Journal articles: 'Sauter-Mean Diameter'

1

Hukuda, katsuya, and Tomohisa Dan. "Marine Boiler and Sauter Mean Diameter." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 44, no. 3 (2009): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.44.485.

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Robles, Coral, Juan Mora, and Antonio Canals. "Experimental Evaluation of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa Equation for Pneumatically Generated Aerosols Used in Flame Atomic Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 4 (April 1992): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924125014.

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The Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation has been checked for its applicability to predict the Sauter mean diameter of aerosols generated pneumatically under the conditions usually employed in FAAS. The measurements of droplet-size distribution have been carried out by means of a laser Fraunhofer diffraction system. The effects of both gas and liquid flows, and solvent physical properties, on experimental and calculated Sauter mean diameters of the aerosols have been studied. The results show that this equation, under normal conditions used in FAAS, correctly describes the trends of Sauter mean diameter variation of aerosols generated pneumatically with respect to the flows of nebulizing gas and liquid. Increases in liquid flow or decreases in gas flow give rise to increases in Sauter mean diameters of the aerosols. However, the absolute values predicted according to the equation far exceed the experimental Sauter mean diameters obtained, the divergences being larger at higher liquid flow/nebulizing gas flow ratios. The overestimation for water ranged from 1.8- to 8.1-fold, and for organic solvents and methanol+water mixtures from 3.6- to 13.3-fold. Under the conditions studied, experimental Sauter mean diameter values for the organic solvents and methanol+water mixtures studied were well below those found for water, under comparable conditions. This result contradicts the predictions of the Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation mainly at high liquid flow/nebulizing gas flow ratios. The main reason for this divergence is the overweighting assigned to the second term of the equation.

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Liu, Chen Wei, and Ming Zhong Li. "Effect of Dispersed Phase Viscosity on Emulsification in Turbulence Flow." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.571.

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Systematic experimental study has been performed to examine the effects of dispersed phase viscosity on emulsification in turbulence flow. It is found that the volume drop size distributions widen as dispersed phase viscosity increased; at lower dispersed phase viscosity, both Sauter mean diameter and the maximum stable diameter increase with the viscosity, while at higher dispersed phase viscosity, Sauter mean diameter and the maximum stable diameter decreasing and increasing, respectively. It has also been found that linear relation between the Sauter mean diameter and the maximum stable drop diameter is still valid for the emulsions which show a bimodal volume distribution, and the proportional constant decreases as dispersed phase viscosity increases.

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Koegl, Matthias, Yogeshwar Nath Mishra, Michael Storch, Chris Conrad, Edouard Berrocal, Stefan Will, and Lars Zigan. "Analysis of ethanol and butanol direct-injection spark-ignition sprays using two-phase structured laser illumination planar imaging droplet sizing." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 11 (April 22, 2018): 175682771877249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827718772496.

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This paper reports on the spray structure of the biofuels, ethanol, and butanol generated by a multihole direct-injection spark-ignition injector, which is studied in a constant volume chamber. The spray shape and structure are analyzed using two-phase structured laser illumination planar imaging where both laser-induced fluorescence and Mie-scattering light are recorded simultaneously for the extraction of instantaneous laser-induced fluorescence/Mie-scattering ratio images. Quantitative planar measurements of the droplet Sauter mean diameter are conducted, using calibration data from phase-Doppler anemometry. The resulting Sauter mean diameters are presented for ethanol and butanol at various fuel temperatures at different times after the start of injection. It is found that an increase in fuel temperature results in a faster atomization and higher evaporation rate, which leads to reduced spray tip penetration and smaller droplet Sauter mean diameter. At equivalent conditions, butanol consistently showed larger spray tip penetration in comparison to ethanol. This behavior is due to the higher surface tension and viscosity of butanol resulting in the formation of larger droplets and larger Sauter mean diameters in the whole spray region. Finally, the butanol injection also shows larger cyclic variations in the spray shape from injection to injection which is explained by the internal nozzle flow that is influenced by larger fuel viscosity as well. The Sauter mean diameter distribution is also compared to phase-Doppler anemometry data showing good agreement and an uncertainty analysis of the structured laser illumination planar imaging-laser-induced fluorescence/Mie-scattering technique for planar droplet sizing in direct-injection spark-ignition sprays is presented.

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Ochowiak, Marek, Andżelika Krupińska, Sylwia Włodarczak, Magdalena Matuszak, Małgorzata Markowska, Marcin Janczarek, and Tomasz Szulc. "The Two-Phase Conical Swirl Atomizers: Spray Characteristics." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133416.

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This paper presents the results of experimental studies on two-phase conical swirl atomizers. The impact of various atomizer geometries and different operational parameters of the atomization process on the spray characteristics was investigated. The influence of the mixing chamber height HS to diameter DS ratio and the volumetric flow rates of liquid and gas on the discharge coefficient values, spray angle, droplet size expressed by Sauter mean diameter D32, volumetric and radial distributions of droplet diameters in the spray stream were determined. The analysis of results showed that the discharge coefficient values depend on the Reynolds number for liquid and gas and the atomizer geometry. The spray angle increases as the flow rate of liquid and gas increases depending on the applied atomizer construction. The Sauter mean diameter value is correlated with the geometric dimensions of the atomizer swirl chamber. The rapid increase in D32 occurs after exceeding the value HS/DS ≈ 3. The Sauter mean diameter also depends on the operating parameters. A central area of stream is filled with smaller sized droplets as the gas flow rate increases.

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Kracht, W., and C. Moraga. "Acoustic measurement of the bubble Sauter mean diameter d32." Minerals Engineering 98 (November 2016): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.08.001.

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Wang, Shu, Xiao Xiao, Tian Deng, Ang Chen, and Ming Zhu. "A Sauter mean diameter sensor for fire smoke detection." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 281 (February 2019): 920–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.021.

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Mishra, Yogeshwar Nath, Matthias Koegl, Kevin Baderschneider, Bernhard Hofbeck, Edouard Berrocal, Chris Conrad, Stefan will, and Lars Zigan. "3D mapping of droplet Sauter mean diameter in sprays." Applied Optics 58, no. 14 (May 6, 2019): 3775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.003775.

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9

Couto, H. S., J. A. Carvalho, and D. Bastos-Netto. "Theoretical Formulation for Sauter Mean Diameter of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Journal of Propulsion and Power 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5221.

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Martinez, Gabrielle L., Farzad Poursadegh, Gina M. Magnotti, Katarzyna E. Matusik, Daniel J. Duke, Benjamin W. Knox, Alan L. Kastengren, Christopher F. Powell, and Caroline L. Genzale. "Measurement of Sauter mean diameter in diesel sprays using a scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418819912.

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A new diagnostic for the quantification of Sauter mean diameter in high-pressure fuel sprays has been recently developed using combined optical and X-ray measurements at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Argonne National Laboratory, respectively. This diagnostic utilizes liquid scattering extinction measurements from diffuse back-illumination imaging, conducted at Georgia Tech, and liquid absorption measurements from X-ray radiography, conducted at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. The new diagnostic, entitled the scattering–absorption measurement ratio, quantifies two-dimensional distributions of path-integrated Sauter mean diameter, enabling the construction of the spatial history of drop size development within practical fuel sprays. This technique offers unique benefits over conventional drop-sizing methods in that it can be more robust in optically dense regions of the spray, while also providing high spatial resolution of the corresponding droplet field. The methodology for quantification of Sauter mean diameter distributions using the scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique has been previously introduced and demonstrated in diesel sprays using the Engine Combustion Network Spray D injector; however, a more detailed treatment of measurement uncertainties has been needed. In this work, we present a summary of the various sources of measurement uncertainty in the scattering–absorption measurement ratio diagnostic, like those due to the experimental setup, data processing methods, and theoretical assumptions, and assess how these sources of uncertainty affect the quantified Sauter mean diameter. The spatially resolved Sauter mean diameter measurements that result from the scattering–absorption measurement ratio diagnostic will be especially valuable to the engine modeling community for the quantitative validation of spray submodels in engine computational fluid dynamics codes. Careful evaluation and quantification of measurement uncertainties are important to support accurate model validation and to ensure the development of more predictive spray models.

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Yu, Shangzhi, Qinglong Xie, Xiaoning Mao, Ying Duan, and Yong Nie. "Heat transfer in a novel microwave heating device coupled with atomization feeding." Thermal Science 26, no. 2 Part A (2022): 1185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210518288y.

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The heat transfer characteristics of the microwave heating coupled with atomization feeding were investigated using ethanol as the spray medium on a pressure swirl nozzle. The effects of spray height, flow rate and temperature on the sauter mean diameter of atomized droplets were examined. The results showed that the droplet sauter mean diameter was 12-130 ?m, which increased with the spray height and decreased with the flow rate and temperature of spray medium. Through the fitting of the experimental data, the dimensionless correlation of the droplet sauter mean diameter which was based on orifice diameter, Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers was obtained. The calculated results were basically consistent with the experimental data within 15% error. The heat transfer characteristics of atomized droplets on high temperature surface of SiC bed heated by microwave were then investigated. The effects of spray flow rate, spray height, and spray temperature on the heat transfer characteristics were examined. The power of spray heat transfer decreased with the temperature and increased with the spray flow rate and spray height. The dimensionless correlation to describe the heat transfer characteristics of atomized droplets on the high temperature SiC surface under the microwave heating was obtained which included thermophysical properties of spray medium, spray parameters, and temperatures of the high temperature bed surface and spray medium, with the error of ?20%. These correlations can be used to predict the sauter mean diameter of the atomized droplets and the power of spray heat transfer in the microwave heating process.

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Naz, Muhammad Yasin, Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman, and Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi. "Sauter Mean Diameter Profiles of Droplets in a Continuous Spray Stream." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.473.

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In this study, a modified starch solution was heated upto 80°C and continuously sprayed into ambient air with an axi-symmetric full cone nozzle operated at two different load pressures 3 and 5 bar. The generated sprays were characterized for axial Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) by using a non-intrusive Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) technique. A monotonic decrease in SMD downstream to the nozzle exit was noticed at 5 bar load pressure. At 3 bar load pressure, initially, SMD decreased between 10-20 mm downstream, then increased between 20-40 mm and finally reached to its lowest values at 100 mm downstream. Overall, the SMD measured at 3 and 5 bar load pressures was decreased from 99 to 66 μm and 85 to 57 μm respectively after moving 100 mm downstream.

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Kowalczuk, Przemyslaw B., and Jan Drzymala. "Physical meaning of the Sauter mean diameter of spherical particulate matter." Particulate Science and Technology 34, no. 6 (October 6, 2015): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2015.1099582.

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Wei, Xiao, and Huang Yong. "Improved Semiempirical Correlation to Predict Sauter Mean Diameter for Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Journal of Propulsion and Power 30, no. 6 (November 2014): 1628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b35238.

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15

Hiroyasu, Hiroyuki, Masataka Arai, and Tsugio Kishi. "A Laser Diagnostic Technique for Sauter Mean Diameter of Fuel Oil Sprays." KONA Powder and Particle Journal 3 (1985): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/kona.1985004.

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16

Sovová, Helena. "Countercurrent pulsed and reciprocating plate extractors. Prediction of Sauter mean drop diameter." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 2 (1990): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19900409.

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Six published correlations for Sauter diameter d32 in pulsed and reciprocating plate columns are compared with drop size measurements from seven different data sources. The correlation of Kumar and Hartland gives the best fit of data in the whole range of agitation rates. Also the semiempiric equations of Misek and of Boyadzhiev and Spassov are of general validity at higher agitation levels. A new semiempiric equation covering the whole range of agitation rates and describing experimental data with a standard deviation of 10% is presented.

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17

Semião, Viriato, Pedro Andrade, and Maria da Graça Carvalho. "Spray characterization: Numerical prediction of Sauter mean diameter and droplet size distribution." Fuel 75, no. 15 (November 1996): 1707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(96)00163-9.

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Liu, Liansheng, Na Pei, Ruolin Zhao, Liang Tian, Runze Duan, Yan Zhang, Menghan Li, and Xiaoyu Zhang. "Effect of the two-phase hybrid mode of effervescent atomizer on the atomization characteristics." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0101.

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Abstract In this paper, the atomization characteristics of an effervescent atomizer were investigated. The velocity, Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and atomization cone angle of the droplets were measured using the Phase Doppler Analyzer (PDA) to discuss the effect of different design parameters. The results showed that the atomization was unstable at a small Gas-Liquid Rate (GLR) while the atomization proved gradually by increasing the GLR. The optimal atomization region was at a GLR=0.1. In the atomization process, there existed a typical velocity distribution for the swirl atomizer. The design parameters of atomizer provided a great influence on the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and atomization cone angle. The experiment results showed that some droplets had negative velocities.

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Sankar, S. V., K. E. Maher, D. M. Robart, and W. D. Bachalo. "Rapid Characterization of Fuel Atomizers Using an Optical Patternator." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818488.

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Planar laser scattering (PLS) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques are currently being used for rapid characterization of fuel sprays associated with gas turbine atomizers, diesel injectors, and automotive fuel injectors. These techniques can be used for qualitative, quantitative, and rapid measurement of fuel mass, spray geometry, and Sauter mean diameters in various sprays. The spatial distribution of the fuel mass can be inferred directly from the PLIF image, and the Sauter mean diameter can be measured by simultaneously recording the PLIF and PLS images and then ratioing the two. A spray characterization system incorporating the PLS and/or PLIF techniques has been loosely termed an optical patternator, and in this study, it has been used to characterize both steady and pulsed sprays. The results obtained with the optical patternator have been directly validated using a phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA).

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Vinnett, Luis, Iván Cornejo, Juan Yianatos, Claudio Acuña, Benjamín Urriola, Camila Guajardo, and Alex Esteban. "The Correlation between Macroscopic Image and Object Properties with Bubble Size in Flotation." Minerals 12, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121528.

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This paper studies the correlation between different macroscopic features of image regions and object properties with the Sauter diameter (D32) of bubble size in flotation. Bubbles were sampled from the collection zone of a two-dimensional flotation cell using a McGill Bubble Size Analyzer, and photographed bubbles were processed using image analysis. The Sauter mean diameters were obtained under different experimental conditions using a semiautomated methodology, in which non-identifiable bubbles were manually characterized to estimate the bubble size distribution. For the same processed images, different image properties from their binary representation were studied in terms of their correlation with D32. The median and variability of the shadow percentage, aspect ratio, power spectral density, perimeter, equivalent diameters, solidity, and circularity, among other image or object properties, were studied. These properties were then related to the measured D32 values, from which four predictors were chosen to obtain a multivariable model that adequately described the Sauter diameter. After removing abnormal gas dispersion conditions, the multivariable linear model was able to represent D32 values (99 datasets) for superficial gas rates in the range of 0.4–2.5 cm/s, for four types of frothers and surfactant concentrations ranging from 0 to 32 ppm. The model was tested with 72 independent datasets, showing the generalizability of the results. Thus, the approach proved to be applicable at the laboratory scale for D32 = 1.3–6.7 mm.

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Wei, Xianggeng, Yiming Feng, Jinying Ye, Na Li, and Oskar J. Haidn. "Influence of Mass Flow Rate on the Atomization Characteristics of Screw Conveyor Swirl Injectors." Aerospace 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9060293.

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This study conducted cold flow experimental research on the influence of mass flow rate on the atomization characteristics of screw conveyer swirl injectors in an opening environment. The Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) and high-speed photography were utilized to obtain experimental data. The results showed that the mass flow rate greatly influenced the atomization establishment and working characteristics of the injectors. The design point selection of the injectors exerted significant influence on the flow range and the performances of the injectors in a steady-state operation. The Sauter mean diameter of the atomization field continued to decrease with the increase in the mass flow rate. As the distance to the injector exit increased, the Sauter mean diameter continued to decrease, and finally tended to be stable. The average particle diameter obtained by the current image-processing method was greater than that by PDPA; therefore, the image-processing method needs improvement.

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Wang, Jin Li, Li Quan Li, and Lin Cai. "The Numerical Study of Oil Drop Jet from Oil-Air Lubrication Nozzle." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.361.

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Nozzle is an important part of oil-air lubrication system. This paper uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT to study the flow field of oil air, and different air pressure and nozzle throat size are discussed. The results show that: When air pressure is increased from 0.05Mpa to 0.1Mpa, the maximum diameter (2mm) percentage reduces, but the diameters distribution is almost unchanged as the air pressure is increased to 0.3MPa. The throat diameter is decreased, the mean Sauter diameter of oil drop reduces. This paper will provide a theoretical basis for oil-air lubrication nozzle design and selection.

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Wang, Chao, Jiya Yang, Jingyu Zhu, Wuqiang Long, and Keiya Nishida. "MULTI-ZONE SAUTER MEAN DIAMETER MODEL FOR FUEL SPRAY UNDER CROSS-FLOW CONDITIONS." Atomization and Sprays 30, no. 10 (2020): 759–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2020035102.

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Shu, Qing, Jixian Gao, Yuhui Liao, Dezheng Wang, and Jinfu Wang. "Estimation of the sauter mean diameter for biodiesels by the mixture topological index." Renewable Energy 36, no. 2 (February 2011): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.07.020.

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Wang, Baorong, Guoqiang Yang, Hongzhou Tian, Xiabing Li, Gaodong Yang, Yukai Shi, Zheng Zhou, Feng Zhang, and Zhibing Zhang. "A new model of bubble Sauter mean diameter in fine bubble-dominated columns." Chemical Engineering Journal 393 (August 2020): 124673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124673.

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Nedeltchev, Stoyan. "Unified Approach for Prediction of the Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficients in a Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Bubble Column Based on the Non-Corrected Penetration Theory: Case Studies." Processes 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091828.

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A critical review on the improvement of penetration theory is presented in this work. The volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients kLa in seven different liquids (1-butanol, 2-propanol, aniline, decalin, nitrobenzene, tetralin, and ethylene glycol) aerated with air in a small bubble column (BC) (inner diameter: 0.095 m) were measured at ambient conditions and further analyzed. It was found that the kLa values can be predicted satisfactorily on the basis of the classical Higbie’s penetration model. The gas–liquid contact time was defined as the ratio of the Sauter-mean bubble diameter to bubble rise velocity. Moreover, the experimental kLa values were well predicted, not only in the homogeneous regime, but also in the transition and heterogeneous regimes. This is a new finding, since to date, it was considered that the penetration theory needs a correction factor for a successful application to any liquid, even in the homogeneous regime. The predictions of the mass transfer coefficients kLa in the above-mentioned seven liquids imply that the mean bubble diameters are always ellipsoidal or spherical, which is the key condition for the applicability (without a correction) of penetration theory. In the presented (in this work) model-based kLa predictions, the Sauter-mean bubble diameters were estimated by means of the reliable correlation of Wilkinson et al., which always predicts a gradually decreasing bubble size at higher gas velocities.

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Prakash, Ritesh, Bongliba T. Sangtam, Kalicharan Hembrom, and Subrata Kumar Majumder. "Bubble size analysis in a two-phase countercurrent flow in the narrow rectangular column." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (April 2022): 043305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083749.

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The flow of bubbles in a two-phase system has great implications in chemical, petrochemical, and biochemical applications. This work enunciates the measurement of bubble size distribution and bubble aspect ratio in three-different axial zones in the countercurrent flow mode with a gas and liquid velocity range of 0.044–0.321 and 0.019–0.058 m/s, respectively. Bubble size is measured by the photographic technique. The bubble aspect ratio and bubble size distribution results reveal that the impact of gas and liquid velocities is significant on the Sauter mean bubble size. The Sauter mean bubble size increases as the gas velocity increases, whereas it decreases with the liquid velocity. The Sauter mean bubble diameter ranges from 2.65 to 6.16 mm. The distribution of bubble sizes follows the LogLogistic probability density function. In addition, a correlation is also proposed for the interpretation of bubble diameter in terms of Reynolds number and Froude number. The bubble aspect ratio changes with axial zones and gas and liquid velocities. Experiments reveal that the bubble aspect increases with liquid velocity while decreasing with gas velocity and axial zones. The bubble aspect ratio correlations are developed in terms of Eötvös and Reynolds numbers. The present results will be helpful for the process intensification of bubble-aided two-phase flow applications.

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Krzywanski, Jaroslaw, Dariusz Urbaniak, Henryk Otwinowski, Tomasz Wylecial, and Marcin Sosnowski. "Fluidized Bed Jet Milling Process Optimized for Mass and Particle Size with a Fuzzy Logic Approach." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153303.

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The milling process is a complex phenomenon dependent on various technological and material parameters. The development of a fluidized bed jet milling model is of high practical significance, since milling is utilized in many industries, and its complexity is still not sufficiently recognized. Therefore, this research aims to optimize fluidized bed jet milling with the use of fuzzy logic (FL) based approach as one of the primary artificial intelligence (AI) methods. The developed fuzzy logic model (FLMill) of the investigated process allows it to be described as a non-iterative procedure, over a wide range of operating conditions. Working air pressure, rotational speed of the classifier rotor, and time of conducting the test are considered as inputs, while mass and mean Sauter diameter of the product are defined as outputs. Several triangular and constant linguistic terms are used in the developed FLMill model, which was validated against the experimental data. The optimum working air pressure and the test’s conducting time are 500 kPa and 3000 s, respectively. The optimum rotational speed of the classifier is equal to 50 s−1, considering the mass of the grinding product, and 250 s−1 for the mean Sauter diameter of the product. Such operating parameters allow obtaining 243.3 g of grinding product with the mean Sauter diameter of 11 µm. The research proved that the use of fuzzy logic modeling as a computer-based technique of solving mechanical engineering problems allows effective optimization of the fluidized bed jet milling process.

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KLYUS, Oleh, and Nadezhda ZAMIATINA. "Residual fuel atomization process simulation." Combustion Engines 169, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-219.

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The process of atomization of fuel in engines with compression ignition is determining in organization of the combustion process, the result of which are the economic and environmental performance of the engine. One of the main parameters of the spray jet fuel is the mean droplet diameter. The article presents the results of analytical and experimental studies by the definition of mean diameter of Sauter droplet of atomized residual fuel IFO380.

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Hardalupas, Y., and J. H. Whitelaw. "Interaction Between Sprays From Multiple Coaxial Airblast Atomizers." Journal of Fluids Engineering 118, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835507.

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Phase Doppler measurements of size, velocity, liquid flux, and average mass fractions were obtained in sprays produced by three identical coaxial airblast atomizers, with their axes placed in a triangular arrangement at distances of two air jet diameters from each other; the arrangement simulates the spray interaction in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine with water and air respectively replacing the liquid oxygen and hydrogen of the preburner sprays. Each nozzle comprised a liquid jet with exit diameter of 2.3 mm centred in a 8.95 mm diameter air stream. Two liquid flowrates were examined, while the air flowrate was kept constant, resulting in Weber number at the exit of the nozzle around 1100, air-to-liquid momentum ratio 8.6 and 38, velocity ratio 24 and 51, mass flowrate ratio 0.35 and 0.75, liquid jet Reynolds number 10,000 and 21,000 and air jet Reynolds number around 108,000. The air flow characteristics were compared to the flow without liquid injection. Up to 10 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, individual spray characteristics dominated and maximum Sauter mean diameters, typically around 150 μm, and liquid flux were observed on the geometrical axes of the nozzles. Spray merging was strong in the region between the nozzle axes, where the Sauter mean diameter reduced and the liquid flux and the mean and rms of the fluctuations of the axial velocity of the droplets and the air flow increased relative to the single spray. Downstream of 25 air jet diameters from the nozzle exit, the multiple sprays merged to a single spray-like flow produced by a nozzle located at the centre of the triangular region between the nozzle axes. Reduction of the liquid flowrate by 50 percent, improved atomization by 25 percent, shortened the axial distance from the nozzles where the individual spray characteristics disappeared by 30 percent and increased the air flow turbulence by 20 percent. Droplet coalescence was negligible for high liquid flowrates, but for reduced liquid flowrates coalescence became important and the Sauter mean diameter increased with the axial distance from the exit by around 15 percent. Spray merging increased the air flow turbulence and the local mass fraction distribution of the air in the region between the nozzle axes by around 50 and 40 percent respectively relative to the single sprays, resulting in a fuel rich region with increased gas flow turbulence which may influence the ignition process in the preburner of the space shuttle main engine.

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Amedorme, Sherry. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MEAN DROPLET SIZE FROM PRESSURE SWIRL ATOMIZER." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 4, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v4.i6.2020.124.

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This experimental study undertakes the measurements of droplet Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) at different axial distances for the hollow-cone nozzle and different radial distances from the spray centreline using a laser-diffraction-based drop size analyser in order to validate atomization model. The study also investigates the influence of injection pressure and the evaluation of two exit orifice diameters on the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). The drop size distributions along the nozzle centreline as well as the radial drop distributions from spray centreline are also evaluated. To enhance the physics of liquid sheet instability and liquid film breakup mechanisms, visualization of liquid film breakup as a function of injection pressure was carried out. The results show that mean droplet size (SMD) increases in the axial distance on the spray centreline but decreases with an increasing injection pressure on the spray centreline. It was observed that larger sized drops occupy the spray periphery compared to those occupying the spray core. For the nozzle exit orifice diameters of 3.5 mm and 1.5 mm, the results show that the small nozzle exhibits smaller SMDs than the bigger nozzle and the break-up lengths are different for the two nozzles. The drop size distributions at radial positions showed an increase in droplet formation through the spray downstream distances and become more uniform. The visualisation of the spray was carried out using high-speed camera and it was noted that a well-defined hollow-cone spray was captured and that the spray angle increases with the injection pressure but reduces with the liquid film length.

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Li, Liangbo, Ang Chen, Tian Deng, Jin Zeng, Feifan Xu, Shu Yan, Shu Wang, Wenqing Cheng, Ming Zhu, and Wenbo Xu. "A Simple Optical Aerosol Sensing Method of Sauter Mean Diameter for Particulate Matter Monitoring." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070436.

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Mass concentration is a commonly used but insufficient metric to evaluate the particulate matter (PM) exposure hazard. Recent studies have declared that small particles have more serious impacts on human health than big particles given the same mass concentration. However, state-of-the-art PM sensors cannot provide explicit information of the particle size for further analysis. In this work, we adopt Sauter mean diameter (SMD) as a key metric to reflect the particle size besides the mass concentration. To measure SMD, an effective optical sensing method and a proof-of-concept prototype sensor are proposed by using dual wavelengths technology. In the proposed method, a non-linear conversion model is developed to improve the SMD measurement accuracy for aerosol samples of different particle size distributions and reflective indices based on multiple scattering channels. In the experiment of Di-Ethyl-Hexyl-Sebacate (DEHS) aerosols, the outputs of our prototype sensor demonstrated a good agreement with existing laboratory reference instruments with maximum SMD measurement error down to 7.04%. Furthermore, the simplicity, feasibility and low-cost features of this new method present great potential for distributed PM monitoring, to support sophisticated human exposure hazard assessment.

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33

TABATA, Michihiko, Masataka ARAI, and Hiroyuki HIROYASU. "Sauter mean diameter of a diesel spray injected into an environment of high pressure." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 55, no. 518 (1989): 3239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.55.3239.

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34

Domann, Roland, and Yannis Hardalupas. "Quantitative Measurement of Planar Droplet Sauter Mean Diameter in Sprays using Planar Droplet Sizing." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 20, no. 3 (June 2003): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200390027.

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35

Meernik, P. R., and M. C. Yuen. "An Optical Method for Determining Bubble Size Distributions—Part II: Application to Bubble Size Measurement in a Three-Phase Fluidized Bed." Journal of Fluids Engineering 110, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243552.

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The light beam technique, described in Part I of a paper with the same title, was applied to a three-phase system (nitrogen, organic solvents, and glass particles) to study the equilibrium bubble size distributions. A range of liquid and gas flow rates, with respective superficial velocities of 1–8 cm/sec and 0.1–1.1 cm/s; and various particles, 2 mm diameter by 5 mm long cylinders and 1 to 5 mm diameter spheres, were considered. Typical average bubble diameters were measured to be in the range of 1.2 to 2 mm. For the range of flow conditions considered, the Sauter mean diameters, normalized by particle size, were found to be proportional to the Eotvos number and essentially independent of the liquid and gas fluxes.

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Liu, Jian-Yi, Xiao-Hua Tan, Zhou Fan, Xu-Tao You, Zhou Li, and Jia-Hui Zhao. "Prediction on Droplet Sauter Mean Diameter in Gas-Liquid Mist Flow Based on Droplet Fractal Theory." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716360.

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We present a fractal model for droplet Sauter mean diameter in gas-liquid mist flow, based on the droplet fractal theory and the balance relationship between total droplet surface energy and total gas turbulent kinetic energy. The present model is expressed as functions of the droplet fractal dimension, gas superficial velocity, liquid superficial velocity, and other fluid characteristics. Agreement between the present model predictions and experimental measurements is obtained. Results verify the reliability of the present model.

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Ni, Pei Yong, and Xiang Li Wang. "Variation of Sauter Mean Diameter of Droplets of Gasoline Engine Intake Port during Cold Start." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6390.

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The reduction of sauter mean diameter (SMD) of droplets means the percent of the evaporated fuel, which is important to the formation of the combustible mixture in a port-injection gasoline engine during cold-start. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of SMD of the droplets in the inlet port of a gasoline engine was employed using the CFD software. This paper presented the effect of multi-parameters on SMD of the droplets including initial droplet velocity, intake temperature, fuel temperature, injection timing and engine speed. The simulation results show that the most influential parameters on SMD of the droplets are intake temperature and fuel temperature. The fuel evaporation rates increase approximately linearly with the intake air temperature and fuel temperature increasing. The initial droplet velocity and injection timing have a little effect on the fuel evaporation. As engine speed increases, SMD of the droplets firstly decreases and then increases. After intake-valve-open (IVO), back flow of gas in cylinders results in steep reduction of droplet diameter.

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38

Danov, Stanislav N., and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Effect of Sauter Mean Diameter on the Combustion Related Parameters in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines." Journal of Propulsion and Power 16, no. 6 (November 2000): 980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5699.

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39

Estes, Kurt A., and Issam Mudawar. "Correlation of sauter mean diameter and critical heat flux for spray cooling of small surfaces." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 38, no. 16 (November 1995): 2985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(95)00046-c.

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40

Gordiychuk, Andriy, Michele Svanera, Sergio Benini, and Pietro Poesio. "Size distribution and Sauter mean diameter of micro bubbles for a Venturi type bubble generator." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (January 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.08.014.

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41

Volz, Melanie, Peter Habisreuther, and Nikolaos Zarzalis. "Correlation for the Sauter Mean Diameter of a Prefilmer Airblast Atomizer at Varying Operating Conditions." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 89, no. 3 (September 13, 2016): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201600007.

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Niculae, Andrei Laurentiu, Radu Chiriac, and Alexandru Racovitza. "The effect of using different Biodiesel fuels on jet development in a Diesel engine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 960, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/960/1/012011.

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Abstract The fuel properties and the injection rate-shape play an important role in the improvement of the combustion process of Diesel engines. In this work, the influences of using the forthcoming renewable biodiesel fuels on fuel jet development utilizing a computer simulation model created with the AVL Hydsim software were studied. Biodiesel fuels B20, B30 and B100 were considered and compared with the original pure Diesel fuel D100. The injection system behaviour under research was that one existing on a tractor engine equipped with Delphi DP200 pump and Delphi injectors. Two engine speeds of 1400 rpm and 2400 rpm were considered representative for the engine operation. For these speeds, the fuel jet characteristics as penetration, spray cone angle and Sauter mean diameter were analyzed. It can emphasize that in similar conditions of needle lift and injection rate-shape variation the usage of biodiesel fuels does not significantly alter the injection pressure and the Sauter mean diameter. However, the specific physical properties of biodiesel fuels affect substantially the spray penetration and its cone angle.

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Hassani, Mohammad Amin, Abbas Elkaie, and Maziar Shafaee. "Numerical investigation of the full-cone spray structure and characteristics provided by a jet-swirl atomizer." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 15 (July 1, 2019): 5788–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019860320.

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Jet-swirl atomizers are one of the pressure-swirl atomizers that produce full-cone spray. Although many hollow-cone pressure-swirl sprays have been studied, characteristic investigation of pressure-swirl full-cone sprays are limited to a few experimental, analytical, and numerical works where each of them investigate some of the main spray parameters. The few existing numerical studies are limited to calculate the coefficient of discharge and spray cone angle. Current numerical study investigate a newly developed jet-swirl atomizer with pressure-swirl full-cone spray, which considers other important full-cone spray characteristics including Sauter mean diameter, D10, and spray tip penetration along with the spray structure. In this study, a full-cone spray based on a newly developed jet-swirl injector is numerically simulated and analyzed using sprayFoam solver in the OpenFOAM 4.1 software. The existing code of the solver is developed and its dictionary is modified. The C+ + Sauter mean diameter and D10 codes on the cross-sectional surface are developed and this feature is added to the sprayFoam solver. The pre-published experimental and current work numerical results were in good agreement. In the simulation process, blob sheet model is used for the spray primary breakup. Two models including Taylor analogy breakup and Reitz–Diwakar have been used for the secondary breakup of the developed jet-swirl atomizer. This work shows that the results of the Reitz–Diwakar model are close to that of the Taylor analogy breakup model. The time-varying results of Sauter mean diameter, D10, and spray tip penetration are found to be in good agreement in both models. The results show that the Reitz–Diwakar model is stabilized somewhat later than the Taylor analogy breakup model. The simulated spray structure shows that the density of droplets is higher in the spray center region and this density is gradually reduced through the radial direction. The results along the radius show that the diameter of the droplets becomes larger while moving away from the center of the spray.

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Posylkin, M., A. M. K. P. Taylor, J. H. Whitelaw, K. Ishii, and M. Miyano. "Measurements of Droplet Velocity and Size Downstream of the Moving Valves of a Four-Valve Engine With Manifold Injection, Operated Under Isothermal Steady Suction Conditions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815556.

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The four-valve head of a VTEC engine was mounted on an open cylinder and the valves and fuel injection system operated as in the engine with a rotational speed of 1200 rpm. Local measurements of droplet characteristics were obtained with a phase-Doppler velocimeter and iso-octane injected over 5 ms intervals, corresponding to 36 crank angle degrees, with manifold depression of 20 mbar. The results show that most of the fuel droplets were located close to the liner and on the side of the cylinder adjacent to the exhaust valves. In the plane of the measurement, 10 mm below TDC, the liquid flux diminished as the initiation of injection was advanced before opening of the inlet valves. With injection with the inlet valves closed, there were two waves of droplets, one from each of the two valves and separated by 60 deg CA and both with the Sauter mean diameter of about 120 μm. With injection with the inlet valves open, most of the droplets emerged from the main inlet valve and with Sauter mean diameters of about 50 μm, smaller than those of the unconfined spray.

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45

Otwinowski, Henryk, Jaroslaw Krzywanski, Dariusz Urbaniak, Tomasz Wylecial, and Marcin Sosnowski. "Comprehensive Knowledge-Driven AI System for Air Classification Process." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010045.

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Air classifier devices have a distinct advantage over other systems used to separate materials. They maximize the mill’s capacity and therefore constitute efficient methods of reducing the energy consumption of crushing and grinding operations. Since improvement in their performance is challenging, the development of an efficient modeling system is of great practical significance. The paper introduces a novel, knowledge-based classification (FLClass) system of bulk materials. A wide range of operating parameters are considered in the study: the mean mass and the Sauter mean diameter of the fed material, classifier rotor speed, working air pressure, and test conducting time. The output variables are the Sauter mean diameter and the cut size of the classification product, as well as the performance of the process. The model was successfully validated against experimental data. The maximum relative error between the measured and predicted data is lower than 9%. The presented fuzzy-logic-based approach allows an optimization study of the process to be conducted. For the considered range of input parameters, the highest performance of the classification process is equal to almost 362 g/min. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first one available in open literature dealing with the fuzzy logic approach in modeling the air classification process of bulk materials.

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46

Krstonosic, Veljko, Ljubica Dokic, Ivana Nikolic, Tamara Dapcevic, and Miroslav Hadnadjev. "Influence of sodium dodecyl sulphate concentration on disperse and rheological characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by OSA starch-SDS mixtures." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 1 (2012): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc100630150k.

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Stability of oil-in-water emulsions can be achieved by chemical modified starch, such as octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch, as emulsifier. In order to analyse disperse and rheological characteristics of emulsions containing two kind of emulsifiers, part of the OSA starch can be substituted with adequate concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), which is small surfactant with same charge as OSA starch. Oil contents of examined emulsions were 5, 20 and 50%. Selected OSA starch concentration was 10% and replacements of the part of OSA starch were realized with SDS concentrations of 1, 3 and 5%. Dispersed droplets of emulsions were defined by determination of Sauter mean diameter d32 and particle size distribution. Flow curves were used to describe rheological properties of the emulsions. Also, stability of emulsion samples was observed and expressed by the creaming index. Obtained results indicated decrease in Sauter mean diameter of droplets, standard deviation and apparent viscosity of emulsions while amounts of SDS increase within emulsifiers mixture OSA starch-SDS. The emulsions with OSA starch according to creaming rate were more stable than emulsions stabilized by OSA starch and SDS combination.

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Muthaiyah, Gopinathan, and Kumaran Palanisamy. "Evaluation of Atomization Characteristics of Second Generation Biodiesel Using Air Blast Atomizer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23105.

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Biodiesel is one of the well-known renewable fuels that can be produced from organic oils and animal fats. Biodiesel fuel that meets ASTM D6751 fuel standards can replace diesel for reciprocating engine. On the other hand, biodiesel can also be considered for gas turbine application in power generation. Nevertheless, inferior properties of biodiesel such as high viscosity, density and surface tension results in inferior atomization and high emission which consequently hinders the fuel for gas turbine utilisation and generate higher emission pollutants. Therefore, this work focused on the evaluation of atomization characteristics of second generation biodiesel which is produced using microwave assisted post treatment scheme. The atomisation characteristics of second generation biodiesel was evaluated using air blast atomiser in terms of spray angle and spray length. Subsequently, numerical evaluation was performed to evaluate sauter mean diameter and droplet evaporation time of second generation biodiesel. The results show, atomization characteristics of second generation biodiesel has improved in terms of spray angle and spray length, sauter mean diameter and shorter evaporation time compared to biodiesel which is commonly referred to as first generation biodiesel and fossil diesel.

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48

Lee, Young-Sei. "Characteristic of Mass Transfer Volumetric Coefficient and Sauter Mean Diameter in a Liquid-Liquid Agitated Vessel." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 50, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2012.50.5.913.

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49

Filippa, Leonardo, Alfredo Trento, and Ana M. Álvarez. "Sauter mean diameter determination for the fine fraction of suspended sediments using a LISST-25X diffractometer." Measurement 45, no. 3 (April 2012): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2011.11.009.

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Chidambaram, E. L., N. Arunachalam, and L. Vijayaraghavan. "Analytical Model to Predict Sauter Mean Diameter in Air Assisted Atomizers for MQL in Machining Application." Procedia CIRP 37 (2015): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.09.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sauter-Mean Diameter'

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