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1
Wright, Fred C. "Control of psoroptic scabies cattle with fenvalerate." Veterinary Parasitology 21, no. 1 (May 1986): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(86)90141-x.
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Stromberg, P. C., and F. S. Guillot. "Hematology in the Regressive Phase of Bovine Psoroptic Scabies." Veterinary Pathology 24, no. 5 (September 1987): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400502.
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Hereford calves were infested with Psoroptes ovis. Hemograms were evaluated weekly for 7 weeks during progressively extensive dermatitis and compared to uninfested control calves. Calves were treated with ivermectin and weekly hemograms were compared for 4 weeks during regression of clinical disease. They developed extensive dermatitis and marked decreases in total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Infested calves also had moderate anemia, increased plasma proteins, and increased plasma fibrinogen. Some calves developed marked eosinophilia. Within 1 week after ivermectin treatment, nearly all hematologic parameters returned or began to return to normal values, even though scabs remained on the calves at 4 weeks. Peak eosinophilia in calves which responded occurred 1 to 2 weeks after treatment. The findings indicate that most of the hematologic changes occurring with psoroptic scabies in cattle are associated with living mites and not with toxic substances in the scab on the skin surface.
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Nuriski, Meisi, Ardilasunu Wicaksono, and Chaerul Basri. "Distribusi Skabies pada Peternakan Sapi Potong di Kabupaten Barru Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science) 10, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v10i2.97.
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Abstract
Beef cattle farms in Barru district are susceptible to various diseases, including scabies. This study aims to analyze data about the distribution of disease temporally by measuring the spreading speed, and spatially by mapping risk areas for scabies over the past three years. The data of this study was collected using the records from Dinas Peternakan and conducting interviews using structured questionnaires. This research was a descriptive study by measuring the incidence rate and describing the risk map using geographic information system (GIS). The results of this study indicate that, based on the incidence rate, the average distribution rate of scabies in beef cattle in Barru is 13 cases per 10.000 head/year. This incidence rate always increases every year. Furthermore, the highest incidence of the disease occurs in Mallusetasi with an incidence rate of 35 cases per 10 000 head/year. The three areas that are classified as high risk are Mallusetasi, Tanete Riaja, and Barru. Control measures that have been carried out were not successful to reduce the spread of the disease.
Keywords : Beef cattle; Distribution; Incidence rate; Risk; Scabies
Abstrak
Peternakan sapi potong di Kabupaten Barru rentan terhadap berbagai penyakit, termasuk skabies. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis data distribusi kejadian penyakit secara temporal dengan mengukur kecepatan penyebaran, dan secara spasial dengan memetakan wilayah berisiko skabies selama tiga tahun terakhir. Data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan rekapan dari Dinas Peternakan dan wawancara mendalam menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode deskriptif dengan mengukur incidence rate dan menggambarkan peta risiko menggunakan geographic information system (GIS). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan incidence rate, kecepatan rata-rata penyebaran skabies pada sapi potong di Kabupaten Barru sebesar 13 kasus per 10000 ekor—tahun. Nilai incidence rate tersebut selalu meningkat setiap tahunnya. Kejadian penyakit paling tinggi terjadi di kecamatan Mallusetasi dengan incidence rate sebesar 35 kasus per 10000 ekor—tahun. Terdapat 2 wilayah yang tergolong ke dalam risiko tinggi, yaitu Kecamatan Mallusetasi dan Kecamatan Tanete Riaja. Tindakan pengendalian yang telah dilakukan belum berhasil dalam mengurangi kecepatan penyebaran penyakit.
Kata kunci: Sapi potong; Incidence rate; Penyebaran; Risiko; Skabies
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Wright, Fred C. "Preliminary trials using a macrocyclic lactone against psoroptic scabies of cattle." Veterinary Parasitology 34, no. 4 (January 1990): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(90)90075-m.
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Clymer, B. C., T. H. Janes, and M. E. McKenzie. "Evaluation of the therapeutic and protective efficacy of doramectin against psoroptic scabies in cattle." Veterinary Parasitology 72, no. 1 (September 1997): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00080-0.
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Wenda, Pilius, A. Lomboan, N. M. Santa, and M. J. Nangoy. "PROFIL MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN TERNAK KUDA DI DESA PINABETENGAN KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA." ZOOTEC 40, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.40.2.2020.28567.
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HORSE LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PROFILE IN THE VILLAGE OF PINABETENGAN KECAMATAN TOMPASO MINAHASA REGENCY. This study aims to determine the horse health management of Pinabetengan Village, Tompaso District of Minahasa Regency. The survey method was used in research in August to September 2018. Data collection was carried out through interviews and questionnaires for 56 horse breeders. Variables consist of horse breeders profiles, horse farm management profiles,and livestock health management profiles. Data analysis using descriptive statistics. The results showed that Management profile livestock health consists of 71.43% of farmers having vaccinated, 54.55% of parasite prevention. Diseases that attack livestock are 45.45% of worm parasitic diseases, 31.82% of runny nose, 14.55% of scabies, and 8.15% of digestive tract (colic and diarrhea). 63.36% of farmers self-medicated sick animals, 35.09% used medical services, and 1.75% did not handle. Farmers have not implemented biosecurity, but 98.21% have done routine sanitation. 94.75% of farmers do not know about infectious diseases of horses to human. 35.71% of farmers have suffered from diarrhea, 14.29% inflammation of the skin/ scabies/selakarang. It can be concluded that the implementation health management for horse in Pinabetengan village of Minahasa Regency is limited due to lack of farmers knowledge and education. Keywords: Management, health, horse cattle.
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Mashur, Mashur, Hunaepi Hunaepi, and Taufik Samsuri. "The sustainability status and the development strategy of collective cage-based beef cattle smallholder farming on Lombok Island: the dimension of disease incidence." Prisma Sains : Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v11i1.5241.
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The incidence of the disease is one of the problems faced by beef cattle farms in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province in increasing the production and productivity of livestock. On smallholder livestock, beef cattle are maintained intensively using a collective cage group, making it easier to manage and promote them. This aim is to analyze the status of the sustainability of the development of beef cattle smallholder farming based on collective cages in Lombok Island from the dimension of disease incidence. The method used to determine the sustainability status is Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) with the Rapid Appraisal Beef Cattle Diseases (RAPBCD) approach of 20 diseases as attributes. The sensitive attributes that affect the sustainability index and the effect of errors are determined based on the Leverage analysis and Monte Carlo test. The results of the sustainability analysis showed that the status of the dimensions of the disease incidence dimension was 56.38%. The analysis results of the 20 diseases as attributes studied, 9 diseases (diarrhea, scabies, flatulence, itching, demodec, pink eye, anthrax, reproductive, epizootic septimea) are sensitive attributes and need to be improved because they will affect increasing the value of the sustainability index. Determination of the key factors of sustainability is obtained by prospective analysis to determine the future strategy for the development of collective cage-based beef cattle smallholder farming. The conclusion is that the status of the sustainability of the development of collective cage-based beef cattle smallholder farming on Lombok Island from the dimension of disease incidence is in a fairly sustainable category with four recommended development strategies, namely: strategies to improve beef cattle health management; increasing access to information and livestock health technology; increasing the role of the government, businessmen, and other stakeholders and strengthening farmer institutions, farmer economic institutions.
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WELZ, MIROSŁAW, RENATA KONDRAT, PRZEMYSŁAW ŁOŚ, JANUSZ BOGDAN, and KRZYSZTOF ANUSZ. "Combating animal infectious diseases in Poland in the years 1918-1939 on the example of rinderpest and foot and mouth disease. Legal and administrative aspect." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 79, no. 10 (2023): 6794–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6794.
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The regaining of independence by Poland in 1918 brought freedom, but it also posed many challenges for the state administration, including the reconstruction of a uniform veterinary service. It was not an easy task, considering that already in early 1920 an epizootic of rinderpest crossed the Caucasus and spread in the European part of Soviet Russia, reaching eastern Poland in September of that year. A modern legal framework for combating contagious animal diseases was successfully established within merely ten years. A breakthrough in the field of law regarding the eradication of infectious animal diseases was the Regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of August 22, 1927 on combating contagious animal diseases. It was the first legal act of this type in the country and one of the most modern regulations of its kind in Europe at that time. The list of infectious diseases covered by the obligation to report and control included rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, blackleg disease, game and cattle plague, tuberculosis of cattle in the open form (lungs, udder, uterus and intestines), glanders of solipeds, sheep pox, dourine, coital exanthema of equines and cattle, scabies of solipeds and sheep, rabies, swine fever and plague, swine erysipelas, poultry cholera (pasterellosis) and chicken plague. The article presents the rules of combating infectious animal diseases in the example of rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease, which were characteristic of the period of the Second Polish Republic.
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Fisher, W. F., F. S. Guillot, and N. A. Cole. "Development and decline of serum antibody activity toPsoroptes ovis antigens in infested cattle in an endemic and nonendemic scabies area of texas." Experimental & Applied Acarology 2, no. 3 (September 1986): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01193956.
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Jamil, Muhammad, Atif Idress, Ziyad Abdul Qadir, Fareeha Imran, Muhammad Qasim, Muhammad Shehzad Khan, Huma Aziz, et al. "Medical and Veterinary Ectoparasites' Importance: An Insight on Alternative Control." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22161667.
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Numerous ectoparasites of people and domestic cattle remain a chronic concern in the contemporary world, despite many attempts at eradication. For many years, pesticide medications such as organophosphates, organochlorides, and synthetic pyrethroids were efficient in controlling these parasites; however, widespread use of these treatments has resulted in resistance in many target species. Domestic animals play a vital role in food production, producing meat, milk, and money. The agricultural communities raze livestock’s as an insurance and investment in contradiction of risk. Animals with short generation intervals and high fertility offer economic, managerial, and biological benefits, since milk production can start five or six months after mating and the first corpse can be sold in less than a year. Livestocks are also a main source of manure, which helps to fertilize the soil, as well as skin, which is one of the most significant products that generates foreign cash for the country. However, the combined effects of sickness, inadequate food, and bad management limit animal output. Parasitic sickness is one of the most common disorders in domestic animals and human, and it has a significant economic impact. Ectoparasites of livestocks are extensively dispersed with varying degrees of incidence, and are crucial in causing considerable economic damage to the agricultural community, the tanning and leather sector even throughout the wolrd, necessitating efficient control methods. Scabies mites, head lice, and bed bugs are important medical ectoparasites that pose a considerable public health threat, hence effective management strategies are required. Alternative management approaches have been developed in a number of ways, but more study is needed before they can be utilized to effectively regulate the ectoparasitic illnesses in the forthcoming. Keywords: Human; Livestocks; Parasites; Biological control; Chemical control
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Rooney, Kathleen A., E. F. Illyes, S. J. Sunderland, P. Sarasola, M. O. Hendrickx, D. S. Keller, T. R. Meinert, N. B. Logan, A. J. Weatherley, and G. A. Conder. "Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against lice, mites, and grubs of cattle." American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.04.402.
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Abstract Objective To determine effectiveness of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Chorioptes bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Hypoderma bovis, and Hypoderma lineatum. Animals Cattle of various ages with naturally acquired or artificial infestations with 1 or more species of lice, mites, or grubs. Procedure In 10 louse and 6 mite studies, cattle were treated with doramectin (500 µg/kg, topically) on day 0, and parasite counts were performed approximately weekly from days 0 to 35. In 6 grub studies, cattle expected to harbor Hypoderma spp were treated before emergence of warbles. After warbles began to emerge, they were counted every 2 weeks, and grubs were collected and identified by species. Results Burdens of D bovis, H eurysternus, L vituli, and S capillatus on doramectin-treated cattle were 0 by 28 days after treatment. Burdens of C bovis and S scabiei decreased to 0 in naturally infested cattle and approximately 0 in artificially infested cattle by day 14 to 15. In grub studies, 107 of 136 control cattle had warbles, whereas 2 of 136 doramectin-treated cattle had 1 warble each, which represented a cure rate of 98.5%. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance One topical application of doramectin was highly efficacious against common species of lice, mites, and grubs known to affect performance, health, and appearance of cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:402-404)
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Villa, Luca, Carolina Allievi, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Giordano Ventura, Matteo Gradassi, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, and Maria Teresa Manfredi. "Serological Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) Hunted in a Highly Anthropized Area in Italy." Animals 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2023): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13111730.
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Due to the increasing expansion into urban and rural areas, wild boars represent a potential source of infection with zoonotic and animal-specific parasites for both humans and animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the serological prevalence to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in blood samples from wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in an anthropized area in Italy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to detect antibodies anti-T. gondii and anti-S. scabiei and an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for antibodies anti-N. caninum. 81 out of 128 wild boars (P = 63.3%) resulted positive for at least one of the three parasites. 68 of them were seropositive to T. gondii (P = 53.1%) and 14 to N. caninum (P = 10.9%). 9 wild boars resulted seropositive to S. scabiei var. suis (P = 7.0%). Sampling season was the only significant risk factor related to S. scabiei var. suis seroprevalence (OR = 7.8). The high occurrence of T. gondii supports the role of this species as a source of infection for other animals and humans. Furthermore, the serological prevalence of N. caninum and S. scabiei var. suis in wild boars from the study area characterized by the presence of numerous dairy cattle and pig farms is relevant to demonstrate its suitability for the circulation of these parasites both in domestic and wild species.
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Strugaru, Oana, Elena Velescu, T. Perianu, Florentina Bocăneţi, and Alessandra Scagliarini. "Detection of Orf Virus and Papillomavirus Out of Samples from Goats and Cattle which were Gathered by Multiplex PCR Romania." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0018-5.
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Detection of Orf Virus and Papillomavirus Out of Samples from Goats and Cattle which were Gathered by Multiplex PCR RomaniaThe lesions which appear on the skin and are caused by parapoxvirus, herpesviruses and papillomavirus, depending on they're gravity, can produce large economic losses. The identification of viral species with different laboratory methods can facilitate making a correct diagnostic in identifying the infectious entity. The most common encountered injuries, especially on goats and kids, have an oral location, breasts, eyes and genital and podal. On the other side on cattles infected with papillomavirus the lesions are multiple and spread all over the body. To identify the etiologic agent from goats and cattle with skin lesions, tissue samples were collected and scabs. The virus identification was made with molecural biology techniques. The PCR method revealed the viral DNA, thus identifying a portion of the B2L preserved gene which is then amplified using primers PPP1-PPP4. For papillomavirus detection, primers FAP59 and FAP 64 were used to conserve the L1 human gene, primers that can help detect other types of papillomavirus from other species. The PCR results showed that lesions from goats were made by Orf virus, a virus that belongs to the papillomavirus gene, as for cattles the bovine papillomavirus. Studies have shown that PCR is a rapid laboratory method which can be used to identify the viral agent that causes severe skin lesions.
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Soll, M. D., J. A. d'Assonville, and C. J. Z. Smith. "Efficacy of topically applied invermectin against sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var.bovis) of cattle." Parasitology Research 78, no. 2 (1992): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00931652.
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Oyewusi, I. K., A. O. Talabi, E. B. Otesile, and M. A. Oyekunle. "The influence of disease-inducing agents other than Dermatophilus congolensis on the severity of bovine dermatophilosis." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 41, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v41i2.802.
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This study was designed to assess the influence of disease-inducing agents other than Dermatophilus congolensis on the incidence of bovine dermatophilosis from cattle farms in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State and also from Akinyele cattle market in Oyo State. Skin scrapings collected from cattle with typical lesions of dermatophilosis were examined for the presence of bacteria, fungi and ectoparasites. Out of the 57 animals examined with typical skin lesions of dermatophilosis, Dermatophilus congolensis organism was cultured from 23 cases. Other bacterial organisms identified included Staphylococcus aureus (28 cases), Staphylococcus albus (35 cases), Bacillus mycoides (14 cases), Bacillus cereus (1 case), haemolytic Streptococcus (5 cases) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 cases), Escherichia coli (16 cases), Proteus spp (4 cases) and Norcardia spp (5 cases). Ticks (mostly Amblyomma variegatum) were seen in all the 57 animals while Demodex bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei var bovis and lice were seen in 15, 4 and 8 cases respectively. It was inferred that secondary bacterial invasions are associated with the pathogenesis and severity of the infection and the presence of ticks and mange mites may serve as the portal of entry for dermatophilosis infection. The control of dermatophilosis should take into account of arthropod vectors and secondary bacterial complications.
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Irshad, Hamid, Aitezaz Ahsan, Munib Hussain, Muhammad Usman Zaheer, Umer Farooq, Asma Latif, Agha Asadullah, et al. "Epidemiological findings of Lumpy skin disease outbreak investigations carried out in Cattle Colony Karachi, Pakistan." Agricultural Sciences Journal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56520/asj.v4i2.152.
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The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological findings of Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreak in Cattle Colony Karachi. In total nine LSD affected farms were visited. Blood (n=7), skin scabs (n=2) and nasal swabs (n=6) were collected from LSD suspected cattle and data was obtained on pre-designed proforma. The samples were analysed for LSD using PCR. The most commonly observed clinical signs were nodules on the skin, fever, lachrymation, nasal discharge and reduction in milk production. The clinical signs of LSD were only observed in cattle in affected farms. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 15.3% and 6.8% respectively. Of 15 samples collected from suspected LSD cases two (13.3%) were found positive for LSD using PCR. This is the first study describing epidemiological features of LSD outbreak in Cattle Colony Karachi, Pakistan. This study provides baseline information for further epidemiological studies and establishment of LSD control strategy in Pakistan.
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Losson, B., and J. F. Lonneux. "Field efficacy of injectable moxidectin in cattle naturally infested with Chorioptes bovis and Sarcoptes scabiei." Veterinary Parasitology 51, no. 1-2 (December 1993): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(93)90202-x.
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Schatzmayr, Hermann G., Bruno R. Simonetti, Danielle C. Abreu, José P. Simonetti, Sandra R. Simonetti, Renata V. C. Costa, Márcia Cristina R. Gonçalves, et al. "Animal infections by vaccinia-like viruses in the state of Rio de Janeiro: an expanding disease." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 7 (July 2009): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009000700004.
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In the present study we investigated the presence of infections by vaccinia-like viruses in dairy cattle from 12 counties in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the last 9 years. Clinical specimens were collected from adult animals with vesicular/pustular lesions mainly in the udder and teats, and from calves with lesions around the nose and mouth. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was applied to search for antibodies to Orthopoxvirus; the vesicular/pustular fluids and scabs were examined by PCR, electron microscopy (EM) and by inoculation in VERO cells for virus isolation. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in most cases. The PCR test indicated a high nucleotide homology among the isolates and the vaccinia viruses (VACV) used as controls. By EM, typical orthopoxvirus particles were observed in some specimens. The agents isolated in tissue culture were confirmed as vaccinia-like viruses by EM and PCR. The HA gene of the vaccinia-like Cantagalo/IOC virus isolated in our laboratory was sequenced and compared with other vaccinia-like isolates, showing high homology with the original Cantagalo strain, both strains isolated in 1999 from dairy cattle. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in one wild rodent (genus Akodon sp.) collected in the northwestern region of the state, indicating the circulation of poxvirus in this area. Nonetheless, PCR applied to tissue samples collected from the wild rodents were negative. Vesicular/pustular lesions in people in close contact with animals have been also recorded. Thus, the vaccinia-like virus infections in cattle and humans in the state seem to be an expanding condition, resulting in economic losses to dairy herds and leading to transient incapacitating human disease. Therefore, a possible immunization of the dairy cattle in the state should be carefully evaluated.
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Potterton, S., M. Green, J. Harris, K. Millar, H. Whay, and J. Huxley. "The prevalence of hock lesions in UK dairy cattle and the significance of risk factors associated with the development of the condition." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029343.
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The term hock lesion describes incidences of hair loss, thickened skin, wounds, scabs, and swellings occurring over the tarsal joint. Hock lesions in dairy cattle are a widespread problem around the world. In the UK, a recent study found approximately 99% of examined cows had at least some callused area over a hock (Haskell et al., 2006). The presence of hock lesions is correlated with injuries of the teat, carpal joints and skin, as well as increases in mobility score, high somatic cell counts, a greater incidence of clinical mastitis, and higher culling and annual death rates. Differences in the prevalence and severity of hock lesions according to the lying surface and cubicle design have been identified. Cow-related factors and management variables have also been postulated as possible risk factors. Recognition of the condition and practical solutions aimed at resolving it have however, been limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hock lesions in lactating cattle on dairy farms in the East Midlands of the UK, and the significance of potential risk factors in the development of the lesions.
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Blomqvist, Gunilla, Karin Ullman, Thomas Segall, Elenor Hauzenberger, Lena Renström, Karin Persson-Waller, Mikael Leijon, and Jean-Francois Valarcher. "An unusual presentation of pseudocowpox associated with an outbreak of pustular ulcerative vulvovaginitis in a Swedish dairy herd." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717737126.
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Species Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV; family Poxviridae) is known to cause pustular cutaneous disease in cattle. We describe an outbreak of pseudocowpox with an unusual clinical picture in a free-stall dairy herd of ~80 cows. Approximately 90% of the cows had vesicles, erosions, papules, and scabs on the vulva and vaginal mucosa. Histologic analysis of biopsy tissues indicated a primary, although not specified, viral infection. Transmission electron microscopy revealed parapoxvirus particles in both tissue and vesicular materials. Deep sequencing analysis of extracted DNA from swabbed vesicle areas gave a contig of nearly 120,000 nucleotides, matching the PCPV strain VR 634 with 100% identity. Analyses confirmed the absence of other potential causes of pustular vulvovaginitis such as bovine herpesvirus 1 and Ureaplasma diversum. A rolling cow brush was suspected to be the fomite.
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Kumar, Naveen, Yogesh Chander, Ram Kumar, Nitin Khandelwal, Thachamvally Riyesh, Khushboo Chaudhary, Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram, et al. "Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e0241022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241022.
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has devastating economic impact. During the last decade, LSD had spread to climatically new and previously disease-free countries, which also includes its recent emergence in the Indian subcontinent (2019). This study deals with the LSD outbreak(s) from cattle in Ranchi (India). Virus was isolated from the scabs (skin lesions) in the primary goat kidney cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequencing of LSD virus (LSDV) ORF011, ORF012 and ORF036 suggested that the isolated virus (LSDV/Bos taurus-tc/India/2019/Ranchi) is closely related to Kenyan LSDV strains. Further, we adapted the isolated virus in Vero cells. Infection of the isolated LSDV to Vero cells did not produce cytopathic effect (CPE) until the 4th blind passage, but upon adaptation, it produced high viral titres in the cultured cells. The kinetics of viral DNA synthesis and one-step growth curve analysis suggested that Vero cell-adapted LSDV initiates synthesizing its genome at ~24 hours post-infection (hpi) with a peak level at ~96 hpi whereas evidence of progeny virus particles was observed at 36–48 hours (h) with a peak titre at ~120 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study describes the first successful isolation of LSDV in India, besides providing insights into the life cycle Vero cell-adapted LSDV.
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Sant'Ana, Fabiano J. F. de, Antônio do A. Leal, Rogério E. Rabelo, Valcinir A. S. Vulcani, Jair A. Ferreira Junior, Juliana F. Cargnelutti, and Eduardo Furtado Flores. "Outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by Vaccinia virus in dairy cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2012)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 7 (July 2013): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000700006.
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Cases of vesicular and exanthematic disease by Vaccinia virus (VACV) have been reported in dairy herds of several Brazilian regions, occasionally also affecting humans. The present article describes eight outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by VACV in dairy herds of six counties of Goiás state, Midwestern Brazil (2010-2012), involving a total of 122 cows, 12 calves and 11 people. Dairy cows (3 to 9 years old) were affected in all cases and calves (2 to 9 months old) were affected in five outbreaks, presenting oral lesions. The morbidity ranged between 8 and 100% in cows, and 1.5 to 31% in calves. In the cows, the clinical signs started with vesicles (2-7mm), painful and coalescent papules (3-8 mm), which resulted in ulcers (5-25mm) and scabs in teats, and, occasionally, in the muzzle. The clinical course lasted from 16 to 26 days. The histopathology of bovine skin samples revealed superficial perivascular inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages and multifocal areas of acanthosis, spongiosis, hipergranulosis and parakeratotic or orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were noted in the cytoplasm of the keratinocytes. PCR to vgf gene of Orthopoxvirus was positive in samples collected from all outbreaks, and in some cases, genomic VACV sequences were identified by nucleotide sequencing of the PCR amplicons. Infectious virus was isolated in cell culture from scabs from one outbreak. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in at least 3 or 4 animals in most outbreaks, by ELISA (outbreaks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) or virus-neutralization (outbreak 6). Neutralizing titers ranging from 8 to 64 in outbreak 6. In all outbreaks, VACV infection was suspected based on the clinical and pathological findings and it was confirmed by laboratory tests. Upon the etiological confirmation, other agents associated with vesicular disease were discarded. In all outbreaks, at least one milker who handled the affected cows developed malaise, headache, fever, painful vesico-pustular lesions mainly in the hands, but also in the neck and nose. These results confirm the circulation of VACV in the region and call attention for a correct diagnosis and the adoption of prophylactic and control measures.
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Riofrio, A. C., J. C. Lopez, J. C. Moyano, R. Quinteros, P. R. Marini, and M. L. Fischman. "Strawberry Footrot in a Blackbellysheepin the Ecuador Amazonia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 4 (September 20, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n4p56.
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<p class="sar-body">Dermatophilosis is an acute or cronic disease of the epidermis characterized by inflammatory, exudative and bleeding lesions with scabs, caused by the bacterium <em>Dermathophiluscongolensis. </em>It affects bovine, ovine, equine, cattle, goats, wild animals and also humans when it is considered aminor zoonosis. This work is about a case caused by <em>Dermathophiluscongolensis</em>in a sheep from Ecuadorian Amazonia. The affected sheep presented claudication with non itchy lesions in its right front limb, bleeding and painful at first. An exudate culture was taken to the laboratory. The samples were processed for a bacteriological diagnosis. Based on the clinical symptoms together with the lab results, <em>Dermatophiluscongolensis</em> was diagnosed. It was treated with BenzathinPenicilin 100,000 UI, each dosis of 10,000 UI / kg PV, every 48 hours, in 5 consecutive applications combined with Tolfenamic Acid 8gr. In doses of 2mg / kg, that is to say 1 ml / 40 Kg PV every 48 hours. 10 days after the beginning of the treatment, the claudication and the pain lessened and the animal tried to set its limb on the ground.</p>
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Stojanovic, Marko, Predrag Perisic, Dragan Niksic, Vlada Pantelic, Dusica Ostojic-Andric, Marina Lazarevic, and Maja Petricevic. "Incidence of deformations of the extremities of Simmental cows in different types of stalls." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 34, no. 2 (2018): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1802189s.
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Problems with legs and various forms of lameness of cows, in intensive milk production, are the third significant problem occuring in this production, after mastitis and reproductive disorders, both globally and in our country. The paper analyzes the incidence of the deformation of legs of 145 cows of the Simmental breed in the Kolubara region, and the influence of paragenetic factors (housing/holding and type of stall/bedding and lactation) on the incidence of deformations. The obtained results show that, of the total number of cows assessed, 3.45% had "X" position of the front legs, 14.8% had a "X" position of the hind legs. The convergent position of the front legs was recorded in 35.86%, and divergent in 8.28% of animals. The convergent position of the hind legs was observed in 16.55% of cows, and divergent in 2.76%. The outward position of the front legs was observed in 4.14% of cows, inward position in 11.03%, and broad position in 4.14% of studied cows. Also, 17.24% of the cows had a so called sable like position of hind legs, and 7.59% showed steap angle of hind legs. The pronounced soft front leg pasterns were observed in 7.59% of the cows, and the soft pasterns of the hind legs in 33.79% of the total number of observed cows. The observed changes in the ankles in the shape of swelling were recorded in 1.38% of cattle on the carpal joint and 2.76% on the tarsal ankle. The damaged shoulder and body joint (scabbed shoulder) was observed in 43.45% of the total number of cows evaluated. Scores for the front and hind legs front, back and side views, varied at different levels of significance under the influence of the type of stall/bedding, while the scores for the condition of the hind leg pasterns varied highly significantly (p<0.001) under the influence of the type of stall/bedding. The scores for the front leg pasterns and scores for shoulder and body joint were not significant (p> 0.05) depending on the type of stall/bedding and the method of housing/holding of cows.
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Fahrimal, Yudha, Razali Daud, Adi Chandra, Syauki Iqbal, and Roslizawaty Roslizawaty. "The Use of Sour Soup (Annona murricata) Seed Powder as Acaricide on Cow and Goat." Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v4i1.9797.
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This research was aimed to study curative effect of sour soup seed powder on cattle invested with ticks and goat infected with scabies. This study was using 12 cattle invested with ticks and 12 goats with scabies. The cattle divided into 4 groups (S1, S2, S3 and S4) while goats were divided into 3 groups (K1, K2, and K3) equally. For cattle with ticks group S1 received water (control group), while group S2, S3, and S4 received 1%, 5%, and 10% sour soup powder respectively. Ticks that fell to the ground and not engorged were collected and identified. Statistical analysis showed that all concentrations of sour soup were effective in paralyzing and or killing ticks of the genera Boophilus sp. and Dermacentor sp. but were not effective against Rhipicepalus sp. For goats with scabies, groups K1, K2, and K3 received 1, 5 and 10% sour soup powder respectively mixed with water applied to whole area of infected and uninfected skin surrounding infected area. Number of mites per cm2 before and after treatment was counted. Statistical analysis showed that 1, 5, and 10% sour soup powder effective in reducing the number of scabies mites on day 1 and 7 after treatment and were significantly different from those number of mites before treatment (P0.01). Statistical analysis also showed that no significant difference among concentration of sour soup seed powder in decreasing the number of mites (P0.05).
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Silva, Nathiel de Sousa, Carlos Henrique Alencar, and Jorg Heukelbach. "Human scabies and sarcoptic mange in northeast Brazil: Results from a rapid assessment method covering an entire state." Tropical Doctor, June 6, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00494755241256407.
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Scabies is a neglected tropical disease and has been highlighted as a target for control. Sarcoptic mange affects animals, but mange is also considered a zoonosis. We present rapid assessment data on scabies and sarcoptic mange collected from key informants via a web-based questionnaire in Ceará State (1265 data entries). A total of 181/184 (98.3%) municipalities reported the occurrence of human scabies; 149 (80.9%) current occurrence; 168 (91.3%) severe cases; and 113 (61.4%) severe cases currently. Sarcoptic mange was reported from 149/184 (80.9%) municipalities, and severe mange from 128 (69.9%), most commonly in dogs (117 municipalities), cats (79), pigs (17), cattle (15), horses (15), and goats (2). Respondents from 171 (92.9%) municipalities observed seasonality of occurrence. Scabies and sarcoptic mange are important public health issues in a northeast Brazilian state. The wide distribution of severe cases requires an integrated One Health approach effectively and sustainably to reduce the disease burden.
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Lashkul, V. A. "Morphological aspect of veterinary terminology in the context of professional English learning in English." Mìžnarodnij fìlologìčnij časopis 13, no. 2 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/philolog2022.02.011.
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The aim of the study is to study the morphological features of veterinary terminology, consider the most productive ways of forming English veterinary terms based on the analysis of their structure, components, consideration of their meanings and explanation of the rules of their translation. The most common ways of forming English terms in the field of veterinary medicine are demonstrated: word formation and affixation. Examples of word formation in which the components of such a noun are directly adjacent to each other are given: rinderpest (cattle plague), bumblefoot (scabies), heartstroke (heart attack); lockjaw (chewing muscle spasm), cowpox (cowpox); monkeypox (monkeypox); chickenpox; smallpox (smallpox) or are connected by the connecting elements -i- and -o-, for example: kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy); myxomatosis (myxomatosis). It is determined that the process of affixation in terminology is very active. Using prefixes and semi-prefixes (anti-, en-, ante-, pro-, ad-, de-, hyper-, hypo-, post-, meta-, con-, de- (des-), dis-, epi -, extra-, inter-, intra-, per-, re-, sub-, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-, mono-, oligo-) a large number of derived veterinary terms are formed. In the suffix method, the most commonly used suffixes are-algia, -cele, -ectomy, -emia, -itis, -oma, -osis, stomy, -tomy, -centesis, -gram, -graph, -graphy, -lysis, -scope , -scopy, –therapy, -algia, -dynia, malacia, -megaly, -pathy, -sclerosis. The necessity of detailed study of word formation of veterinary terminology for its assimilation and translation is proved. Teaching English for veterinary medicine, like any other field, requires an understanding of its terminology. Knowledge of word formation terms and meanings of the most productive prefixes and suffixes of nouns, as well as skills of division of complex nouns into components will help students learn the scientific terminology necessary for successful understanding of literature in the specialty.
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Pérez Alonso, María del Carmen, Jose María Vázquez Autón, and Francisco Gil Cano. "MEDICINA VETERINARIA APLICADA AL GANADO VACUNO EN ÉPOCA ROMANA SEGÚN LA OBRA DE LUCIO JUNIO MODERATO COLUMELA (SIGLO I d. C.)." Anales de Veterinaria de Murcia 37 (May 9, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesvet.560361.
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Lucio Junio Moderato Columela was an agronomist writer from ancient Rome. He was born in Gades (present-day Cádiz) in the year 4 A.D. and died in Taras (present-day Tarento, a southern italian city) around the year 70 A.D. His work, De Re Rustica, written in latin, is one of the most complete works on agriculture, livestock and animal medicine from Roman times and it was translated into Spanish for the first time in 1824 by Juan María Álvarez de Sotomayor y Rubio under the title of “The twelve books of agriculture”. The main goal of this final degree project has been examining and understanding what Columela shares about diseases, ailments and treatments that affected cattle in the 1st century A.D. For this, we have read the preface and the 26 chapters (I to XXVI) of the sixth book dedicated to cattle. These chapters describe the most frequent diseases of the time and different remedies for their cure. Among the diseases described, we find indigestion, stomach and intestine pain, ranulas and lack of appetite for food, fever, cough, abscess, lameness, scabies, rabid dog or wolf bites and coriazo, lung ulcers and palate tumors, hoof or leg injuries, bites of poisonous animals and infection by leeches. The medical treatments recommended by Columela are mainly natural and they are based in the use of preparations, ointments or concoctions with medicinal plants, food, minerals or even animals. Surgical procedures are also described, highlighting castration or bleeding. In addition to these remedies, Columela mentions some related to superstitious medicine. Columela’s work allows us to get an idea of the ailments suffered by cattle in Roman times, as well as the treatments used to cure them. Lucio Junio Moderato Columela fue un escritor agrónomo de la Antigua Roma nacido en Gades (actual Cádiz) en el año 4 d.C. y fallecido en Taras (actual ciudad del sur de Italia llamada Tarento) hacia el año 70 d.C. Su obra, De Re Rustica, escrita en latín, es una de las más completas sobre agricultura, ganadería y medicina animal de la época romana y fue traducida al castellano por vez primera en 1824 por Juan María Álvarez de Sotomayor y Rubio bajo el título de, “Los doce libros de agricultura”. El objetivo principal de este trabajo de fin de grado ha sido examinar y comprender los datos que Columela aporta sobre enfermedades, dolencias y tratamientos que afectaban al ganado vacuno en el siglo I d.C. Para ello, hemos realizado la lectura del prefacio y de los 26 capítulos (I a XXVI) del libro sexto dedicado al ganado vacuno. En estos capítulos se describen las enfermedades más frecuentes de la época y diversos remedios para su cura. Entre las enfermedades descritas encontramos la indigestión, dolor de vientre e intestinos, ránulas e inapetencia por la comida, calentura, tos, apostemas, cojeras, sarna, mordedura de perra rabiosa o lobo y coriazo, úlceras de pulmón y tumores de paladar, heridas de pezuñas o piernas, mordedura de animales venenosos y afección por sanguijuelas. Los tratamientos médicos recomendados por Columela son principalmente naturales y se basan en el uso de preparados, ungüentos o brebajes con plantas medicinales, alimentos, minerales e incluso animales. También se describen procedimientos quirúrgicos, entre los que destacan la castración y la sangría. Además de estos remedios Columela menciona algunos relacionados con la medicina supersticiosa. La obra de Columela permite hacernos una idea de las dolencias que padecía el ganado vacuno en época romana, así como de los tratamientos empleados para su curación.
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Li, Lin, Chuanxiang Qi, Jinming Li, Wenlong Nan, Ying Wang, Xing Chang, Tianying Chi, et al. "Quantitative real-time PCR detection and analysis of a lumpy skin disease outbreak in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (July 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.936581.
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of bovine characterized by nodules on the skin, mucous membranes, and profuse nasal discharge which causes severe economic losses. In October 2020, an LSD outbreak case was found in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. A total of 1,206 cattle were sold from the same imported animal quarantine field to 36 farms after the quarantine period finished, and over 30 farmers reported symptoms such as skin scabs found in newly arrived cattle shortly after that. A large-scale LSD outbreak investigation was launched after laboratory diagnosis confirmed LSD. The clinical samples of 1,206 cattle from 36 farms, including 1,206 whole blood, 1,206 oral and nose swabs, and 355 scabs, were collected for the qRT-PCR test. The result showed that 51 whole blood samples (4.23%), 580 swab samples (48.09%), and 350 skin scabs (98.59%) were lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) positive, 33 of 36 farms were affected. This study aims to provide a basis for LSD epidemiological traceability, movement control, and measures for prevention and control.
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Villarroel, A., and M. K. Halliburton. "Control of Extensive Chorioptic Mange in Confined Dairy Cattle." American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, August 19, 2010, 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro20104194.
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Chorioptic mange causes unsightly scabs with pruritus at the base of the tail of confined dairy cattle. Recommended treatment requires drugs with impractical milk withdrawals, and thus mange is a problem in US dairies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a one-time whole-herd treatment with an approved product for use in lactating dairy cattle.
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Barrington, G. M., and D. T. Pond. "Case report." Bovine Practitioner, February 1, 2004, 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol38no1p79-82.
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An acute, rapidly spreading, midsummer outbreak of a dermatological condition in 60 cows on a 3000-cow dairy was accompanied by anorexia and agalactia. Lesions consisted of multiple, 2- to 5-mm thickened and crusted scabs, which revealed inflamed and ulcerated dermis when removed. The herd was located in a desert environment where daytime ambient temperatures often exceeded 100øF. Management practices to cool the cattle included continual application of water misters. Initial on-farm diagnostic attempts were inconclusive so a representative animal was sent to the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation. The dermatological condition clinically resembled dermatophilosis, and diagnostic testing supported this diagnosis. It was concluded that despite environmental conditions that were inconsistent with dermatophilosis, continual misting of cattle resulted in skin maceration facilitating development of the condition. Treatment consisted of daily application of a topical disinfectant and alteration of misting times so cattle would dry between sessions. More severely affected cattle received a one-time parenteral injection of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Complete recovery was observed within 14 d of the initiation of treatment and management changes.
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Tresamol, P. V., and M. R. Saseendranath. "Diagnosis of dermatophilosis in dairy cattle in Kerala, India." Indian Journal of Animal Research, OF (September 30, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.5587.
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Skin scabs and scrapings from 82 dermatitis cases in dairy cattle were subjected to detailed bacteriological, mycological, parasitological and molecular studies. Microscopical examination of Giemsa or Gram’s stained smears of scab material from the lesions revealed characteristic gram positive septate branching filaments with typical tram track appearance suggestive of Dermatophilus congolensis in 72 samples (91.5%). Culture of scab materials in sheep blood agar under anaerobic condition yielded typical beta haemolytic colonies of D. congolensis in 75 samples, which were further confirmed by colony morphology, staining characters and biochemical reactions. Molecular confirmation of the isolates was carried out using polymerase chain reaction with primers based on 16S rRNA which yielded specific band of 500bp. The pathogenicity of the isolates was also proved by experimental inoculation into rabbits.
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Karbowiak, Grzegorz, Aleksander Demiaszkiewicz, Anna Pyziel, Irena Wita, Bożena Moskwa, Joanna Werszko, Justyna Bień, Katarzyna Goździk, Jacek Lachowicz, and Władysław Cabaj. "The parasitic fauna of the European bison (Bison bonasus) (Linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. Part 1 The summarising list of parasites noted." Acta Parasitologica 59, no. 3 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-014-0252-0.
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AbstractDuring the current century, 88 species of parasites have been recorded in Bison bonasus. These are 22 species of protozoa (Trypanosoma wrublewskii, T. theileri, Giardia sp., Sarcocystis cruzi, S. hirsuta, S. hominis, S. fusiformis, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria cylindrica, E. subspherica, E. bovis, E. zuernii, E. canadensis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. alabamensis, E. bukidnonensis, E. auburnensis, E. pellita, E. brasiliensis, Babesia divergens), 4 trematodes species (Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Fasciola hepatica, Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha, Paramphistomum cervi), 4 cestodes species (Taenia hydatigena larvae, Moniezia benedeni, M. expansa, Moniezia sp.), 43 nematodes species (Bunostomum trigonocephalum, B. phlebotomum, Chabertia ovina, Oesophagostomum radiatum, O. venulosum, Dictyocaulus filaria, D.viviparus, Nematodirella alcidis, Nematodirus europaeus, N. helvetianus, N. roscidus, N. filicollis, N. spathiger, Cooperia oncophora, C. pectinata, C. punctata, C. surnabada, Haemonchus contortus, Mazamastrongylus dagestanicus, Ostertagia lyrata, O. ostertagi, O. antipini, O. leptospicularis, O. kolchida, O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata, Spiculopteragia boehmi, S. mathevossiani, S. asymmetrica, Trichostrongylus axei, T. askivali, T. capricola, T. vitrinus, Ashworthius sidemi, Onchocerca lienalis, O. gutturosa, Setaria labiatopapillosa, Gongylonema pulchrum, Thelazia gulosa, T. skrjabini, T. rhodesi, Aonchotheca bilobata, Trichuris ovis), 7 mites (Demodex bisonianus, D. bovis, Demodex sp., Chorioptes bovis, Psoroptes equi, P. ovis, Sarcoptes scabiei), 4 Ixodidae ticks (Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. hexagonus, Dermacentor reticulatus), 1 Mallophaga species (Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii), 1 Anoplura (Haematopinus eurysternus), and 2 Hippoboscidae flies (Lipoptena cervi, Melophagus ovinus). There are few monoxenous parasites, many typical for cattle and many newly acquired from Cervidae.
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-, Sabafarin H. Shaikh, Rohini A. Satdive -, Shweta C. Rajput -, Snehal S. Rathod -, Anjali S. Pawar -, Prachi S. Akolkar -, and Sushmita Chavan -. "Overview on Lumpy Disease: Pathogenesis, Sign and Symptoms, Risk Factor, and Treatment." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 2 (April 22, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.17977.
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The lumpy diseases is an infectious disease. It is caused by viruses (LSDV) of the family Capripoxvirus.An investigation on the risk variables linked to the proliferation of LSD in Ethiopia has been conducted through a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study LSD virus,virus has been detected in stomoxy calcitrans and Anopheles stephens. virus can survive in necrotic skin for about 33 days and remains viable for at least 18 days in air-dried skin lesions at room temperature. The virus has been reported to persist in necrotic skin nodules for up to 33 days or longer, in dried crusts for up to 35 days and at least 18 days in air-dried hides.LSD has gross lesions that are well-described. Skin nodules are typically elevated, hard, and spherical in shape, however some might fuse together to form enormous, uneven plaques with defined boundaries. Biphasic fever, a clinical symptom of LSD, is characterised by two episodes of fever that develop after a varying incubation period of 4–12 days (typically 7 days). The affected animals' body temperature rises to 40–41.5°C, and this can last for at least 6–72 hours and, in exceptional cases, up to 10 days.To guarantee sufficient defence against LSD, susceptible adult cattle should receive a yearly vaccination.To reduce the possibility of the disease spreading by vectors, cattle should get routine treatments with insect repellents. While not completely effective, this method can lower the likelihood of transmission..The first report of LSD's clinical symptoms was published in Zambia (Morris 1931 ) The affected animals displayed symptoms of nasal discharge, emaciation, necrotic plaques in the mouth and nose mucous membranes, and excessive salivation. The most popular technique for diagnosis is full-thickness skin biopsies or scabs with electron microscopy showing the presence of characteristic capripox virions.To identify the antigens, techniques such as ELISA, PCR, and viral neutralization test procedures are helpful. Doctors may administer vitamin injections, anti-inflammatory drugs, or antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infection fever and inflammation.needed a full recuperation period of six months A27L, L1R, and a combination of the two LSDV antigens were included in the development of three vaccines. Insect repellents, disinfectant cleaning, proper disposal of contaminated areas, and awareness-raising are examples of preventive approaches.The economic impact of LSD was caused by both direct consequences, like control expenses, and indirect ones, including milk loss, mortality loss, and draft power loss.
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Guimarães Carmo, Jéssica Dos Santos, Joselito Nunes Costa, Carmo Emanuel Almeida Biscarde, Luciano Da Anunciação Pimentel, José Carlos De Oliveira Filho, and Ana Paula Abreu Mendonça. "Hepatogenous Photosensitization in Steer by Brachiaria decumbens." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 49 (January 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.114124.
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Background: Although the etiology of hepatogenous photosensitization has not yet been fully elucidated, it is known that hepatotoxic substances (saponins) present in grasses of the genus Brachiaria spp. are responsible for intoxication of several species, causing great economic losses in the whole world. Since this grass is the source of food for the herd in Brazil, and other countries of the world, the aim of this paper is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and anatomopathological aspects of a steer with this disease.Case: A 3-year-old Nellore steer was referred to veterinary care at a property in Bahia, with a 3-week history of swelling, loss of cutaneous tissue in the ear and scrotum region, and dry faeces. The animal was raised in pasture with Brachiaria decumbens along with five animals of different age and sex; however, it was the only one to present symptoms. Although the animal had been treated at the farm, there was no clinical improvement. On clinical examination, the steer was apathetic with jaundiced mucous membranes, nasal and ocular discharge, epiphora, and ulcers on the labial and gum commissure. The steer had leukocytosis with neutrophilia, anemia, and hyperfibrinogemia. The body condition score (BCS) was 3 (BCS ranges from 1 to 9), and the skin lesions observed were bedsores, necrosis and scabs in several regions. The increase in liver enzymes (GGT, AST) indicated hepatic impairment, suggesting a case of hepatogenous photosensitization. The therapeutic protocol instituted was enteral hydration, electrolyte replacement, topical application of ointment in the injured areas. In addition, it was recommended to maintain the animal in the shade, supply of good quality grass, and a new clinical evaluation in seven days. On new examination, it was observed that there was no satisfactory clinical improvement of the animal, and persistence of laboratory changes. Despite the poor prognosis, treatment was continued for another month with the same recommendations. However, in view of the severe clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the animal was submitted euthanasia. Necropsy revealed extensive areas of bedsores, erythema, severe jaundice in the mucous membranes, eyeballs and opaque corneas. The liver had an enlarged volume with bulging edges and a greenish color. The kidneys had a pale brownish color, with an irregular and mottled subcapsular surface, with blackened and depressed spots. Histologically, the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes was finely vacuolated, sometimes refringent and with an abundant presence of bile pigment. It was also observed in the middle of the liver parenchyma, multiple foci of accumulation of macrophages filled with vacuoles of different sizes containing saponins and crystals of saponins inside bile ducts. Furthermore, it was possible to observe hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Kupffer cells, disarrangement of hepatocytes with individual necrosis of hepatocytes.Discussion: The diagnosis of hepatogenous photosensitization was based on history, clinical, laboratory and anatomopathological findings. Serum biochemistry was important to measure hepatic impairment and possible secondary lesions, which were confirmed by the necropsy. Although hepatogenous photosensitization is less common in adult cattle, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of skin lesions, reduced appetite, and jaundice. Since it was a sporadic case, individual predisposition is probably a preponderant factor. Keywords: cattle, photodermatitis, intoxication, liver injury, skin lesions.