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Journal articles on the topic 'Saturation process'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Gouet, Raúl, and F. Javier López. "Saturation in a Makovian Parking Process." Annals of Applied Probability 11, no. 4 (2001): 1116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoap/1015345397.

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2

Lee, M. C., and S. P. Kuo. "Resonant electron diffusion as a saturation process of the synchrotron maser instability." Journal of Plasma Physics 35, no. 1 (1986): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800011235.

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The theory of resonant electron diffusion as an effective saturation process of the auroral kilometric radiation has been formulated. The auroral kilometric radiation is assumed to be amplified by the synchrotron maser instability that is driven by an electron distribution of the loss-cone type. The calculated intensity of the saturated radiation is found to have a significantly lower value in comparison with that caused by the quasi-linear diffusion process as an alternative saturation process. This indicates that resonant electron diffusion dominates over quasi-linear diffusion in saturating the synchrotron maser instability.

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3

Mukoyama, Takeshi. "Saturation energy of shake process in photoionization." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 194, no. 2 (2009): 022033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/194/2/022033.

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4

Lee, Sang Kyu, Tae Jong Lee, and Youngmin Lee. "Development of Process Programmable Vacuum Saturation System." Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 52, no. 3 (2015): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2015.52.3.283.

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5

Mukoyama, Takeshi. "Saturation energy of shake process in photoionization." X-Ray Spectrometry 39, no. 2 (2010): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1232.

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6

Worthington, Paul F., and Nadia Pallatt. "Effect of Variable Saturation Exponent on the Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Saturation." SPE Formation Evaluation 7, no. 04 (1992): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/20538-pa.

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7

Szota, Katarzyna. "The temperature activation of carbon saturation steel process." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics 13, no. 4 (2014): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2014.4.18.

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8

Ben Arous, Gerard, and Alejandro F. Ramírez. "Asymptotic survival probabilities in the random saturation process." Annals of Probability 28, no. 4 (2000): 1470–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aop/1019160496.

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9

Gibby, A. R., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell. "Saturation effects in the VLF-triggered emission process." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113, A11 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013233.

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10

Lyle, W. D., and W. R. Mills. "Effect of Nonuniform Core Saturation on Laboratory Determination of the Archie Saturation Exponent." SPE Formation Evaluation 4, no. 01 (1989): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/17143-pa.

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11

SATO, Shin, Hirokazu Ohno, Kenji Tanai, et al. "Effect of water vapor on re-saturation process in EBS performance of re-saturation process by Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical coupled analysis." Japanese Geotechnical Journal 15, no. 3 (2020): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgs.15.529.

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12

Malanchuk, Yevhenii, Viktor Moshynskyi, Petro Denisyuk, et al. "Regularities in the distribution of granulometric composition of tuff while crushing." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 1 (2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.01.066.

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Purpose is to analyze distribution of granulometric composition of tuff as well as ultimate composition and identify dependence of its softening in the process of water saturation based upon a set of experiments to assess raw materials importance of the mineral. Methods. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine ultimate composition of tuff extracted from different open pits of the region. Methods of mathematical statistics were applied to derive analytical dependences describing the tuff softening in the process of water saturation. The dependences denote logarithmic nature of the saturation increase along with the increase in the sample weight. Findings. It has been determined that tuff is a valuable mineral rather than basalt extraction waste. Thus, tuff needs both mining and complex approaches for processing and extracting of useful metals and silicates. Analytical dependences of tuff softening during water saturation have been defined. The dependences denote logarithmic nature of the saturation increase based upon a sample weight increment. Magnetic susceptibility of tuff, turned on magnetic field induction, has been identified. Dependences of distribution of technological indices (i.e. product yield, copper content and yield) in terms of granulometric-size class have been identified; the basic factors for crushing process have been determined; and regression dependences of grinder efficiency upon the input factors have been derived. Regression model of a crushing process of a general technological scheme of ore processing has been obtained involving the initial fragmentation using a jaw crusher, and additional fragmentation (i.e. reduction) using a sizer. Originality.It has been determined that magnetic susceptible tuff share is 49% of the sample weight; the remaining part is a silicate share. Logarithmic nature of the analytical softening dependences while water saturating has been identified. The above-mentioned denotes the increased saturation along with the increase in a sample weight. Practical implications. The definition of tuff ultimate composition as well as analytical softening dependences in the process of water saturation makes it possible to calculate the required water consumption. Keywords: tuff, basalt, softening, water saturation, silicate, magnetic susceptibility, ultimate composition, crushing

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13

Namdar Zanganeh, M., S. I. I. Kam, T. C. C. LaForce, and W. R. R. Rossen. "The Method of Characteristics Applied to Oil Displacement by Foam." SPE Journal 16, no. 01 (2010): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/121580-pa.

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Summary Solutions obtained by the method of characteristics (MOC) provide key insights into complex foam enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) displacements and the simulators that represent them. Most applications of the MOC to foam have excluded oil. We extend the MOC to foam flow with oil, where foam is weakened or destroyed by oil saturations above a critical oil saturation and/or weakened or destroyed at low water saturations, as seen in experiments and represented in foam simulators. Simulators account for the effects of oil and capillary pressure on foam using algorithms that bring foam strength to zero as a function of oil or water saturation, respectively. Different simulators use different algorithms to accomplish this. We examine SAG (surfactant-alternating-gas) and continuous foam-flood (coinjection of gas and surfactant solution) processes in one dimension, using both the MOC and numerical simulation. We find that the way simulators express the negative effect of oil or water saturation on foam can have a large effect on the calculated nature of the displacement. For instance, for gas injection in a SAG process, if foam collapses at the injection point because of infinite capillary pressure, foam has almost no effect on the displacement in the cases examined here. On the other hand, if foam maintains finite strength at the injection point in the gas-injection cycle of a SAG process, displacement leads to implied success in several cases. However, successful mobility control is always possible with continuous foam flood if the initial oil saturation in the reservoir is below the critical oil saturation above which foam collapses. The resulting displacements can be complex. One may observe, for instance, foam propagation predicted at residual water saturation, with zero flow of water. In other cases, the displacement jumps in a shock past the entire range of conditions in which foam forms. We examine the sensitivity of the displacement to initial oil and water saturations in the reservoir, the foam quality, the functional forms used to express foam sensitivity to oil and water saturations, and linear and nonlinear relative permeability models.

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14

Vestfálová, Magda, Markéta Petříková, and Martin Šimko. "Description of saturation curves and boiling process of dry air." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002114.

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Air is a mixture of gases forming the gas wrap of Earth. It is formed by dry air, moisture and other pollutants. Dry air is a substance whose thermodynamic properties in gaseous state, as well as the thermodynamic properties of its main constituents in gaseous state, are generally known and described in detail in the literature. The liquid air is a bluish liquid and is industrially used to produce oxygen, nitrogen, argon and helium by distillation. The transition between the gaseous and liquid state (the condensation process, resp. boiling process), is usually displayed in the basic thermodynamic diagrams using the saturation curves. The saturation curves of all pure substances are of a similar shape. However, since the dry air is a mixture, the shapes of its saturation curves are modified relative to the shapes corresponding to the pure substances. This paper deals with the description of the dry air saturation curves as a mixture, i.e. with a description of the process of phase change of dry air (boiling process). The dry air saturation curves are constructed in the basic thermodynamic charts based on the values obtained from the literature. On the basis of diagrams, data appearing in various publications are interpreted and put into context with boiling process of dry air.

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15

Takayama, Yusuke, Atsushi Iizuka, and Katsuyuki Kawai. "Simulation of saturation process in a transuranium disposal facility." Environmental Geotechnics 4, no. 5 (2017): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenge.14.00041.

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16

Girard, O., and J. P. Cohen-Addad. "Silica-siloxane mixtures: surface saturation process of particles. Kinetics." Polymer 32, no. 5 (1991): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(91)90511-g.

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17

Huang, Chi Kong, Chau Chen Torng, and Hsien Ming Chang. "Relationship between Saturation Curve and Peening Parameters for Aerospace Shot Peening Process." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.965.

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The shot peening process can improve the fatigue strength of machine parts of aero structures. Due to the strength requirement of aircraft, the shot peening is widely used in the manufacturing process. Most of shot peening parts peened after penetrate inspection to ensure no defect and crack on the surface, and then peen the shots on the surface of machine parts to increase the fatigue life. During the first article verification period, the saturation curve has to be created. The peening parameters of mass production would base on the peening parameters of saturation point of the saturation curve. By using statistical methodology to analysis saturation curve of shot peening process, this study tries to find the relationship between saturation curve and relative peening parameters, such as peening time, air pressure. The results of this analysis can provide an efficient and economical approach for the process engineer and technician to develop the new shot peening process.

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18

Soucemarianadin, A., M. Bourlion, and R. Lenormand. "Ultrasonic Saturation Mapping in Porous Media." SPE Reservoir Engineering 4, no. 02 (1989): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16953-pa.

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19

Yan, Weichao, Jianmeng Sun, Jinyan Zhang, Naser Golsanami, and Shuyan Hao. "A novel method for estimation of remaining oil saturations in water-flooded layers." Interpretation 5, no. 1 (2017): SB9—SB23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0074.1.

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After long-term production by water injection, the conductivity features of oil reservoirs are changed, leading to difficulties in calculating remaining oil saturation by traditional well-logging techniques. There are some specific phenomena relating to petrophysical properties in water-flooded layers, and a deep investigation of them could help us understand resistivity changes of rocks during the water-injection process. We compared traditional mixed-fluid resistivity methods and determined their drawbacks. In addition, we revised the theoretical models and came up with a novel method to calculate mixed-fluid resistivity. The displacement process was divided into three stages: non-water-flooded stage, low and medium water-flooded stage, and high water-flooded stage. To study the relationships between rock resistivities and water saturations when injecting fresh-/saltwater, we used digital rock numerical methods. We first constructed 3D digital rock models based on the process-based method, and then we obtained oil and water distributions in the pore space by the pore morphology method. When resistivities of every component in digital rock models were assigned, rock resistivities could be calculated in different water saturations by the finite-element method. We found that in the case of freshwater injection, the relationship between water saturations and rock resistivities formed an S-shaped curve, but in the case of saltwater injection, if the injection water salinity was higher, the rock resistivity would be decreased by increasing the water saturation. In different rock heterogeneity and wettability conditions, these curves showed similar shapes and trends. Combined with resistivity logging data, this novel approach was used in the interpretation of a real oil well. Compared with the existing models in the interpretation practices, this new model better matched the real-field saturations and improved the accuracy of saturation interpretation in the studied water-flooded oil reservoir.

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20

Goertz, David, and Rosemary Knight. "Elastic wave velocities during evaporative drying." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 1 (1998): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444310.

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Laboratory measurements of drying rates and elastic wave velocities are made on limestone, dolomite, and sandstone samples during evaporative drying. The drying rate data are very similar in form. There is a constant rate period at higher saturations and a falling rate period below saturation levels of approximately 0.2. The falling rate period marks the transition in the sample from hydraulically connected to disconnected water. There is a strong link between elastic wave velocities and the drying process because different pore geometries drain at different stages in drying. The drainage of these different geometries results in specific changes in the moduli and velocities. Simple models of the pore geometries and the drying process are used to model the velocity data. The velocity‐saturation relationship for each of the three samples is very different in form because of differences in pore‐space microgeometry. Of particular interest is the velocity response during the falling rate period of drying. In the limestone and the sandstone, there is a significant decrease in bulk and shear moduli and elastic wave velocities because of the drainage of crack‐like pores and grain contacts. In contrast, the absence of these pore geometries in the dolomite results in essentially no changes in the moduli at low saturations. An understanding of the drying process and resulting pore‐scale fluid distribution provides useful insights into the observed form of the velocity‐saturation relationship.

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21

Danesh, Ali, G. D. Henderson, and J. M. Peden. "Experimental Investigation of Critical Condensate Saturation and Its Dependence on Interstitial Water Saturation in Water-Wet Rocks." SPE Reservoir Engineering 6, no. 03 (1991): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/19695-pa.

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22

Tao, Qing, and Steven L. Bryant. "Optimization of Injection/Extraction Rates for Surface-Dissolution Process." SPE Journal 19, no. 04 (2013): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/167256-pa.

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Summary Implementing geological carbon sequestration at a large scale to mitigate anthropogenic emissions involves the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) into deep brine-filled structures. An alternative to injecting CO2 as a buoyant phase is to dissolve it into brine extracted from the storage formation, then inject the CO2-saturated brine into the storage formation. The CO2-concentration front shape, when it reaches the saturation-pressure contour, defines the maximal areal extent of CO2-saturated brine and thus the aquifer-utilization efficiency. The heterogeneity of the aquifer reduces the utilization efficiency significantly. We illustrate by comparing the utilization efficiency in a homogeneous-permeability field with that in uncorrelated and correlated heterogeneous fields under the same well control. The example cases yield significant reductions of the utilization efficiency. We develop an optimal-control strategy of the injection/extraction rates to maximize the utilization efficiency for heterogeneous aquifers. We propose two objective functions: One seeks to improve the areal sweep by minimizing the mismatch between the CO2-concentration front and the saturation-pressure contour; the other directly formulates the utilization efficiency while penalizing zones that contain gas-phase CO2. Both approaches have improved the aquifer-utilization efficiency by delaying the arrival of the dissolved CO2 front at the contour of saturation pressure. Heterogeneity plays an important role in determining the location of the saturation-pressure contour within the storage formation. For a simple example domain, we propose a well-pattern orientation strategy by placing line-drive injectors in a high-permeability zone and extractors in a low-permeability zone, so that the saturation-pressure contour is closer to the extractors and thus increases the aquifer utilization efficiency. Illustration of this concept in the correlated heterogeneous field shows an improvement of the utilization efficiency. When combined with the optimal control of injection/extraction rates, the increase in the utilization efficiency almost compensates the reduction because of the heterogeneity.

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23

Ben Arous, Gérard, and Alejandro F. Ramírez. "Quenched asymptotics for survival probabilities in the random saturation process." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series I - Mathematics 329, no. 11 (1999): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0764-4442(00)88627-9.

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24

Vestfálová, Magda, Markéta Petříková, and Martin Šimko. "Description of saturation curves and boiling process of dry air." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817002114.

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25

Bayldon, John M., and Isaac M. Daniel. "Flow modeling of the VARTM process including progressive saturation effects." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 40, no. 8 (2009): 1044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.04.008.

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26

Lupei, A., V. Florea, T. Dascǎlu, and V. Lupei. "Saturation process for F-2 color centers absorption in LiF." Optics Communications 79, no. 5 (1990): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(90)90075-5.

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27

Boschetti, F., F. M. Montevecchi, and R. Fumero. "Virtual Extracorporeal Circulation Process." International Journal of Artificial Organs 20, no. 6 (1997): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889702000608.

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Virtual instruments for an extracorporeal circulation (ECC) process were developed to simulate the reactions of a patient to different artificial perfusion conditions. The computer simulation of the patient takes into account the hydraulic, volume, thermal and biochemical phenomena and their interaction with the devices involved in ECC (cannulae dimensions, oxygenator and filter types, pulsatile or continuous pump and thermal exchangers). On the basis of the patient's initialisation data (height, weight, Ht) and perfusion variables (pump flow rate, water temperature, gas flow rate and composition) imposed by the operator, the virtual ECC monitors simulated arterial and venous pressure tracings in real time, along with arterial and venous flow rate tracings, urine production tracing and temperature levels. Oxyhemoglobin arterial and venous blood saturation together with other related variables (pO2, pCO2, pH, HCO3) are also monitored. A drug model which allows the simulation of the effect of vasodilator and diuretic drugs is also implemented. Alarms are provided in order to check which variables (pressure, saturation, pH, urine flow) are out of the expected ranges during the ECC simulation. Consequently the possibility of modifying the control parameters of the virtual devices of the ECC in run-time mode offers an interaction mode between the operator and the virtual environment.

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28

Fedorenkova, L. I., and G. P. Fedina. "Saturating ability of the borax melt." Journal of Physics and Electronics 27, no. 2 (2019): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/331924.

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The work is devoted to the research of influence of the electrolysis on the saturating ability of the electrolyte, which is a borax melt. To establish regularity when the saturating medium activity changes, which influences the intensification of saturation process, the structure and properties of borax during electrolysis were investigated. The change in the saturating medium activity was estimated by a relative value equal to the ratio of the boride layer depth obtained by non-electrolysis borating to the layer depth obtained by electrolysis borating. When comparing the real and theoretical saturating abilities, their convergence was observed. It was found that the saturation ability of the borax melt increases with increasing electrolyte runtime, which is due to a change in the structural components of the borax melt. A quantum-chemical calculation of the borax molecule structure was carried out using the non-empirical method of molecular orbitals in the theory of the density functional (DFT) with the three-parameter exchange-correlation functional B3LYP. Calculations show that two main structures are characteristic of a borax molecule: non-coplanar, with two mutually perpendicular 4-membered boron-oxygen cycles and flat linear. An increase in the saturation ability of the borax melt during electrolysis allows the development of new low-energy borating processes.

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29

WANG, JUN, and YUEJIN ZHU. "FABRICATION OF BaFe12O19 NANOWIRES BY A HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS AND THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 07 (2006): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798490601055x.

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Magnetic BaFe 12 O 19 nanowires have been prepared by a hydrothermal process. The nanowires with diameters ~ 15 nm and lengths ~ 2 μ m are clearly visible in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image. The physical properties of the BaFe 12 O 19 nanowires were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetization measurement. The results of the magnetization measurement show that the sample displays ferromagnetic properties at room temperature and its saturation magnetization (Ms) reaches 13.36 emu/g. Annealing treatment of the sample in air at 800°C leads to the increasing of the saturation magnetization (Ms: 65.7 emu/g). It is suggested that the oxygen vacancies should be responsible for the low saturation magnetization, which is also supported by the magnetic property (Ms: 21.6 emu/g) of the sample annealed at 800°C in argon shield.

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30

Schildknecht, Dieter. "Color transparency and saturation in QCD." Modern Physics Letters A 29, no. 25 (2014): 1430028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732314300286.

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We review the theoretical interpretation of deep-inelastic electron–proton scattering at low values of the Bjorken variable x ≃Q2/W2 ≲ 0.1. The process proceeds via the interaction of quark–antiquark [Formula: see text] color-dipole fluctuations of the (virtual) photon with the proton. In terms of the forward Compton scattering amplitude, two reaction channels contribute to the interaction of the [Formula: see text] color dipole with the gluon field in the proton. Dependent on the kinematics, there is either color transparency, corresponding to a cancellation of the amplitudes for the two reaction channels, or saturation, occurring when the process is dominated by a single interaction channel. The connection between the color-dipole picture and the pQCD improved parton model is elaborated upon.

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31

Kolkmann, Julia. "Possessive interpretation at the semantics-pragmatics interface." Constructions and Frames 11, no. 2 (2019): 244–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00030.kol.

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Abstract This paper discusses semantic and pragmatic aspects of possessive interpretation (PI), the process whereby semantically underspecified possessive noun phrases (NPs) such as John Smith’s house and the house of John Smith receive concrete referential interpretations (e.g. ‘the house owned by John Smith’) in context. By observing what is common to the interpretation of both constructions, I lay out the ingredients for a uniform pragmatic account of PI whilst rehashing the contextualist notion of saturation. As defined by Recanati (2004, 2010) and many others, saturation is a linguistically mandated and obligatory pragmatic process, operating to enrich the incomplete logical forms of referring expressions, including possessive NPs. I argue that present proposals which assume that saturating the possessive relation is crucial to determining the possessive referent fail to do justice to the many ways in which possessive NPs may be understood in concrete communicative situations. Supporting similar claims by Korta and Perry (2017), this suggests that saturation is more adequately defined as a communicatively optional pragmatic process. The discussion simultaneously contributes to the growing literature on pragmatic aspects of constructions as form-meaning pairings, by outlining some of the theoretical issues that arise from the division of labour between semantic and pragmatic meaning in PI.

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32

Leontidis, Vlasios, Souhail Youssef, and Daniela Bauer. "New insights into tracer propagation in partially saturated porous media." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020021.

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This work deals with the influence of partial saturation on the transport process of a passive tracer. Transport experiments were done in a water-wet glass micromodel combined with specific optical techniques. Full water saturation was achieved by injecting initially the background solution and then the tracer, whereas for the partial saturation conditions, the micromodel was initially saturated with oil, and then sequential the background solution and the tracer were injected at the same flow rate. We have shown that in the investigated range of water saturations it exists a transition in the oil ganglia structure and size. For high water saturations oil ganglia have one or two pores in size, however for lower water saturations they comprise an important number of pores. Transport strongly depends on the size distribution of the oil ganglia as they create large percolating paths and stagnant zones. We also showed the existence of two different types of stagnant zones: zones accessible by diffusion into pores and zones only accessible by spatially limited diffusion in films. The major advantage of using glass micromodels lies in the fact that dispersion coefficients can be computed from concentrations averaged over the pore space or from concentrations at the outlet and simultaneously from spatial concentration profiles. Curves were fitted using the Advection–Dispersion Equation (ADE) with adequate boundary conditions. The fitting quality of the temporal evolution of the average and outlet concentration was very good. However, fitting of the concentration profiles could only be done for the higher water saturations. This is due to the fact that the Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of lower water saturations is larger than the micromodel. The results show that fitting the breakthrough curve in order to determine the dispersion coefficient in a partially saturated porous medium might be misleading. Indeed, when fitting the breakthrough curves we were able to compute a dispersion coefficient even in the case where the REV of the water saturation is larger than the micromodel. Consequently, the knowledge of the local concentration profiles as a function of time is necessary as it provides an additional information on the spatio-temporal behavior of the transport process and therefor a supplementary constraint of the fitting procedure. Finally, we observed a time dependent dispersion coefficient in the regime where oil ganglia comprise several pores. This fact might be attributed to the non-Gaussian nature of the transport.

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33

Closmann, P. J. "Studies of Critical Gas Saturation During Gas Injection." SPE Reservoir Engineering 2, no. 03 (1987): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12335-pa.

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34

Lalam, N., C. Jacob, and P. Jagers. "Modelling the PCR amplification process by a size-dependent branching process and estimation of the efficiency." Advances in Applied Probability 36, no. 02 (2004): 602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800013628.

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We propose a stochastic modelling of the PCR amplification process by a size-dependent branching process starting as a supercritical Bienaymé-Galton-Watson transient phase and then having a saturation near-critical size-dependent phase. This model allows us to estimate the probability of replication of a DNA molecule at each cycle of a single PCR trajectory with a very good accuracy.

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35

Lalam, N., C. Jacob, and P. Jagers. "Modelling the PCR amplification process by a size-dependent branching process and estimation of the efficiency." Advances in Applied Probability 36, no. 2 (2004): 602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1086957587.

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We propose a stochastic modelling of the PCR amplification process by a size-dependent branching process starting as a supercritical Bienaymé-Galton-Watson transient phase and then having a saturation near-critical size-dependent phase. This model allows us to estimate the probability of replication of a DNA molecule at each cycle of a single PCR trajectory with a very good accuracy.

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36

Kitanina, E. E., E. L. Kitanin, and D. A. Bondarenko. "A method for calculating the aviation fuel O2 saturation process parameters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1565 (June 2020): 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1565/1/012091.

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37

Quach, Duy-Truong, Dong-Hyun Kim, Kyung-Min Lee, Jong-Ryul Jeong, and Duc-Thang Pham. "Microscopic investigation of the magnetic saturation process for Co/Pt multilayers." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 69, no. 1 (2016): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.69.72.

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38

Bure, Vladimir M., Vladimir V. Karelin, Ludmila N. Polyakova, and Irina V. Yagolnik. "Modeling of the ordering process for piecewise-linear demand with saturation." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Applied Mathematics. Computer Science. Control Processes 13, no. 2 (2017): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu10.2017.202.

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39

Haynes, S. R., D. F. Brewer, N. Sharma, A. L. Thomson, and Jin Xin. "The Saturation of the Solidification Process of Helium in Small Pores." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, S3-1 (1987): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.26s3.301.

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Nemeth, S., C. Kopasz, L. Szentmiklosi, and C. Hargitai. "Approach to saturation as a well evaluable structure sensitive magnetization process." Physica Scripta 39, no. 2 (1989): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/39/2/015.

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Zaitsev, S. V., N. Yu Gordeev, M. P. Soshnikov, J. S. Massa, and G. S. Buller. "Ultrafast absorber saturation process and short pulse formation in injection lasers." Journal of Applied Physics 84, no. 10 (1998): 5441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368306.

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KRIBS-ZALETA, CHRISTOPHER. "Vector Consumption and Contact Process Saturation in Sylvatic Transmission ofT. cruzi." Mathematical Population Studies 13, no. 3 (2006): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08898480600788576.

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Vinha, N., F. Meseguer-Garrido, J. de Vicente, and E. Valero. "Numerical investigation of the saturation process in an incompressible cavity flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 837 (December 20, 2017): 182–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.854.

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A numerical study of the saturation process inside a rectangular open cavity is presented. Previous experiments and linear stability analysis of the problem completely described the flow in its onset, as well as in a saturated regime, characterized by three-dimensional centrifugal modes. The morphology of the modes found in the experiments matched the ones predicted by linear analysis, but with a shift in frequencies for the oscillating modes. A three-dimensional incompressible direct numerical simulation (DNS) is employed for a detailed investigation of the saturation process inside a cavity with dimensions similar to the one used in the experiments, to further explain the behaviour of these modes. In this work, periodic boundary conditions are first imposed to better understand the effect of the saturation process far from the walls. Then, the effects of spanwise solid wall boundary conditions are investigated with a DNS reproducing the full dynamics of the experiments. The main flow structures are identified using the dynamic mode decomposition technique and compared with previous experimental and linear stability analysis results. The main reason for the aforementioned shift in frequency is explained in this paper, as it is a function of the velocity of the main recirculating vortex.

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Wang Kai, Long Hua, Fu Ming, Zhang Li-Chao, Yang Guang, and Lu Pei-Xiang. "The two-photon absorption saturation process in an Au nanoparticle array." Acta Physica Sinica 60, no. 3 (2011): 034209. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.60.034209.

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Osmanov, Z., D. Shapakidze, and G. Machabeli. "Dynamical feedback of the curvature drift instability on its saturation process." Astronomy & Astrophysics 503, no. 1 (2009): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912113.

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Markelov, S. V., V. P. Drobadenko, A. L. Vilmis, and I. N. Salakhov. "Ore saturation with process solutions in in-situ and heap leaching." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 3-1 (2021): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236_1493_2021_31_0_307.

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Krutikov, Kirill K., Vyacheslav V. Rozhkov, and Vladimir V. Fedotov. "Simulation of the saturation process of a current transformer with a load." Journal Of Applied Informatics 16, no. 4 (2021): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0649-2021-16-4-48-61.

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The article deals with the mathematical basis and simulation of the saturation processes of current transformers with aperiodic components of short-circuit currents. Saturation processes of current transformers can affect the correct operation of the protections. At power plants, in particular atomic ones, the number of current transformers is several hundred with different loads, lengths of supply cables and the implementation of relay protection. At the same time, the determination of the time to saturation is essential for the construction of circuits and principles of construction of relay protection systems and automation of power plants. The dynamic processes in the primary and secondary circuits of current transformers in dynamics are considered in detail. A mathematical description of the dynamic processes of a current transformer in the nominal mode and during a short circuit in its primary circuit is given. The substantiation of the expediency of using the hypothesis of a rectangular magnetization characteristic in simplified calculations of saturation processes is given. The possibility of using the characteristics of magnetization in the test protocols available in practice in the no-load mode to simulate saturation processes has been demonstrated. Simulation of current transformers for the no-load experiment and power supply of the current transformer from the secondary side, as well as during its operation under conditions of a short circuit on the primary side and a known load on the secondary side is carried out. Thus, with the help of a computer experiment, it is possible to take the current- voltage characteristics and transfer them to the model with the saturation of current transformers already in the short-circuit mode. The efficiency of dynamic simulation of current transformers is shown. The software implementation of the model is performed by means of structural simulation in the MatLab package, based on the solution of equations of matrix structures and emulation of parallel computations. It was found that with the adequacy of the model and the real current transformer with the involvement of information from the no-load mode, the determination of the magnetization time from the aperiodic current components from the model is much easier than the analysis by other existing methods. They require detailed design details of the current transformer and the magnetic properties of the steel.

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RAUDYS, Š. "AN ADAPTATION MODEL FOR SIMULATION OF AGING PROCESS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 13, no. 08 (2002): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183102003851.

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To analyze aging processes, a concept based on these hypotheses was utilized: maturation and aging are affected by external influences and are related to the system's ability to learn, to adapt to sudden environmental changes rapidly and survive. To simulate the maturation and aging processes of systems, individuals and populations, a perceptron to classify two notably different classification tasks was trained. After lengthy training to learn the first task, the magnitudes of the perceptron's weights increase. The presence of nonlinearity in the output of the perceptron causes a saturation of the cost function. Saturation reduces the capability to learn a new task rapidly. The aging curves obtained show a rise and fall character. Factors that can be utilized to control re-training curves were considered. A new model allows us to analyze the aging process as a natural phenomenon that helps populations to survive in everlastingly changing environments was also introduced.

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Xiao, Xin, Xue Tao He, Yu Mei Ding, Liu Qin, and Wei Min Yang. "Preparation Method and Device of Microcellular Sheet Based on Batch Foaming." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.495.

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This paper mainly introduces a new method of preparation of microcellular material, this method can be divided into three stages: kettle with saturation pressure, heating foaming, flattening and calendaring. During the process of supercritical CO2saturated, different materials need reasonable control parameters such as saturation pressure, saturation temperature and saturated time, and the values of saturation temperature and saturation pressure will directly affect the permeability of supercritical CO2. During the process of heating foaming, it needs to strictly control the parameters such as foaming temperature and foaming time, because the bubble density and bubble size are closely related to the two parameters. During flattening and calendaring process, it is important to control temperature and speed of roller reasonably to avoid the phenomena of collapse in bubbles. There are no harmful substances emissions using this method to produce ultrathin microcellular material, which can also protect the environment.

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Yelisieiev, Volodymyr, Vasyl Lutsenko, Tetiana Demchenko, and Vitalii Ruban. "Empirical determination of water saturation of porous materials in the process of long duration imbibition." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900117.

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The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the process of imbibition of porous bodies with a long stay in the impregnating medium. Experiments have confirmed, that at time of the order of 100 min there is a significant slowdown in the rise of the saturation curve, which can be taken as the end of the process. However, for the final completion of the process time is needed in the hundreds of times greater and the water saturation can increase more than twice. Experiments showed that with an increase in porosity, the length of the region of a significant deceleration of the impregnation rate tends to decrease. Regardless of the difference in the structures of the tested samples, it was possible to obtain a general analytical expression for describing the process of water saturation, which indicates similarity in the movement of fluid in the system of pore channels. The approximation of the experimental data by a logarithmic function gives a good result of an analytical representation of the process. It is also shown that the theoretical approaches used make it possible to obtain water saturation curves over long periods with good accuracy.

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