Academic literature on the topic 'Sauce thickness'

Fish sauce is a fermented product in the form of a dark brown liquid, it tastes relatively salty or sweet and smells good. The process of making fish sauce requires a long time. The proteolytic enzyme addition before fermentation can shorten the time in making fish sauce. The purpose of this study was to determine the fermentation process fish sauce from chicken feather by using enzymatic hydrolysis with pineapple juice, the effect of adding pineapple juice and fermentation time and to determine the results of the enzymatic organoleptic test and the most preferred by panelists. The method used in this research is an experimental quantitative method. Data analysis was done by using a completely randomized design (CRD). From the results of this study, the fermentation process of chicken feather fish sauce by adding different pineapple extract (25%, 50% and 75%) from the weight of fish meat with fermentation time of 3 days, 6 days, 9 days, 12 days and 15. day. The analysis of the chicken feather fish sauce was done by using sensory (smell, taste, color and thickness). The best research results was obtained by increasing the concentration of pineapple extract by 25% at the fermentation time of 9 days with the criteria of unique, sweet flavor and brownish fish sauce that panelists like from the addition of a concentration of 25% pineapple extract at the fermentation time of 9 days in the fish sauce. This shows that the addition of pineapple juice extract can accelerate the fermentation process besides affecting the preferred hedonic value. Keywords: Bromelain enzyme, Fermentation, Bulu ayam fish, Fishsauce

Canarium Odontophyllum or known as Kembayau and/or Dabai (Dacryodes rostrata f. cuspidate) is an underutilized exotic (indigenous) fruit that can be found in Borneo region particularly Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan tropical forest. Kembayau is less popular compared to Dabai fruit due to the taste and thickness of flesh. It is rich in minerals, proteins and carbohydrates with milky taste. This study was done to determine the suitability of Kembayau fruit as a sauce. Three formulations, F3, F5 and F8 out of nine were chosen after going through BIB ranking test and F8 then chosen through hedonic test for proximate analysis, microbial storage study and quality sensory. F8 contains 45% Kembayau fruit puree, 30% sucrose, 18% water, 1.53% modified corn starch, 0.1% xanthan gum, 4% margarine, 0.9% salt, 0.4% citric acid and 0.07% sodium benzoate. As result, Kembayau fruit sauce contains 60.43±0.40 moisture, 0.50±0.10 ash, 0.75±0.03 fat, 1.40±0.07 protein, and 0.92±0.02 crude fibre and 35.50±0.04 carbohydrates. Physicochemical shown sample had pH at 3.15±0.10, 34.00±0.01 °Brix, viscosity at 24.42±0.10 cP and L*a*b* was at 39.75±0.18, 6.12±0.07, and 12.42±0.08 respectively. From the view of storage studies, at eight week of storage, sample are contains bacteria and yeast at 3.11x102 cfu/ml and 3.55x102 respectively at concentration 10-1. Consumer test shows that Kembayau sauce is acceptable among consumers. As conclusion, Kembayau is a potential exotic fruit to be studied for the food product development.

Abstract Radio frequency (RF) sterilization of low-moisture, high-oil, high-protein, and viscous sauces for instant food (LHHVS) demonstrates many advantages, but uneven heating is a main problem that must be addressed. Main factors that affect heating uniformity are generally considered dielectric properties, shape and size of the sample and its position relative to the electrode plate, in addition the structure and voltage of RF electrode. A method based on texture characteristics of the solid–gel–liquid mixing system of LHHVS for adjustment and control of energy distribution in the RF field is proposed in this study to improve the heating uniformity. First, energy conversion principles and control equations of RF heating were analyzed on the basis of dielectric theory. Second, the influence of RF electromagnetic field-medium polyetherimide (PEI) on the RF heating of peanut butter (RHPB) was investigated on the basis of the numerical model of RHPB that was verified through experiments. Finally, the influence mechanism and its regulation and control effect were analyzed and discussed. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: the increase of electrode gaps exerts minimal effect although it reduces the unevenness of the energy distribution. However, RF heating protocols must use the smallest possible electrode gap to heat agrifoods and increase the heating rate significantly. The energy distribution on the part of the sample close to PEI varies with the change of geometry and size of PEI when its placement is bias or symmetric. The area of energy enhancement continues to expand where the sample is in contact with PEI as PEI gradually increases. The area where the temperature increases under the influence of PEI will expand along the direction of the sample radius when the thickness of PEI remains unchanged and the radius gradually enlarges; otherwise, it will expand along the direction of the sample thickness. The influence of PEI on the energy distribution of RHPB demonstrates local characteristics. PEI significantly influences the energy distribution and heating mode of RHPB, which is easy to adjust and control, but does not reduce the processing speed and does not increases energy consumption. Hence, PEI is an effective means to interfere with energy distribution of RHPB. Uniform energy distribution can be obtained by selecting the appropriate PEI shape and size. Results of this study can help determine the experimental protocol for RHPB with the optimal uniform distribution and promote the fast commercial application of this technology.

Utilization of Waste of Soy Souce Production for Nata de Soya Product The general objective of the study was to minimize waste of soy sauce production to become food product of nata de soya. Bacteria of Acetobacter xylinum were used for the purpose. Specific objective of the study was to determine the composition of materials in producing nata de soya. Three treatments were used in the study namely: 1) six concentration of the waste (0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12,5%), 2) five concentration of sugar (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%), and 3) two concentration of (NH4)2P04 (0%, 0,5%). Each treatment was replicated in three times. Parameters to be measured was the thick and degree of white colour of the nata de soya produced. The completely factorial randomized design was used in the statistical analysis. The results showed that the best composition: the waste 10%, sugar 6% and (NH4)2P04 0,5% for the thickness 2,23 cm and white colour degree of 37,87%. All treatments and the interactions were significantly different for the thickness (P=95%). Treatments of waste and sugar were significantly different for degree of white colour, except for (NH4)2P04 treatments were not significantly different (P=95%).Key words : Waste of soy souce, Acetobacter xylinum, Nata de soya, thickness, degree of white ABSTRAK Tujuan umum penelitian adalah untuk memanfaatkan limbah kecap kedelai menjadi produk makanan nata de soya menggunakan Acetobacter xylinum. Tujuan khusus penelitian ini adalah menentukan komposisi media yang paling tepat untuk pembuatan nata de soya dari limbah kecap kedelai. Pembuatan nata de soya dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) factorial dengan 3 perlakuan, yaitu 1) enam konsentrasi limbah kecap (0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5%, 10%, 12,5%), 2) lima konsentrasi gula (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%), dan 3) dua konsentrasi (NH4)2P04 (0% dan 0,5%), masing-masing unit perlakuan mendapatkan perlakuan yang sama, diulang sebanyak 3 kali dan dilaksanakan secara serentak. Parameter yang diamati dari setiap unit percobaan adalah ketebalan dan derajat putih nata. Desain penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) factorial untuk analisis statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa komposisi yang paling baik adalah media dengan limbah kecap 10%, gula 6% dan (NH4)2P04 0,5% dengan ketebalan 2,23 cm dan derajat putih 37,87%. Perlakuan konsentrasi limbah kecap, gula dan (NH4)2P04 dan interaksinya berpengaruh nyata terhadap ketabalan nata yang dihasilkan (P=95%). Perlakuan konsentrasi limbah kecap dan gula, mempengaruhi secara nyata derajat putih nata sedangkan untuk perlakuan (NH4)2PO4 tidak mempengaruhi secara nyata (P=95%)Kata kunci : Limbah Kecap, Acetobacter xylinum, Nata de soya, Ketebalan, Derajat Putih.

When depoting grain for storage, the thickness of grain mass is a vital issue for the purpose of measuring its moisture content. The measurement method is focused on microwave technology, which is to collect the electromagnetic variation data of the amplitude and phase shift from the mass.The proper thickness for the mass is about 5cm and the width is less than 1m. An antenna with a high gain and a saucer-shaped pattern is in great need. This paper provides a 8-element structured antenna array with a gain of over 17dBi, especially with a particular pattern of butterfly shape.The high gain helps to penetrate a thick grain layer, and the butterfly shaped pattern is beneficial to scan more sampling sites from the same facet.The simulation results from HFSS 14.0 are also shown in this paper. When the antenna is hanged over the grain surface at a distance,it is capable to gather more data on moisture content for a wide range of the grain mass. This antenna model really fits the needs of warehousing entry for grain.

Retrofitting existing buildings with prefabricated insulation panels provides not only considerably fasterconstruction rates, greater insulation layer thicknesses, but also more finishing options and optimalwindow placement, when compared to traditional method for retrofitting façades. Considering thevariety of buildings in need of renovation, more knowledge of implementation of this type of renovationis of an great importance both for contractors and future manufacturers. A pilot project, retrofitting ofa facede, made in 1970’s with an area of approximatelt 135 m2 was done and equipped with a variety ofsensors in order to provide insight for the performance of the insulation panels.

Existing structures must be adapted to comply with current standards or for space efficiency requirements. This adaptation may include the need to create openings in existing walls. In load bearing walls, the loading path is locally altered and the new path needs to be strengthened. In this paper, a strengthening practice technique based on the introduction of steel beams and steel portal frames and currently applied in Haussmannian buildings and French Alps Ski resort hotels is described. This technique is widely used and applied to walls with different materials and thicknesses or different openings geometry and for a high variety of loadings, presenting acceptable results along time. The knowledge presented in this work is intended to give guidance to numerical and experimental research related to opening strengthening, to strengthening guidelines definition and at the same time to support and encourage the development of innovating wall openings strengthening techniques.

The emplacement of igneous intrusions into sedimentary basins mechanically deforms the host rocks and causes hydrocarbon maturation. Existing models of host-rock deformation are investigated using high-quality 3D seismic and industry well data in the western Møre Basin offshore mid-Norway. The models include synemplacement (e.g., elastic bending-related active uplift and volume reduction of metamorphic aureoles) and postemplacement (e.g., differential compaction) mechanisms. We use the seismic interpretations of five horizons in the Cretaceous-Paleogene sequence (Springar, Tang, and Tare Formations) to analyze the host rock deformation induced by the emplacement of the underlying saucer-shaped Tulipan sill. The results show that the sill, emplaced between 55.8 and 54.9 Ma, is responsible for the overlying dome structure observed in the seismic data. Isochron maps of the deformed sediments, as well as deformation of the younger postemplacement sediments, document a good match between the spatial distribution of the dome and the periphery of the sill. The thickness [Formula: see text] of the Tulipan is less than 100 m, whereas the amplitude [Formula: see text] of the overlying dome ranges between 30 and 70 m. Spectral decomposition maps highlight the distribution of fractures in the upper part of the dome. These fractures are observed in between hydrothermal vent complexes in the outer parts of the dome structure. The 3D seismic horizon interpretation and volume rendering visualization of the Tulipan sill reveal fingers and an overall saucer-shaped geometry. We conclude that a combination of different mechanisms of overburden deformation, including (1) elastic bending, (2) shear failure, and (3) differential compaction, is responsible for the synemplacement formation and the postemplacement modification of the observed dome structure in the Tulipan area.

ABSTRACT Peppers and bell peppers (Capsicum spp.) are vegetables that have wide genetic variability, as well as a wide range of applications. Studies on genetic diversity help to understand the existing variability and the conservation of genetic resources, allowing breeders to select superior genotypes that meet the needs of breeding programmes. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 15 Capsicum genotypes based on morpho-agronomic descriptors and through the Ward-MLM (Modified Location Model) procedure, as well as to indicate the most promising genotypes for breeding programmes. The research was conducted in an experimental area using a randomized block design, with three replications, using nine qualitative descriptors and ten quantitative descriptors. Analysis of variance was performed, and means were subsequently grouped by Scott-Knott’s method. There was a significant difference between genotypes for all traits evaluated, making it possible to select promising genotypes. According to the Scott-Knott grouping test, the number of seeds per fruit had the largest number of groups, with eight distinct groups, while plant height had only two groups. The genotypes GEN18 and GEN21 had the highest average values for fruit wall thickness and thus are indicated for the preparation of sauces. The genotypes GEN14 and GEN16 were the most promising for use for ornamental purposes. The Ward-MLM method made it possible to differentiate C. annuum L., C. baccatum L., C. chinense Jacq., and C. frutescens L. into different groups, and is thus a useful tool to detect genetic divergence.

Abstract In order to better understand the mechanics and dynamic of landslides, it is of primary interest to image correctly their internal structure and their slip surface. Several active geophysical methods are able to provide the geometry of a given landslide, but were rarely applied in 3 dimensions in the past. The main disadvantages of methods like seismic reflection and electrical tomography are that there are heavy to set up and/or to process, and they consequently are expensive and time consuming. Moreover, in the particular case of soft-rock landslides, their respective sensitivity and resolution are not always adequate to locate the potential slip surfaces. Passive methods may represent an interesting alternative particularly for landslides difficult to access, as they require lighter instrumentation and easier processing tools. Among them, the seismic noise based methods have shown increasing applications and developments, in particular for seismic hazard mapping in urban environment. In this paper, we present seismic noise investigations carried out on two different sites, the “Super Sauze” mudslide and the “Saint Guillaume” translational clayey landslide (France), where independent measurements (geotechnical and geophysical tests) were performed earlier. Our investigations were composed of electrical tomography profiles, seismic profiles for surface-wave inversions, H/V measurements, which are fast and easy to perform in the field, in order to image shear wave contrasts (slip surfaces), and seismic noise array method, which is heavier to apply and interpret, but provides (S)-waves velocity profile versus depth. For both sites, landslide bodies are characterized by lower S wave velocity (Vs < 300 m.s−1) and lower resistivity (ρ < 60 Ohm.m) than in the stable part (Vs > 550 m.s−1; ρ > 150 ohm.m). Their thickness vary from a few m to 50 m. Comparison between geophysical investigations and geotechnical data proved the applicability of such passive methods in 3D complex structures, with however some limitations.

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Atherosclerotic disease, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, expresses inflammatory markers that can be evaluated in the laboratory or by Doppler ultrasound, that can detect common carotid artery intima-media thickening (IMT), which is a precursor morphological change of atherosclerotic disease. The atherosclerotic disease risk factors most relevant are diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. Periodontal disease, which has a high prevalence worldwide, has been increasingly correlated to atherosclerotic disease, where the bacterial activity and the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues seem to aggravate atherosclerosis. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the treatment of periodontal disease and the influence of this treatment on the variation of thickness of the common carotid artery miointimal complex and the variations of laboratory parameters. Forty-four volunteers patients were divided into 2 groups, healthy patients 23 (GI) and 21 patients with moderate to severe periodontitis (GII). All patients underwent clinical and nutritional assessment. Also periodontal clinical parameters were evaluated: plaque index (PI), gingival index (IS), probing depth (PS), clinical attachment level (NI) and bleeding on probing (SS). The patients were submitted to assess carotid intima-media thickness and to laboratory evaluation by collecting of counting blood cells, creatinine, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin. All patients received the basic periodontal treatment and only group II were submitted to mechanical control with scaling and root planning and coronary sinus polishing. Data were obtained in the pre-treatment, with 6 months and after 12 months from the beginning of the study. The results showed a significant improvement in periodontal clinical parameters in both groups (p < 0,05), more evident between the first and second evaluations and greater in GII (p < 0,05). There were a decrease of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein in GI and increase in their levels in GII (p < 0,05), increased Fibrinogen along the GI study (p < 0,05) and decrease in glycated hemoglobin concentration in both groups. The average counts of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelets were lower in the last reviews. The variation of the amount of platelets was significantly higher in the first phase of the GI (p < 0,05). There was a decrease IMT in 2 groups in the first phase, and fall of systolic and diastolic velocity, pulsatility and resistivity index in the second phase of both groups (p < 0,05). Thus, based on the results, treatments imposed were effective in improving the periodontal clinical parameters of patients with periodontitis and toothbrushing associated with dental floss and the motivation of oral hygiene was also effective in the improvement of clinical periodontal parameters even in relatively healthy patients. The improvement of periodontal parameters promoted significant effect on reduction of IMT in both groups, in the initial period of 6 months. At the end of the study (360 days), there was no significant effect of changes in periodontal clinical parameters in IMT variations in both groups I and II
A doença aterosclerótica, que é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade no mundo, expressa marcadores inflamatórios que podem ser avaliados laboratorialmente ou por exames como a ultrassonografia Doppler, o qual pode detectar o espessamento miointimal da artéria carótida comum (IMT), que é uma alteração morfológica precursora da doença aterosclerótica. Os fatores de risco da doença aterosclerótica mais relevantes são o diabetes, a hipertensão arterial, a hipercolesterolemia e o tabagismo. A doença periodontal, que tem elevada prevalência no mundo, vem sendo cada vez mais correlacionada à doença aterosclerótica, onde a atividade bacteriana e o processo inflamatório no periodonto parecem agravar o risco da aterosclerose. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar o efeito do tratamento da doença periodontal na variação da espessura do complexo miointimal da artéria carótida comum e dos parâmetros laboratoriais de marcadores inflamatórios. Quarenta e quatro pacientes voluntários foram distribuídos em 2 grupos, sendo 23 pacientes periodontalmente sadios (GI) e 21 pacientes com periodontite moderada a grave (GII). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e nutricional. Também foram avaliados os parâmetros clínicos periodontais de índice de placa, índice de sangramento, profundidade de sondagem, nível de inserção clínica e sangramento à sondagem. Foram submetidos à avaliação da espessura do complexo miointimal e à avaliação laboratorial através da coleta de hemograma, creatinina, colesterol total e frações (HDL, LDL, VLDL), triglicerídeos (TGs), fibrinogênio (FB), proteína C reativa, velocidade de hemossedimentação, homocisteína, hemoglobina glicada (HBGLI) e glicemia de jejum. Todos os pacientes receberam o tratamento periodontal básico e somente os pacientes do grupo GII foram submetidos ao controle mecânico com a raspagem e alisamento radicular e o polimento coronário. Os dados foram obtidos no pré-tratamento, com 6 meses e após 12 meses do início do estudo. Os resultados demonstraram uma significativa melhora nos parâmetros clínicos periodontais em ambos os grupos (p<0,05), mais evidentes entre a primeira e a segunda avaliações e maiores no GII (p<0,05). Não ocorreu alteração significativa dos marcadores inflamatórios. Houve queda das concentrações de TGs e LDLs no GI e aumento no GII (p<0,05), aumento do FB ao longo do estudo no GI (p<0,05) e diminuição da concentração de HBGLI em ambos os grupos. As médias das quantidades dos eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina e das plaquetas foram menores nas últimas avaliações. A variação da quantidade de plaquetas foi significativamente maior na primeira fase do GI (p<0,05). Nas avaliações ultrassonográficas, houve diminuição do IMT nos 2 grupos na primeira fase, e queda das velocidades sistólica e diastólica e índices de pulsatilidade e resistividade na segunda fase de ambos os grupos (p<0,05). Com base nos resultados, os tratamentos instituídos foram efetivos na melhoria dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais dos pacientes portadores de periodontite e a escovação associada ao fio dental e a motivação da higiene oral também foi efetiva na melhora dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais mesmo em pacientes sadios. A melhora dos parâmetros periodontais promoveu efeito significativo na diminuição do IMT em ambos os grupos, no período inicial de 6 meses. Ao final do estudo, não houve efeito significativo das variações dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais nas variações do IMT em ambos os grupo I e II

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OBJECTIVES: Assess the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in a sample of male adolescents in a southern Brazil city, and investigate the association of this measure with biological and demographics variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a random sample of 239 eighteen years old male adolescents, in the Pelotas city military recruitment, in the south of Brazil, held in July 2010. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors was investigated by a questionnaire and physical examination (weight, height, blood pressure and waist circumference). The study was performed in B-mode ultrasound of both common carotid arteries, with IMT measurement in the posterior wall, at a distance of 1.0 to 2.0 cm of the carotid bifurcation. We obtained five measurements of each common carotid and the mean of both sides corresponded to the carotid IMT of each participant. RESULTS: The mean carotid IMT was 0.4969 (± 0.0466) mm and atheromatous plaque were not identified in any adolescent. In the multivariate analysis, BMI (p=0.005) and waist circumference (p<0.001) were positively associated with carotid IMT. CONCLUSION: The association of BMI and waist circumference with the carotid IMT during adolescence shows the importance of adiposity as a cardiovascular risk factor
OBJECTIVES: Assess the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in a sample of male adolescents in a southern Brazil city, and investigate the association of this measure with biological and demographics variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a random sample of 239 eighteen years old male adolescents, in the Pelotas city military recruitment, in the south of Brazil, held in July 2010. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors was investigated by a questionnaire and physical examination (weight, height, blood pressure and waist circumference). The study was performed in B-mode ultrasound of both common carotid arteries, with IMT measurement in the posterior wall, at a distance of 1.0 to 2.0 cm of the carotid bifurcation. We obtained five measurements of each common carotid and the mean of both sides corresponded to the carotid IMT of each participant. RESULTS: The mean carotid IMT was 0.4969 (± 0.0466) mm and atheromatous plaque were not identified in any adolescent. In the multivariate analysis, BMI (p=0.005) and waist circumference (p<0.001) were positively associated with carotid IMT. CONCLUSION: The association of BMI and waist circumference with the carotid IMT during adolescence shows the importance of adiposity as a cardiovascular risk factor

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in Brazilian males and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is generally employed in its treatment. However, ADT is associated with negative outcomes, like increased incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Many of these side effects are closely related to atherosclerosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is an important biomarker of atherosclerosis, and is employed as risk predictor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the carotid intima-media thickness in patients with prostate cancer, inspect for the presence of plaque in their carotid arteries, and investigate the relationship between carotid plaques with ADT duration and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 65 men diagnosed with prostate cancer undergoing ADT for, at least three months, was conducted from July to November 2013. Patients were matched for age, comorbidities, treatment type, duration and stage of the neoplasm. The presence of plaque was defined as a focal structure that encroaches into the arterial lumen of at least 0.5 mm or 50% of the surrounding intima-media thickness value or demonstrates a thickness >1.5. Results: Seventy participants were enrolled, but five were excluded due to incomplete data collection. The mean age (±SD) was 73.9 (±9.4) years, 34% were receiving maximum androgen blockade (peripheral and central associated) and patients were under ADT for 34.8 (±31.5) months. The LDL-c, HDL-c and triglycerides had values outside the normal range in 26%, 65% and 48% patients, respectively. Thirty-nine (60%) patients had carotid plaques. The average thickness of the carotid intima-media in patients without plaques was 1.24 (±0.18) mm. Statistically significant relationship between the intima-media thickness and age, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) was found (p = 0.002; p = 0.015 and p = 0.007, respectively). About the laboratory tests, statistical significance was found between atherosclerosis in this population and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) and quantitative CRP (C-reactive protein), p = 0.033 and p = 0.011, respectively. Patients under maximum androgen blockade had significantly higher risk for the presence of carotid plaques in comparison to patients under exclusive central androgen blockage (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Among the 65 men tested, the average thickness of the carotid intima-media was 1.24 mm. Carotid-artery plaque was present in 60% of the individuals, although no statistical significance was found between the presence of carotid plaques and duration of androgen treatment. On the other hand, a significant relationship between CIMT and age, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, maximum androgen blockade, SHBG and CRP was observed, that should be considered for risk-benefit discussion related to ADT and future studies.
Introdução: O câncer de próstata é a neoplasia maligna mais comum no homem brasileiro e o tratamento antiandrogênico (TAA) é frequentemente utilizado. No entanto, seu uso está relacionado a uma série de efeitos adversos, como obesidade, resistência à insulina, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e doenças cardiovasculares. Muitos desses efeitos colaterais guardam relação bem estabelecida com o processo de aterosclerose. A espessura íntima-média carotídea (EIMC) é um importante marcador diagnóstico de aterosclerose subclínica e é utilizada como preditor de risco para doença cardiovascular (DCV) e cerebrovascular. Objetivos: Analisar a EIMC em pacientes portadores de câncer de próstata, verificar a presença de placas nas artérias carótidas, relacionar a presença de placas carotídeas à duração do TAA e aos fatores de risco de DCV. Casuística e métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 65 homens com diagnóstico de câncer de próstata em TAA há pelo menos três meses, no período de julho a novembro de 2013. Os pacientes foram pareados por idade, comorbidades, tipo de tratamento, duração e estágio da neoplasia. Considerou-se como placa uma alteração focal que se projeta para a luz arterial em pelo menos 0,5 mm ou 50% do valor adjacente da EIMC, ou uma medida da EIMC > 1,5 mm. Resultados: Setenta pacientes foram entrevistados, porém cinco foram excluídos por desistência. A média da idade foi de 73,9 (±9,4) anos, 34% recebiam bloqueio androgênico combinado (castração associada a bloqueio periférico) e os pacientes encontravam-se em média há 34,8 (±31,5) meses sob TAA. O LDL-c, o HDL-c e os triglicerídeos apresentaram valores fora da normalidade em 26%, 65% e 48% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Trinta e nove (60%) pacientes apresentaram placas carotídeas. A espessura média da íntima-média carotídea nos pacientes sem placas foi de 1,24 (±0,18) mm. Foi encontrada significância estatística, quanto à presença de espessamento médio-intimal com relação à idade, à pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e ao índice de massa corpórea (IMC), com p=0,002; p=0,015 e p=0,007, respectivamente. Quanto aos exames laboratoriais, houve significância estatística entre a presença de aterosclerose e os valores encontrados na análise sérica de SHBG (globulina transportadora de hormônio sexual) e PCR (proteína C reativa) quantitativa, com p=0,033 e p=0,011, respectivamente. Os pacientes em uso de bloqueio hormonal combinado apresentaram significativamente maior risco para placas carotídeas que os pacientes em castração exclusiva (p=0,01). Conclusão: Dentre os 65 homens analisados, a espessura média da íntima-média carotídea foi de 1,24 mm. Foi observada presença de placas nas artérias carótidas de 60% da amostra, porém não foi encontrada significância estatística entre a presença de placas carotídeas e a duração do tratamento antiandrogênico. Por outro lado encontrou-se relação significativa entre EIMC e idade, IMC, PAD, bloqueio androgênico combinado, SHBG e PCR, que devem ser levados em consideração na discussão do risco-benefício do TAA e em futuros estudos.

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Introduction- The role of hypertension in the loss of cognitive function is controversial. Relationships of hypertension with increases in cerebral vascular resistance, diffused lesions and multiple lacunars infarct of the white matter are well known. Objectives- To evaluate the relationship between hypertension and cognitive deficiency (CD), identify risk factors associated with the development of CD and determine the association between markers of early vascular disease and CD in hypertensive individuals. Methods- One hundred and ninety eight individuals aged between 40 and 80 years old were evaluated. Forty eight participants were normotensive (NT). The remaining 150 hypertensive patients were subdivided into two groups, those with CD (HCD) and those without CD (HNCD). All participants underwent clinical evaluations and complete physical examinations and biochemical blood tests were performed. CD was investigated using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) following the guidelines for its use in Brazil. The impact of hypertension on the arterial bed was assessed by identifying and measuring changes in the intima-media thickness (IMT) by vascular ultrasonography of the carotid arteries and analyses of the central blood pressure and Augmentation Index by applanation tonometry of the radial artery. Results- There were no significant differences in the plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides of the three groups. The serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate where within normal ranges for all three groups. However, significantly higher values were found for the HCD and HNCD Groups compared to the NT Group (p-value < 0.05). A significantly lower MMSE score was recorded for the HCD Group compared to the HA and NT Groups (p-value < 0.05). The IMT was significantly different between the HNCD and HCD Groups (p-value = 0.0124). A significant difference in the IMT was also observed between hypertensive patients and the NT Group (p-value < 0.0001). The central systolic pressure was significantly higher in the HCD and HNCD Groups compared to NT Group (p-value < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the Augmentation Index (corrected for heart rate) between the three groups (HNCD, HCD and NT). Conclusions- Hypertensive patients with CD have changes in the vascular morphology characterized by an increased carotid IMT and hemodynamic functional impairment manifested by elevated central systolic blood pressure.
Introdução- O papel da Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) no desenvolvimento de disfunção cognitiva é controverso. Reconhece-se sua relação com o aumento da resistência vascular cerebral e com lesões difusas e infartos lacunares múltiplos na substância branca. Objetivos- Avaliar a relação entre HAS e Déficit Cognitivo (DC), identificar fatores de risco associados a DC e identificar marcadores precoces de doença vascular e DC em hipertensos. Casuística e métodos- Foram avaliados 198 indivíduos com idades entre 40 e 80 anos, dos quais 150 eram hipertensos subdivididos em dois grupos, Hipertensos com DC (HA-DC) e Hipertensos sem DC (HA) e 48 indivíduos normotensos (NT). Todos foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, exame físico completo e exames bioquímicos de sangue. O DC foi investigado mediante o Mini Exame do Estado Metal (MEEM) segundo os critérios cujo uso é recomendado no Brasil. A repercussão da HAS no leito arterial foi rastreada por meio da identificação e quantificação de alteração na Espessura Íntima Média (EIMc) das carótidas com Ultrassonografia Vascular Digital e análise da Pressão Arterial Central (PSC) e do Augmentation Index (AI) mediante Tonometria por Aplanação (TA) da artéria radial. Resultados- As concentrações plasmáticas do colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e triglicérides (TG) nos três grupos estudados não mostraram diferenças significantes. Os valores de creatinina sérica e a Taxa de Filtração Glomerular estimada (TFGe) encontram-se dentro da faixa de normalidade nos três grupos. Entretanto valores maiores foram observados nos grupos HA-DC e HA, quando comparados ao grupo NT (p < 0,05). O grupo HA-DC confirmou redução significante do escore do MEEM quando comparado aos grupos HA e NT ( p <0,05). Avaliação da EIMc mostrou diferença significante entre os grupos HA e HA-DC (p=0,0124). Por outro lado, também observamos diferença significante para EIMc entre hipertensos e controles (p < 0,0001). Os grupos HA-DC e HA evidenciaram aumento significante da pressão sistólica central (PSC), quando comparados ao grupo NT (p < 0,0001). Os resultados do Augmentation Index 75 (corrigido para FC), avaliados nos três grupos (HA, HA-DC e NT) não apresentaram diferença significante. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram: presença de alterações morfológicas caracterizadas por aumento da espessura íntima média das carótidas e alterações funcionais qualificadas como elevação da pressão sistólica central no grupo de hipertensos com DC. Entre os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DC apenas a idade foi associada com déficit do escore do MEEM. Conclusões- Hipertensos com DC apresentam alterações morfológicas vasculares caracterizadas por aumento da espessura íntima média das carótidas e comprometimento hemodinâmico funcional manifesto por elevação de pressão sistólica central.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro dos Santos.pdf: 1089802 bytes, checksum: 543df08cf728223803f658aa00a82bfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27
Background: Scientific evidence shows that the use of anthropometry through anthropometric indicators of body fat, has the ability to detected even small changes in body composition in individuals with HIV/AIDS, can be a toll in clinical practice, with good applicability and cost-effective, supporting the diagnosis of HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome (SLHIV). Objective: the objective of this study is to develop cutoffs by anthropometry, for the diagnosis of SLHIV. Methodology: random sample cross-sectional study with consecutive patients treated at a clinic for infectious diseases of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Body composition will be accessed through the weight, height, body circumferences and skinfolds thicknesses. The clinical status of individuals will be assessed through a survey in the medical record. The development of normative will be based on the cut point verified by curves of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC - curves)
Introdução: Evidências científicas demonstram que a utilização da antropometria, através de indicadores antropométricos de gordura corporal, possui a capacidade de detectar até mesmo pequenas alterações na composição corporal de indivíduos portadores do HIV/AIDS, podendo ser uma ferramenta na prática clinica, com boa aplicabilidade e de custo reduzido, auxiliando no diagnóstico da Síndrome Lipodistrófica do HIV (SLHIV). Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é desenvolver pontos de corte, através da antropometria, para o diagnóstico da SLHIV. Metodologia: estudo transversal com amostra aleatória consecutiva, dos pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de doenças infecciosas da região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A composição corporal será acessada através da massa corporal, estatura, circunferências corporais e espessura de dobras cutâneas. O estado clínico dos indivíduos será avaliado através de levantamento no prontuário médico. O desenvolvimento dos valores normativos será realizado com base nos pontos de corte verificados através das curvas da Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC - Curve)

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T11:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Germana Jayme Borges - 2013.pdf: 1472999 bytes, checksum: d3966b343549a12f4a7f7511fdeb6fa7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-19
This study aimed to compare clinical measurements of gingival thickness (GT) and distance between gingival margin and vestibular (GMBC-V) and interproximal bone crests (GMBC-I) with those using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Material and methods: GT and GMBC-V were measured in 348 teeth and GMBC-I, in 377 tooth regions of 29 patients with gummy smile. GT was assessed using transgingival probing (TP), ultrasound (US) and CBCT, whereas GMBC-V and GMBC-I, by trans-surgical clinical evaluation (TCE) and CBCT. Statistical analyses used independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, ANOVA Tamhane‟s post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression.Results: Significant difference was observed for GT: between TP, CBCT and US considering all teeth; between TP and CBCT and between TP and US in incisors and canines; between TP and US in premolars and molars. No significant difference was observed between TP and CBCT in premolarsand molars. TP presented the highest means for GT. Significant positive correlation and linear regression were observed (p < 0.05) between TP and CBCT, TP and US and CBCT and US. Significant difference was observed for GMBC-V and GMBC-I using TCE and CBCT, considering all teeth and groups of teeth. Pearson correlation and linear regression were significant for GMBC-V and GMBC-I (p < 0.05), except in molars(r = 0.014; p = 0.915) and region between molars(r = 0.239; p = 0.071).Conclusions:Measurements obtained using CBCT and US presented lower means for GT than TCE. GMBC-V and GMBC-I means were higher using CBCT than TCE.
Avaliar a TCFC como método de diagnóstico da espessura gengival (EG) e da distância da margem gengival à crista óssea vestibular(MGCO-V) e interproximal(MGCO-I), comparando mensurações clínicas com as medidas obtidas em imagens de TCFC.Material e métodos: o estudo foi desenvolvido em 29 pacientes com queixa de sorriso gengival e indicação de cirurgia para aumento de coroa clínica com finalidade estética. A EG e a MGCO-V foram mensuradas em 348 dentes e a MGCO-I em 377 regiões. A EG foi avaliada por meio de sondagem transgengival (ST), com aparelho de ultrassom (US) e nas imagens de TCFC, enquanto que a MGCO-V e MGCO-I foram verificadas por avaliação clínica transcirúrgica (ACT) e nas imagens de TCFC. Para padronizar o local de aferição foi utilizado um guia tomográfico e um guia clínico. A diferença entre as medidas de EG, MGCO-V e MGCO-I obtidas pelos diferentes métodos foi analisada pelo Teste-t independente, Mann-Whitney e ANOVA post hocTamhane, enquanto que a relação entre as mesmas foi avaliada pelo teste de Correlação de Pearson e Regressão Linear Simples. Resultados:para a EG foi observada diferença significante entre ST, TCFC e US quando considerados todos os dentes. No grupo dos incisivos e caninos houve diferença significativa entre ST e TCFC, e entre ST e US. Nos pré-molares e molares (M) não foi observada diferença entre ST e TCFC, mas houve entre ST e US. A ST registrou maiores médias de EG em relação aos demais métodos. Observou-se correlação e regressão linear positivas significativas (p< 0,05) entre ST e TCFC, ST e US e entre TCFC e US. Em relação à MGCO-V e MGCO-I, notou-se diferença significante entre as medidas obtidas por ACT e por TCFC, quando considerados todos os dentes e os grupos dentários. A análise de correlação e regressão linear foram significativas para MGCO-V e MGCO-I (p< 0,05) no grupo dos incisivos, caninos e pré-molares. Conclusão: A TCFC é um método de diagnóstico eficaz para visualização e mensuração da espessura gengival e distância da margem gengival à crista óssea, apresentando medidas correlacionadas às obtidas clinicamente e contribuindo dessa forma, para o planejamento de procedimentos estéticos em periodontia.

OBJECTIVE: Ocular function is fundamental for environmental adaptation and survival capacity. Growth factors are necessary for a mature eyeball, needed for adequate vision. However, the consequences of the deficiency of circulating growth hormone (GH) and its effector insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the physical aspects of the human eye are still debated. A model of untreated isolated GH deficiency (IGHD), with low but measurable serum GH, may clarify this issue. The aim of this study was to assess the ocular aspects of adult IGHD individuals who have never received GH therapy. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. METHODS: Setting University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. Patients: Twenty-five adult (13 males, mean age 50.1 years, range 26 to 70 years old) IGHD subjects homozygous for a null mutation (c.57+1G>A) in the GHRH receptor gene, and 28 (15 males, mean age 51.1 years, range 26 to 67 years old) controls were submitted to an endocrine and ophthalmological assessment. Forty-six IGHD and 50 control eyes were studied. Main outcome measures: Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), refraction (spherical equivalent), ocular axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD),lens thickness (LT), vitreous depth (VD), mean corneal curvature (CC) and central corneal thickness (CCT). RESULTS: IGHD subjects exhibited unmeasurable serum IGF-I levels, similar visual acuity, intraocular pressure and LT, higher values of spherical equivalent and CC, and lower measures of AL, ACD, VD and CCT in comparison to controls, but within their respective normal ranges. While mean stature in IGHD group was 78 % of the control group, mean head circumference was 92 % and axial AL was 96 %. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest mild ocular effects in adult subjects with severe IGF-I deficiency due to non-treated IGHD.
OBJETIVO: A função ocular é fundamental para a adaptação ambiental e a capacidade de sobrevivência. Fatores de crescimento são julgados necessáriospara alcançar um globo ocular maduro, e conseqüente visão adequada. No entanto, as consequências da deficiência isoladadohormônio de crescimento circulante (GH) edo seu efetor, o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I) nos aspectos físicos do olho humano ainda são debatidas. Um modelo de deficiência isolada de GH não tratada (DIGH) pode esclarecer esta questão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos físicos do globo ocular de indivíduos adultos com DIGH que nunca receberam terapia com GH. DESENHO: Estudo transversal. MÉTODOS: Ambiente: Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil. Pacientes: 25 indivíduosadultos (13 homens,com média de idade de 50,1 anos, entre 26 e 70 anos), com DIGH homozigotos para uma mutação nula (c.57 + 1G> A) no gene do receptorGHRH do grupo DIGH e 28 controles (15 homens, com média de idade de 51,1 anos, entre 26 e 67 anos), pareados, foram submetidos à avaliação endócrina e oftalmológica. Principais medidas: acuidade visual(AV), pressão intraocular(PIO),refração (equivalente esférico, EE), comprimento axial ocular (CA), profundidade da câmara anterior(PCA), medida da espessura do cristalino(EC), profundidade do vítreo(PV), curvatura corneana média(CCM) e espessura central corneana(ECC). RESULTADOS:Indivíduos com DIGH apresentaram IGF-I sérico não mensurável, similarAV, PIO e EC, valores mais altos doEEe CCM, e menores valores do CA, PCA, PV e ECC em comparação com os controles, mas dentro das respectivas faixas normais. Enquanto a estaturamédia no grupo DIGH foi de 78% do grupo de controle, a média da circunferência da cabeça foi de 92% e a média docomprimento axial foi de 96%. CONCLUSÃO: Essas observações sugerem efeitos oculares discretosem indivíduos adultos com grave deficiência de IGF-I devido à DIGH não tratada.