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1
Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh. "The relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and the performance of Saudi listed firms." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 2 (2017): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i2c2p7.
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This paper gauges, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the pertinent variables to corporate governance practices and their relationship to business productivity in the context of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study was conducted in response to the limited literature in this context. A new code of corporate governance was issued by the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority as a direct consequence of the 2006 stock market crash; in 2010, the code was made mandatory for listed firms. Rigorous empirical studies are practical not only for Saudi Arabia and its policy makers but also potentially for solving global investment issues and ensuring security. This study found two variables to have a significant negative relation: chief executive officer turnover and independent board members. Thus, greater rates of chief executive officer turnover are associated with negative firm performance. In addition, independent board directors’ negative value was found to be very close to zero and significant only at the 10% level. Consequently, some caution is required when considering this result.
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Yusuf, Nadia, and Lamia Saud Shesha. "Paradigm Shift in Green Investments: A Potential Platform for Creating Employment Opportunities and Economic Stability in Saudi Arabia." Global Environment 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 553–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2022.150306.
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This study focuses on the paradigm shift towards green investment to enhance the resilience of economies and job opportunities under conditions of severe recession and accelerated environmental challenges, and asks what impact the present scenario of COVID-19 leaves on the economy situation. The present study has only focused on the impacts of environmental factors (EF), environmental consciousness (EC), and temporal orientation (TO) on green investment, testing these using a fixed effects model. A representative sample from a homogeneous group is included in the final dataset. However, panel data of 84 observations from 21 cities during the period 2015-2019 are included in the completed sample. The hypothesis constructed for this study was tested for 84 observations from 21 cities between 2015 and 2019. Data from the Saudi General Authority is extracted and tested through regression models. The results show that environmental factors, environmental consciousness and temporal orientation are likely to influence green investment across different regions in Saudi Arabia. Present knowledge about green investment is contributed to through this study that highlights implications for environmentally friendly production activities.
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Kouaib, Amel. "Corporate Sustainability Disclosure and Investment Efficiency: The Saudi Arabian Context." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 13984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113984.
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Drawing on legitimacy and stakeholders’ perspectives, this research aims to investigate the association between investment efficiency, a value-added corporate activity important to firm viability and profitability, and the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting extent in a Saudi Arabian context. A sample of 25 Saudi firms reporting ESG information is used to test the research hypotheses. The sample is listed on the Saudi Exchange, with the research period spanning from 2014 to 2021. An OLS regression analysis shows that adopting ESG disclosure practices promote and maintain corporate investment efficiency. It displays a significant effect of corporate sustainability disclosure on the under- and over-investment levels of Saudi indexed firms. These findings are important in terms of sustainable reporting and development for the Middle East region in general and for Saudi Arabia in particular. They provide confirmation of the importance of ESG reporting as a key driver of enhanced corporate investment and bring additional evidence for regulators, policymakers, and standard-setters in terms of the effect of ESG on each sector.
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Samargandi, Nahla, Mohammed A. Alghfais, and Hadeel M. AlHuthail. "Factors in Saudi FDI Inflow." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402110672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211067242.
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This study explores the driving factors for attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in the Saudi Arabian economy in two stages. First, it applies a general to specific approach to form a model reflecting theoretical and anecdotal evidence of the Saudi Arabian economy. Second, we analyse time series data over the years 1984 to 2018. applying Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach, incorporating several structural breaks. This study explores Saudi membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and institutional quality, identifying them as promising factors in fostering FDI inflows in the economy. Our empirical investigation demonstrates that the Saudi economy experienced a higher inflow of FDI during the global financial crisis (GFC) due to economic stability. Trade openness is found to be conducive to promote FDI inflow. This study provides several policy implications.
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Alwakid, Wafa, Sebastian Aparicio, and David Urbano. "The Influence of Green Entrepreneurship on Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Formal Institutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105433.
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This study explores the influence of green entrepreneurial activity on sustainable development, using institutional economics as a theoretical framework. Also, the role of entrepreneurship policy is analysed in the context of Saudi Arabia. Using information from the General Authority for Statistics from 13 Saudi Arabian cities, the main findings show that green entrepreneurship positively contributes to the economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development during the period 2012–2017. These results demonstrate a measurable indication of sustainable development outcomes, whereby Saudi Arabian institutions align entrepreneurial activities with a positive triple bottom line effect. Accordingly, these findings contribute new evidence to justify government commitment to supporting green entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and encourage future domestic policies.
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Saied, Maha Abdel-Fattah, Momtaz Nagy Elsebaei, Rady Talaat Tawfik, and Faleh Abdelnaeem Ameen. "The Food Gap and Food Security of Poultry Meat in Saudi Arabia." Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjas.v18i2.176.
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This research aimed to explore the current situation of the food gap and the food security of poultry meat in the Kingdom, based on secondary published data by the food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, the General Authority for statistics, the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD), and the international information Network. The results indicated a decline in self-sufficiency at a statistically significant annual rate of about 1.5%, representing about 2.9% of the annual average self-sufficiency rate during the study period. This is consistent with the economic logic in terms of increasing the volume of imports at a rate that exceeds 6.3% annually and exceeds the rate of consumption growth (4.43%) over the rate of growth of domestic production (1.73%). The apparent gap increased at an annual statistically significant rate of about 38.5 thousand tons, representing about 7.1% of the annual average gap estimated at around 543.8 thousand tons. It was also found that the most influential factors on the self-sufficiency ratio of poultry meat were the number of imports and the domestic production. Therefore, the strategic stock of poultry meat was estimated at around 621.4 thousand tons, which is sufficient for local consumption for about 7 months, while the value of the food security factor was about 0.58, reflecting the existence of relative food security of poultry meat in the Kingdom. The results of the study also showed the size of the additional loans and investments needed to achieve self-sufficiency and food security for poultry meat in the Kingdom in line with the National Transformation Program and the Kingdom's Vision 2030.
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Ali, Mohamed Ali Shabeeb, Mohammed Abdullah Ammer, and Ibrahim A. Elshaer. "Determinants of Investment Awareness: A Moderating Structural Equation Modeling-Based Model in the Saudi Arabian Context." Mathematics 10, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 3829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10203829.
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In line with today’s economy, investment and financial awareness are necessary for success and an individual’s well-being, specifically for the younger generations. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationships between financial literacy, saving behavior, a lack of self-control, family financial socialization, and investment awareness. Further, it investigates the moderating role of both family financial socialization and the lack of self-control in these relationships. Employing a quantitative study technique and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), we analyzed a sample of 409 students representing young adults at King Faisal University, specifically in the School of Business. Our results indicate that financial literacy, saving behavior, and family financial socialization are significantly and positively related to investment awareness. Interestingly and as expected, a lack of self-control negatively and significantly affects investment awareness. For the moderating impact, it was found that the connection between financial literacy, saving behavior, and investment awareness is positively and strongly moderated by family financial socialization. Likewise, a lack of self-control significantly and negatively moderated the association between financial literacy, saving behavior, and investment awareness. The results of this study provide substantial implications for regulators, educational organizations, individuals, and their families.
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Abdul Cader, Akram. "Islamic challenges to advertising: a Saudi Arabian perspective." Journal of Islamic Marketing 6, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-03-2014-0028.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to synthesize the existing research on Islam and advertising with the perspective of the Salafi authority of Saudi Arabia. This study is an exploration of the impact of the conservative interpretation of Islam on advertising. Design/methodology/approach – This study critically reviews the literature on advertising in Islam, specifically in the context of the conservative religious Saudi Arabia, Islam and advertising and its connection with the interpretations of the religiously conservative segment of Saudi Arabian society. This systematic review covered 42 studies in Islamic advertising and Salafist/Hanbali jurisprudence, ranging from 1980 to 2014. These studies were validated through data triangulation using a meta-synthesis of 39 articles with 5 articles on Salafism and 5 Hanbali juristic texts. Findings – The investigation concludes that there are several factors to be considered when developing advertising messages and content for the conservative segment of Islam. The considerations are as follows: (C1) avoidance of Islamic creedal taboos and displays of immorality; (C2) avoiding usage of musical instruments and taboo entertainment; (C3) women must be dressed appropriately, and gender roles must be in conjunction with Islamic texts; and (C4) avoiding deceptive marketing, defaming competition, and ambiguous transactions. Although there was a general consensus on C1 and C3, few studies discussed C2 and C4. Hanbali jurisprudence, the official school of thought in Saudi Arabia, was found to be in agreement with all four considerations. Additionally, the study synthesizes previous studies and contributes more knowledge to the few existing literature on the topic of Islam and advertising. A better understanding of the conservative interpretation of Islam can contribute to scholarship in the field of Islamic marketing. Research limitations/implications – This paper was limited to the Salafist/Wahhabist interpretation of Islam based on Hanbali jurisprudence found in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this paper can be extended and validated through studying the attitudes of Salafists in different regions toward advertising messages and content. Practical implications – This paper was limited to the Salafist/Wahhabist interpretation of Islam based on Hanbali jurisprudence found in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this paper can be extended and validated through studying the attitudes of Salafists in different regions toward advertising messages and content. Originality/value – This study adds to the limited research on Islamic attitudes and challenges toward advertising in the Middle East. The study reviews existing research and utilizes religious rulings to research the conservative Islamic perspective of advertising.
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Ahmed Hashed Abdullah, Abdulwahid. "Cost stickiness and firm profitability: A study in Saudi Arabian industries." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(3).2021.27.
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This study examined the impact of cost stickiness on firm profitability in different industrial sectors in Saudi Arabia. The sample size for the study consists of 102 companies listed on Tadawul (Saudi Stock Exchange) from 2009 to 2018. The study estimated a panel regression using pooled OLS, fixed and random effects, and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The variable Return on Investment (ROI) is used as a proxy to measure a firm’s profitability. The results of all the three models are similar to each other. The study found a negative and significant correlation between profitability and cost stickiness, indicating firms’ inability to control the selling, general and administrative costs (SG&A), ultimately leading to lower profits. In addition, firm size is positively associated with profitability, indicating that larger firms are more profitable compared to smaller ones, while the leverage is negatively related to profitability, indicating that companies have higher debts.
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Alfordy, Faisal D. "EFFECTIVE DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF FRAUD: PERCEPTIONS AMONG PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS ACCOUNTANTS AND AUDITORS IN SAUDI ARABIA." E+M Ekonomie a Management 25, no. 3 (September 2022): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2022-3-007.
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Globalization has inevitably transmuted fraud into a transnational hazard and raised significant apprehensions. Fraud affects organizations worldwide irrespective of nature, size, profitability, or industry. The pervasive nature of fraud serves a premise to study the menace further. Hence, this research investigated the perceptions among accountants and auditors on the effectiveness of fraud detection and prevention by public and private Saudi organizations. This research presented an exploratory case study within the Saudi Arabian social, economic, and cultural environment. Data-gathering through inquiries and questionnaires were performed among accountants, internal and external auditors from public and private sectors. The results revealed that accountants and auditors in Saudi private and public firms were highly cognizant on fraud awareness, general guidelines, subsequent responsibilities, and reporting venues. In addition, both sectors were found to have invested extensively in fraud detection and prevention technologies. Also, employees were found not have been regularly trained on fraud prevention and detection. Furthermore, forensic accounting, being a relatively new genre in fraud detection and prevention, is found sparingly utilized among public and private sectors’ organizations. Forensic accounting is yet to be accorded adequate authority in the Saudi context, and was found superficially placed under the Saudi Organization of Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA). Despite qualification, experience, and age being recognized as key elements to Saudi accountants and auditors in fraud detection and prevention, lack of proper training leaves employees with limited dexterity and exposes them to legal repercussions. In general, the current legal infrastructure in Saudi Arabia needs to be revisited to improve effective detection and prevention of fraudulence. This study provided insights into the Saudi Arabian fraud detection & prevention, hardware, infrastructure, and human resources as the contributors of a fraud-free society.
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Alamoudi, Mohammed H., and Omer A. Bafail. "BWM—RAPS Approach for Evaluating and Ranking Banking Sector Companies Based on Their Financial Indicators in the Saudi Stock Market." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100467.
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Seeking the greatest possible return on long-term investments, investors naturally seek equities of the best-performing companies that fit their investment timeframe. Long-term investment success rests on selecting the best companies, which requires a challenging analysis reviewing voluminous and often-conflicting data about companies and understanding broader economic forecasts. This paper undertook a case study deployment of MCDM methodologies to examine the suitability and effectiveness of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods in assessing and ranking the best stocks for portfolio inclusion. A combination of MCDM techniques comprised a methodology to evaluate and rank Saudi Arabian banking stocks based on their performance in the Saudi stock market. Specifically, the paper combined the Best–Worst Method (BWM) and Ranking Alternatives by Perimeter Similarity (RAPS) for the analysis. BWM calculated each criterion’s relative impact (weight) in selecting a stock. RAPS then used the weighting to rank the results of the investigation. The study’s findings yielded encouraging results regarding using an integrated MCDM technique to derive optimal banking sector securities in the expansive Saudi stock market. The novel application of the robust RAPS technique combined with BWM encourages continued and increased use of MCDM techniques in financial matters and broader application in evaluating equities.
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Pandy, Bharti, and Priya Rao. "HR Knowledge Disclosure by Leading Banks: Cases from KSA." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(10).
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The backbone of any economy relies on the performance of its banking industry. Besides financial capital, human resources (HR) capital plays a significant role in the sustainability of this industry. For the existence and effectiveness, the financial sector makes extensive use of human capital (Kamath, 2007). Like financial reports, human capital reporting indicates the health of any organisation. The stakeholders, around the globe, recently started showing keen interest in monitoring the effectiveness of HR. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), holding 27% of the GCC total banking assets (FitzHerbert, 2020), is no exception to disclosing HRrelated information in the annual reports of its banks. The banking regulatory system of KSA is almost at par with the international standards laid down concerning banking supervision. KSA's banking industry is unique as it is considered to be the leader of the Islamic world where all banks must adhere to the Sharia banking law (Kamali, 2000). The regulatory authority of the KSA banking industry, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), annually reported its HR information related to training and development, employee fairness, incentives, diversity and inclusion of female employees and people with determination. By setting an example, SAMA encourages commercial banks to follow good practices to disclose HR information in their annual reports. Though not enforced by the regulatory authority, the KSA banks recently started to disclose HR information in their annual reports. Keywords: Human resources, disclosure, HR information, Saudi Banks
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Alghamdi, Amjad Ahmed, Methail Saleh Aldosari, and Ruby Ali Alsaeed. "Acceptance and barriers of COVID-19 vaccination among people with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15063.
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Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a life-threatening disease, especially for people suffering from chronic diseases. As the vaccine is considered an essential tool to confront pandemics, many international medical institutions have developed vaccines. Countries around the world started immunizing their citizens. This study aims to assess the acceptance and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Saudi Arabian people who suffer from chronic diseases.
Methodology: In February-March 2021, a cross-sectional study of Saudi Arabian people who have chronic diseases was undertaken. It was based on an Arabic self-administered online questionnaire and used a convenience sampling technique. 310 people were invited. The response rate was 97%.
Results: 51.95% of the participants agreed to take the COVID-19 vaccine, 33.5% were unsure about being vaccinated, and 14.5% refused. The most frequent concerns between participants and receiving the vaccine were about the side effects and the perceived misconception that following preventative measures is enough to protect against the virus. Significant associations between age, education, and occupation with acceptance rate were found (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Although a higher acceptance for the targeted group was expected, the participants showed a moderate acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Addressing the barriers in the current study regarding vaccine uptake and focusing on building trust in the safety and efficacy of the vaccine will aid in hesitancy and resistance toward the vaccine, specifically if these measures were undertaken by an authority such as the Saudi Ministry of Health.
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Ali, Anis. "Travel and tourism: growth potentials and contribution to the GDP of Saudi Arabia." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.39.
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Saudi Arabia is well known in the world for the holy places Makkah and Madinah. Hajjis and visitors come to perform hajj and Umrah every year in Makkah and Madinah from all around the world. Hajj and Umrah visits play a vital role in the inbound tourism of Saudi Arabia. The tourism revenue of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is increasing absolutely but losing its contribution to the GDP proportionately. So, this paper tries to find out the economic activities of all components of tourism sector which are responsible for the negative trend. It also explains the relationships and variability of tourism revenues and expenditures with GDP and offers suggestions to enhance revenue of tourism sector. This study is based upon secondary data obtained from the website of SAMA (Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority) and General Authority for Statistics of Saudi Arabia. In tourism sector of Saudi Arabia, the increasing trend of expenditures of some economic activities is more than its revenue. The increasing trend of expenditures comparatively its revenues lowering contribution of tourism towards GDP. To improve the level of tourism revenue, government has to provide world class facilities and develop new tourist spots and allow the visitors to visit such places according to the Shariah and Kingdom rules. Government has to focus on developing passenger rail transport and other means of transport to connect all the tourist spots to provide easy conveyance, and on improving and developing tourism sector by helping the government and private organizations that are engaged directly or indirectly in providing services to the domestic and inbound tourists to assure more contribution to GDP.
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Al-Maghzom, Abdullah, Khaled Hussainey, and Doaa Aly. "The level of risk disclosure in listed banks: Evidence from Saudi Arabia." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 1 (2016): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i1c1p2.
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This study contributes to the existing risk disclosure literature in emerging economies, in particular Saudi Arabia (SA), by examining the levels of risk disclosure in the annual reports of both Islamic and non-Islamic listed banks. This investigation uses a manual content analysis method to examine all Saudi listed banks from 2009 to 2013. This study also develops two holistic risk disclosure indices to measure the levels of risk disclosure in both Islamic and non-Islamic banks. The empirical analysis shows that Islamic banks report less risk information than non-Islamic banks. However, the analysis also reveals that both Islamic and non-Islamic banks report relatively the same amount of risk information regarding the banks’ universal items. Furthermore, the empirical analysis shows that Islamic banks report very low risk disclosure items. The study’s findings have practical implications. They inform the regulators about the current level of risk disclosure in all Saudi listed banks (Islamic and non-Islamic). For example, the findings show that Islamic banks report less risk information than their non-Islamic counterparts. The practical implications for managers from these findings are that in order to keep investors satisfied, banks with low levels of risk disclosure should enhance their reporting practices. This will help investors when making investment decisions. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, no prior research has previously been conducted on the levels of risk disclosure in Saudi Arabian listed banks. Therefore, this is the first study to examine the levels of risk disclosure in the context of Saudi Arabia.
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Khalid Hamed Aljabri, Khalid Hamed Aljabri. "Methods of Using Twitter in Marketing the Activities of Public Relations Departments in the Saudi Airline Market: أساليب استخدام تويتر في الأنشطة التسويقية لإدارات العلاقات العامة بسوق الطيران السعودي." مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.d130921.
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The study aimed to identify the most important marketing activities of public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market, and to identify the methods of using Twitter in the marketing activities of public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market. It also aimed to reveal its strengths and weaknesses, and to monitor the content of marketing tweets published by public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market via Twitter. The study sample consists of the twitter accounts of the General Authority of Civil Aviation, Saudi Arabian Airlines, and Flynas. The study concluded that the most important marketing activities of the public relations departments in Saudi Airlines and flynas were to respond to the customer in private, and then allocate a number for the customer to follow up with him. The study concluded by extracting the most prominent methods of using Twitter in the marketing activities of public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market, where these methods consisted of communicating with the customer with the reservation number for his service, then responding to the customer in private, and then welcoming the customer. The study also showed that the most important strengths in the marketing activities of public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market are the immediate response to the customer's inquiry, and then allocating a number to follow up the customer's complaint. On the other hand, the most important weaknesses in the marketing activities of the public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market are that communication takes place only via the ticket number or the reservation reference number, and then the weakness of scheduling new flights. The study showed that the most prominent contents of the marketing tweets published by the public relations departments in the Saudi aviation market consisted of re-tweets and admiration, and then directing customers to their inquiries.
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Brandmeier, Rupert A., Sebastian Hain, and Florian Rupp. "Market entry of a western company in the Middle East." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621111129663.
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Subject area Entry of a service sector company based in Europe into the Middle East market with focus on Saudi Arabia. Study level/applicability The students should have some familiarity with case studies and should be able to successfully solve easy cases. This case can be used in all courses of general economics and management. It is best suited for courses on market entries, risk management in international business, intercultural management or developing and emerging markets. Case overview Two market entry options are discussed: joint venture set-up with partner and independent direct investment without local partner. A tangible real life experience of the Middle East market will enhance the theoretical presentation and help students to gain practical solutions. Expected learning outcomes The students should be aware of risks and opportunities in the Middle East and Saudi Arabian markets for western companies from the service sector. He/She should be able to prioritize relevant economic data and simultaneously discuss several different options by dealing with complex situations. Supplementary materials Teaching note.
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Al Taifi, Hatoon A., Abdullah H. Alqahtani, and Nourah H. Al Qahtani. "Intimate Partner Violence Among Pregnant Saudi Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Attitudes." International Journal of Risk and Recovery 4, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/ijrr.v4i1.3924.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy has become a focus of attention in recent years, owing to its relatively high prevalence, its impact on maternal and fetal health, and its cumulative effects over time. This study aims to determine the magnitude and characteristics of IPV among pregnant Saudi Arabian women, to identify the factors that increase the risk, and to assess the willingness of abused women to report IPV. This is a cross-sectional, community-based survey of pregnant women in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A modified Abuse Assessment Score (AAS) questionnaire was used. Sociodemographic data were collected. Data related to willingness to report IPV, including reasons for declining to report IPV, were also collected. A total of 1,330 women completed the three parts of the survey. In total, 345 (25.9%) women reported emotional abuse during pregnancy, whereas 72 (5.4%)reported physical abuse and 180 (13.5%) reported sexual abuse. In emotional abuse, a significant association was found between having more children (p = .001), having a lower education (p = .05), having a lower income (p = .04), and being abused. In physical abuse during pregnancy, no significant associations were found between all variables and being abused. However, in reporting sexual abuse among women during pregnancy, a significant increase in the risk was found in those with four or more children (p = .01) and those who are employed (p = .01). More than two-thirds (71.2%) of abused pregnant women were unwilling to report the abusive acts to a medical authority. IPV is common among pregnant Saudi women. Emotional abuse is the commonest form of IPV, affecting one in four women. More than two-thirds of abused women were unwilling to report their partner’s abusive acts. Screening for IPV may encourage women to seek help and improve both maternal and fetal health.
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Alzain, Elham, Ali Saleh Alshebami, Theyazn H. H. Aldhyani, and Saleh Nagi Alsubari. "Application of Artificial Intelligence for Predicting Real Estate Prices: The Case of Saudi Arabia." Electronics 11, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 3448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213448.
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The housing market is a crucial economic indicator to which the government must pay special attention because of its impact on the lives of freshly minted city inhabitants. As a guide for government regulation, individual property purchases, third-party evaluation, and understanding how housing prices are distributed geographically may be of great practical use. Therefore, much research has been conducted on how to arrive at a more accurate and efficient way of calculating housing prices in the current market. The goal of this study was to use the artificial neural network (ANN) technique to correctly identify real estate prices. The novelty of the proposed research is to build a prediction model based on ANN for predicting future house prices in Saudi Arabia. The dataset was collected from Aqar in four main Saudi Arabian cities: Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam, and Al-Khobar. The results showed that the experimental and predicted values were very close. The results of the proposed system were compared with different existing prediction systems, and the developed model achieved high performance. This forecasting system can also help increase investment in the real estate sector. The ANN model could appropriately estimate the housing prices currently available on the market, according to the findings of the assessments of the model. Thus, this study provides a suitable decision support or adaptive suggestion approach for estimating the ideal sales prices of residential properties. This solution is urgently required by both investors and the general population as a whole.
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Munira Saeed Al- Qahtani, Munira Saeed Al Qahtani. "The impact of the Corona pandemic on the Saudi banking sector, a study applied to Saudi banks: أثر جائحة كورونا على القطاع المصرفي السعودي: دراسة مطبقة على البنوك السعودية." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.e040521.
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The global health crisis resulting from spread of new Corona epidemic, with regard to the banking sector across the world, showed that the mandatory quarantine period imposed by most countries around the world constituted an increasing pressure of risks on banking activity, especially banks active in loans to companies after many forced Institutions around the world to stop productive or industrial activity, and thus the crisis revealed that bank loans during this health crisis were not equal between one sector and another. From this standpoint came the idea of the research, and the researcher relied on the descriptive approach in its theoretical side in order to gain familiarity with the various aspects of the study, and the analytical method for the financial statements of Saudi banks during the nine months and the fourth quarter of 2020 compared to now during the nine months and the fourth quarter of 2019. The study concluded some results and recommendations, including: Increasing demand for loans granted by banks to the corporate sector, in order to control the repercussions of the Corona pandemic, and also the profits of most of the Saudi banks that compose the study sample decreased, except for (Al- Ahly Commercial, Al- Rajhi Bank and Saudi Investment Bank) and their net income from The different operations are clearly in the nine months of the year 2020 compared to the nine months of last year, and the provision for credit losses for most banks in the study sample also increased due to the repercussions of the Corona pandemic on the global economy in general in 2020, on the Saudi economy as a whole, and on the Saudi banking sector In particular. Work must also be made to develop legislation, legal and regulatory frameworks from the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, which work to ensure that banks benefit from the rescue packages and support measures taken by the institution to support the Saudi banking sector, and work to take into account the proposals of the Basel Committee in terms of overcoming the negative effects of banking risks, Especially in this crisis and the rapid spread of the virus, in an effort to maintain financial stability.
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Ismal, Rifki, and Nurul Izzati Septiana. "Islamic hedging for pilgrimage funds: case of Indonesia." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 11, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-11-2017-0101.
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Purpose The demand for Saudi Arabian real (SAR) is very high in the pilgrimage (hajj) season while the authority, unfortunately, does not hedge the hajj funds. As such, the hajj funds are potentially exposed to exchange rate risk, which can impact the value of hajj funds and generate extra cost to the pilgrims. The purpose of this paper is to conduct simulations of Islamic hedging for pilgrimage funds to: mitigate and minimize exchange rate risk, identify and recommend the ideal time, amount and tenors of Islamic hedging for hajj funds, estimate cost saving by pursuing Islamic hedging and propose technical and general recommendations for the authority. Design/methodology/approach Forward transaction mechanism is adopted to compute Islamic forward between SAR and Rupiah (Indonesian currency) or IDR. Findings – based on simulations, the paper finds that: the longer the Islamic hedging tenors, the better is the result of Islamic hedging, the decreasing of IDR/USD is the right time to hedge the hajj funds and, on the other hand, the IDR/SAR appreciation is not the right time to hedge the hajj funds. Findings Based on simulations, the paper finds that: the longer the Islamic hedging tenors, the better is the result of Islamic hedging, the decreasing of IDR/USD is the right time to hedge the hajj funds and, on the other hand, the IDR/SAR appreciation is not the right time to hedge the hajj funds. Research limitations/implications The research suggests the authority to (and not to) hedge the hajj fund, depending on economic conditions and market indicators. Even though the assessment is for the Indonesian case, other countries maintaining hajj funds might also learn from this paper. Originality/value To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first paper in Indonesia that attempts to simulate the optimal hedging of hajj funds.
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Inayati, Arni Dini, and Imron Mawardi. "Pengaruh Tracking Error dan Risiko terhadap Kinerja Reksa Dana Indeks Syariah di Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 9, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20223pp325-337.
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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh tracking error dan risiko terhadap kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini melakukan pengujian analisis regresi linier berganda pada lima sampel dengan menggunakan data nilai aktiva bersih dan return JII dan reksa dana indeks syariah yang terdaftar pada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan sampai Desember 2019. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa tracking error tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah dan tingkat risiko berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah. Kata kunci: Kinerja reksa dana indeks syariah, Tracking error, Risiko, Analisis regresi linier berganda. ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze the impact of tracking error and risk on Islamic index mutual fund performance in Indonesia. This study ran multiple linear regression analyses on five samples using the net asset values and returns of JII and Islamic index mutual funds that are listed in the Financial Services Authority using data until December 2019. The result showed that tracking error had no significant effect on the performance of Islamic index mutual funds, while the level of risk had a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic index funds. Keywords: Islamic index mutual fund performance, Tracking error, Risk, Multiple linear regression analysis. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Adhi, N., Aji, D. P., & Winarni, W. (2021). Reksadana syariah dan konvensional di Indonesia. Jurnal Keunis (Keuangan Dan Bisnis), 9(2), 120-131. https://doi.org/10.32497/keunis.v9i2.2629 Agapova, A. (2011). Conventional mutual index funds versus exchange trade fund. Journal of Financial Markets, 14(2), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.005 Alam, N. (2013). A comparative performance analysis of conventional and Islamic exchange-traded funds. Journal of Asset Management, 14(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1057/jam.2012.23 Anggara, A. W., & Yulianto, A. (2017). Analisis kinerja reksa dana saham dengan metode sharpe, treynor, dan jensen. Management Analysis Journal, 6(1), 13–22. Arifin, E. S. (2017). Kinerja reksadana saham syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 17(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.30811/.v17i1.363 Asmoro, R. M. S., & Syaichu, M. (2022). Analisis pengaruh umur reksa dana, tingkat risiko, expense ratio, turnover ratio, dan market timing ability terhadap kinerja reksa dana saham syariah periode 2016-2020. Diponegoro Journal of Management, 11(2), 1–12. Basya, M. M., & Utami, B. S. A. (2021). Pengaruh alokasi aset, pemilihan saham dan tingkat risiko terhadap reksadana saham syariah di indonesia tahun 2015-2019. Al-Muraqabah: Journal of Management and Sharia Business, 1(1), 1–15. Benjelloun, H., & Abdullah A. M. A. (2009). Index funds and diversification in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 2(3), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538390910986335 Biswas, S. (2015). Assessing market risk of Indian index funds. Global Business Review, 16(3), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0069966715569938 Charteris, A., & McCullough K. (2020). Tracking error Vs tracking difference: Does it matter?. Investment Analysts Journal, 49(3), 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/10293523.2020.1806480 Dorocáková, M. (2017). Comparison of ETF´s performance related to the tracking error. Journal of International Studies, 10(4), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-4/1 DSN MUI. (200). Fatwa DSN MUI No. 20/DSN-MUI/IX/2000 tentang pedoman pelaksanaan investasi untuk reksa dana syariah. Retrieved from http://mui.or.id/wp-content/uploads/files/fatwa/20-Pedoman_Investasi_Reksa_Dana.pdf Elton, E. J., Gruber, M. J., & Busse, J. A. (2004). Are investors rational? Choices among index funds. The Journal of Finance, 59(1), 261–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00633.x Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2010). Luck versus skill in the cross-section of mutual fund returns. Journal of Finance, 65(5), 1915–1947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2010.01598.x Frino A., & Gallagher D. R. (2001) Tracking S&P 500 index funds. Journal of Portfolio Management, 28(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2001.319822 Gani, I., & Amalia S. (2018). Alat analisis data: Aplikasi statistik untuk penelitian bidang ekonomi dan sosial. Yogyakarta: Andi. Iman, N. (2008). Panduan singkat dan praktis: Memulai investasi reksa dana. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Johnson, B., Bioy H., Kellet A., & Davidson L. (2013). On the right track: Measuring tracking efficiency in ETFs. Journal of Index Investing, 4(3), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.3905/jii.2013.4.3.035 Kandarisa, A. (2014). Perkembangan dan hambatan reksadana syariah di Indonesia: Suatu kajian teori. Jurnal Akuntansi AKUNESA, 2(2), 1–18. Kostovetsky, L. (2003). Index mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. The Journal of Portfolio Management Summer, 29(4), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2003.319897 Kusumastiti, F., & Ryandono, M. N. H. (2019). Pengaruh risiko sistematis, market timing dan ukuran dana terhadap kinerja reksa dana pendapatan tetap syariah di Indonesia Periode 2014-1018. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 6(12), 2409–2421. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss201912pp2409-2421 Lestari, W. R. (2015). Kinerja reksadana saham syariah dan reksadana saham konvensional. Jurnal Magister Manajemen, 1(1), 116–128. Mawikere, J. C. (2021). Performance analysis of money market mutual funds, fixed income mutual funds, mixed mutual funds, and stock mutual funds in Indonesia during the 2015-2020 period. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research, 5(4), 636-655. Muhammad. (2014). Dasar-dasar keuangan syariah. Yogyakarta: Ekonisia. Negoro W, E. D., Widiyanti, M., Andriana, I., & Taufik, T. (2022). Analisis perbandingan kinerja reksa dana saham konvensional dan reksa dana saham syariah pada reksa dana yang terdaftar di Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Sriwijaya, 19(4), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.29259/jmbs.v19i4.15868 Ojih, J. (2014). Index fund factor: The view beyond the wall. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(9), 193–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2014.29033 Paliwal, R. (2014). Tracking errors of exchange traded funds and index funds. WCOT Working Papers, 1–24. Rivai, V., & Veithzal A. P. (2008). Islamic financial management. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada. Rompotis, G. G. (2009). Interfamily competition on index tracking: The case of the vanguard ETFs and index funds. Journal of Asset Management, 10(4), 263–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jam.2009.11 Rudiyanto. (2016). Seri panduan investasi: Reksa dana untuk pemula. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Saritas, H. (2004). Indexing and index fund. Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 31–44. Samsul, M. (2006). Pasar modal dan manajemen portofolio. Surabaya: Erlangga. Sarkar, S. S., Dutta S., & Dutta P. (2013). A review of Indian index funds. Global Business Review, 14(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150912466445 Sart, C. F. D., & Vuuren, G. W. V. (2021). Comparing the performance and composition of tracking error constrained and unconstrained portfolios. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 81, 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2021.06.019 Sivakumar, S. (2017). A comparative study on the performance of index funds. International Journal of Current Research, 9(10), 60007–60011. Soemitra, A. (2009). Bank dan lembaga keuangan syariah. Jakarta: Kencana. Strydom, B., Charteris A., & McCullough K. (2016). The relative tracking ability of South African exchange traded funds and index funds. Investment Analysts Journal, 44(2), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10293523.2014.994454 Tandelilin, E. (2010). Portofolio dan investasi: Teori dan aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Yuliana, I. (2010). Investasi produk keuangan syariah. Malang: UIN-Maliki Press. Vanguard. (2014). Understanding tracking difference and tracking error. Retrieved from https://www.vanguard.com.hk/documents/understanding-td-and-te-en.pdf
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BinSaeed, Rima H. "Role of foreign direct investment – As a strategic move towards growth, economic integration and development." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, May 5, 2021, 002072092199659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020720921996597.
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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with its developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure has shown a major progress in business opportunities for overseas investors. Saudi Arabia’s education sector is one of the most attractive investment opportunities for the foreign investors Earlier in 2019, 9 new foreign education enterprises were granted investor licenses, amounting to a total of $141mn of investment deals. The Saudi government introduced Saudi Vision 2030, an aspiring development plan that foresees vital prospects for foreign investors in the regions of education, housing, health and energy, amongst others. In 2016, Saudi Arabia permitted the procurement of 100% of assets by foreign investors in retail and wholesale trade. A privatisation program has also been introduced. The government also attempts to attract FDI in the regions of renewable energy and entertainment. A foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a vital role in local and international economy. Several opportunities and ventures are encouraged by Saudi Arabia to improve the standard of business and economical environments. To accomplish the finances for the projects SAGIA, the lawful authority is there to smooth the progress of investments, which encourages Saudi FDI prospective to grow simultaneously. FDI has a greater scope for diverse businesses and investing in to underdeveloped industrial sectors. FDI plays an important role in boosting the economy of Saudi Arabia by managing international investors who shares the huge portion of 34% in General GDP (Gross domestic product) of Saudi Arabia. This paper aims to review the literature to shed light on the steps taken by the government to increase FDI in the country and what are the current trends that are helping to fulfil VISION 2030.
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Ajeeb, Samar, and Wei Sieng Lai. "The impact of the mortgage on the real estate market: a study case in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, September 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-06-2022-0085.
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Purpose This study attempts to find the response of the real estate market to economic changes by identifying cause-effect relationships between mortgage, residential investment, and Saudi employment. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative approach to analytically examine the relationship among the variables. To find out the impact of investment, mortgage and Saudi employment on the Saudi real estate growth from 1970 to 2019. All data sets were obtained from the General Authority for Statistics (GAST), Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) and World Bank Group. Findings This study reveals a positive relationship between the mortgage and GDP in the Saudi Arabian real estate market. The same results for employment and investment; both have a positive effect on the GDP of the real estate market. Research limitations/implications Analyzing the impact of real estate financing on various industries and the extent to which it is related to employment and unemployment rates is essential for future research. Moreover, this research can be applied to different countries and compared based on similarities and differences in implementing mortgage-related policies. Practical implications The government must encourage investment in various ways and establish a stable structure that ensures market stability and finds a balance between supply and demand. Social implications This study reflects the importance of real estate financing not only to individuals and governments but also to investors and business workers, and it is essential to analyze the impact of real estate financing on various industries, as well as the extent to which it is related to employment and unemployment rates. This research can be applied to different countries and compared based on similarities and differences in the implementation of mortgage-related policies. Originality/value This study contributes to testing this study’s hypothesis: that mortgage positively impacts the real estate market of Saudi Arabia.
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"PREFACE." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1026, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1026/1/011001.
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ICSDI 2022 is the most dynamic, informative, inspirational, and innovative event organized by the Engineering College of Prince Sultan University (Riyadh, KSA). The 2022 conference focuses on the State of the Art and Practice in different sustainable development goals (SDGs), as one of the promising and trending Engineering disciplines, this field is still changing rapidly. Along with the diversity of presentations on challenging projects and research, ICSDI 2022 will feature multiple invited speakers on selected topics. The conference will include a wide range of knowledge-enhancing technical and panel sessions, short courses, and workshops. There are around 96 participants attending the conference in the opening ceremony and plenary sessions. They are from the United States, Germany, Canada, India, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, Russia, Georgia, Hong Kong and so on. The conference was held in hybrid, both physical and virtual mode due to covid19 restrictions in few countries. Around 18 participants attended in virtual mode. At this conference, we were greatly honored to have outstanding Keynote Speakers and Invited Speakers from different countries. They addressed the audience and shared their knowledge and rich experience in related fields. They are Prof. Dennis D. Truax from Mississippi State University, USA; Mr. Ziyad Alshiha, Group Chief executive of The Saudi Investment Recycling Company (SIRC), Saudi Arabia; Dr. Adam C. BOULOUKOS, The UNDP Resident Representative for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Eng. Turki Bukhari, Vice President, Assets & Facilities Management, Expro, Saudi Arabia; Mr. Raed Albasseet, Chief Environment and Sustainability Officer of the Red Sea Development Company & AMAALA; Eng. Fahad Al Ajlan, President, KAPSARC; Mr. Mark Mirza, Project Leader at Fraunhofer ISC, Germany; Ms. Mayssam Tamim, Assistant Resident Representative; Dr Ahmed Al-Darwish, Deputy Governor for Development, Economic Research & Policy Advocacy; Dr. Ahmad Alwosheel, Assistant Researcher at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); Eng. Mazin Albahkali, Executive Vice President Strategic Planning and New Business Development, Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), Saudi Arabia; Mr. Bandar Al Blehed Clients Relations Development Head -Saudi Exchange; Dr. Abdullah Alabdulkarem Executive Director of the Enablement Sector at the Government Expenditure and Projects Efficiency Authority (EXPRO); Eng. Waleed AlGhamdi, Associate Director, Smart City & Sustainability; Mr. Turki A. Alrowili, Spokesperson, Public Relations and Communication Director at National Development Fund; Dr. Ameer M. Al-Alwan, Advisory and Training Director, Center for Local Governance. There are 16 sub-sessions during the conference. The tracks of the conference include Manufacturing and Industrial Systems towards Sustainability, Sustainable Construction Technologies and Materials, Energy Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities, Sustainable Urbanization and Smart Cities, Sustainability and Built Environment, Policies, Regulations and Economic Assessments towards SDGs. Attendees, paper presenters, keynote speakers, scholars and students have benefited in many ways from this conference. We would like to express our great appreciation to the organizers, members of the program committees and reviewers of ICSDI 2022 for their hard work. Without their participation, it would be impossible to hold ICSDI 2022 successfully and ensure the high quality of papers of the conference proceedings. We also would like to express our gratitude to the unbelievable number of authors for contributing their research results to the conference. List of Committees, Statement of Peer Review are available in this pdf.
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Tarchoun, Monaem, and Ikram Ghraieb. "Trade openness relationship with macroeconomic factors on Saudi Arabian economy: ARDL application." International Trade, Politics and Development, July 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itpd-03-2022-0005.
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PurposeThis paper examines the relationship of financial market inclusion, economic growth, foreign direct investment and real output on trade openness for the Saudi Arabia Economy. Trade openness potentially is a major source of economic growth and development.Design/methodology/approachThis study is the first employing mixed methods and approaches of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to estimate the long-run and short-run models for the Saudi Arabia Economy.FindingsThe results indicate that the inclusion of financial markets has an important role in the short term and has an effect on trade openness on this economy.Practical implicationsThese results listed are only implications for decision-makers to achieve their objectives. Indeed, to have better economic growth, economic and financial decision-makers can rely on financial inclusion and trade openness.Originality/valueThis article investigates an approach testing the relationship of variables in a short and long term by using annual data from 1990 to 2017 for the Saudi Arabia economy. This paper tests the relationship between finance and economy with an econometric model.
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Almakhfor, Reem Ali, and Simon D. Norton. "Audit committees in financial institutions in Saudi Arabia: a dichotomy of perceptions of functional independence and the reporting of financial crime." Journal of Financial Crime ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (June 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2021-0053.
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Purpose Audit committees (ACs) have an important role to play in banks in Saudi Arabia in detecting and reporting weaknesses which may make financial crime possible. The Saudi Arabian Corporate Governance Code of 2016 comprises recommendations for ensuring the effectiveness of these committees, but cultural and behavioural factors can constitute impediments. This paper aims to explore these factors and makes recommendations. Design/methodology/approach The methodology is qualitative, using data derived from responses to a questionnaire administered to 180 current and former members of internal and external audit teams of Saudi Arabian banks. Findings ACs in Saudi financial institutions enjoy a high degree of functional independence of boards. Boards tend to regard ACs as part of the organisation: in contrast, AC members perceive their first duty as being owed to stakeholders. Disagreements between boards and ACs regarding disclosure of findings of systemic weaknesses which facilitate money laundering (ML) are made publicly available; this engenders transparency and avoidance of collusion. Professional qualifications and experience of AC members have improved substantially in recent years, equipping them to better discharge statutory duties regarding the detection and reporting of suspected ML. Research limitations/implications The regulatory body, the Saudi Arabian Markets Authority, should be diligent in ensuring the presence of non-executive directors in sufficient numbers to counterbalance influence by boards. Disagreements between boards and ACs regarding internal systemic changes to prevent ML and other financial crimes should be formally recorded in minutes and made public as a matter of record. Originality/value Questionnaire responses by past and present members of ACs are unique and contribute to the literature.
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Albarrak, Hessa, Abdullah Aljughaiman2, and Mohammed Albarrak. "The Impact of Initial Public Offerings’ Characteristics on Real Estate Investment Trusts’ Underpricing: The Saudi Context." Humanities and Management Sciences - Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 2022, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37575/h/mng/220022.
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In recent years, many Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) have issued to initial public offerings (IPO) in the Saudi Stock Exchange “Tadawul.” Occasionally, trust fund issuers such as REITs may face challenges in selling their shares to the public. One of the challenges related to underpricing is trading the stock on the first day of the market. This study investigates the relationship between REIT characteristics and share underpricing for a sample of REITs that are listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange “Tadawul.” The purpose of the study is to focus on one of the challenges that is related to the IPOs of REITs. Using a sample of 17 IPOs of REITs listed on the Saudi Arabian Stock Exchange “Tadawul” for the period between 2016 and 2020, we show significant negative associations between the number of IPO underwriters, number of shares subscribed, and the firms’ dividend payouts and REITs’ underpricing. The result also shows a significant positive association between the number of subscription days and REITs’ underpricing. The research should provide significant implications for regulators and market participants in the light of the public offering and the REIT sector. KEYWORDS public offering, financial performance, real estate, investment trusts, stock exchange, Tadawul
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Al Rahahleh, Naseem, and Ishaq Bhatti. "Empirical comparison of Shariah-compliant vs conventional mutual fund performance." International Journal of Emerging Markets, January 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-05-2020-0565.
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Purpose This paper investigates the performance of locally focused equity mutual funds (LFEFs) in Saudi Arabia as compared with the performance of benchmark funds. More specifically, the focal question pertains to whether Shariah-compliant mutual funds (SMFs) and conventional mutual funds (CMFs) outperform their respective benchmarks. Undertaken in the context of Saudi Arabia's economic planning under Vision 2030, the study offers a foundation for determining whether and the extent to which Shariah-compliant investment strategies are competitive—a matter of considerable importance across 57 Muslim countries. Design/methodology/approach The Carhart four-factor model is applied to a sample of 39 Saudi Arabian mutual funds (MFs) using the monthly net asset value (NAV) per share. The sample period, April 2007 to October 2016, is considered in its entirety and as three sub-periods, i.e. low-, medium- and high-volatility. Findings The results show that the locally focused equity mutual funds (LFEFs) significantly outperformed their benchmark, i.e. the Tadawul All Share Index (TASI), during the full sample period and the low-volatility period. According to the empirical comparison, the CMFs also outperformed their TASI benchmark for the full sample period and the low-volatility period. However, the SMFs neither outperformed nor underperformed their S&P Saudi Arabia Domestic Shariah Index benchmark. That is, for each of the SMFs included in the sample, the Jensen's alpha was insignificant for both the full sample and all three volatility sub-periods. Research limitations/implications In this paper, the four-factor model is used in the context of a single country. The results, therefore, may not be generalizable to the multi-country level in the Gulf Council Cooperation (GCC) region given differences between the member countries in terms of financial structure and economic focus. Practical implications The results reported constitute a useful guide for policymakers and faith-based-sensitive investors concerned about the Shariah compliancy of their portfolios given that there is very little difference between how CMFs and SMFs performed in the focal period. This research can be extended to include other Islamic countries in the GCC region as a basis for identifying optimal investment vehicles, i.e. those most likely to produce high returns at low risk. Originality/value The work reported in this paper is original and constitutes a valuable asset for ethnoreligious-sensitive investors. The research has not been published in any capacity and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
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Hamimi, Zakaria, Wael Hagag, Harald Fritz, Haitham Baggazi, and Samir Kamh. "The Tectonic Map and Structural Provinces of the Late Neoproterozoic Egyptian Nubian Shield: Implications for Crustal Growth of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (East African Orogen)." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (June 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.921521.
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The Late Neoproterozoic Egyptian Nubian Shield (ENS) has attracted increasing attention since the establishment of the Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA (1896)), which conducted the first mapping. In the last three decades, rapid improvements in analytical techniques, along with field-oriented studies, have made it possible for the interpretation of the ENS as an integral part of the juvenile Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) as a portion of the East African Orogen (EAO). However, a consistent tectonic map of the ENS does not exist. Presentation of such a map is the main objective of the present work where Landsat-based lithological discrimination is combined with the systematic structural investigation and careful reassessment of previously published geological maps. Our interpretation of this map indicates that in accordance with previous work, the basement units of the Eastern Desert (ED) can be divided into three structural domains: Northern, Central, and South-Eastern Desert provinces. The proposed provinces are ascribed to three different plate tectonic far-field boundary conditions. The earliest magmatic, metamorphic, and tectonic history was set off by the approximate north–south convergence of the Gabgaba-Gebeit, Jiddah-Asir terranes, and Eastern Desert-Midyan terranes along the Yanbo-Onib-Sol-Hamid-Gerf-Allaqi-Heiani (YOSHGAH) suture between c. 800 and 620 Ma. The second event between c. 640 and 580 Ma was correlated with the Nabitah Orogeny when the Ad Dawadimi-Ar Rayn terranes in the eastern Arabian Shield accreted to the earlier consolidated arc terranes (Afif and Tathlith terranes). During this period, east–west convergence between northwestern Saudi Arabia and the Central Eastern Desert (CED) in Egypt caused a pronounced strike-slip deformation associated with the displacement along the wider Najd Fault system. The third orogenic phase, which was younger than c. 580 Ma, was controlled by the evolution and retreat of the Cadomian Arc. The northern portions of the ENS and the northern Arabian Shield experienced extension whereas extensive post-orogenic magmatism was related to mantle delamination and associated crustal thinning.
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Boshnak, Helmi A. "The impact of board composition and ownership structure on dividend payout policy: evidence from Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Emerging Markets, October 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-05-2021-0791.
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Purpose This study examines the impact of board composition and ownership structure variables on dividend payout policy in Saudi Arabian firms. In particular, it aims to determine the effect of board size, independence and meeting frequency, in addition to chief executive officer (CEO) duality, and state, institutional, managerial, family, and foreign ownership on both the propensity to pay dividends and dividend per share for Saudi-listed firms over the period 2016–2019. Design/methodology/approach The paper captures dividend policy with two measures, propensity to pay dividends and dividend per share, and employs a range of regression methods (logistic, probit, ordinary least squares (OLS) and random effects regressions) along with a two-stage least squares (2SLS) model for robustness to account for heteroscedasticity, serial correlation and endogeneity issues. The data set is a large panel of 280 Saudi-listed firms over the period 2016 to 2019. Findings The results underline the importance of board composition and the ownership structure in explaining variations in dividend policy across Saudi firms. More specifically, there is a positive relationship between the propensity to pay dividends and board-meeting frequency, institutional ownership, firm profitability and firm age, while the degree of board independence, firm size and leverage exhibit a negative relation. Further, dividend per share is positively related to board meeting frequency, institutional ownership, foreign ownership, firm profitability and age, while it is negatively related to CEO duality, managerial ownership, and firm leverage. There is no evidence that family ownership exerts an impact on dividend payout policy in Saudi firms. The findings of this study support agency, signalling, substitute and outcome theories of dividend policy. Research limitations/implications This study offers an important insight into the board characteristic and ownership structure drivers of dividend policy in the context of an emerging market. Moreover, the study has important implications for firms, managers, investors, policymakers, and regulators in Saudi Arabia. Originality/value This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence on four board and five ownership characteristic drivers of dividend policy in Saudi Arabia as an emerging stock market, thereby improving on less comprehensive previous studies. The study recommends that investors consider board composition and ownership structure characteristics of firms as key drivers of dividend policy when making stock investment decisions to inform them about the propensity of investee firms to pay dividends and maintain a given dividend policy.
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Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled. "Socioeconomic determinants and inequalities in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Saudi Arabia." International Journal for Equity in Health 20, no. 1 (July 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01510-6.
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Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly becoming a challenge worldwide, causing high mortality and morbidity. Saudi Arabia has one of the highest rates of NCDs globally and the highest in the Arabian Gulf region. Epidemiological data indicate that NCDs are responsible for 70 % of all deaths in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to examine the socioeconomic determinants and inequalities in the prevalence of NCDs in Saudi Arabia. Methods Data from the Saudi Family Health Survey conducted in 2018 by the General Authority for Statistics were used for this study. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the socioeconomic factors associated with the prevalence of NCDs. Moreover, the concentration curve and concentration indices were used to assess inequalities in the prevalence of NCDs. Results Among the 11,527 respondents, the prevalence of NCDs was 32.15 %. The prevalence of NCDs was higher among women and among elderly respondents aged ≥ 60 years. With respect to the determinants of the prevalence of NCDs, the logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of reporting NCDs was lower among people with a higher education (OR: 0.599, 95 % CI: 0.497–0.723, p < 0.01) compared with that of people with an education below the primary school level. Other factors significantly associated with the prevalence of NCDs were age, marital status, nationality, and region of residence. The inequality analysis showed that at the national level, the prevalence of NCDs was concentrated among less educated people (concentration index = − 0.338, p < 0.01), but with significant regional variations. Gender disaggregation showed that both income-based and education-based concentration indices were significantly negative among women, indicating that the prevalence of NCDs is concentrated among women with a lower income level and with less education. Conclusions The findings of this study are important for policymakers to combat both the increasing prevalence of and socio-economic inequalities in NCDs. The government should develop targeted intervention strategies to control NCDs and achieve health equality considering socio-economic status. Future policies should target women and the lower educated population in Saudi Arabia.