Academic literature on the topic 'Saurimo'

AbstractA survey of gastro-intestinal helminth communities of Gallotia stehlini (Sauria: Lacertidae) from Gran Canaria island (Canary Archipelago, Spain), was conducted to determine the prevalence, abundance and species diversity of intestinal parasites in these lizards. Pharyngodonid nematodes were the most common intestinal helminths, three species being Gallotia specialists. Helminth infracommunities of G. stehlini were rich and appear to be closer to the interactive end of the continuum isolationist–interactive helminth communities, according to the high values of helminth diversity. It is the first case of a saurian reptile showing this kind of diverse helminth infracommunity, produced by a large size, a wide-ranging plant diet and exposure to helminths with direct life-cycles.

Background Weigeltisauridae is a clade of small-bodied diapsids characterized by a horned cranial frill, slender trunk and limbs, and a patagium supported by elongated bony rods. Partial skeletons and fragments are definitively known only from upper Permian (Lopingian) rocks in England, Germany, Madagascar and Russia. Despite these discoveries, there have been few detailed descriptions of weigeltisaurid skeletons, and the homologies of many skeletal elements—especially the rods supporting the patagium—remain the subject of controversy. Materials & Methods Here, we provide a detailed description of a nearly complete skeleton of Weigeltisaurus jaekeli from the upper Permian (Lopingian: Wuchiapingian) Kupferschiefer of Lower Saxony, Germany. Briefly addressed by past authors, the skeleton preserves a nearly complete skull, postcranial axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and patagial supports. Through comparisons with extant and fossil diapsids, we examine the hypotheses for the homologies of the patagial rods. To examine the phylogenetic position of Weigeltisauridae and characterize the morphology of the clade, we integrate the material and other weigeltisaurids into a parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis focused on Permo-Triassic non-saurian Diapsida and early Sauria (61 taxa, 339 characters). Results We recognize a number of intriguing anatomical features in the weigeltisaurid skeleton described here, including hollow horns on the post-temporal arch, lanceolate teeth in the posterior portion of the maxilla, the absence of a bony arch connecting the postorbital and squamosal bones, elongate and slender phalanges that resemble those of extant arboreal squamates, and patagial rods that are positioned superficial to the lateral one third of the gastral basket. Our phylogenetic study recovers a monophyletic Weigeltisauridae including Coelurosauravus elivensis, Weigeltisaurus jaekeli, and Rautiania spp. The clade is recovered as the sister taxon to Drepanosauromorpha outside of Sauria (=Lepidosauria + Archosauria). Conclusions Our anatomical observations and phylogenetic analysis show variety of plesiomorphic diapsid characters and apomorphies of Weigeltisauridae in the specimen described here. We corroborate the hypothesis that the patagial ossifications are dermal bones unrelated to the axial skeleton. The gliding apparatus of weigeltisaurids was constructed from dermal elements unknown in other known gliding diapsids. SMNK-PAL 2882 and other weigeltisaurid specimens highlight the high morphological disparity of Paleozoic diapsids already prior to their radiation in the early Mesozoic.

Estas notas, que tratan de recuperar momentos guardados en la bruma de la memoria, están motivadas porque se cumplen cincuenta años de la publicación de "El viejo saurio se retira" o "Los ejercicios espirituales", la primera novela de Miguel Gutiérrez Correa.

The presently reported study identified Saurida lessepsianus Russell, Golani et Tikochinski, 2015 from the west coast of India, which was earlier diagnosed as Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) due to their morphological similarities. Saurida lessepsianus is characterized by 48–51 lateral line scales, 44–47 vertebrae, 3–6 rows of teeth on tongue and anterior part of stomach black. The identity of this species was also confirmed by molecular examination (phylogenetic analysis of the COI sequences) and the study revealed a genetic divergence value of 0.08 between S. lessepsianus and S. undosquamis. Our study confirms the extended distribution of S. lessepsianus along the west coast of India (eastern Arabian Sea) from the Red Sea-Mediterranean Sea.

In this second paper dedicated to report on deep-sea fishes from Brazilian waters, mainly from Bahia, the presence of one family and three species of Aulopoidei is reported for the first time from Brazilian waters: the aulopid Aulopus filamentosus (royal flagfin), the synodontids Saurida normani and Synodus poeyi (shortjaw lizardfish and offshore lizardfish, respectively). The presence of Synodus saurus and Saurida suspicio in Brazilian waters is discussed, and a key to the Western Atlantic Aulopoidei is provided.

En el presente trabajo se realizó la evaluación de la herpetofauna de la Reserva del Bosque Húmedo Tropical de Tinalandia. El método empleado fue de transectos en siete sitios de muestreo, de 200 m de largo y de 800m2 por sitio, con 40 horas de muestreo/persona/día. Del total 409 observados, 84 organismos fueron recolectados, 70 anfibios agrupados en 3 Órdenes, 13 Familias y 25 Especies; 14 reptiles (saurios) agrupados en 6 Familias con 8 especies; para serpientes solo I familia con 3 especies. Los anfibios están representados por 6 familias de anuros: Hylidae con 4 especies, que representa el 16%; Brachycephalidae con 3 especies, 12%; Bufonidae, Leptodactilidae y Dendrobatidae con 2 especies cada uno, 8%; y, Ranidae con una sola especie, 4 %. Reptiles están representados por 7 familias: Polychrotidae con 3 especies, 12 %; Hoplocercidae, Gymnotalmidae, Gekkonidae, Corytophanidae, Teiidae con una especie cada una con el 4%, representando todas estas al Orden Sauria con un 32%; y la Familia Colubridae con 3 especies, con el 12% para Ofidios. La Diversidad (Shannon) es 2.17 bitios, que representa a un ecosistema con un valor bajo, lo cual es la respuesta por la marcada dominancia de 4 especies que representan el 8 l. 70 % de la muestra: Lithobates sp con pi 0,284; Hypsiboas rosemberg con Pi 0,208; Eleutherodactylus achatinus con pi O, 176; y, Hypsiboas pellucens con un pi 0,149. Se presenta un endemismo de 64% para las especies registradas. Se aporta con 10 nuevos registros de especies para la zona. El más destacado es el segundo registro para el Ecuador de la especie Epipedobates espinosai. En general, el estado de conservación de la herpetofauna de RNT es estable, únicamente una especie registró una categoría vulnerable (VU) (Hyloxalus awa). En tanto que el hábitat de humedal presenta las especies con mayor abundancia.

SUMMARYA new microsporidian that infects the lizardfish Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) that are caught in the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia is described here. This parasite invades the skeletal muscle of the abdominal cavity forming white, cyst-like structures containing numerous spores. The prevalence of the infection was 32·1% (135/420). The spores were oval to pyriform in shape and measured approximately 3·3 μm×2·0 μm. The developing spores were found within parasitophorous vacuoles. In mature spores, the polar filament was arranged into 5 coils in a row. Molecular analysis of the rRNA genes, including the ITS region, and phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference were performed. The ultrastructural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of a new species, herein named Heterosporis saurida n. sp.

A monodocência pode ser observada em diversos contextos sociais e nas organizações educacionais, neste contexto, o processo de transição do ensino para a monodocência em relação à 5ª e 6ª classes, no Município de Saurimo afirma-se com uma mudança na forma do Sistema Educativo angolano. A implementação do projeto foi oportuna, mas os resultados que o processo tem apresentado não são satisfatórios, de acordo com os pressupostos da Lei de Bases concebidos pelo Ministério de Educação. Para o Município de Saurimo e para as escolas que serviram de objeto nesta pesquisa, a monodocência não se faz sentir tal como está regulamentada, devido a vários constrangimentos que o processo atravessa, desde a sua implementação, experimentação até à fase de generalização. Quanto à metodologia utilizada, à análise, às técnicas e procedimentos tidos em conta para a recolha dos dados da presente investigação optámos por aplicar um inquérito por questionário ao grupo alvo, registamos um certo fracasso relativamente à má qualidade no ensino-aprendizagem das crianças. E em relação às conclusões e recomendações finais, o processo de facto é um projeto que foi muito bem concebido, mas o seu incumprimento e as assimetrias entre as escolas, regiões e Províncias de acordo com a Lei de Bases do Sistema Educativo angolano faz com que o processo em si não tenha êxitos e não se concretizem integralmente os objetivos propostos. Para além da formação específica dos professore, das infraestruturas condignas do material didático e não só. Julgamos que todas essas dificuldades afloradas, tanto pelo Diretor Provincial de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia da Lunda-Sul, os Diretores e dos professores das respetivas Escola, o Executivo, os Governos Provinciais e outros atores envolvidos no processo tudo têm de fazer para se dar resposta ou minimizar esses obstáculos que o processo atravessa, visando a melhoria da qualidade de ensino no país; ABSTRAT: The Transition Process of Teaching for Monodocence in the 5th and 6th Classes in the Municipality of Saurimo: The Case of Primary Schools no. 14 of Candembe I, Men's Mission Nº 2 and nº8, August 28, Txucumina. The monodocence can be observed in several social contexts and in educational organizations, in this context, the process of transition from teaching to monodocence in relation to the 5th and 6th classes, in the Municipality of Saurimo is affirmed with a change in the form of the Angolan Education System . The implementation of the project was timely, but the results that the process has presented are not satisfactory, according to the assumptions of the Basic Law designed by the Ministry of Education. For the municipality of Saurimo and for the schools that served as object in this research, the monodocence does not feel as regulated, due to several constraints that the process goes from its implementation, experimentation until the generalization phase. Regarding the methodology used, the analysis, techniques and procedures taken for the collection of the data of the present investigation, we opted to apply a questionnaire survey to the target group, we have a certain failure regarding the poor quality in teaching-learning of children. And in relation to the final conclusions and recommendations, the de facto process is a project that was well conceived, but its noncompliance and the asymmetries between schools, regions and Provinces according to the Basic Law of the Angolan Educational System the process itself is not successful and the proposed objectives are not fully realized. In addition to the specific training of teachers, the appropriate infrastructure of teaching materials and more. We believe that all these difficulties arise, both by the Provincial Director of Science and Technology Education of Lunda-Sul, the Directors and the teachers of the respective School, the Executive, the Provincial Governments and other actors involved in the process, all have to do to respond or to minimize these obstacles that the process crosses, aiming at improving the quality of education in the country.

Lacerta agilis is a widespread lizard which reaches the western edge of its range in Britain where it is restricted to three geographically separated areas. Recent habitat loss and fragmentation have resulted in a significant decline and it is now a UK conservation priority. Sand lizards from across the Britain were genotyped at 15 microsatellite loci and the resulting dataset used to address questions regarding the conservation genetics, phylogeography and influence of landscape on patterns of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity of Dorset populations compared favourably to European examples. However, diversity was significantly lower in Surrey and Merseyside. Significant genetic structuring occurred across small geographical distances even in relatively unfragmented landscapes. Lacerta agilis colonised Britain via a land bridge across the North Sea and reached the limits of its current distribution approximately 5,000 years BP. Subsequent climate cooling has resulted in a range contraction to areas where the habitat is suitable for the successful incubation of eggs. A resistance surface was used to investigate the effect of landscape configuration on patterns of genetic diversity at multiple scales in Dorset. At a local scale, habitat type and rivers were the best predictors of genetic diversity. At a regional scale, rivers were most important, whereas habitat type and artificial barriers were less important. Artificial barriers may be more significant than the results suggest as their true effect has not yet been realised due to a genetic time-lag. Male lizards from Merseyside exhibited significant differences in colour and pattern to the Dorset and Surrey populations. However, despite difference in colour, all populations were equally green, which is in keeping with the importance of ‘greenness' as a sexual signal. The implications of these findings for the conservation of L. agilis are discussed in the context of current challenges and predicted future global climate change.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The taxonomic status of southern Africa’s rupicolous crag lizards (genus Pseudocordylus) was investigated. As considerable confusion exists in the literature regarding the type specimens and type localities of the various taxa, resolution of these problems were considered the starting point of the study. Examination of museum specimens allowed for the designation of lectotypes, alloparalectotypes and/or paralectotypes. Of particular relevance to this study was the rediscovery of Andrew Smith’s type specimens of P. m. melanotus and P. m. subviridis. Restriction of the type locality of P. m. subviridis, based on entries in Smith’s diary and journal, allowed for the confirmation of previous interpretations and definitions of the two taxa. The geographical distribution of the various taxa and populations was determined using an extensive locality database. Two kinds of molecular markers, namely allozymes and mitochondrial DNA, were used in an attempt to resolve taxon boundaries within the P. melanotus species complex. The allozyme analysis indicated that P. m. melanotus might be polyphyletic and comprised of two unrelated lineages. Furthermore, fixed allelic differences between parapatric populations of P. m. melanotus and P. m. subviridis, and between sympatric populations of P. m. subviridis and P. langi, suggested that all three forms might be considered full species, with the possibility of more cryptic species present in the complex. Pseudocordylus transvaalensis differed from most other populations by 1-3 fixed allelic differences, but was indistinguishable from the Nkandhla district (central KwaZulu-Natal) population of P. m. melanotus. There were no heterozygous individuals in a sample from Monontsha Pass (Qwa-Qwa), a population reportedly comprising P. m. melanotus and P. m. subviridis, as well as intermediates, and all specimens were assignable to P. m. subviridis. The allozyme study was, however, based on phenetic principles and for further taxonomic resolution a cladistic approach was required. An mtDNA analysis (16S rRNA gene) using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses was therefore conducted to determine phylogenetic relationships among species and subspecies and to re-assess the taxonomic status of forms in the P. melanotus species complex. The mtDNA analysis corroborated most of the results obtained in the allozyme analysis. Firstly, P. langi was again found to be basal. With the addition of P. microlepidotus and P. spinosus to the ingroup, it is now apparent that P. langi is the basal species in the genus. (Recent studies have indicated that P. capensis and P. nebulosus are not congeneric with Pseudocordylus.) Secondly, the 16S rRNA results confirm that P. m. melanotus, as presently construed, is comprised of two clades that are not sister groups. The northern populations of P. m. melanotus (Sabie and Lochiel) form a fairly deeply divergent clade that may represent a separate species. The Nkandla population was, however, found to cluster with the other southern P. m. melanotus populations and not with P. transvaalensis as was the case in the allozyme electrophoretic analysis. However, the most surprising result of the 16S rRNA analysis was the finding that both P. microlepidotus and P. spinosus are embedded within P. m. subviridis. This suggests that these two species evolved from within P. m. subviridis and may have been separated only recently, with rapid morphological divergence occurring, but with limited genetic differentiation. It is suggested that all of the above three taxa be provisionally treated as full species. There was also morphological support for the uniqueness of all groupings indicated by the mtDNA analysis. Pseudocordylus transvaalensis is characterized by its large size, unique dorsal and gular (black) colour patterns, as many as three horizontal rows of lateral temporal scales, a series of small scales posterior to the interparietal scale, and usually two subocular scales behind the median subocular on either side of the head. The various populations currently classified under the name P. melanotus are more difficult to separate, but P. m. melanotus and P. m. subviridis usually differ as follows: frontonasal divided in P. m. melanotus, undivided in P. m. subviridis (and most Northern melanotus); lateral temporals in two rows, upper more elongate versus single row of much elongated scales; longitudinal rows of dorsolaterals closely-set versus widely separated; femoral pores of females pit-like versus deep with secretory plug. Northern melanotus differs from Southern melanotus in usually having an undivided frontonasal scale and seldom having a small scale present behind the frontonasal. Pseudocordylus langi has unique dorsal and gular colour patterns (including a series of blue spots on the flanks), granular dorsals with 6-9 paravertebral rows of enlarged flat scales, high total numbers of femoral pores (25-34) and usually only five (smooth not keeled or ridged) infralabial scales on either side of the head. Pseudocordylus spinosus also has unique dorsal and gular colour patterns, spinose lateral scales, frontonasal longer than wide and excluded from the loreal scales, low total femoral pore counts (6-9), and females (not only males) have differentiated femoral scales. Both Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) distinguished four groups, namely P. transvaalensis, P. langi, P. spinosus and a P. melanotus/subviridis/microlepidotus cluster. A separate CDA of all P. melanotus populations partly distinguished between Southern melanotus and P. m. subviridis, and largely separated Northern melanotus; whereas a CDA of P. transvaalensis showed that all three allopatric populations are 100% distinguishable in morphological space. A Nested Clade Analysis indicated that fragmentation as well as range expansion played a role in the distribution of the P. melanotus species complex. This may be explained by climatic oscillations (high-low temperatures and wet-dry cycles) during the Cenozoic that caused habitat expansion and contraction. Based on the topology of the mtDNA phylogram it is apparent that the genus Pseudocordylus originated along the eastern escarpment. A P. langi-like ancestor may have had an extensive range along the eastern escarpment, with the Maloti-Drakensberg forming the southern limit of its range. During a subsequent rise in global temperatures, range contraction and fragmentation took place, leaving an isolated population in the south and one in the north. The southern population survived unchanged in the Maloti-Drakensberg refugium, but the northern population was forced to adapt to the warmer conditions. Thereafter, the northern form expanded its range again, but during a subsequent cooler period, range contraction occurred, resulting in an isolated north-eastern population in the Sabie-Lochiel area in Mpumulanga (Northern melanotus) and a western population. Relationships in the latter clade are not sufficiently resolved to allow further reconstruction of biogeographic history, but it is clear that a P. m. subviridis-like form became isolated in the south where it eventually came into contact with P. langi at high elevations. Pseudocordylus m. subviridis eventually extended its range southwestwards into the inland mountains of the Eastern Cape and Cape Fold Mountains to give rise to the P. microlepidotus complex. This cycle of range expansion and contraction may also account for the isolated populations at Suikerbosrand, Nkandhla district, and in the Amatole-Great Winterberg mountain region. Furthermore, it is suggested that P. spinosus originated from a P. m. subviridis-like ancestral population that became isolated on the lower slopes of the Drakensberg where terrestrial predation pressure resulted in a quick shift in morphology from fairly smooth body scales to a more spiny morphology.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die taksonomiese status van suidelike Afrika se rotsbewonende krans-akkedisse (genus Pseudocordylus) is ondersoek. Omdat daar aansienlike verwarring in die literatuur bestaan met betrekking tot die tipe monsters en die tipe lokaliteite van die verskillende taksa, is die oplossing van hierdie probleme as die beginpunt van hierdie studie geneem. Die bestudering van akkedismonsters in museums het dit moontlik gemaak om lektotipes, alloparalektotipes en/of paralektotipes aan te wys. Van besondere belang vir hierdie studie is die herontdekking van Andrew Smith se tipe monsters van P. m. melanotus en P. m. subviridis. Die beperking van die tipe lokaliteit van P. m. subviridis, gebaseer op inskrywings in Smith se dagboek en joernaal, het dit moontlik gemaak om vorige interpretasies en definisies van die twee taksa te bevestig. Die geografiese verspreiding van die verskillende taksa en bevolkings is bepaal deur middel van ’n omvattende lokaliteit databasis. Twee soorte molekulêre merkers, naamlik allosieme en mitokondriale DNS, is gebruik in ʼn poging om uitsluitsel te verkry oor die takson-grense binne die P. melanotus-spesiekompleks. Die allosiem-analise het daarop gedui dat P. m. melanotus moontlik polifileties mag wees en uit twee onverwante stamboom-vertakkings kan bestaan. Verder het vaste alleliese verskille tussen parapatriese bevolkings van P. m. melanotus en P. m. subviridis, en tussen simpatriese bevolkings van P. m. subviridis en P. langi, daarop gedui dat al drie vorme as volledige spesies beskou kan word, met die moontlikheid dat meer kriptiese spesies in die kompleks teenwoordig kan wees. Pseudocordylus transvaalensis het van die meeste ander bevolkings verskil met 1-3 vaste alleliese verskille, maar was ononderskeibaar van die bevolking van P. m. melanotus van die Nkandhla distrik (sentraal KwaZulu-Natal). Daar was slegs homosigote individue in ʼn steekproef van Monontsha Pas (Qwa-Qwa), ʼn bevolking wat volgens die literatuur P. m. melanotus en P. m. subviridis, sowel as intermediêre omvat, en alle monsters was toekenbaar aan P. m. subviridis. Die allosiemstudie is egter gebaseer op fenetiese beginsels en vir verdere taksonomiese oplossing is ʼn kladistiese benadering vereis. ʼn Mitokondriale DNS-analise (16S rRNS geen) wat gebruik maak van Maksimum Parsimonie-, Maksimum Waarskynlikheids- en Bayes-analises is daarom uitgevoer om die filogenetiese verwantskappe tussen spesies en subspesies te bepaal en om die taksonomiese status van vorme in die P. melanotus-spesiekompleks te herondersoek. Die mtDNS-analise het die meeste van die resultate van die allosiem-analise bevestig. Eerstens, P. langi is weer bevind om basaal te wees. Met die byvoeging van P. microlepidotus en P. spinosus tot die binne-groep het dit nou duidelik geword dat P. langi die basale spesie in die genus is. (Onlangse studies het aangedui dat P. capensis en P. nebulosus nie kongeneries met Pseudocordylus is nie.) Tweedens, die 16S rRNS resultate bevestig dat P. m. melanotus, soos tans vasgestel, saamgestel is uit twee klade wat nie sustergroepe is nie. Die noordelike bevolkings van P. m. melanotus (Sabie en Lochiel) vorm ʼn redelik diep divergente klaad wat ʼn afsonderlike spesie mag verteenwoordig. Dit is egter bevind dat die Nkandla bevolking saamgegroepeer het met die ander suidelike P. m. melanotus-bevolkings en nie met P. transvaalensis soos wat die geval was in die allosiem-elektroforetiese analise nie. Die mees verbasende resultaat van die 16S rRNS-analise was egter die bevinding dat beide P. microlepidotus en P. spinosus genestel was binne P. m. subviridis. Dit dui daarop dat hierdie twee spesies kon ontwikkel het vanuit P. m. subviridis en slegs onlangs van mekaar geskei het, toe vinnige morfologiese splitsing voorgekom het, maar met beperkte genetiese differensiasie. Dit word voorgestel dat al drie die bogenoemde taksa voorlopig as volledige spesies beskou word. Daar was ook morfologiese steun vir die uniekheid van al die groeperings wat die mtDNS-analise uitgewys het. Pseudocordylus transvaalensis kan uitgeken word aan sy bogemiddelde grootte, unieke dorsale en (swart) kleurpatrone op die keel, so veel as drie horisontale rye lateraaltemporale skubbe, ʼn reeks klein skubbe agter die interpariëtale skub, en gewoonlik twee subokulêre skubbe agter die middelste subokulêre skub op beide kante van die kop. Die verskillende bevolkings wat tans geklassifiseer word as P. melanotus is moeiliker om van mekaar te skei, maar P. m. melanotus en P. m. subviridis verskil gewoonlik soos volg: frontonasale skub in twee gedeel in P. m. melanotus, heel in P. m. subviridis (en in die meeste Noordelike melanotus); lateraal-temporale skubbe in twee rye, die boonste ry met verlengde skubbe teenoor ʼn enkele ry verlengde skubbe; longitudinale rye van dorsolaterale skubbe naby aan mekaar teenoor ver uit mekaar; femorale porieë van wyfies klein en vlak teenoor diep met sekreterende proppe. Noordelike melanotus verskil van Suidelike melanotus deurdat hulle gewoonlik ʼn heel frontonasale skub het en daar selde ʼn klein skub teenwoordig is agter die frontonasale skub. Pseudocordylus langi het unieke dorsale en keel-kleurpatrone (wat ʼn reeks blou kolle op die sye insluit), granulêre dorsale skubbe met 6-9 rye vergrote plat skubbe langs die rugsteen, ʼn groot totale aantal femorale porieë (25-34), en gewoonlik net vyf (glad, ongerif) infralabiale skubbe op elke kant van die kop. Pseudocordylus spinosus het ook unieke dorsale en keel-kleurpatrone, skerp laterale skubbe, frontonasale skub langer as wyd en nie in kontak met die loreale skubbe nie, klein totale aantal femorale porieë (6-9), en wyfies (nie net mannetjies nie) het gedifferensieerde femorale skubbe. Die Hoof-komponent Analise (HKA) en die Kanonieke Diskriminant Analise (KDA) het albei vier groepe geïdentifiseer, naamlik P. transvaalensis, P. langi, P. spinosus en ʼn P. melanotus/subviridis/microlepidotus groepering. ʼn Aparte KDA van alle P. melanotus bevolkings het gedeeltelik onderskei tussen Suidelike melanotus en P. m. subviridis, en die Noordelike melanotus is grootliks van die ander onderskei; terwyl ʼn KDA van P. transvaalensis daarop gedui het dat al drie allopatriese bevolkings 100% onderskeibaar in morfologiese ruimte is. ʼn Genestelde Klaad-Analise het aangedui dat fragmentasie, sowel as gebiedsuitbreiding, ʼn rol gespeel het in die verspreiding van die P. melanotus-spesiekompleks. Dit kan moontlik verklaar word deur die klimaatswisselinge (hoë-lae temperature en nat-droë siklusse) gedurende die Senosoikum wat habitat-uitbreiding en –verkleining veroorsaak het. Gebaseer op die topologie van die mtDNS filogram is dit duidelik dat die genus Pseudocordylus al langs die oostelike platorand ontstaan het. ʼn Voorouer soortgelyk aan P. langi kon ʼn uitgebreide gebied al langs die oostelike platorand gehad het, met die Maloti-Drakensberg wat die suidelike limiet van hierdie gebied gevorm het. Gedurende ʼn daaropvolgende toename in globale temperature het gebiedsverkleining en fragmentasie plaasgevind, wat ʼn geïsoleerde bevolking in die suide en een in die noorde tot gevolg gehad het. Die suidelike bevolking het onveranderd oorleef in die Maloti-Drakensberg skuilplek (“refugium”), maar die noordelike bevolking is geforseer om aan te pas in die warmer toestande. Daarna het die noordelike vorm se gebied weer uitgebrei, maar gedurende ʼn daaropvolgende koeler periode het gebiedsverkleining weer plaasgevind, met die gevolg dat daar ʼn geïsoleerde noord-oostelike bevolking in die Sabie-Lochiel-area in Mpumalanga (Noordelike melanotus) en ʼn bevolking in die weste was. Verwantskappe in die laasgenoemde klaad is nie voldoende opgelos om verdere rekonstruksie van die biogeografiese geskiedenis moontlik te maak nie, maar dit is duidelik dat ʼn vorm soortgelyk aan P. m. subviridis geïsoleer geraak het in die suide waar dit eindelik op hoë liggings in kontak gekom het met P. langi. Die gebied van P. m. subviridis is ook later suidweswaarts uitgebrei tot in die binnelandse berge van die Oos-Kaap en Kaapse Plooiberge om tot die ontstaan van die P. microlepidotuskompleks aanleiding te gee. Hierdie siklus van gebiedsuitbreiding en verkleining kan ook ʼn verklaring bied vir die geïsoleerde bevolkings by Suikerbosrand, Nkandhla distrik, en in die Amatole-Groot Winterberg-streek. Verder word voorgestel dat P. spinosus ontstaan het uit ʼn voorouerlike bevolking soortgelyk aan P. m. subviridis wat geïsoleerd geraak het op die laer hange van die Drakensberg waar die druk van aardsbewonende roofdiere tot ʼn vinnige verandering in morfologie vanaf redelik gladde liggaamskubbe tot ʼn meer skerppuntige morfologie gelei het.

Orientador : Mary Anne Heidi Dolder
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Mestrado

Thesis (MSc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Standard histological procedures revealed that there are two types of glands in the cloacal complex of the viviparous Cordylus cataphractus. These occur in the urodeal region of the complex (called urodeal glands), and in the posterior proctodeum region (called proctodeal glands). Urodeal glands are found in females only and differentiate at sexual maturity. Proctodeal glands occur in both sexes and the dorsal and ventral proctodeal glands are identical in structure. Seasonal activity in cloacal gland structure and secretory was studied. Urodeal glands show distinct seasonal variation in development and secretory activity, they become enlarged in vitellogenic females, remain active during pregnancy, with glandular activity peaking around parturition. Proctodeal glands, in contrast, show little or no seasonal variation in development or secretory activity in both sexes. Secretion quantity, however, is highly variable among individuals of the same sex, time of year, as well as reproductive stage, but evidently much less in females than in males. Although the possible functions of the cloacal glands are still unclear, two main functions are suggested: a) mechanical function such as lubrication or a substrate for genital products and b) pheromonal communication. I propose that urodeal glands are involved in some reproductive function rather than in social communication, because very little secretion is found during the mating season and peak glandular activity are evident around parturition. The opposite may be true for proctodeal glands, but further investigation is needed, particularly chemical analysis of secretion and behavioural manipulation, to determine the role of these glands in social communication.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Standaard histologiese tegnieke dui aan dat daar twee tipes kliere voorkom in die kloakale kompleks van die lewendbarende akkedis, Cordylus cataphractus. Die een kliertipe word in die urodeale omgewing aangetref en staan bekend as die urodeaalkliere, terwyl die ander groep in die posterior area van die proktodeum voorkom en proktodeaalkliere heet. Urodeaalkliere word slegs in wyfies aangetref en ontwikkel eers na volwassenheid bereik is. Proktodeaalkliere kom in albei geslagte voor en dorsale en ventrale aspekte van hierdie kliere is identies aan mekaar. Die seisoenale aktiwiteit in struktuur en sekresie-aktiwiteit van hierdie kloakale kliere is ondersoek in mannetjies en wyfies wat gedurende verskillende maande van die jaar versamel is en dus in verskillende voorplantingstadia was. Urodeaalkliere het duidelike seisoenale variasie vertoon wat beide ontwikkeling van die klier en sekretoriese aktiwiteite betref. Die klier vergroot tydens vitellogenese, bly aktief tydens swangerskap en bereik maksimale aktiwiteitsvlakke rondom geboorte. In teenstelling hiermee het die proktodeaalkiere van beide geslagte weinig of self geen seisonale variasie in hul ontwikkeling of sekretoriese aktiwiteit getoon nie. Die hoeveelheid sekreet vrygestel was merkbaar minder in wyfies as in mannetjies, maar hoogs veranderlik tussen individue van dieselfde geslag of voortplantingstadium; of wat in dieselfde tydperk van die jaar versamel is. Alhoewel funksies van kloakale kliere steeds onduidelik bly, word twee hooffunksies voorgestel: a) ‘n meganiese funksie, byvoorbeeld as smeermiddel of as ‘n substraat vir geslagsprodukte en b) ‘n kommunikasie funksie, byvoorbeeld in die vrystelling van feromone. Ek stel voor dat die urodeaalkliere eerder by ‘n voortplantingsfunksie betrokke is, aangesien baie min sekreet gedurende die paarseisoen vervaardig word terwyl klieraktiwiteit rondom geboorte ‘n piek bereik. Die teenoorgestelde mag geld vir proktodeaalkliere, maar vereis verdere ondersoek. Veral ‘n chemiese analise van die sekresie en gedragsmanipulasie sal nuttig wees om ‘n moontlike rol van hierdie kliere in sosiale kommunikasie te bepaal.

Orientador: Woodruff W. Benson
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Nove espécies de lagartos vivem em simpatria na restinga de Barra de Maricã, Rio de Janeiro. As duas famílias mais estudadas mostraram diferenças nas estratégias de forrageamento, que ajudaram a permitir coexistência. Membros da família ¿senta-e-espera¿ Iguanidae, Tropidurus torquatus e Liolaemus lutzae, demonstraram similaridades com respeito às suas dietas, bem como ao horário de forrageamento, mas diferiram em habitat. T. torquatus tem coloração críptica adaptada à área com moitas e ocorre apenas nesta formação, enquanto que Liolaemus lutzae tem coloração críptica apropriada para as dunas de areia e corre principalmente na praia, em agregados de gramíneas junto ao oceano ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Nine lizard species 'live in simpatry in beach dune vegetation of Barra de Maricá, RJ.The two most studied families showed differences in feeding strategies that helped allow co-existence. Members of the. "sit-and-wa:Lt" family Iguanidae, Tropidurus torquatus and Liolaemus lutzae, demonstrated similarities with respect to their diets as well as foraging schedules, but differed in habitat. T. torquatus has cryptic coloration adapted to the shrub area and occurs only in that formàtion, while L.lutzae has cryptic coloration apropriate to sandy dunes and occurs mainly on the beach, in grass patches near the oceano ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Mestrado
Mestre em Ecologia

Orientadores: Sergio Furtado dos Reis, Marcio Silva Araujo.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A dieta é um dos principais atributos do nicho ecológico de qualquer espécie animal. Geralmente nos estudos ecológicos os indivíduos de uma população são considerados ecologicamente equivalentes em relação ao uso de recurso. Contudo, esta abordagem tem se mostrada inadequada na descrição da utilização de recurso para várias espécies, como demonstrado por dados empíricos. A variação intrapopulacional pode ser ocasionada por fatores exógenos ou fenômenos endógenos ocasionados pelas diferenças sexuais e/ou ontogenéticas. Além disso, indivíduos pertencentes à mesma classe etária, ao mesmo sexo e dentro da mesma localidade podem também exibir variação no nicho. Esse fenômeno é denominado de "especialização individual" e sua ocorrência tem sido descrita para comunidades temperadas ou depauperadas até o presente momento. Para verificar quais fenômenos podem produzir a variação no nicho de lagartos tropicais foi utilizado como modelo Tropidurus hispidus. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever a composição da dieta; investigar a existência de variação intrapopulacional no nicho trófico; determinar em que níveis essa variação se expressa; e testar se a morfologia é um mecanismo subjacente ao uso de recursos alimentares nesta espécie. Dentre os fenômenos analisados, a variação intrapopulacional parece ser ocasionada unicamente pela especialização individual. Os itens mais consumidos por T. hispidus, formigas, besouros e cupins, produzem uma variedade de substâncias químicas tóxicas que podem impor um alto custo para desintoxicação e gerar preferências alimentares individuais. Outra possível fonte de variação é a ocorrência de diferentes comportamentos de forrageio por indivíduos da mesma população. Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de especialização individual em lagartos tropicais e reforça a percepção de que esse fenômeno esta presente em comunidades tropicais de alta diversidade, contrariando o padrão estabelecido na literatura, relacionando à ocorrência da especialização individual a comunidades temperadas e depauperadas.
Abstract: The diet is one of the main atributes of the ecological niche of animal species. Generally, the individuals of a population are considered ecologically equivalent in ecological studies that focus on resource use. Nevertheless, this approach has been inadequate to correctly describe resource use by various species, as demonstrated by empirical data. Intrapopulation variation may be caused by exogenous factors or endogenous phenomena such as sexual and/or ontogenetic differences. Additionally, individuals belonging to the same age or sex, and within a single site or time can also show differences in niche. This phenomenon has been defined as "individual specialization" and its occurrence is related to temperate and/or depauperate communities. To verify which phenomena produce niche variation in tropical lizards, we used Tropidurus hispidus as a model system. The aims of this study were to describe the diet composition; to investigate the existence of intrapopulational variation in trophic niche; to determine at which levels this variation is expressed, and test if the morphology is an underlying mechanism in food resource use in this species. The intrapopulation variation seems to be caused uniquely by individual specialization. The most consumed items by T. hispidus, ants, beetles and termites, produce a variety of toxic chemical substances that can impose a high cost for desintoxication and generate individual alimentary preferences. Another possible source of variation is the occurrence of different forage behaviors by individuals of the same population. This is the first record of the occurrence of individual specialization in tropical lizards, which suggests the presence of this phenomenon in highly diverse tropical communities, contradicting the established literature relating the occurrence of individual specialization to temperate and depauperate communities.
Mestrado
Mestre em Ecologia