleation theory and a droplet growth model are used to describe the process of wet steam condensation on corrugated plates. The CFX software water droplet condensation model was employed to simulate the process and to allow analysis of the characteristics of wet steam condensation. The results show that: (1) the nucleation rate increases gradually over time and exhibits a positive correlation with the temperature of the wet steam, (2) departure from the saturated state decreases gradually along the flow direction, leading to a concurrent decrease in the steam condensation rate and (3) the steam condensation rate is elevated with increases in the local pressure gradient.

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33

Farouk, B., and H. Shayer. "Natural Convection Around a Heated Cylinder in a Saturated Porous Medium." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250540.

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Numerical solutions are presented for the natural convection heat transfer from a heated cylinder buried in a semi-infinite liquid-saturated porous medium. The governing equations are expressed in the stream function–temperature formulation and finite difference equations are obtained by integrating the governing equations over finite cells. The heat transfer characteristics of the heated cylinder are studied as functions of the Rayleigh number and the vertical depth of the cylinder center from a permeable surface. The numerical scheme involves the use of a cylindrical network of nodes in the vicinity of the cylinder with a Cartesian mesh covering the remainder of the flow domain. The results are of use in the design of underground electrical cables, power plant steam, and water distribution lines, among others.

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34

Petrushchenkov, Valery, and Michail Shcheglov. "On possibility of replacement of saturated steam with hot water at circulating heating of fuel oil." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914005005.

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Circulating heating of fuel oil in railway tanks is performed, as a rule, with the help of saturated steam by preparing a heating flow of fuel oil with a temperature of about 80...90°C. For the operation services of fuel oil storages, it is interesting to consider replacing steam with hot water. The behavior of the existing system of circulating heating of fuel oil of M100 brand when changing the heating medium for the heater of fuel oil flow in the form of a plate heat exchanger is considered. The initial temperature of hot water is assumed to be equal to the design temperature of 115°C in the steam-fuel heat exchanger. The values of the thermal capacity of the heater flow of fuel oil, fuel oil consumption, flow rate and the temperature of the heating water flow at the outlet of the heat exchanger are defined depending on the temperature of the heated fuel oil in the range of 80...90°C. Reducing the temperature of fuel oil at the outlet of the heat exchanger from 90 to 80°C allows to increase its capacity by 30.1%, that is, to accelerate the heating of fuel oil in the tank and reduce the time of its discharge.

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35

Horlock, J. H. "Approximate Analyses of Feed and District Heating Cycles for Steam Combined Heat and Power Plant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 201, no. 3 (August 1987): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_024_02.

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An assumption for turbine expansion lines originally made by Salisbury and Haywood (that the difference between local steam enthalpy and the enthalpy of saturated water at the same pressure is constant throughout the expansion) is used in approximate analyses of steam combined heat and power plant. Thermal efficiencies and energy utilization factors are derived for a number of cycles with steam extraction for feed heating and for district heating. Calculations of these two parameters are presented for relatively low pressure cycles.

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Muralidharan, Vijayanand, and Chung-Yuen Hui. "Steam Pressure Generated in a Spherical Cavity in a Moisture Saturated Polymer Matrix Composite during Rapid Heating." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 128, no. 1 (March 6, 2005): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1925287.

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The time history of steam pressure inside an isolated spherical micro-cavity in a polymer matrix composite is studied by assuming that the chemical potential of water is continuous across the cavity–polymer interface. Steam pressure inside the cavity is due to heating of moisture-saturated composites from its initial temperature to a final temperature. Exact closed form solutions are obtained for the steam pressure developed under infinitely fast heating in an infinite plate. The effect of cavity shape on the induced steam pressure is studied by comparing this solution with a previous result on cracklike cavities.

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37

Yang, Chung Wei, Truan Sheng Lui, and Edward Chang. "Low Temperature Crystallization and Structural Modification of Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coating with Hydrothermal Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.147.

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The effect of autoclaving hydrothermal treatment on the characteristics of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on the Ti-6Al-4V substrate was investigated. The heating temperatures were 100°C, 150°C and 200°C with ambient saturated steam pressure in an autoclave. On the basis of quantitative analysis of crystallinity using x-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrothermal treatment was found to be effective for increasing the crystallinity and phase purity of the HA coatings. The prominent and sharp OH− and PO4 3− peaks detected from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra demonstrate a superior crystallized integrity of hydrothermal-treated HA coatings through the incorporation of water vapor. Moreover, the significant presence of OH− peak in XPS spectra represents a replenishment of water molecules which tends to reduce the dehydroxylation state of as-sprayed HA coatings. From the observation of microstructures, crystallized HA was found to diminish the spraying defects of hydrothermal HA coating layers, and finely-crystallized HA crystals, with a Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.67, were observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hydrothermal treatment could induce a low-temperature crystallization process, and the saturated steam pressure is thought to be a factor which reduces the activation energy and accelerates the HA crystallization. Experimental evidence confirmed that the ambient saturated steam pressure plays an important role in lowering heating temperatures and promoting HA crystallization.

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Kasatkin, Ivan, Mikle Egorov, and Nikolay Rakov. "Numerical investigation of a moisture wave-type vane separator." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914006011.

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This study aims to determine the appropriate method for modeling separation processes in wave-type moisture vane separators and to analyze possible design improvements of the typical wave-type vane separator using numerical simulation methods. It discusses conditions of the secondary droplets generation phenomena. The applicability of the particle transport method for modeling the working process in wave-type vane separators is confirmed. The study explores the water droplets distribution pattern in the dispersed two-phase flow of a separator. A numerical study of the workflow in the typical steam-water separator with wave-type vanes was carried out. A dispersed two-phase flow in a separator is modelled as two separate flows. Dry saturated steam is considered as a continuous medium using the Euler method; the liquid phase is represented as a stream of water droplets described by the Lagrange method. Authors propose an option of modernization of the separator design applying three drainage channels on the path of small droplets.

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Кудинович, И. В. "Marine integral water cooled reactors with steam-condensate process in the primary circuit." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII), no. 4(50) (November 23, 2020): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2020.50.4.055.

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Одним из путей улучшения массо-габаритных характеристик судовых водоохлаждаемых реакторов интегрального типа с естественной циркуляцией теплоносителя является реализация пароконденсатного цикла в первом контуре, при котором насыщенный пар с высокой степенью сухости генерируется непосредственно в активной зоне и затем конденсируется в парогенераторе, отдавая тепло рабочему телу второго контура. Тепловыделяющий канал активной зоны с непосредственной генерацией насыщенного пара состоит из кольцевого твэла и установленной в его полости нетепловыделяющей трубки с навивкой для закрутки потока теплоносителя. Закрутка потока внутри твэла предотвращает кризис кипения на его внутренней поверхности (на наружной поверхности твэла имеет место закризисный режим теплоотдачи), что обеспечивает допустимые значения температур топлива и оболочек твэла при достаточно высокой плотности энерговыделений, характерных для активных зон судовых реакторов. В статье описаны особенности теплогидравлического расчета каналов активной зоны, парогенератора-конденсатора и контура естественной циркуляции интегрального реактора с пароконденсатным циклом в первом контуре. Представлены результаты расчета характеристик реакторов тепловой мощностью 150 и 25 МВт. Показано, что размеры интегральных реакторов с естественной циркуляцией теплоносителя при реализации пароконденсатного цикла в первом контуре не превышают размеры характерные для интегральных водоохлаждаемых реакторов с принудительной циркуляцией теплоносителя, предназначенных к использованию на объектах морской техники. One of the ways to improve the weight and size characteristics of integrated water-cooled reactors with natural coolant circulation is to implement a steam condensate cycle in the primary circuit, in which dry saturated steam is generated directly in the core and then condenses in the steam generator. The fuel channel of the core with the direct generation of saturated steam consists of an annular fuel rod and a non-fuel pipe installed in its cavity with a winding for swirling the coolant flow. The swirling of the flow inside the fuel element prevents a burn up its internal surface (there is a post-crisis heat transfer regime on the external surface of the fuel element), which ensures acceptable temperatures of the fuel and its cladding at a sufficiently high energy density typical for marine reactor core. The article discusses the features of thermal-hydraulic calculations of the core channel, steam generator – condenser and natural circulation circuit of integral type reactor with the steam-condensate cycle in the primary circuit. It is presents the characteristics of marine reactors with a thermal capacity of 150 and 25 MW. It is shown that size of the marine integrated reactors with natural coolant circulation and a steam condensate cycle in the primary circuit is similar to size of reactor with enforced coolant circulation.

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40

Romanov, N. P. "A new formula for saturated water steam pressure within the temperature range −25 to 220°C." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 45, no. 6 (December 2009): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433809060139.

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41

Korolev, Eduard, Anatoly Bakhtin, Aleksey Eskin, Enza Barieva, Rezeda Gabdelvalieva, and Albert Korolev. "Thermodynamic modeling of water vapor influence on development process of the lower-Karmalinsky bituminous deposit by the sagd method." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199803004.

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The development of the Lower-Karmalinsky bituminous deposit is currently made by the SAGD method. However, focusing on the reduction of bitumen viscosity, the problem of mineral phase’s transformation at the reservoir due to anthropogenic impact overlooked. In this work, using thermodynamic modeling, shown that the injection of superheated steam into bitumen-saturated sandstone layer will lead to the dissolution of calcite cement.

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Amidu, Muritala Alade, Junseok Park, Youngjae Park, Changhwan Lim, Satbyoul Jung, and Hyungdae Kim. "Performance analyses of a steam condensation tube immersed in a saturated water pool: Effects of tube inclination." Nuclear Engineering and Design 323 (November 2017): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.08.014.

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43

Montes Rivera, Martín, Marving Omar Aguilar Justo, and Alberto Ochoa Zezzatti. "Equations for Describing Behavior Tables in Thermodynamics Using Genetic Programming: Synthesizing the Saturated Water and Steam Table." Research in Computing Science 122, no. 1 (December 31, 2016): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13053/rcs-122-1-1.

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44

Volkov, G. J., A. V. Kapustin, V. I. Melikhov, O. I. Melikhov, S. M. Nikonov, and V. D. Baybakov. "Experimental and numerical study of the interaction of subcooled water with saturated steam in a horizontal pipe." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1652 (October 2020): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1652/1/012007.

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45

Nogueira, E. "Applying the Concepts of Efficiency and Effectiveness to Analyze the Influence of the Number of Passes in the Shell and Tubes Condenser Thermal Performance." Journal of Engineering Sciences 8, no. 1 (2021): F1—F10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2021.8(1).f1.

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The work analyzes the influence of the number of passes in a shell and tubes condenser heat exchanger, with an inlet pressure of R134a refrigerant in the shell equal to 1.2 MPa. The fluid that circulates in the tubes is water or water-based nanofluid with a fraction of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3), and the methodology used subdivides the heat exchanger into three distinct regions: the overheated region, the saturated region, and the subcooled region. The main parameters used to analyze the thermal performance of the heat exchanger were efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency in the superheated steam region is close to 1.0. There is scope for increasing thermal effectiveness, which can be improved with more significant passes in the tube. The saturated steam region process is efficient for lower mass flow rates of the fluid in the tube, but it is ineffective. However, it is highly effective for high mass flow rates. There is ample scope for increasing effectiveness in the subcooled region. Still, the fluid inlet temperature in the pipe and the work refrigerant pressure are the limiting factors for greater heat exchange in the subcooled region.

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46

Spencer, James W. "Viscoelasticity of Ells River bitumen sand and 4D monitoring of thermal enhanced oil recovery processes." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): D419—D428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0535.1.

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Samples of Ells River bitumen sand from Alberta, Canada were measured at low frequencies (0.2–205 Hz) to determine the temperature and frequency dependence of velocities and attenuations. The samples were first measured “as received” where the pore space is mostly filled with bitumen but also contains small amounts of air and water. With residual air in the pores, at 5°C, there is strong dispersion in the P-wave modulus and a peak in attenuation at seismic frequencies. The frequency-dependent moduli and attenuations shift by three orders of magnitude in frequency as temperature is increased from 5°C to 48°C, consistent with the bitumen viscosity. Samples were then saturated so any empty pore space is filled with water. After saturation, at 1 Hz, increasing temperature from 5°C to 49°C causes a 30% reduction in the saturated P-wave modulus, a 34% reduction in the saturated bulk modulus, and a 6% reduction in the shear modulus. This behavior can only be explained by the temperature-dependent bulk modulus of bitumen. The results enable predictions regarding the P-velocities that can be expected during seismic monitoring of thermal enhanced oil recovery processes. Velocities for cold bitumen sand are near [Formula: see text] at reservoir pressure and temperature. Following steam injection, velocities should be very low (near [Formula: see text]) in heated zones more than 50°C with a free gas phase, which could be steam or gas. There will be a progressive reduction in velocities, i.e., [Formula: see text] at 25°C and [Formula: see text] at 49°C, in areas of formation heating, but without steam or gas in the pores. Albeit smaller than the effect of steam, the effect of formation heating alone is large enough to be easily detected by today’s 4D surveys. With local rock physics calibration, it should be possible to map the areal extent of formation heating using 4D seismic data.

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Sinitsyn, Anton, Oleg Stratunov, Timur Akhmetov, and Nikolay Monarkin. "Methodology for assessing technological efficiency and safety at the enterprise for production of reinforced concrete structures." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801073.

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This paper considers the main results of instrumental analysis of technological efficiency and safety, and suggestions for improving the working conditions of workers engaged in steaming of reinforced concrete products in steam curing chambers operating on saturated steam. This work is a part of comprehensive energy study of enterprise to find measures that increase the energy potential of not only the enterprise itself, but also reduce the cost of primary and auxiliary products by reducing costs in its production. An optimized scheme for delivery, transporting and consumption of water vapour was implemented in the real sector of the economy in Vologda (Russia).

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Slanina, Zdeněk, Filip Uhlík, Shyi-Long Lee, and Shigeru Nagase. "Computational modelling for the clustering degree in the saturated steam and the water-containing complexes in the atmosphere." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 97, no. 3 (February 2006): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.05.065.

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Dudiak, Michal, and Ladislav Dzurenda. "Changes in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Alder Wood in the Process of Thermal Treatment with Saturated Water Steam." Coatings 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080898.

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The paper presents changes in color and selected physico-chemical properties of alder (Alnus glutinosa) wood during the process of thermal treatment of the wood with a saturated steam-air mixture or saturated water steam in the temperature range t = 95–125 °C for τ = 3 to 12 h. During the process of thermal treatment of alder wood, the original light white-gray color changes depending on the temperature and time of modification to soft reddish-brown to dark brown color shades. Color changes of alder wood expressed in the form of the total color difference are in the range of values ∆E* = 2.7–31.7. Measurements of the density of thermally treated alder wood in the dry state indicate that due to the thermal treatment of alder wood, the density decreases by ρ ≤ 4.6% compared to the average density of native alder wood. Due to the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses, in the process of thermal treatment of wet alder wood, its acidity changes in the range of values: pH = 4.9 to 3.1. Analyzes of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy indicate changes in alder wood extractants and hemicellulose degradation. A decrease in unconjugated and an increase in conjugated carbonyls was observed at all temperatures of thermal modification of alder wood. Measurements indicate changes in the lignin of alder wood and the fact that as the temperature increases, the formation of new carbonyls increases, which is reflected in the change of the chromophoric system.

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Qi, Qi, Weiming Guan, Xin Li, Yanyan Ge, Senlin Nan, and Huabin Liu. "Mechanism of Increasing the Permeability of Water-Bearing Coal Rock by Microwave Steam Explosion." Geofluids 2021 (January 29, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6661867.

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Microwave heating of water-bearing coal can promote pore water evaporation. The pores are broken under the action of steam pressure, increasing the permeability of the coal. This study is aimed at investigating the mechanism of permeability improvement of water-bearing coal rock by microwave steam explosion. First, a microwave oven was used to irradiate and heat five groups of coal rock with different water contents; the NMR test was then conducted on the heated sample. Second, the internal vapor pressure and temperature changes during the heating process were obtained through the T-connector for samples with different water contents. Finally, a numerical experiment was used to explore the deformation characteristics of pores under three filling conditions. The experimental results showed that the total porosity increased significantly when the water content of coal increased from 0% to 8%, while the permeability increased by nearly 4.78 times. The extreme value of gas pressure inside the sample showed an increasing trend. The gas pressure and temperature were in line with the equation of state for an ideal gas during the rising phase. Numerical experiments showed that the pore boundary shrunk inward under vacuum conditions, and compressive stress appeared at the tip. The saturated humid air and liquid water conditions expanded the pore boundaries outward and caused tensile stress at the tip, with the latter being nearly 2.3 times larger than the former, making it more conducive to the development of pores. The findings of this study can be used as a reference value for the expansion of coalbed methane extraction technology.

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