Relevant bibliographies by topics / Savena valley

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Academic literature on the topic 'Savena valley'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Savena valley"

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Hector, Basile, Jean-Martial Cohard, Luc Séguis, Sylvie Galle, and Christophe Peugeot. "Hydrological functioning of western African inland valleys explored with a critical zone model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 5867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5867-2018.

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Abstract. Inland valleys are seasonally waterlogged headwater wetlands, widespread across western Africa. Their role in the hydrological cycle in the humid, hard-rock-dominated Sudanian savanna is not yet well understood. Thus, while in the region recurrent floods are a major issue, and hydropower has been recognized as an important development pathway, the scientific community lacks precise knowledge of streamflow (Q) generation processes and how they could be affected by the presence of inland valleys. Furthermore, inland valleys carry an important agronomic potential, and with the strong demographic rates of the region, they are highly subject to undergoing land cover changes. We address both the questions of the hydrological functioning of inland valleys in the Sudanian savanna of western Africa and the impact of land cover changes on these systems through deterministic sensitivity experiments using a physically based critical zone model (ParFlow-CLM) applied to a virtual generic catchment which comprises an inland valley. Model forcings are based on 20 years of data from the AMMA-CATCH observation service and parameters are evaluated against multiple field data (Q, evapotranspiration – ET –, soil moisture, water table levels, and water storage) acquired on a pilot elementary catchment. The hydrological model applied to the conceptual lithological/pedological model proposed in this study reproduces the main behaviours observed, which allowed those virtual experiments to be conducted. We found that yearly water budgets were highly sensitive to the vegetation distribution: average yearly ET for a tree-covered catchment (944 mm) exceeds that of herbaceous cover (791 mm). ET differences between the two covers vary between 12 % and 24 % of the precipitation of the year for the wettest and driest years, respectively. Consequently, the tree-covered catchment produces a yearly Q amount of 28 % lower on average as compared to a herbaceous-covered catchment, ranging from 20 % for the wettest year to 47 % for a dry year. Trees also buffer interannual variability in ET by 26 % (with respect to herbaceous). On the other hand, pedological features (presence – or absence – of the low-permeability layer commonly found below inland valleys, upstream and lateral contributive areas) had limited impact on yearly water budgets but marked consequences for intraseasonal hydrological processes (sustained/non-sustained baseflow in the dry season, catchment water storage redistribution). Therefore, subsurface features and vegetation cover of inland valleys have potentially significant impacts on downstream water-dependent ecosystems and water uses as hydropower generation, and should focus our attention.
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Wang, Yang-Si-Ding, Da Yang, Huai-Dong Wu, Yun-Bing Zhang, Shu-Bin Zhang, Yong-Jiang Zhang, and Jiao-Lin Zhang. "Overlapping Water and Nutrient Use Efficiencies and Carbon Assimilation between Coexisting Simple- and Compound-Leaved Trees from a Valley Savanna." Water 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113037.

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Identifying differences in ecophysiology between simple and compound leaves can help understand the adaptive significance of the compound leaf form and its response to climate change. However, we still know surprisingly little about differences in water and nutrient use, and photosynthetic capacity between co-occurring compound-leaved and simple-leaved tree species, especially in savanna ecosystems with dry-hot climate conditions. From July to September in 2015, we investigated 16 functional traits associated with water use, nutrients, and photosynthesis of six deciduous tree species (three simple-leaved and three compound-leaved species) coexisting in a valley-savanna in Southwest China. Our major objective was to test the variation in these functional traits between these two leaf forms. Overall, overlapping leaf mass per area (LMA), photosynthesis, as well as leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were found between these coexisting valley-savanna simple- and compound-leaved tree species. We didn’t find significant differences in water and photosynthetic nitrogen or phosphorus use efficiency between simple and compound leaves. Across these simple- and compound-leaved tree species, photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiencies were positively related to LMA and negatively correlated with phosphorus concentration per mass or area. Water use efficiency (intrinsic water use efficiency or stable carbon isotopic composition) was independent of all leaf traits. Similar ecophysiology strategies among these coexisting valley-savanna simple- and compound-leaved species suggested a convergence in ecological adaptation to the hot and dry environment. The overlap in traits related to water use, carbon assimilation, and stress tolerance (e.g., LMA) also suggests a similar response of these two leaf forms to a hotter and drier future due to the climate change.
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Tao, Li, Li Jianping, and Zhao Zhiwei. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a valley-type savanna in southwest China." Mycorrhiza 14, no. 5 (October 28, 2003): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-003-0277-y.

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Saint-Martin, Arnaud. "Note sur les « penseurs » de la Silicon Valley." Savoir/Agir N°51, no. 1 (2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sava.051.0079.

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Kayat, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Muchammad Maksum, and Muhammad Ali Imron. "Potensi Konflik Penggembalaan Kuda pada Habitat Rusa Timor (Rusa timorensis Blainville 1822) di Kawasan Tanjung Torong Padang, Nusa Tenggara Timur." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.24866.

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Penggembalaan ternak telah diyakini memengaruhi keberadaan satwa liar, termasuk rusa timor (Rusa timorensis Blainville 1822) melalui kompetisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penggembalaan lepas ternak kuda yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat lokal di kawasan Tanjung Torong Padang, Nusa Tenggara Timur menjadi pesaing bagi rusa timor. Observasi lapangan dan wawancara dengan pemilik kuda dilakukan untuk menentukan distribusi kuda di habitat rusa timor. Preferensi pakan dari ternak kuda dan rusa timor dikumpulkan menggunakan identifikasi spesies dari kotoran dan dibandingkan dengan plot berukuran 1 x 1 m2 di daerah makan dari kedua hewan tersebut selama musim kering dan hujan pada 2014 dan 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada indikasi yang jelas dari persaingan antara rusa timor dan penggembalaan liar kuda di kawasan Tanjung Torong Padang. Rusa timor dan kuda tidak terjadi tumpang tindih spasial dalam distribusi mereka di lokasi tersebut. Ternak kuda menempati savana perbukitan, sedangkan rusa lebih suka menempati savana dengan pohon rengit (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth) dan lembah dengan vegetasi hutan tropis kering. Selain itu, rusa timor lebih menyukai makan semak dan dedaunan (browser), sementara kuda lebih menyukai rumput (grazer). Kehadiran ternak lepas kuda di kawasan Tanjung Torong Padang tidak berpengaruh negatif untuk rusa timor dan habitatnyaConflict Potential of Free-Roaming Horse Grazing on Timor Deer (Rusa timorensis Blainville 1822) Habitat in Torong Padang Cape Area, East Nusa TenggaraAbstractLivestock grazing had been believed to affect on the existence of wildlife, including the timor deer (Rusa timorensis Blainville 1822) through competition. This study aimed to determine whether the free-roaming horse grazing owned by local communities in Torong Padang Cape, East Nusa Tenggara become a competitor for timor deer. Field observations and interviews with horse owners were carried out to determine the distribution of horse in timor deer habitat. Food preference of both horse and timor deer were collected using species identification from feces and compared with 1 x 1 m2 plots at feeding areas of both animals during the dry and rainy seasons in 2014 and 2015. There is no clear indication of competition between timor deer and free-roaming horses in the Torong Padang Cape area.The deer and horse avoided overlapping spatially in their distribution in the Cape. The free-roaming horse mainly occupied hilly savanna, whereas timor deer preferred to occupy savanna with lebbek tree (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth) and valleys with tropical dry forest vegetation. In addition, the timor deer prefer to feed shrubs and foliage (browser), while horses prefer grass (grazer). The presence of free-roaming horse in the Torong Padang Capearea does not affect negatively for the timor deer and its habitat.
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Ebinger, John E., Loy R. Phillippe, Randy W. Nÿboer, William E. McClain, Daniel T. Busmeyer, Kenneth R. Robinson, and Geoffrey A. Levin. "Vegetation and Flora of the Sand Deposits of the Mississippi River Valley in Northwestern Illinois." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 37, no. 1-6 (October 31, 2006): 191–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v37.122.

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This study was undertaken to determine vascular plant species composition, vegetation structure, and floristic quality of the major plant communities in the windblown sand deposits of northwestern Illinois during the growing seasons of 2002 through 2005. The major plant communities of the Ayers Sand Prairie Nature Preserve in Carroll County, Big River State Forest in Henderson County, Lost Mound Unit of the Upper Mississippi River Wildlife and Fish Refuge in Carroll and Jo Daviess counties, and the Thomson-Fulton Sand Prairie Nature Preserve located in Whiteside County were examined and the importance values determined for the plant species present. Located on broad terraces of the Mississippi River, these nature preserves and natural areas are remnants of a larger grassland/savanna/forest complex that contained extensive marsh; wet, mesic, and dry sand prairie; sand savanna; and sand forest communities. Most of the sand deposits are now cultivated and the original vegetation is found only in protected remnants, some of which are relatively large. The mature dry sand prairies were dominated by Schizachyrium scoparium; other important species were Opuntia macrorhiza, Dichanthelium villosissimum, Ambrosia psilostachya, and Tephrosia virginiana. Other assemblages of prairie and exotic species were encountered in successional sand prairie communities. Generally, the mature prairie communities in these preserves and natural areas had 35 or more species present in the study plots. Savanna and closed canopy forest communities were also examined. The dry sand savannas were dominated by Quercus velutina and Q. marilandica, dry sand forests were dominated by Q. velutina, and dry-mesic sand forests were dominated by Q. alba and Q. velutina.
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Killeen, Timothy J., and Paul N. Hinz. "Grasses of the Precambrian Shield region in eastern lowland Bolivia. I. Habitat preferences." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 4 (November 1992): 389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006714.

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ABSTRACTThe habitat distribution and relative abundance of 113 species of Gramineae were documented by releves in 82 stands near Conception, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. A factor analysis was used to compare the floristic similarity of stands situated in semideciduous forest, cerradao, cerrado, campo rupestre, valley-side campo, pantanal complex or on granite outcrops. Individual grass species usually had a preferred habitat and occurred with decreasing abundance in stands judged to be transitional by physiognomic, edaphic, and floristic criteria. Stands situated in cerrado vegetation were most similar to one another in grass species composition. Cerradao was transitional to semideciduous forest and cerrado but certain grasses were characteristic of this vegetation type. The floristic composition of the single campo rupestre locality was somewhat similar to cerrado; however, several of the more abundant grass species of this vegetation type did not occur in any nearby cerrado stand. Granite outcrops had a distinct grass flora and showed little similarity to other vegetation types. In savanna wetland communities, grass species distribution was influenced by water regime. Differences between stands on valley-side campo corresponded to topographic position on a gradient of increasing water surplus. Seasonally humid/dry stands on valley-side campo and pantanal complexes had a high degree of similarity. Stands lower on the catenary sequence of pantanal complexes and valley-side campos were increasingly dissimilar, a result of the different edaphic conditions of the seasonally flooded soils of pantanal complexes when compared with the permanently saturated (but never flooded) soils of valley-side campos. Pantanal complexes had the richest grass flora of all vegetation types because their microtopographic variability creates numerous micro-habitats with distinct water regimes, each supporting different grass species.
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Tang, Guoyong, and Kun Li. "Soil amelioration through afforestation and self-repair in a degraded valley-type savanna." Forest Ecology and Management 320 (May 2014): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.018.

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Dadáková, Eva, Kristýna Brožová, Alex K. Piel, Fiona A. Stewart, David Modrý, Vladimír Celer, and Kristýna Hrazdilová. "Adenovirus infection in savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Issa Valley, Tanzania." Archives of Virology 163, no. 1 (October 4, 2017): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3576-x.

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FAGBAMI, AYODELE. "Machine processing of LANDSAT data for soil survey: the Benue Valley savanna case study." International Journal of Remote Sensing 7, no. 10 (October 1986): 1237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431168608948928.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Savena valley"

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Chiaravalloti, Rosario. "Numerical modelling and back analysis of a rock slope failure occurred in 2005 at Scascoli (Bologna, Italy)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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The rock slope failure object of this study occurred on the 12th of March, 2005, within the Scascoli Gorges in the Savena Valley, 25 km south of Bologna, in the Northern Apennines, Italy. The failure involved a volume of rock of nearly 30000 m3 that detached from an 80 m high cliff and fell on the river bed and onto the adjacent road, denoted as “Strada Provinciale – Fondovalle Savena”, damming the first and destroying the latter. The conformation of the cliff, known as “Mammellone 1”, was rather convex, overhanging and undercut at the base where in contact with the river bed. The event is the last of a series of mass movements which occurred in a 15-year span in the area. With integration of past analyses and surveys, possible causes and mechanism of failure have been investigated by means of two and three-dimensional kinematic analysis (using the software DIPS and SWEDGE by Rocscience, 2016), photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning comparison (Cloud Compare, Daniel Girardeau-Montaut, 2016; Autocad, Autodesk, 2016) and two-dimensional finite element numerical modelling (RS2, Rocscience, 2016). The use of a finite element method to model a predominantly blocky structure has shown to be effective and to produce good results if data integration, boundary conditions and geometry of the site are well correlated between each other to best fit the resulting scenario. The design of the numerical model considered the relative position of crown and scarp to the discontinuity families and to the geometry of the cross section, to better costrain the failure surface. Furthermore, the process of formation of the valley was taken into account in order to consider also stress-strain conditions prior to the road construction and river erosion. This was carried out by multi-staging the modelling process considering the natural erosion and the advancement of the landslide on the hydrogeological left side of the Savena steam before the last rockfall event.
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Sanaiotti, Tania Margarete. "The woody flora and soils of seven Brazilian Amazonian dry savanna areas." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12214.

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This study compares the soils, floristic composition, phytosociological structure and history of seven Brazilian savannas in the Amazon basin: those at Alter do Chao, Amapa, Roraima and SE Humaita are islands in rain forest; and those at Chapada dos Parecis, Redencao, and Carolina are on the periphery (northern border) of the central Brazilian savannas (the so-called 'cerrado'). A total of 26 transects were sampled by the PCQ method (for trees with dbh greater than or equal to 5 cm) and additional tree species were recorded by 'wide patrolling'. A total of 101 species were recorded from the transects and another 43 species were recorded by 'wide patrolling'. Byrsonima crassifolia, B. coccolobifolia, Curatella americana, Salvertia convallariodora and Plathymenia reticulata occurred in most or all sites, but no species occurred in all transects. The number of species in the isolated savannas decreased with the distance from the central Brazilian core savanna area. Both cluster analysis (based on the S0rensen Similarity Index) and ordination (DCA), showed that the disjunct and non-isolated peripheral areas were in floristically distinct groups. Five surface soil samples (0 - 10 cm) were collected from each of the 26 transects. Two soil cores (up to 4 m depth), one located in the savanna and the other from the nearest forest present, were taken from each study site for carbon isotope analysis. All the sites had acidic soils (pH 4.5 - 5.2) and a wide range of concentrations of aluminium (0.12 - 1.49 meq 100g-1); most of the other soil properties varied significantly within study sites. An ordination (PCA) distinguished the soils from Amapa, Alter do Chao, Redencao and Roraima, but did not distinguish the disjunct sites from non-isolated peripheral ones. The soil delta 13C values of all the disjunct savannas indicated a vegetation change in the past from C3 to C4 plants, showing that forest (or at least a vegetation with few C4 plants) formely covered these sites. 14C dating indicated that the disjunct savannas are of relatively recent origin, e.g. Humaita was dated at about 2,000 years BP, and hence that they are not remnants of a more widespread Pleistocene savanna in the Amazon.
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Murphy, Meghan Suzanne. "Edaphic controls over succession in former oak savanna, Willamette Valley, Oregon /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7887.

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Murphy, Meghan Suzanne 1979. "Edaphic Controls Over Succession In Former Oak Savanna, Willamette Valley, Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7887.

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xii, 87 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Oak savanna was a dominant ecosystem of Oregon's Willamette Valley prior to Euro-American settlement but has declined precipitously due to urbanization, agriculture, and reduced fire regimes. Some areas have retained their savanna structure while others have succeeded into woodland or forest. I investigated the relationships of current community type to edaphic (bulk density, texture, carbon, nitrogen, depth, and pH) and topographic (slope and heatload) factors at seven sites using analysis of variance and principal components analysis. Results indicate that edaphic and topographic conditions strongly influence successional pathways in former oak savanna, but the specific effects depend on site location. Soil moisture was also measured seasonally at three of the sites in community types representing the current successional stages. Results indicate that dry conditions restrict succession to dense forest, and that soil depth is an important control over soil moisture within the soil profile.
Advisers: Scott Bridgham, Bart Johnson
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Yospin, Gabriel, and Gabriel Yospin. "Historic and Simulated Vegetation Dynamics in Former Oregon White Oak Savanna, Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12322.

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Oak savanna was once widespread throughout the Willamette Valley, but changes in land use and disturbance regimes have degraded or destroyed most of that habitat. To identify how succession has operated in the past, I calculated tree growth rates. To assess the potential fire behavior in different successional communities, I collected data on vegetation and fuels, which I then used in a fire model. Finally, to project how succession may affect vegetation in the future and the potential for oak savanna conservation and restoration, I developed a new vegetation model that allows for projections of successional dynamics that are sensitive to change in climate, fire regimes, and human land-use and land-management decisions. Results highlight the complex and nuanced influences of environmental variables on successional trajectories and potential fire behavior. The novel vegetation model showed complex and plausible vegetation dynamics across a wide range of climate and disturbance scenarios. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
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Chase, Lindsay D. "Saving place, municipal government and heritage conservation : the case of the Mount Newton Valley District of Central Saanich, British Columbia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51692.pdf.

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Yameogo, Poulouma Louis [Verfasser]. "Managing seasonal soil nitrogen dynamics in inland valleys of the West African savanna zone / Poulouma Louis Yameogo." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135724725/34.

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Ulrich, Nathan D. 1977. "Restoring oak habitats in the Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon: A multi-objective tradeoffs analysis for landowners and managers." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11087.

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xvii, 160 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Restoring oak habitats is an emerging conservation priority in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Both private and public landowners face multiple challenges to conservation and restoration of oak habitats, including a lack of knowledge about the potential tradeoffs and constraints for achieving multiple priorities on a given site. This study simulated 25 alternative oak habitat restoration scenarios to develop estimates of outcomes related to six different restoration priorities: costs, income potential, habitat value, scenic quality, fire hazard reduction potential, and time requirements. Model results indicated that initial land conditions strongly influence a landowner's ability to optimize among these different priorities. To assist landowners with decision-making, model estimates were organized into a digital decision matrix that communicates advantages and tradeoffs associated with each alternative scenario. In doing so, it aims to help landowners choose restoration goals that better meet their broader needs and objectives.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Bart Johnson, Chair; Dr. Robert Ribe
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Marembo, Kudzanai Rosebud. "Identifying african wild dog (Lycaon pictus) corridors outside Gonarezhou National Park and Save Valley Conservancy using maxent species distribution modeling." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96893.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is one of the most endangered large carnivores. Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and Savè Valley Conservancy (SVC) that hold part of the few remaining viable populations report that wild dog populations continue to decline due to high rates of habitat loss and fragmentation. This leads to low pup survival rates due to predators and reduced formation of new packs as the wild dogs have become reluctant to leave the safety of their original packs in pursuit of mating partners in fragmented habitats where higher risks of danger exist. Consequently, this reduces population growth for Lycaon pictus. Therefore, the study sought to identify additional suitable habitat for wild dog outside GNP and SVC and a corridor connecting the two areas using the ecological niche theory. Wild dog satellite collar data from the African Wildlife Conservation Fund (AWCF) was used with spatial and climate data for GNP and SVC from PeaceParks and WorldClim. This data was used to firstly, identify dens using ArcGIS 10.1. Secondly, map geographic and temporal distributions using Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH). Thirdly, to assess biotic and abiotic drivers of different packs and sexes movement and distribution patterns using ARCGIS 10.1 and lastly, map probability distributions (corridor and re-location sites) using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). Den locations are in areas away from predators and human settlements. Wild dog geographic distributions are smaller in the cold and dry seasons and differ according to sex whilst temporal distributions depend on their use of resources. The most influential biotic and abiotic variables within reserves were distance to human settlements and elevation whilst the least influential were roads and temperature. However, outside the reserves, the most influential variable was distance from reserve. Malilangwe is a potential corridor between GNP and SVC, whilst Masvingo, Beitbridge, and Mwenezi districts have suitable habitat for re-location sites.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Afrika-wildehond (Lycaon pictus) is een van die mees bedreigde groot karnivore. Gonarezhou Nationale Park (GNP) en Savè Vallei Conservancy (SVC) wat deel van die min oorblywende lewensvatbare bevolkings hou rapporteer dat wilde hond bevolkings voortgaan om te daal as gevolg van die verlies en fragmentering van habitat. Dit lei tot 'n lae pup oorlewingsyfer te danke aan predasie asook dalende vlakke van nuwe troppe. Omdat as die wilde honde het huiwerig geword om die veiligheid van hul oorspronklike troppe te verlaat in die soektog na paarmaats in gefragmenteerde habitatte waar hoër risiko van gevaar bestaan. Gevolglik verminder die bevolkingsgroei vir Lycaon pictus. Daarom onderneem die studie addisionele geskikte habitat vir wilde hond buite die GNP en SVC te vind en die stigting van 'n gang Om die twee gebiede te verbind met behulp van die ekologiese nis teorie te identifiseer. Wildehond satelliet kraag data van die African Wildlife Conservation Fund (AWCF) is gebruik met ruimtelike en klimaat data vir die GNP en SVC van PeaceParks en WorldClim. Hierdie data is gebruik om eerstens, kuile te identifiseer met behulp van ArcGIS 10.1. Tweedens, kartering van geografiese en temporale verspreiding met behulp van Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH). Derdens, die ondersoek van biotiese en abioties dryfkragte van verskillende troppe pakke en geslagte bewegings en verspreidingspatrone met ArcGIS 10.1 te evalueer en laastens, kartering van waarskynlikheidsverdelings (korridor en hervestigingsgebiede) van die Maksimum Entropie (MaxEnt). Kuile is in gebiede weg van roofdiere en menslike nedersettings. Wildehond geografiese verspreiding is kleiner in die koue en droë seisoene en verskil volgens geslag, terwyl temporale verspreidings afhang van die gebruik van hulpbronne. Die mees invloedryke biotiese en abioties veranderlikes binne reserwes was die afstand vanaf menslike nedersettings en hoogte, terwyl paaie en temperatuur die laagste invloed gehad. Buite die reserwes was, die mees invloedryke veranderlike afstand vanaf reservaat. Malilangwe is 'n potensiële korridor tussen die GNP en SVC, terwyl Masvingo, Beitbridge en Mwenezi distrikte geskikte habitat bied vir hervestiging.
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Huang, Shuyi. "Chinese consumers’ apparel purchasing criteria, attitudes, perceived knowledge, face-saving, materialistic and ethical values." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35291.

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Master of Science
Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design
Joy Kozar
China is the world’s largest apparel producer, exporter, and maintains the largest domestic apparel market. Since economic reform in the 1980s that opened up the Chinese market for foreign investors, China’s domestic apparel market has attracted many foreign (Western) apparel brands (Shenkar, 2005). More than 10,000 different international apparel brands share China’s domestic apparel market, including brands from France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, Britain, and South Korea, among others. Around 2,000 Chinese domestic apparel brands have experienced difficultly surviving in China’s domestic apparel market. Besides the large number of foreign (Western) apparel brands, counterfeit apparel products have grown faster than China’s government can control. As a result, China has become the world’s largest counterfeit market. This has become a secondary threat to China’s domestic apparel market and national economy. Additionally, because of economic growth and modernization in China, Chinese consumers have accepted more Westernized values, but also retained their traditional face-saving values. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how their attitudes toward counterfeit apparel products, China’s domestic apparel brands, and foreign (Western) apparel brands are influenced by their level of perception about knowledge and attitudes toward counterfeit apparel products, face-saving values, materialistic values, and ethical values. This study utilized a sample of males and females between the ages of 18 and 64, who reside in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Wuhan, China. A questionnaire was utilized as part of this study and data was collected online by SOJUMP Survey Company. A total of 1,192 participants (736 males and 456 females) participated in this study. There are in total nine significant relationships that have been found in this study. First, the researcher found a positive relationship between Chinese consumers’ perception about knowledge of counterfeit apparel products and their attitudes about counterfeit apparel products. Second and third, the present study also discovered that Chinese consumers with favorable attitudes of foreign apparel brands or negative attitude of China’s domestic apparel brands would similarly hold positive attitudes of counterfeit apparel products. Fourth, the present scholar concluded that Chinese consumers with favorable attitudes of China’s domestic apparel brands tend to hold negative attitudes of counterfeit apparel products. Fifth and sixth, it was found that Chinese consumers with high level of face-saving values show positive attitudes of foreign (Western) apparel brands and counterfeit apparel products. Seventh, Chinese consumers with high level of face-saving values also possess strong materialistic values. Consequently Chinese consumers with strong materialistic values tend to hold positive attitudes of counterfeit apparel products and foreign (Western) apparel products, but negative attitudes of China’s domestic apparel brands. The findings of this study show that Chinese consumers have a very low level of perception about knowledge of counterfeit apparel products. It is necessary to connect educators, government, apparel industry, and brand owners to develop and enhance anti-counterfeit educational programs. These programs should clearly explain the perception about knowledge of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), trademark, and the negative causes of counterfeit products are warranted. Also, it is better for China’s domestic apparel brand companies to develop better brand images and improve product quality to meet Chinese consumers’ face-saving standards and materialistic values.
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Books on the topic "Savena valley"

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Trautman, Baxter. Spirit of the valley: An ecological mythology of an oak savanna. Santa Margarita, Calif: Black Mountain Press, 1998.

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Angeletos, Marios. Wall Street and Silicon Valley: A delicate interaction. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Angeletos, Marios. Wall Street and Silicon Valley: A delicate interaction. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Angeletos, Marios. Wall Street and Silicon Valley: A delicate interaction. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Angeletos, Marios. Wall Street and Silicon Valley: A delicate interaction. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Angeletos, Marios. Wall street and silicon valley: A delicate interaction. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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1992, France Commission de réflexion économique pour la préparation de l'échéance de. Fiscalité et marché unique européen: Rapport d'étape au ministre d'État, ministre de l'Économie, des Finances et de la Privatisation. Paris: Documentation française, 1988.

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France. Commission de réflexion économique pour la préparation de l'échéance 1992. Fiscalité et marché unique européen: Rapport d'étape au ministre d'Etat, ministre de l'Economie, des finances et de la privatisation. Paris: Documentation française, 1988.

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Takahashi, Hidenao. "Shihonron" kenkyū: Rōdō kachiron, hinkon no chikusekiron, keizaigaku hihan. [Hirosaki-shi]: Hirosaki Daigaku Shuppankai, 2011.

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Schor, Juliet. The overspent American: Upscaling, downshifting, and the new consumer. New York, NY: HarperPerennial, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Savena valley"

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Sakai, Masatoshi, Atsuo Inoue, Tatsuyoshi Okamoto, Yuki Joho, Hiroshi Yamauchi, and Kazuhiro Kudo. "Laminated Plastic Electronics:Energy Saving and Low Stress on Environment." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 882–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_180.

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Beyer, Dirk, and Philipp Wendler. "CPU Energy Meter: A Tool for Energy-Aware Algorithms Engineering." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 126–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45237-7_8.

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Abstract Verification algorithms are among the most resource-intensive computation tasks. Saving energy is important for our living environment and to save cost in data centers. Yet, researchers compare the efficiency of algorithms still in terms of consumption of CPU time (or even wall time). Perhaps one reason for this is that measuring energy consumption of computational processes is not as convenient as measuring the consumed time and there is no sufficient tool support. To close this gap, we contribute CPU Energy Meter, a small tool that takes care of reading the energy values that Intel CPUs track inside the chip. In order to make energy measurements as easy as possible, we integrated CPU Energy Meter into BenchExec, a benchmarking tool that is already used by many researchers and competitions in the domain of formal methods. As evidence for usefulness, we explored the energy consumption of some state-of-the-art verifiers and report some interesting insights, for example, that energy consumption is not necessarily correlated with CPU time.
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Hirano, Shun, Chanyong Park, Tsukasa Hori, Yoshinori Hisazumi, Tsutomu Wakabayashi, and Akira Kishimoto. "Energy Saving Effect of Novel Desiccant Air Conditioner for Zero Emission House." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 130–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_27.

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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Land." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century, 105–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_5.

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AbstractPrivate wealth is comprised in part of capitalized future land rents. The Golden Rule of Accumulation is preserved even if we introduce land into our meta-model. Urban land is far more valuable than agricultural land. The risk tied to land leads to a reduction in its value in the form of a “risk premium” α > 0. Land rents can be taxed without any possibility of the tax being passed on to tenants and without loss of efficiency. If the tax is offset by a reduction in income tax, their taxation can even give rise to efficiency gains and positive distributive effects. The possibility of government intervention in the residential rental market represents a further risk for landowners. The sensitivity of the value of land to changes in the interest rate and hence the risk premium α rise with falling interest rates. In light of these many different risks, land as investment can only to a limited extent be a substitute for government bonds and hence for increasing private wealth by way of public debt. We calculate the value of land as asset category in the OECD plus China region. To this end, we primarily rely on data from statistical offices that provide figures for land in their national balance sheets. Our calculations show that the value of land in the countries of the OECD plus China region is about twice annual consumption in the region.
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Saito, Ryuji, Yutaka Inoue, Kosuke Ito, and Tsukasa Ogino. "Case Studies of Energy Saving and Smart Management for the Small and Mid-size Offices." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 1069–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_226.

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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Real Capital." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century, 63–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_4.

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AbstractPreshaped by the influence of Marx, Böhm-Bawerk and modern neoclassical economics, the general opinion is that the marginal product of capital must always be positive. With the help of the “period of production” T, we define a coefficient of intertemporal substitutionψ that is always non-negative. It can also be used when the real interest rate is negative. With the help of the concept of the “waiting period” Z, we can also define an always non-negative coefficient of intertemporal substitutionγ for the household side. The “loss formula” for deviations of the rate of interest from the growth rate is one application of ψ and γ. Ω = (ψT2 + γZ2)(r − g)2/2 provides a good approximation of the relative loss Ω. Overcomplexity of the system of production leads to negative marginal returns on capital. It can be empirically presumed that the OECD plus China region is on the cusp of overcomplexity. The hypothetical natural rate of interest in the eurozone is well into the minuses. To determine the value of the real capital of the private sector in the OECD plus China region, we use a framework of data taken from the World Inequality Database (WID.world). We have supplemented the data available there with data from other sources and adapted it to our theoretical objectives. According to our estimates, private wealth in the form of real capital in the OECD plus China region comes to approximately four times total annual consumption.
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Fernández Dávalos, David. "Toward a Different Type of Education." In The Promise of Higher Education, 423–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_63.

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AbstractLike Ernesto Sabato said in his last book La Resistencia, we must urgently address the need to reinvent, to bolster, to develop a different type of education. It must be rooted in the conviction that only spiritual values can save us from the tremor that is threatening human existence.
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Gonçalves, José M., Manuel Nunes, António Jordão, Susana Ferreira, Rui Eugénio, Javier Bigeriego, Isabel Duarte, et al. "The Challenges of Water Saving in Rice Irrigation: Field Assessment of Alternate Wetting and Drying Flooding and Drip Irrigation Techniques in the Lis Valley, Portugal." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Energy Food and Sustainability (ICoWEFS 2021), 93–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75315-3_11.

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Owoade, Folasade Mary, Samuel Godfried Kwasi Adiku, Christopher John Atkinson, and Dilys Sefakor MacCarthy. "Differential Impact of Land Use Types on Soil Productivity Components in Two Agro-ecological Zones of Southern Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1721–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_144.

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AbstractThe maintenance of soil productivity is important for sustained crop yield in low-input systems in the tropics. This study investigated the impact of four different land use types, namely, maize and cassava cropping, woodlot/plantations, and natural forests on soil productivity components, especially soil carbon accretion, at six sites within two agro-ecological zones of southern Ghana. Soil properties were significantly different between sites and ecological zones. The coastal savanna zones, which is a low rainfall zone had relatively lower soil carbon storage than the high rainfall forest-savanna transition zone. Soil productivity conditions in the later zone were much more favorable for cropping than the former. Land use types significantly affected the soil carbon (SOC) storage within the two ecological zones. In the low rainfall zone, soil carbon accretion by maize cropping, cassava cropping, and plantations were 48%, 54%, and 60%, respectively, of the forest carbon stock (47,617 kg/ha). In the transition zone, the soil carbon accretion was over 90% of the forest value (48,216 kg/ha) for all land use types. In effect use of land use types in maintaining soil productivity must consider the conditions in a given ecological zone.
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Masnavi, Mohammad Reza, Hasan-Ali Laghai, and Negar Ghobadi. "Eco Design and the Optimization of Passive Cooling Ventilation for Energy Saving in the Buildings: A Framework for Prediction of Wind Environment and Natural Ventilation in Different Neighborhood Patterns." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 177–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Savena valley"

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Lazarević, Zlatko. "Sistem cevne zračne pošte UKCL, MF.ZTM, OI pridobitev dragocenega časa pri upravljanju delovnega procesa, ki zelo vpliva na kakovost obravnave bolnika in ima pomembno vlogo pri varnosti zaposlenih in bolnikov (COVID epidemija)." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.37.

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In the health sector, one of the biggest questions of modern time is the way of cutting cost while maintaining the same quality of service. Abroad, the use of pipe mail for the purpose of solving internal logistics and with that providing quality and adequacy of products and direct cut of costs related with the work force, is already widely present in hospitals. Transport with the use of pipe mail enables fast, safe and foremost economic content transfer. Hospitals abroad use the pipe mail mostly for: - transport of samples (swabs, blood, tissues) to laboratories, - transport of blood for the surgeries in operation rooms from the central blood bank, - transport of medicine from central pharmacy for surgeries in operation rooms or the need of different departments, - transport of documentation between departments and laboratories, - transport of lab test results to the department that ordered for that test. Pipe mail enables centralization – existence of one central laboratory, who takes care of all the necessary analysis, which directly means: - savings in space, - direct saving in the cost of pay due to the lowering number of employees or their redeployment, - higher efficiency (individual documentation processing, which directly means higher productivity based on the reduction of wasted time and waiting for documentation), - information renewal of processes, - reliability, timeliness and order, most importantly from the point of view of the patient, who will save unnecessary waiting time, from which most psychologically related issues arise, - the system is computer controlled and statistics are available to the system administrator at any time, - - Pipeline airmail has a significant impact on the safety of both employees and patients during an epidemic.
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Liu, Song, and Bin Yao. "Coordinate Control of Energy-Saving Programmable Valves." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42668.

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The energy-saving programmable valve, a unique combination of five independent cartridge valves, not only decouples the control of meter-in and meter-out flows but also provides the ability of precisely controlling cross-port flows for energy-saving purpose. Our previous works have already shown that the tremendous control flexibility gained by the proposed hardware re-configuration enables one not only to achieve precision control of the cylinder motion but also to decrease the energy usage significantly through actively utilizing the potential and kinetic energy of the load in accomplishing certain tasks such as smooth stopping. However, the control of such an essentially multi-input valve system to achieve the above objectives is far from trivial. In our previous works, a constant off-side pressure was assumed in the controller design for simplicity. This assumption may not be realistic in certain circumstances where the off-side pressure may vary from the assumed constant pressure significantly, especially right after the change of working mode. As a result, though the controller design is simplified, larger tracking error results during the transients. This paper presents an improved way to coordinately control the five independent valves by incorporating the off-side pressure dynamics into the controller design. The Adaptive Robust Control technique is applied to guarantee the stability and tracking performance in the presence of large system parameter variations and disturbances. Simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the much improved control performance of the presented coordinate control strategy.
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Xu, Bing, Xiaoping Ouyang, and Huayong Yang. "Energy-Saving System Applying Pressure Accumulators for VVVF Controlled Hydraulic Elevators." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42829.

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In order to improve the energy utilization efficiency of hydraulic elevators, an innovative energy-saving controlled system applying pressure accumulators in hydraulic elevators was brought forward in this paper. Firstly the working principle of the system was discussed and analyzed under different working status. Then the mathematical models of the system were established. Numerical simulations for the static and dynamic of the system were studied on the Simulink environment of MATLAB kits. Experiments on the upward and downward movement of elevator were done under different typical working conditions. Numerical simulations coincided with experimental results in general. Compared with other type hydraulic elevator systems, such as conventional valve controlled system, inverter controlled system, the system with pressure accumulators has the highest energy-saving efficiency. In summary, the innovative energy-saving system which runs steadily and comfortably, saves energy remarkably, has good potential for application in not only hydraulic elevators but also in other vertically reciprocating mechanical systems.
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Lee, Jong-Chan, Ki-Chang Jin, Young-Min Kwon, Lim-Gook Choi, Jae-Yoon Choi, and Byung-Kyu Lee. "Development of the Independent Metering Valve Control System and Analysis of its Performance for an Excavator." In BATH/ASME 2016 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2016-1745.

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As an effort to develop more efficient system for an excavator, EH (Electro-Hydraulic) system has been widely adopted to take the advantage of the well-commercialized EH valves and its control technologies[1]. Utilizing the EH technology, an innovative IMV (Independent Metering Valve) control system for an excavator mechanism, which consists of high capacity EH valve blocks, an electric-controlled pump, and a main controller unit, has been developed by Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. This IMV control system can provide tremendous flexibility to the control of cylinder movements and reduce the energy consumption of an excavator. In this paper, we introduce the major features of the developed IMV control system and propose the novel control algorithm considering optimal power distribution and energy saving. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed system and control algorithm is verified through various experiments conducted on an excavator equipped with the IMV control system. The results are compared with those of conventional machine. It was shown that IMV system could save the energy consumption more than 10% of an excavator.
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Chmielewski, Craig, and Rick Tortomasi. "Computer Generated Hydraulic Valve Design Saves Time." In International Off-Highway & Powerplant Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/941769.

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Tao, Yali, Zhiyong Liu, and Cheng Wang. "Design and Implementation of Water-saving Thermostatic Mixing Valve." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.6.

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Fowler, Jeremy, Pat Horan, and Chris Cope. "How an “Imperative” IS Development was Saved from a Failing Course of Action - A Case Study." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3114.

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When an information systems (IS) development project exceeds time, budget and functional constraints a point is reached where the decision has to be made to abandon it or attempt to save it. Some systems are of such value that management is prepared to take extraordinary measures to save them. This paper examines a case study of one such system whose development was saved from likely failure by a combination of good project management, intervention of a business sponsor and a synergistic relationship between management and the system developers. Organizational culture’s role in the project’s development is also examined in order to present a more holistic view of how the project’s successful outcome was generated.
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Al-Dakkan, Khalid A., Eric J. Barth, and Michael Goldfarb. "A Multi-Objective Sliding Mode Approach for the Energy Saving Control of Pneumatic Servo Systems." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42746.

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This paper proposes a variation on a sliding mode control approach that provides significant energy savings for the control of pneumatic servo systems. The control methodology is formulated by first decoupling the standard four-way spool valve used for pneumatic servo control into two three-way valves, then using the resulting two control degrees of freedom to simultaneously satisfy both the sliding mode sliding condition and a dynamic constraint that minimizes airflow. The control formulation is presented, followed by experimental results that indicate significant energetic savings with essentially no compromise in tracking performance relative to a standard four-way spool valve approach. Specifically, relative to standard four-way spool valve pneumatic servo actuator control, the experimental results indicate energy saving of 27 to 45%, depending on the desired tracking frequency.
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Nelson, Donald G., Philip Sheehy, John O'Donnell, and Mark A. Heisler. "Saving Heavy Oil Reserve Value in a Carbon Constrained Market." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180447-ms.

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Schwelberger, Jörg, Christian Brunner, Alexander Fleischander, Hanspeter Ofner, and Barbara Rammer. "BRIQUETTING OF FERROUS AND COAL FINES – SAVING RESOURCES, CREATING VALUE." In 6° Simpósio Brasileiro de Aglomeração de Minérios. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-357x-31880.

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Reports on the topic "Savena valley"

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Pierru, Axel. The Value of Saving Oil in Saudi Arabia. Chair Jorge Blazquez, Baltasar Manzano, and Lester C. Hunt. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2018-dp030.

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Bradford, David. Market Value Vs. Financial Accounting Measures of National Saving. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2906.

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Ehrlich, Isaac, and Yong Yin. Explaining Diversities in Age-Specific Life Expectancies and Values of Life Saving: A Numerical Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10759.

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Dynarski, Susan. Who Benefits from the Education Saving Incentives? Income, Educational Expectations, and the Value of the 529 and Coverdell. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10470.

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Hill, David J., and David A. Moser. Value of Time Saved for Use in Corps Planning Studies: A Review of the Literature and Recommendations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252907.

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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.

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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.

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This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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