Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Saturn's atmosphere'
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Cooray, Asantha Roshan. "Stellar occultation observations of Saturn's upper atmosphere." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53030.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 74-79).
by Asantha Roshan Cooray.
M.S.
Foust, Jeffrey Alan 1971. "Stellar occultation studies of Saturn's upper atmosphere." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9528.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 224-230).
The properties of Saturn's upper atmosphere are not well-known despite several spacecraft flybys. However, the region of 1-100 [mu]bar can be studied in detail by observing stellar occultations -- when the planet passes in front of a star -- from ground-based or Earth-orbiting telescopes. We use data from five such occultations: three observed in 1995 by the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), one observed in 1996 at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) and one in 1989 observed by a different instrument at the IRTF. The data span latitudes from 52° south to 75 ° north. We fit isothermal models to each data set and also perform numerical inversions. These analyses show that temperatures in the 1-10 [mu]bar range can vary significantly as a function of season and latitude, ranging from 121 to 160 K, in accordance with radiative transfer models for the atmosphere. We also search for evidence of gravity wave saturation in Saturn's upper atmosphere, as seen in other planetary atmospheres, by analyzing the power spectra of temperature and density data and by studying the temperature lapse rate in the atmosphere. Our analysis is consistent with saturated gravity waves for all data sets, although gravity wave saturation is not the sole explanation for the spectra. We take advantage of the wavelength-resolved HST FOS data to study the composition of Saturn's upper atmosphere. We measured the difference in feature times for data taken at two wavelengths, and use the different refractivities of hydrogen and helium, as a function of wavelength to compute the relative amounts of the two elements in the planet's atmosphere. We find that the helium mass fraction is 0.26 ± 0.10, higher than that found using Voyager data, but marginally consistent with theoretical models for the evolution of Saturn's atmosphere, although the large error bars on the results make a definitive conclusion problematic.
by Jeffrey Alan Foust.
Ph.D.
Fletcher, Leigh Nicholas. "Saturn's atmosphere : structure and composition from Cassini/CIRS." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445756.
Full textKoskinen, T. T., J. I. Moses, R. A. West, S. Guerlet, and A. Jouchoux. "The detection of benzene in Saturn's upper atmosphere." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621596.
Full textKarkoschka, Erich. "Saturn's atmosphere in the visible and near-infrared, 1986-1989." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185074.
Full textFeng, Da Sheng. "Recovering the hydrocarbon distributions in Saturn's upper atmosphere through mathematical inversion." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185665.
Full textSylvestre, Mélody. "Modélisation numérique de la dynamique atmosphérique de Saturne contrainte par les données Cassini-Huygens." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066446/document.
Full textSaturn's atmosphere undergoes important seasonal variations of insolation, due to its obliquity, its eccentricity and the shadow of its rings. In the stratosphere (from 20 hPa to 10-4 hPa), radiative and photochemical timescales are in the same order as Saturn's revolution period (29.5 ans). Hence, significative seasonal and meridional variations of temperature and photochemical by-products (especially C2H6, C2H2, and C3H8) are expected. Because of its duration (2004-2017), the Cassini mission is an unprecedented opportunity to monitor the seasonal evolution of Saturn's atmosphere. During my PhD, I analysed Cassini/CIRS limb observations as they probe the meridional and vertical structure of Saturn's stratosphere. Hence, I measured seasonal variations of temperature and abundances of C2H6, C2H2, and C3H8. I also contributed to the development of a radiative-convective model and a GCM (Global Climate Model) of Saturn's atmosphere. The predictions of these models are compared with the temperatures measured from CIRS observations, in order to study the radiative and dynamical processes which contribute to the seasonal evolution. Numerical simulations performed with the GCM also allowed me to study atmospheric waves propagation and the effects of rings shadowing in Saturn's atmosphere. Besides, comparison between C2H6, C2H2, and C3H8 distributions and photochemical models (Moses and Greathouse 2005, Hue et al., 2015) give insights on meridional transport
Fountaine, Timothy. "Saturn's atmosphere : Functional analysis of α-synuclein using RNAi-mediated knockdown in human neuronal cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445757.
Full textSinclair, James A. "Seasonal and interannual variability in Saturn's stratosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1ae2289b-a615-4d16-8f01-b13ea10f3bbe.
Full textBosh, Amanda Sachie. "Stellar occultation studies of Saturn's rings with the Hubble Space Telescope." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35368.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 157-162).
by Amanda Sachie Bosh.
Ph.D.
Merlet, Cécile Thérèse Geneviève. "Clouds and hazes in Saturn's troposphere and stratosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cdc28d9f-4859-4b35-af4d-49bb98bf8a6d.
Full textKillian, Anita M. (Anita Marie). "Predictions of stellar occultations by Saturn's rings for the period 1987-1991." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54322.
Full textSeignovert, Benoît. "Analyse de la couche détachée de Titan à l'aide de l'instrument Cassini/ISS Aerosols optical properties in titan’s detached haze layer before the equinox." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS044.
Full textLoaded with photochemical haze, Titan's dynamical atmosphere is slowly evolving through the seasons. Like the ozone layer on Earth, Titan's detached haze layer is a thin coat of aerosols surrounding the upper part of its atmosphere. Since its discovery in the 80's by Voyagers' flybys, it has raised many questions on its content and origin. Thanks to the Cassini mission orbiting around Saturn since 2004, we have the chance to track it over half a Titan year. This thesis carries out a complet survey on Titan's detached haze layer observations taken continuously by the ISS instrument during the whole mission.At first, we present the processing pipeline developed to calibrate and navigate the raw data coming the PDS.Then, we characterize the aerosols optical properties seen inside the detached haze layer by coupling a fractal aggregate model with a simplified version of the radiative transfer equation.Thereafter, these new constrains are used as input into a more complex radiative transfer model in the limb geometry in order to extract globally the extinction profiles of the haze in the upper atmosphere. These systematic surveys allow us to follow the spatial and temporal evolution of the detached haze layer from the beginning to the end of the Cassini mission.Finally, we took a special care on the disappearance of the detached haze after the vernal equinox and its recent reappearance in 2016, just before the summer solstice
Daviau, Noëlie. "Études fines des échanges énergétiques entre les bâtiments et l'atmosphère urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1005/document.
Full textThis thesis work is about the effect of buildings on the urban atmosphere and more precisely the energetic exchanges that take place between these two systems. In order to model more finely the thermal effects of buildings on the atmospheric flows in simulations run under the CFD software Code_Saturne, we proceed to couple this tool with the building model BuildSysPro. This library is run under Dymola and can generate matrices describing the building thermal properties that can be used outside this software. In order to carry out the coupling, we use these matrices in a code that allows the building thermal calculations and the CFD to exchange their results. After a review about the physical phenomena and the existing models, we explain the interactions between the atmosphere and the urban elements, especially buildings. The latter can impact the air flows dynamically, as they act as obstacles, and thermally, through their surface temperatures. At first, we analyse the data obtained from the measurement campaign EM2PAU that we use in order to validate the coupled model. EM2PAU was carried out in Nantes in 2011 and represents a canyon street with two rows of four containers. Its distinctive feature lies in the simultaneous measurements of the air and wall temperatures as well as the wind speeds with anemometers located on a 10 m-high mast for the reference wind and on six locations in the canyon. This aims for studying the thermal influence of buildings on the air flows. Then the numerical simulations of the air flows in EM2PAU is carried out with different methods that allow us to calculate or impose the surface temperature we use, for each of the container walls. The first method consists in imposing their temperatures from the measurements. For each wall, we set the temperature to the surface temperature that was measured during the EM2PAU campaign. The second method involves imposing the outdoor air temperature that was measured at a given time to all the surfaces, reducing every heat exchange to almost zero. The third method at last is the coupled simulation of Code_Saturne and BuildSysPro where BuildSysPro calculates the wall temperature from the Code_Saturne data. . The results of these different ways of modelling the wall temperatures are then compared in order to show the thermal effects of building wall heating on the air flows. We notice that the dynamic effects are dominant and can generate vertical wind speed that can pass several meters per second. On the other hand, differences of surface temperatures higher than 15°C can influence the vertical wind speed for less than 0.5 meters per second. These thermal effects are not easily highlighted with measured data because of the other phenomena that can impact the air flows. However they can be quantified with numerical studies
Mathe, Christophe. "Étude des changements saisonniers dans la moyenne atmosphère de Titan à partir des données Cassini/CIRS." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEO015.
Full textThis thesis presents my work on the study of seasonal changes in the middle atmosphere of Titan using data from the infrared spectrometer CIRS (Composite InfraRed Spectrometer) aboard the Cassini spacecraft (end of mission in September 2017). During my three years of Ph.D., I focused my study on seasonal changes of the vertical profiles of temperature and abundance of photochemical compounds in Titan’s middle atmosphere, at all latitudes, between 100 and 550 km altitude, and from the middle of the northern winter to the early northern summer. The study of these vertical profiles allows us to constrain the atmospheric dynamics and chemistry.I analyzed data from the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer CIRS, and I focused my study on infrared spectra between 590 and 1500 cm-1. In this spectral range, infrared spectra show ro-vibrational bands of photochemical compounds: CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH3C2H, C3H8, C4H2, C6H6, CO2, HCN and HC3N. The intensity of the ro-vibrational bands of a molecule depends both on temperature and abundance of the compound. This double dependency leads to some uncertainty on the thermal and abundance vertical profiles retrieved. Assuming that methane (CH4) abundance profile is constant with latitude and using that measured in situ by the GCMS instrument aboard the Huygens probe, we determine the temperature vertical profile from the ν4 band of methane centered at 1305 cm-1. Then we determine the abundance profiles of photochemical compounds using the temperature vertical profile retrieved previously.The data we used have a limb geometry: the infrared spectrum mostly probes an atmospheric layer at an altitude equal to that of the line-of-sight above the surface. This limb geometry yields a vertical resolution around 10 to 40 km (depending on the distance between the spacecraft and Titan) between 100 and 550 km altitude.I used a line-by-line radiative transfer code, modeling infrared spectra at different altitudes, coupled to a constrained linear inversion method that adjusts either the temperature profile or abundance profile in order to reduce the discrepancy between the observed spectrum and the modeled spectrum.To constrain the seasonal changes in the middle atmosphere of Titan, I have analyzed 56 datasets over the 127 flybys performed by the Cassini spacecraft. I first present and discuss results at the polar regions which present strong seasonal changes of temperature and abundances. These changes are due to the existence of a polar vortex that forms during the winter and vanishes during the spring. I then discuss results in equatorial and mid-latitude regions which present weak seasonal changes. These vertical profiles of temperature and abundances are less affected by the atmospheric dynamics, and they can be compared with one-dimensional photochemical models that do not account for the atmospheric circulation.The last part deals with the seasonal changes of 12C/13C and 14N/15N isotopic ratios in HCN, using prior results of temperature and abundances
Playez, Mickaël. "Titan atmosphere plasma characterization using spectroscopic measurement techniques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1007.
Full textDuring entry or aero-capture in the atmosphere of the Saturn’s satellite Titan, largeamounts of radiation are produced in the shock layer of a spacecraft. The design of theheat shield of this vehicle requires a precise assessment of the radiative heat flux impingingon it. We propose in this study an analysis of the radiation emitted in the spectral range350-1000 nm by a high temperature gas mixture with a composition representative of theTitan atmosphere composition. The plasma is produced in an Inductively Coupled Plasmawind tunnel. Emission spectroscopy measurements are performed for two different pressureconditions, 300 and 23 mbar, in order to produce equilibrium and non-equilibrium plasmas. The modelling of the plasma emission at equilibrium is performed and shown to agree tothe measured spectra on a absolute scale for the high-pressure case. The use of the samemodel for the analysis of the low-pressure case provides evidence of departure from equilibrium. Limitations of the implemented procedure are observed. They are due to unresolved fluctuations of the plasma source
Arzoumanian, Emmanuel. "Développement du projet SETUP (Simulations Expérimentale et Théorique Utiles à la planétologie) : application à l'étude de la physico-chimie de l'atmosphère de Titan." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582890.
Full textEnglish, Mark A. "The development of instrumentation and modelling for the understanding of Titan." Thesis, University of Kent, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296725.
Full textToublanc, Dominique. "Etude de la physico-chimie de l'atmosphère de Titan." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10606.
Full textFournier, Martin. "Reactivity of C₃N and C₂H at low temperature : applications for the Interstellar Medium and Titan." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S100/document.
Full textThe interstellar medium and some atmospheres of planetary bodies, in particular Titan, one of the largest satellites of Saturn, present a large variety of chemical species. This complex chemistry is very different from the one we know on Earth. To understand the global phenomenon that happen in these environments, we need to understand the chemical reactions, their reaction rate and their products. With the CRESU technique, we are able to reproduce partially the coldest environments of space to study these reactions
Kerola, Dana Xavier. "Near-infrared spectroscopic studies of the troposphere of Saturn." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186659.
Full textHébrard, Eric Christian Frédéric. "Incertitudes photochimiques dans les modèles de l'atmosphère de Titan : revue et conséquences." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077006.
Full textTheoretical models of Titan's atmosphere require a detailed and accurate description of all important processes relevant to its photochemistry. Particularly sensitive to the imprecision attached to the different kinetic parameters they enclose, such modeling studies inevitably present an overall uncertainty, which is even supposed to be contributing mostly to the discrepancies between observations and computed predictions. As in any other scientific experiment, a rigorous evaluation of their overall uncertainty is therefore crucial if we are to place confidence in the modeled results. Yet, traditional sensitivity studies, which simply vary each parameter in turn and disregard any inherent nonlinearity, do not estimate it correctly. The objective of this thesis is to develop photochemical models of Titan's neutral atmosphere (OD and 1D) and to assess for the first time the overall imprecision in computed results arising from uncertainties in the photochemical parameters used. Through a comprehensive cross-examination of extensive photochemical rates database, we review the different photochemical sources of uncertainties in Titan's atmosphere modeling. By adequately treating enclosed nonlinearities through a Monte-Carlo procedure, we are then able to assess their effect on the computed results. Our original calculations establish that this effect could be so significant as to challenge any comparisons with observations and any potential conclusions subsequently inferred, and advocate for substantial efforts in promoting experimental studies which would greatly assist in developing planetary atmospheric models that more accurately -and usefully- reproduce observations
Tigrine, Sarah. "Simulations de laboratoire de la photodynamique VUV de l’atmosphère de Titan." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV060/document.
Full textTitan, Saturn's biggest satellite, possesses a dense atmosphere, mainly composed of nitrogen (N2) and methane (CH4), which goes up to 1500 km in altitude. The interaction between those chemical species and the solar light leads to some photodissociation and photoionization reactions that are the starting point of a fast and efficient molecular growth in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This growth ends with the synthesis of aerosols around an altitude of 1000 km that will then precipitate into the atmosphere.The aim of this thesis is to experimentally study the interaction between the species present in the upper atmosphere and the energetic solar radiations in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range (wavelength below 150 nm). First, we looked at the interaction with the small, neutral and most abundant species thanks to a new VUV source specially designed for this thesis and coupled to photochemical reactor called APSIS. This new platform sheds some light on the photochemistry of a coupled nitrogen-methane system, which remains poorly understood.Then, we focused on the effects of the VUV light on the aerosols formed in the upper layers, by photoionizing, with synchrotron light from the DESIRS beamline, analogs of those aerosols produced on the PAMPRE platform. This method gives information about their photoionization (threshold and cross sections, photoelectron spectra) but also about their optical properties
Sayanagi, Kunio M. "Numerical Modeling of Atmospheric Jet Streams on Jupiter and Saturn: Their Formation and Stability." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194651.
Full textHarrington, Joseph. "Planetary infrared observations : the occultation of 28 Sagittarii by Saturn and the dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57957.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 219-222).
by Joseph Harrington.
Ph.D.
Frère, Christian. "Étude physico-chimique de l'atmosphère de l'aérosol et de l'océan de Titan." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA120049.
Full textPargamin, Judith. "Étude théorique et expérimentale des mélanges eau - ammoniac : applications à Titan." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2034.
Full textTitan is an icy moon of Saturn. Its rocky core is surrounded by an H2O layer about 800 km thick. The presence of ammonia, a compound with an anti-freeze action, allows to keep a liquid layer under the surface ice. The size and the physical and chemical characteristics of this layer are determined by the global chemical composition of the icy layer. The phase diagrams of the ammonia-water mixtures are experimentally studied at high-pressure and low-temperature with a sapphire anvil cell. Experimental data on the melting (liquidus and solidus) have been measured in a range where no previous data where available. All the data have been inversed in order to obtain a mathematical expression of the liquidus surfaces in the pressure-temperature-composition field. The results have been applied to the nature of the deep liquid layers of Titan, and to the problem of the re-supplying of the methane in the atmosphere. We show that the methane clathrates stocked in Titan are primordial, and may be located in shallow reservoirs
Ramirez, Jimenez Sandra Ignacia. "Estudio experimental de los procesos iniciados por plasmas frios en una atmosfera simulada de Titan." Paris 12, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA120065.
Full textTitan has a dense atmosphere, mainly constituted by N and CI in winch a rich organic chemistry occurs. This work presents the flrst comparative study ofthe products arising from the irradiation of a Titans simulated atmosphere by different energy sources that simulate the transformation processes occurring in-situ, and an improvement in the estimation of the complex refractive index (CRI) of an analogue ofthe aeroso found in its stratosphere. Y radiation. A laser-induced plasma (LIP), arc and corona discharges were used to simulate the effect of galactic cosmic rays, the entry of meteorites and the electrical phenomena in the satellites troposphere. The identification was performed by a GC-MS-FTIR coupled system, and the energy yields of the 36 identifled hydrocarbons and 7 nitriles were calculated. All the investigated energy sources probed to be good abiotic nitrogen fixers. Corona discharges produced saturated and ramified hydrocarbons. Arc discharges origihated conjugated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. The LIP produced ailcynes and beazene derivatives. Y-radiation resulted in the production of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. These resu cari be used to identif the major form of energy developing in the different atmospheric levels and to postulate the development of electrical discharges within the tropospheric methane clouds. Thin transparent filins ofappropriate stratospheric aerosol analogues were synthesized by a glow discharge. Their CRI was calculated from transmittance and reflectance curves from 200 to 900 nrn. The effect of film thickness, porosity and light scattering on their values was evaluated. The set of CRI is presented as a new reference to interprete the geometric albedo, atrnospheric dynanuics and surface features. Both sets of resu are important for the interpretation of the data coming from the exploration ofthe atmosphere that will be performed by the Cassini-Huygens mission on 2004
Plessis, Sylvain. "Modélisation probabiliste pour l'étude de l'influence des ions sur la composition des espèces neutres dans l'atmosphère de Titan : Inversion bayésienne de spectres de masse INMS et représentation des recombinaisons dissociatives par distributions de Dirichlet imbriquées." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112129.
Full textTitan's high atmosphere neutral composition has been infered from CASSINI INMS ionic mass spectra inversion and by coupled models. We used Bayesian Monte Carlo methods to perform ionic mass spectra inversion with uncertainty propagation. We have shown that most of the neutral species are not constrained by this method. In a second time, we studied the dissociative recombination (DR) to improve the model description of this process. Being only partially characterized by experiments, knowledge of this process adopts a probabilistic tree structure. Nested Dirichlet distributions are efficient in representing such structures. We could therefore build a comprehensive database of DR relative to Titan, integrating all pieces of information. First results showed that a complete description of DR is enough to account for the densities of some neutral species, in particular nitrogen-bearing species
Lian, Yuan. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS ON THE GIANT PLANETS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193832.
Full textBampasidis, Georgios. "Study of the environment of Titan : the stratosphere and the surface of the satellite, future mission experiments & educational activities." Observatoire de Paris, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/tel-02167416.
Full textThis study concerns Titan's environment from the analysis of spatial and ground-based data. On one hand, the temperature and the chemical composition of Titan's stratosphere is determined by the exploitation of spectra recorded by the instrument CIRS of Cassini. This thesis describes a complete work on the data since their extraction, their calibration and up to their analysis by a radiative transfer code. The results permitted to highlight the presence of variations in latitude but also in time, due to the seasons of the satellite. Data taken with big telescopes from the ground or with ISO, were also used in this work. The study also contains contributions to the determination of the abundance of the water vapor and in the variations between hemispheres in the gaseous and aerosol content. Futhermore, a search for a new molecules was initiated from large CIRS spectra. A second part deals with the surface of the satellite and its liquid components, the lakes of methane, from Cassini / VIMS data and brings information on the geology and the cycle of the methane which links the atmosphere with the surface and the interior. The astrobiological implications of this work are discussed within the framework of the quest for habitable environments in our solar system among the icy satellites of the giant planets. All these studies have an impact on the preparation of future space missions to Titan, Saturn and the system of Jupiter and possible instrumentation is proposed. Finally, the context for education and outreach possibilities is discussed
Labracherie, Laurent. "Détermination des températures rotationnelles et vibrationnelles de CN à l'aval d'un choc droit se propageant dans une atmosphère de Titan reconstituée." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11057.
Full textAflalaye, Abdelkader. "Contribution à l'analyse moléculaire chimique in situ de l'atmosphère de Titan : étude et développement de colonnes de chromatographie en phase gazeuse, capillaires et remplies." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120047.
Full textBillebaud, Françoise. "Spectroscopie et imagerie infrarouges appliquées à l'étude de quelques aspects des atmosphères planétaires." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10196.
Full textGuerlet, Sandrine. "Température et composition de la stratosphère de Saturne à partir des données Cassini/CIRS." Phd thesis, Observatoire de Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551919.
Full textFischer, Patrick D., Heather A. Knutson, David K. Sing, Gregory W. Henry, Michael W. Williamson, Jonathan J. Fortney, Adam S. Burrows, et al. "HST HOT-JUPITER TRANSMISSION SPECTRAL SURVEY: CLEAR SKIES FOR COOL SATURN WASP-39b." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621278.
Full textRonchini, Leonardo. "Study of Titan's middle and upper atmosphere through the analysis of Cassini VIMS observations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22122/.
Full textModolo, Ronan. "Modélisation de l'interaction du vent solaire, ou du plasma Kronien, avec les environnements neutres de Mars et de Titan." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004VERS0016.
Full textThe magnetic field of Mars is too weak to stop the solar wind flow; the high atmosphere and the ionosphere of the planet interact directly with the solar wind. The exosphere is partially ionized by solar photons, solar wind electrons, and by charge exchanges between solar wind protons and planetary neutral atoms leading to the creation of energetic neutral atoms (ENA) and cold planetary ions. These processes modify the plasma composition near the planet and participate to the mass loading of the solar wind. The interaction is strong enough to alter the atmospheric escape and can inluence the chemical evolution of the atmosphere and particularly its water content. Titan, the biggest moon of Saturn, does not possess a strong magnetic field but a dense atmosphere: similarly to Mars, the ionosphere and the atmosphere of the planet obstruct the incident plasma. Titan is a unique case in the Solar system by the diversity of the incident plasma encounters, either in the magnetosphere of Saturn, or in the magnetosheath or even in the solar wind near 12h Saturn local time. The interaction of Titan with the incident plasma depends upon its orbital phase, which determines the angle between the incoming directions of solar photons and incident plasma. The 46 flybys of Titan by Cassini have been planned to explore these various configurations in order to characterize the nearest environment of the moon. In my thesis I have developped a global three-dimensionnal model allowing to study the interaction between solar EUV, incident plasma and neutral environment of a weak or nonmagnetized body. This model allows to characterize the ionized environment of the body and quantify the atmospheric escape. Specialised versions developed for Mars and Titan can contribute to the interpretation of spacecraft observations (Mars-Express, Cassini)
Marounina, Nadejda. "Rôle d’un océan global et des impacts cométaires sur la formation et l’évolution d’une atmosphère sur Titan primitif." Nantes, 2015. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=12c471cb-626b-4dd9-86fa-7c6589cc58e4.
Full textEvents occurred during Titan's primitive history constrained the later evolution of its atmosphere, leading to its present-day mass and a N2-rich composition. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the fate of Titan's atmosphere during two specific epochs of Titan's primitive history: the formation of a primitive atmosphere at the end of the accretion and its the evolution by impact during the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) event. Firstly, we show that the emergence by impact of a N2-dominated atmosphere during the LHB is improbable. Indeed, the atmospheric erosion by impact is a dominating mechanism during the LHB and pre-LHB atmospheres should be at least 5 times more massive than at present, in order to sustain an atmosphere equivalent to the present-day one. In a second time, we investigate the emergence of the primitive atmosphere on Titan after the formation of the satellite, when the impact heating was strong enough to melt the icy surface of the satellite and form a global ocean in contact with the atmosphere. In order to estimate the size and chemical composition of this atmosphere, we model the vapor-liquid equilibrium for the CO2-NH3-H2O and CH4-CO2-NH3-H2O systems that are representative of Titan's primordial composition. This model is also applied to the water-rich exoplanets up to 5 terrestrial masses, where similar configuration are likely to be found. Our calculations show that if the ratio of concentrations NH3/CO2 > 1 in the ocean, CO2 partial pressures in the atmospheres remain low
Romanzin, Claire. "Étude des processus de photolyse du méthane dans le cadre du programme SET UP (Simulations Expérimentales et Théoriques Utiles à la Planétologie) : application à l’atmosphère de Titan." Paris 12, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA120083.
Full textSaturn’s biggest satellite, Titan, is the only one to exhibit a dense and chemically rich atmosphere. Its complex atmospheric chemistry is mainly initiated by the dissociation of atmospheric nitrogen and methane. In order to study the photochemical processes occuring on Titan, a photochemical reactor is being developed by the LISA laboratory. In this project, called SET UP (Experimental and Theoretical Simulations Useful for Planetology), methane is planned to be photodissociated by means of multiphotonic photolysis at 248 nm (5 eV). This photolytic process is different from the one responsible for CH4 photolysis on Titan i. E. The absorption of one photon at 121,6 nm (10,2 eV). Thus, the aim of my thesis work is to perform a comparative study of CH4 photolysis at 121,6 nm and 248 nm. The nature and abundance of the primary fragments arising from CH4 photolysis – especially the CH fragment – and of the stable molecules resulting from the subsequent chemistry have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red) spectroscopy and laser spectroscopy techniques such as LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence) and CRDS (Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy) have been employed as experimental techniques. The CRDS experiments have been performed in the LPPM laboratory as a collaboration. The different results obtained lead us to the conclusion that the fragments issued from CH4 photolysis at 121,6 and 248 nm are presumably different
Nguyen, Mai-Julie. "Nouvelles contraintes sur la nature physico-chimique des aérosols de Titan : analyse des données de la mission Cassini-Huygens et simulation expérimentale en laboratoire." Paris 12, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA120077.
Full textData from Cassini-Huygens mission provide new information essential for an understanding of the physical and chemical nature of Titan's aerosols. Experimental simulations in laboratory are useful to complement these data analysis. The ACP (Aerosols Collector and Pyrolyser) instrument from the Cassini-Huygens mission performed the first chemical analysis of the Titan's atmospheric aerosols. Analysis and interpretation of these data show that the aerosol particles include a solid organic refractory core. Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen cyanide 5HCN) have been identified as the main products after pyrolysis at 600°C of this refractory nucleus. To go further in this data analysis, a study is done on the 12C/13C ration in Titan's aerosols. An isotopic study is carried out on aerosols analogues (tholins) produced by experimental simulations in laboratory. It does not show any significant fractionation effect during the formation of tholins. By inferring this result to Titan' aerosols, upper limits of the quantities of NH3 and HCN (compared to CH4) released during the ACP pyrolysis are estimated. Some of the Cassini-Huygens instruments have revealed the possible presence of water on Titan surface. A study is carried out on tholins hydrolysis within different conditions of pH. It is shown that aerosols may chemically react with water. This hydrolysis releases many organic molecules, including amino acids, the reflectivity spectra of which may match the reflectivity spectra of Titan surface which was obtained by the DISR (Descent Imager Spectral Radiometer) instrument
Choukroun, Mathieu. "Étude expérimentale et thermodynamique des hydrates sous pression." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2086.
Full textIntense photochemical processes preclude the persistence of Titan’s current atmospheric methane abundance over 100 million years. Dissociation of an internal methane clathrate hydrates reservoir is a likely replenishment mechanism. As the presence of ammonia has long been suggested on Titan, high pressure – low temperature experiments have been conducted in the H2O-NH3, H2O-CH4, and H2O-NH3-CH4 systems to bring new constraints on this process. New experimental data on the melting of ices in the H2O-NH3 and H2O-NH3-CH4 systems have been acquired, which allowed developing first a thermodynamic model of ices and liquid water, and then a model of the effect of ammonia on liquid water’s activity. Experiments on the dissociation of methane clathrate hydrates in H2O-CH4 have shown its dependence on two effects : presence of nitrogen and low methane contents of the samples (below 0. 2-0. 3%) induce a decrease in the dissociation temperature of up to 15 K and 40 K, respectively. Dissociation data obtained in the ternary system H2O-NH3-CH4 suggest a significant impact of ammonia. A model of cryovolcanism applicable to Titan is proposed. It suggests that the dissociation of a superficial clathrate layer, due to interactions with cryomagmas originating from the melting of ammonia hydrates, could sustain the atmospheric methane current abundances over periods as long as 2 billion years. Episodic cryovolcanism during Titan’s history could explain the current methane amounts in its atmosphere
Coll, Patrice. "Modélisation expérimentale de l'atmosphère de Titan : production et caractérisations physico-chimiques d'analogues des aérosols et de la phase gazeuse enfin représentatifs." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120057.
Full textHue, Vincent. "Modélisations photochimiques saisonnières des stratosphères de Jupiter et Saturne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0155/document.
Full textOne of the goals of this thesis is to interpret the observations of the main hydrocarbons(C2H2 and C2H6) from Cassini (NASA/ESA) on Jupiter and Saturn. The one-dimensional photochemical models are insufficient to explain these spatially resolved observations. I have developed the first two-dimensional (altitude-latitude) seasonal photochemical model for the giant planets, which predicts their chemical composition.Without meridional transport, Saturn’s chemical composition follows the insolation variations. The C2H2 and C2H6 abundances measured by Cassini (Guerlet et al., 2009)are reproduced from the equator up to mid-latitudes, at pressures higher than 0.1mbar.At higher latitudes, the disagreements suggest either a stratospheric circulation cell orthe signature of ion-neutral chemistry. For the first time, I have coupled our seasonal photochemical model with the seasonal radiative model of Greathouse et al. (2008). I predict that the seasonal temperature peak is shifted half a season earlier, with respect to previous models, at high latitudes in the higher stratosphere.Jupiter shows weak seasonal variations of chemical composition, only controlled by its orbital eccentricity. The observed meridional distributions of C2H2 and C2H6 show opposition trends (Nixon et al., 2010). C2H6 observed distribution is reproduced when Isuppose a combination of meridional diffusion and stratospheric circulation, while causingat the same time a stronger agreement with the C2H2 observations. Accounting for theion-neutral chemistry might preferentially affect C2H2 and potentially play a key role on hydrocarbon abundances in Jupiter’s stratosphere
Gronoff, Guillaume. "Étude des effets des entrées énergétiques dans les atmosphères de Vénus, Mars et Titan." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10093.
Full textAeronomy is a multi disciplinary field with the aim of studying the relationship between the Earth or other planet atmospheres and the particles precipitation from space. Aeronomy was primarly the study of the Earth atmosphere, and its relations with the solar wind. In this thesis, I extended the standard aeronomy researches to higher energy and to other planets. In a first part, I modified the Trans* codes to study the doubly charged ions, in the upper atmosphere of Venus. In that frame, I used the highest energies of the standard studies of planetary ionospheres. That work also permitted to improve studies on the Venusian (and Martian) ionosphere-thermosphere emissions, and raised the issue of the mechanism leading to the green line in CO2-rich atmospheres. In a second part, I studied the precipitation of electrons along magnetic field lines embedded in the atmosphere of Titan. Giving a new approach on particle precipitation in the mesosphere of this saturnian satellite. In a third part, I used the Planetocosmic code to implement the computation of cosmic ray impact in the Titan atmosphere. Moreover, a proton precipitation code was added to that code to compute the whole ion production in the atmosphere (from electron and photon productions in the upper atmosphere to the lower atmosphere with the cosmic rays). Those productions were used as an input for chemical models to understand the whole chemical-physical processes in Titan. The theoretical work performed in this thesis has been successfully compared to space missions Mars Express, Venus Express and Cassini-Huygens
Jamal, Eddine Nour. "Reactivity of molecular anions at low temperature : implications for the chemistry of the interstellar medium ant Titan's atmosphere." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S132/document.
Full textEver since their discovery in various astrophysical environments, polyyne anions CxH¯ (x = 2, 4, 6) and cyanopolyyne anions CxN¯ (x = 1, 3, 5) have received a considerable attention. These anions appear to be playing important roles in their environments. However, low temperature data on the chemical pathways leading to their formation and destruction is still scarce, especially regarding product identity and branching ratios. To address this issue, we have engaged in the investigation of the reactivity of these molecular anions by employing dedicated instruments coupling subsonic and supersonic flows with mass spectrometry methods. In this fashion, we have investigated the reactivity of C3N¯ anions with cyanoacetylene (HC3N) as well as the reactivity of CN¯, C3N¯, and C5N¯ with formic acid (HCOOH) from 298 K down to temperatures as low as 36 K. We report in this work the rate coefficient, the nature of the products, and the branching ratios of these reactions.This work also addresses the prototype selected ion source in our laboratory, which was recently implemented in order to extend our investigation to other anions of astrophysical interest (e.g. CxH¯ and Cx¯ anions). A description of this instrument as well as some preliminary results are presented in this work. This thesis, «Reactivity of Molecular Anions at Low Temperature: Implications for the Chemistry of the Interstellar medium and Titan’s atmosphere», was carried out at the Institut de Physique de Rennes and the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes.Keywords: astrochemistry, Titan’s atmosphere, molecular anions, gas phase kinetics, supersonic flow, mass spectrometry, selected ion source
Vuitton, Véronique. "Simulation expérimentale et modélisation théorique de la physico-chimie des hydrocarbures appliquée à la stratosphère de Titan." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120022.
Full textVinatier, Sandrine. "Analyse des spectres infrarouges thermiques émis par l'atmosphère de Titan enregistrés par l'instrument CASSINI/CIRS." Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077131.
Full textThis work is focused on the analysis of thermal infrared spectra of Titan's atmosphere acquired by the Cassini/CIRS instrument. The objective is the retrieval of the vertical distributions of atmospheric temperatures and abundances of trace constituants in the 100-500 km range at several latitudes in order to infer their latitudinal variations. The CIRS (Composite InfraRed Spectrometer) instrument is a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer recording spectra in the 10-1400 cm-1 spectral range, which exhibits numerous spectral signatures from the rovibrational bands of CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH3C2H, C3H8, C4H2, C6H6, HCN, HC3N et CO2. The intensifies of these bands depend on both the temperature and the abundance of the molecules. It is then necessary to retrieve the vertical temperature profile prior to the abundance vertical profiles. We deduce the thermal profile by using the nu4 methane band, centered at 1305 cm-1. The methane abundance has been mesured by the GCMS instrument aboard the Huygens probe. By using this abundance and by modeling the observed spectra, we are able to retrieve the temperature at a given latitude. For this purpose, we use an inversion algorithm that solves the radiative tranfer equation using simultaneously nadir and limb spectra, each probing a different altitude. This work was done for five latitudes : 56°S, 13°S, 56°N, 82°N and 83°N, and is described in Part II of this manuscript. The inverted vertical temperature profiles are then used to retrieve, at the same latitudes, the vertical mixing ratio profiles of the above-mentioned molecules, which mainly emit in the spectral range 600-1400 cm-1. We use an inversion algorithm combining both nadir and limb spectra to retrieve the vertical abundance profiles. This work and the results are detailed in Part III. The last part of the work presented here is dedicated to the studies of the 13C/12C et 15N/14N isotopic ratios in HCN, and the D/H ratio measured in C2H2. Results obtained at several latitudes and their implications concerning the Titan atmosphere are described in Part IV
Reffet, Erwan. "Interaction Surface-Atmosphère en Planétologie Comparée : Application à la formation des dunes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00656378.
Full textFleury, Benjamin. "La haute atmosphère de la Terre primitive, une source de composés organiques prébiotiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV012/document.
Full textThe origin of the organic matter on the early Earth is an important subject of research in planetology. This thesis presents an experimental study of the formation of organic compounds in the atmosphere of the early Earth investigating the reactivity of gaseous mixtures majority made of N2 and CO2. They present an important reactivity highlighted by the formation of gaseous products and solid products called tholins. The formation of these products points out CO2 as an efficiency source of carbon for the organic atmospheric growth. The identification of the gaseous products and the elemental analysis of the tholins showed a composition by C, N, H and O highlighting an efficiency coupling between the chemistry of these elements necessary for the formation of prebiotic compounds. This type of study have been applied then toTitan, which have a more reduced atmosphere, made of N2 and CH4, but, which contained also oxygenated trace species: principally CO. The addition of CO in the reactive medium involves also a coupling between the chemistry of O and the C, N, H chemistry currently considered for Titan. Finally I propose and investigate experimentally two phenomena, which may involve a chemical evolution of the aerosols of Titan during their sedimentation to the surface. First, an exposition of tholins to VUV photons, characteristic of the thermosphere of Titan, involves a selective depletion of amines function in favor of aliphatic functions. Second, an irradiation by UV photons of condensed species at the surface of tholins involves a reactivity of the solid species in interaction with the tholins, changing their chemical composition