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1
Auger, Cédric. "Compilation certifiée de SCADE/LUSTRE." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818169.
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Les langages synchrones sont apparus autour des années quatre-vingt, en réponse à un besoin d'avoir un modèle mathématique simple pour implémenter des systèmes temps réel critiques. Dans ce modèle, le temps est découpé en instants discrets durant lesquels tous les composants du système reçoivent et produisent une donnée. Cette modélisation permet des raisonnements beaucoup plus simples en évitant de devoir prendre en compte le temps de calcul de chaque opération. Dans le monde du logiciel critique, la fiabilité du matériel et de son fonctionnement sont primordiaux, et on accepte d'être plus lent si on devient plus sûr. Afin d'augmenter cette fiabilité, plutôt que de concevoir manuellement tout le système, on utilise des machines qui synthétisent automatiquement le système souhaité à partir d'une description la plus concise possible. Dans le cas du logiciel, ce mécanisme s'appelle la compilation, et évite des erreurs introduites par l'homme par inadvertance. Elle ne garantit cependant pas la bonne correspondance entre le système produit et la description donnée. Des travaux récents menés par une équipe INRIA dirigée par Xavier Leroy ont abouti en 2008 au compilateur CompCert d'un sous-ensemble large de C vers l'assembleur PowerPC pour lequel il a été prouvé dans l'assistant de preuve Coq que le code assembleur produit correspond bien à la description en C du programme source. Un tel compilateur offre des garanties fortes de bonne correspondance entre le système synthétisé et la description donnée. De plus, avec les compilateurs utilisés pour le temps réel critique, la plupart des optimisations sont désactivées afin d'éviter les erreurs qui y sont liées. Dans CompCert, des optimisations elles aussi prouvées sont proposées, ce qui pourrait permettre ces passes dans la production de systèmes temps réel critiques sans en compromettre la fiabilité. Le but de cette thèse est d'avoir une approche similaire mais spécifique à un langage synchrone, donc plus approprié à la description de systèmes temps réel critiques que ne l'est le C. Un langage synchrone flots de données semblable à Lustre, nommé Ls, et un langage impératif semblable au langage C, nommé Obc y sont proposés ainsi que leur sémantique formelle et une chaîne de compilation avec des preuves de préservation de sémantique le long de cette chaîne.
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Papailiopoulou, Virginia. "Test automatique de programmes Lustre / SCADE." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454409.
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Ce travail porte sur l'amélioration du processus de test, en offrant des moyens d'automatiser la génération des tests ainsi que l'évaluation de leur qualité, dans le cadre des systèmes embarqués spécifiés en Lustre/SCADE. D'une part, nous présentons une méthodologie de test basée sur l'outil Lutess qui génère automatiquement des données de test exclusivement à partir de la description de l'environnement du système. D'autre part, on se base sur le modèle SCADE du programme sous test et nous définissons des critères de couverture structurelle qui prennent en compte deux nouveaux aspects: l'utilisation des plusieurs horloges et le test d'intégration, permettant la mesure de couverture de systèmes de grande taille. Ces deux stratégies pourraient avoir un impact positif sur le test efficace des applications réelles. Des études de cas extraites du domaine de l'avionique sont employées pour démontrer l'applicabilité de ces méthodes et pour évaluer leur complexité.
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SERAFIM, Kamila Nayana Carvalho. "Transformando modelos Scade em especificações SCR." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/20342.
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A construção de um software para domínios particulares tem de atender normas específicasque impõem o atendimento a fatores como rastreabilidade de requisitos e certificação. Por exemplo, a indústria aeronáutica deve atender à norma DO-178B que estabelece restrições para uso de software de aeronaves, que são considerados sistemas críticos. Para um sistema estar de acordo com essa certificação é necessário ter requisitos formais e código certificado; nesta direção, Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013) usou a notação SCR (Software Cost Reduction) para definição de requisitos e a ferramenta SCADE para modelagem de sistemas críticos, com desenvolvimento de um tradutor de SCR para artefatos xscade. A prática de desenvolvimento de sistema, porém, não está restrita à transição entre requisitos e artefatos de projeto. Modificações realizadas nestes últimos devem também ser refletidas nos requisitos. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos um tradutor de artefatos de modelagem da ferramenta SCADE para SCR. Desta forma podemos gerar especificação de requisitos a partir do código (Engenharia Reversa) e complementamos o trabalho anterior desenvolvido por Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013). Para o desenvolvimento do tradutor, utilizamos a plataforma Spoofax por meio da qual descrevemos a sintaxe do esquema XML utilizado em SCADE e também as regras de tradução tendo como alvo SCR. A validação da tradução teve como ponto de partida o resultado do uso do tradutor desenvolvido por Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013), tendo de gerar como saída a mesma entrada do tradutor desenvolvido por Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013). Além disso, desenvolvemos exemplos para demonstrar que a modificação estrutural, com preservação de semântica, em projetos SCADE, é verificável por meio do uso de testes gerados por meio da ferramenta TTM-TVEC
Building a software for particular domains must attend specific standards that impose attendance to factors such as traceability requirements and the certification issue. For example, the airline industry should meet the DO-178B standard that establishes restrictions on the use of aircraft software, which is considered a critical system. For a system to be in accordance with this certification, one must have formal requirements and certified code. In this direction, Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013) used SCR (Software Cost Reduction) for requirements definition and SCADE for modeling critical systems with development of an artifacts a translator from SCR. However the practice of developing is not restricted to the transition from requirements to design artifacts. Changes made on design should be reflected in the requirements. In this work we developed a translator from SCADE to SCR. In this way we can generate requirements specification from the code (reverse engineering) and complement the previous Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013) thesis. For the translator development, we use the Spoofax platform through which we describe the XML schema syntax used in SCADE and also the translation rules having SCR as the target language. The translation validation had as its starting point the result of the translator developed by Andrade (ANDRADE, 2013), where the output is the same input developed by Andrade(ANDRADE, 2013). Furthermore, examples developed to demonstrate that the structural modification that preserves semantics in SCADE, is verifiable through the use of tests generated by the TTM-TVEC tool.
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ANDRADE, Marcelo Costa Melo de. "Gerando modelos SCADE a partir de especificações descritas em SCR." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12409.
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Requisitos são um dos principais artefatos no desenvolvimento de um sistema. Para sistemas críticos, os requisitos são artefatos obrigatórios para satisfazer critérios de certificações tais como os descritos no guia de certificação DO-178B. Apesar de sua importância, estes artefatos são geralmente descritos informalmente através de linguagem natural. O uso da linguagem natural propicia a descrição de requisitos ambíguos, incompletos e inconsistentes. Para sanar este problema foi definido o método Software Cost Reduction (SCR), que permite a descrição formal de requisitos de forma precisa e relativamente amigável através do uso de tabelas preenchidas com expressões lógicas. Em particular, de forma a nos aproximarmos ainda mais das tecnologias usadas na indústria de sistemas críticos, neste trabalho nosso SCR é o implementado na ferramenta TTM da suíte T-VEC (um conjunto de ferramentas que suporta a sintaxe de SCR e possibilita a geração de vetores de testes e análise de propriedades), a qual é capaz de gerar casos de teste seguindo o guia DO-178B. Além dos requisitos, a certificação do código implementado também é uma obrigação para sistemas críticos e o uso de SCR somente não garante isso. Enquanto o método SCR auxilia na descrição detalhada de requisitos, o ambiente de desenvolvimento baseado em modelos denominado Safety Critical Application Development Environment (SCADE) auxilia na modelagem de software crítico. SCADE é também usado para gerar código certificado de acordo com o DO-178B. Neste trabalho apresentamos como obter modelos SCADE a partir de especificações descritas em SCR através da aplicação de regras de tradução. Com isto obtemos código certificado a partir de requisitos formais em uma única solução. Para aplicar as regras de forma automática, construímos uma ferramenta tradutora usando o framework Stratego/ XT. Por fim, aplicamos nosso tradutor em dois estudos de caso descritos em SCR. Foi feito uso de uma estratégia de verificação baseada em testes para atestar que os modelos SCADE produzidos por nosso tradutor correspondem às descrições em SCR. A estratégia de verificação consiste em usar T-VEC para gerar vetores de testes de acordo com o critério de cobertura MCDC e então aplicar os testes no código C gerado pelo SCADE. Apesar de nosso tradutor não ser provado correto, podemos argumentar indiretamente que o mesmo preserva as propriedades descritas em SCR nos modelos SCADE gerados automaticamente. Quanto a certificação do tradutor, isto fica a cargo de nosso parceiro industrial Embraer S.A. .
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Corbo, Pasquale. "Sistemi Software Critici per Aerei Commerciali." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di fornire un approccio generico ai linguaggi di programmazione sincroni utilizzati per lo sviluppo di sistemi avionici in grado di gestire la fase del volo in crociera (flight management system) e dei sistemi digital-fly-by-wire studiando il miglioramento del processo di test con il fine di automatizzare la generazione dei dati di test e la valutazione della loro qualità, in un quadro di sistemi sincroni reattivi specifici come i linguaggi Lustre / SCADE.
Nel capitolo 1 introdurremo quindi il concetto di affidabilità, focalizzandoci sul significato di questa in riferimento al software per i sistemi avionici. Nel capitolo due tratteremo il concetto di tolleranza ai guasti e quello di software n-version utilizzato nei sistemi di bordo per un rapido ripristino in caso di
guasti durante il volo. Nel terzo capitolo verrà fatta una panoramica dei sistemi di controllo digitali di volo ovvero del digital fly-by-wire con un particolare riferimento al design del software dell’Airbus320. Nel quarto capitolo
presenteremo alcuni dei principali linguaggi di programmazione utilizzati per lo sviluppo del software di volo ovvero del flight management system, come per esempio Lustre e Scade evidenziando le loro caratteristiche in riferimento ai sistemi avionici. Il quinto e sesto capitolo trattano le tecniche di testing del software implementato con i linguaggi sincroni come appunto Lustre. Nel settimo capitolo verrà preso in considerazione un caso studio riguardante il software che gestisce il controllo del carrello di atterraggio di un velivolo.
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Humbert, Sophie. "Déclinaison d'exigences de sécurité, du niveau système vers le niveau logiciel, assistée par des modèles formels." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13580.
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Les turbomoteurs d'hélicoptère incluent des logiciels de contrôle de plus en plus élaborés et complexes. Pour répondre aux exigences de sécurité de ce type de système, il convient de décliner précisément les exigences système en exigences logicielles. Nos travaux ont porté sur l'amélioration de cette phase de déclinaison d'exigences. Nous proposons une démarche en deux étapes. La première consiste à modéliser, en language AltaRIca, les propagations de pannes potentielles de composants du système, en intégrant des hypothèses de modes de défaillance sur les parties matérielles et logicielles. L'analyse de ce modèle permet d'évaluer la sûreté de l'architecture du système envisagée, et de déduire des exigences élémentaires, en particulier sur les fonctions logicielles. Ces exigences imposent que certains comportements logiciels ne se produisent pas. La seconde étape porte sur le raffinement de ces exigences afin de les rendre vérifiables sur le modèle de conception SCADE du logiciel.
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Brun, Lélio. "Sémantique mécanisée et compilation vérifiée pour un langage synchrone à flots de données avec réinitialisation." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE003.
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Les spécifications basées sur les schémas-blocs et machines à états sont utilisées pour la conception de systèmes de contrôle-commande, particulièrement dans le développement d'applications critiques. Des outils tels que Scade et Simulink/Stateflow sont équipés de compilateurs qui traduisent de telles spécifications en code exécutable. ls proposent des langages de programmation permettant de composer des fonctions sur des flots, tel que l'illustre le langage synchrone à flots de données Lustre. Cette thèse présente Vélus, un compilateur Lustre vérifié dans l'assistant de preuves interactif Coq. Nous développons des modèles sémantiques pour les langages de la chaîne de compilation, et utilisons le compilateur C vérifié CompCert pour générer du code exécutable et donner une preuve de correction de bout en bout. Le défi principal est de montrer la préservation de la sémantique entre le paradigme flots de données et le paradigme impératif, et de raisonner sur la représentation bas niveau de l'état d'un programme. En particulier, nous traitons le reset modulaire, une primitive pour réinitialiser des sous-systèmes. Ceci implique la mise en place de modèles sémantiques adéquats, d'algorithmes de compilation et des preuves de correction correspondantes. Nous présentons un nouveau langage intermédiaire dans le schéma habituel de compilation modulaire dirigé par les horloges de Lustre. Ceci débouche sur l'implémentation de passes de compilation permettant de générer un meilleur code séquentiel, et facilite le raisonnement sur la correction des transformations successives du reset modulaireSpecifications based on block diagrams and state machines are used to design control software, especially in the certified development of safety-critical applications. Tools like Scade and Simulink/Stateflow are equipped with compilers that translate such specifications into executable code. They provide programming languages for composing functions over streams as typified by dataflow synchronous languages like Lustre. In this thesis we present Vélus, a Lustre compiler verified in the interactive theorem prover Coq. We develop semantic models for the various languages in the compilation chain, and build on the verified CompCert C compiler to generate executable code and give an end-to-end correctness proof. The main challenge is to show semantic preservation between the dataflow paradigm and the imperative paradigm, and to reason about byte-level representations of program states. We treat, in particular, the modular reset construct, a primitive for resetting subsystems. This necessitates the design of suitable semantic models, compilation algorithms and corresponding correctness proofs. We introduce a novel intermediate language into the usual clock-directed modular compilation scheme of Lustre. This permits the implementation of compilation passes that generate better sequential code, and facilitates reasoning about the correctness of the successive transformations of the modular reset construct
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Doumbia, Fassely. "Contribution à l'analyse de testabilité des systèmes réactifs temps-réel : Aide à la validation et à la vérification de systèmes." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00481072.
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Les phases de validation et de vérification (V&V) des systèmes réactifs temps réel critique (de plus en plus complexes) sont très importantes en termes de coût et de temps. Dans ce contexte, toute méthode et outil permettant d'aider à la réalisation des activités de V&V est d'une très grande importance au cours du développement. Le test fonctionnel est le moyen le plus utilisé au cours de ces phases de V&V. Or, les méthodes de test présentent des limites : un test exhaustif est quasiment impossible à réaliser en raison de la taille et de la complexité des systèmes considérés. Dans ce contexte, les enjeux de la maîtrise de l'effort de test (complexité et coût) sont majeurs, mais les exigences de qualité pour ces systèmes sont très grandes. L'effort de test caractérise tout autant l'élaboration des jeux de test que le diagnostic. Dans cette optique, nous avons défini deux méthodologies basées sur les concepts d'analyse de testabilité et les stratégies de test. La première méthodologie permet d'aider à la définition de jeux de test pertinents et à l'analyse de couverture des systèmes réactifs spécifiés dans un formalisme flot de données SCADE dans le contexte AIRBUS. La seconde propose des méthodes d'aide à la vérification (identification de tests pertinents et localisation de composants défectueux au cours diagnostic) de systèmes sur la chaîne d'assemblage finale (FAL) d'un avion AIRBUS.
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Taylor, Ryland. "Using geomorphology and animal “individuality” to understand ‘scape-scale predator distributions." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38227.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Biology
Martha E. Mather
Determining patterns and drivers of organismal distribution and abundance are fundamental and enduring challenges in ecology, especially for mobile organisms at a ‘scape scale. To address the problem presented by individuals whose distributions are dynamic across large geographic areas, here I tracked 59 acoustically-tagged migratory striped bass (Morone saxatilis) with an array of 26 stationary receivers in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), MA. Specifically, I asked (1) how these predators were distributed across the estuarine seascape, (2) if these fish used three types of geomorphic sites (exits, confluences, and non-confluences) differently, (3) if distinct types of individual distributional “types” existed, and (4) if fish within distinct distributional groups used geomorphic site types and regions differently. Based on three components of predator trajectories (site specific numbers of individuals, residence time, and number of movements), striped bass were not distributed evenly throughout PIE. Confluences attracted tagged striped bass although not all confluences or all parts of confluences were used equally. Use of non-confluences sites was more variable than exits or confluences. Thus, geomorphic drivers and regions link mobile organisms to physical conditions across the seascape. Based on spatial and spatial-temporal cluster analyses, these striped bass predators clustered into four seasonally-resident distributional types. These included the (1) Rowley River group (fish that primarily resided in the Rowley River), (2) Plum Island Sound group (fish that primarily resided in the Middle Sound region), (3) Extreme Fidelity group (fish that spent most of their time in PIE at a single receiver location), and (4) the Exploratory group (fish that showed no affiliation with any particular location). These distributional groups used geomorphic site types and regions differently. Thus, my data show a rare link between behavioral (i.e., individual animal personalities) and field ecology (seascape geomorphology) that can advance the understanding of field-based patterns and drivers of organismal distribution.
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Hidajat, Ivan. "A prototype of a full-scale SCADA system installation using an operator training simulator module as power grid." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-196218.
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Modulen Operator Training Simulator (OTS) syftar till att hjälpa elkraftsystemsoperatörer att förbättra sina kunskaper av elkraftsystemets beteende. Många kraftföretag har integrerat OTS i sina SCADA-system för utbildningsändamål. Det samma gäller ABB som har en OTS integrerad i sitt Network Manager SCADA / EMS-system. Dock , vid användandet av OTS har Network Manager inte egenskaper såsom det skulle haf om det opererade ett riktigt elkraftnät. Detta projekt syftar till att lösa detta problem och ett alternativt tillvägagångssätt för OTS integration till SCADA föreslagits. Arbetet inleddes med en undersökning av ABB:s SCADA / OTS med en analys av dess avvikelser till ett faktiskt SCADA styrsystem. Efter en inledande fas som involverade testning och studera SCADA / OTS arbetsflöde, fortsatte arbetet med att skapa alternativa lösningar för att undanröja avvikelserna mellan de två systemen. Kärnan i projektet innefattade att konstruera, implementera och testa nya alternativ för integration av OTS och SCADA system. Den framtagna prototypens funktionalitet, nätverksarkitektur, kommunikationsprotokoll och dataflöde undersöktes och jämfördes med de egenskaper på ett SCADA-system för verklig drift. Resultaten av utvärderingen visade att prototypen var en bra representation av ett verkligt SCADA-system.The Operator Training Simulator (OTS) aims to help power system operators to improve their proficiency of the power system behavior in the current increasing complexity of the control system. Many power utility companies have integrated the OTS into their SCADA system (Walve & Edstrom, 1998) (Demjen, Kadar, Meszaros, & Szendy, 1994) for training purposes. There is no exception for ABB’s; they integrated the OTS into their Network Manager SCADA/EMS system, and it is the main tool for this project. However, the ABB’s SCADA/OTS suffers from incomplete real SCADA properties, e.g., PCU and RTU, due to its sandbox nature. Consequently, it does not realistically represent the full properties and functionalities of an actual SCADA system. To address this issue, an alternative approach for OTS integration to the SCADA has been proposed. The work started with an exploration of the current ABB’s SCADA/OTS with an analysis of its deviations to an actual SCADA control system. After a preliminary stage that involved testing and studying SCADA/OTS’s workflow, the work continued with creating alternative solutions to eliminate the deviations between the two systems. Then, the core work of the project involved implementation and testing the new alternative prototype since there is a possibility that KTH and/or ABB will use the simulator for a future project. To finalize the work, the prototype’s functionality, network architecture, communication protocols and data flow were examined and compared with the actual SCADA to evaluate the quality of the design. The results of the evaluation showed that the prototype was a good representation of a real SCADA system.
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Dempster, Tim. "Integrated crustal processes : micro-scale to macro-scale." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7147/.
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This thesis contains a selection of forty-three research papers [1-43], published by the author that investigate key processes in the formation and stabilization of continental crust. The processes are addressed at a micro-scale and linked to crustal processes at a global scale. Many of the studies included in this thesis take an integrated but novel approach, typically combining disciplines in ways different to "traditional" research on crustal rocks and/or studying mineral groups in ways not typically used to investigate crustal processes. Metamorphic equilibrium in rocks is driven by the thermodynamic forces controlling the stability of mineral assemblages, and is inhibited by kinetic inertia of mineral reactions. It is the balance between these two factors that controls metamorphic reactions. Much existing literature on metamorphic processes is concerned with assessing thermodynamically constrained equilibrium conditions. This thesis includes many studies that emphasize the importance of chemical disequilibrium preserved by individual minerals and the kinetic consequences for metamorphic processes [1,2,3,4]. Deformation and volume diffusion are recognized as key factors in allowing thermodynamic equilibrium to be established between minerals and the significance of many metamorphic changes is re-evaluated. It is within polymetamorphic rocks that the kinetic "problems" associated with metamorphic reactions are most apparent, such that only rocks that have experienced multiple events at similar temperatures reliably retain the evidence [5]. The importance of kinetic controls on equilibrium is emphasized both in their effect on major rock-forming minerals and in ground breaking petrological studies of accessory phases. Solid-state diffusion is a key to allowing chemical and isotopic transport within grains, however, communication between grains is typically controlled by the characteristics of grain boundaries such as the presence, absence or geometry of fluids. As such grain edges are probably the most important, but perhaps the least studied, "phase" present in any rock. Innovative approaches have been used to investigate the characteristics of mineral boundaries [8,9], the extent of isotopic exchange within rocks [6] and the role that highly localized fluid infiltration may have on the metamorphic responses of the crust [7,9]. Many of the studies address key factors controlling metamorphic processes and use a variety of different minerals, such as garnet [1], muscovite [2,3,7], apatite [8,9] and zircon [10,11] to assess crustal behaviour. The use of accessory minerals to directly understand a range of metamorphic processes is a unique aspect to the research. Studies included here describe zircon and apatite textures in-situ within rocks. Zircon was previously thought of as an exceptionally stable unreactive mineral, but in a series of studies is shown to be one of the most reactive and hence informative of silicate minerals capable of recording reaction histories and fluid movements through a wide range of crustal conditions [12,13,14,15,16]. In studies of crustal behaviour, time is a key component and investigations of the fundamental controls on metamorphic processes have been integrated with data from thermochronometers to provide insights into the low temperature cooling history of the crust. Rb-Sr and K-Ar geochronology on biotite and muscovite, lower temperature thermochronometers including apatite fission track, U-Th-He on apatite and zircon, together with cosmogenic isotopes are applied in a range of investigations to assess unroofing histories. The impact of spatial and temporal variability of exhumation rates is linked back to metamorphic and structural processes within the deeper crust [17,18,24]. The variation acts as a trigger to structural collapse [19], causes major diachroneity in metamorphic events [18] and facilitates significant lateral heat transfer that impacts on isograd patterns [22]. Surprising general conclusions are reached suggesting that some thermochronometers can not record erosional unroofing but may reveal the thermal influence of fluid movements [20,21]. Factors such as localized uplift, and fluid and magma movements in the crust, are explored further as effective agents for modifying lateral and vertical geothermal gradients in a range of tectonic settings and point to considerable complexity in the geothermal gradients of orogenic belts [22,23,24,25]. The exotic nature of crustal terranes in the British Caledonides is addressed in a range of collaborative studies, through a variety of isotopic determinations, constraining movements, amalgamation histories and events within crustal blocks [26,27,28]. Such studies are then integrated with petrological and stratigraphic evidence to present models for crustal evolution in the Caledonides [29,31,32] and in addition develop general models for the formation of metamorphic terranes in strike-slip environments [30]. The approach of using detailed characterization of minerals to understand metamorphic rock-forming processes is similarly applied to deciphering magmatic processes in the crust. A wealth of published research on the petrogenesis of igneous rocks focusses on bulk rock geochemical and isotopic approaches to study the origin of the melts and examples of such investigations are included here [35,36,37]. However many of the studies included in this thesis emphasise small-scale chemical disequilibrium, question this approach, and open new avenues to investigate magmatic processes. The evolution of slowly cooling granite magma chambers is studied at a range of different scales using zoned feldspars [37,38,39] and accessory minerals [42,43]. Crustal contamination [40], magma mixing [39,42,43], sub-solvus crystallization [37,38], and late stage permeability [42] are all processes that are investigated through detailed textural and geochemical characterization of magmatic minerals. The importance of inefficient diffusion is again emphasized and the controls on melt permeability during crystallization are highlighted. Such techniques may yield unprecedented details of the magmatic processes that complement traditional whole rock geochemical and isotopic investigations. Small-scale processes that operate in magma chambers are also linked to models of large-scale crustal generation processes, including the formation of the enigmatic Late Proterozoic massif anorthosites [41]. The theme throughout the thesis is integration of geological disciplines that are not commonly combined. Metamorphic processes traditionally linked to thermodynamics are investigated via kinetic controls, such as deformation and fluid access [3,4,13,16]. Denudation histories traditionally linked to surface processes are integrated with metamorphic histories and structural evolution [e.g. 18,19,25]. Magmatic systems traditionally investigated using bulk rock geochemical and isotopic approaches are instead studied using disequilibrium crystallization histories of minerals [e.g. 38,39,42,43].
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Songthanasak, Krisanavej. "Relating laboratory scale composter performance to full scale systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400854.
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Lindeberg, Tony. "Scale Selection Properties of Generalized Scale-Space Interest Point Detectors." KTH, Beräkningsbiologi, CB, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101220.
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Scale-invariant interest points have found several highly successful applications in computer vision, in particular for image-based matching and recognition. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the scale selection properties of a generalized framework for detecting interest points from scale-space features presented in Lindeberg (Int. J. Comput. Vis. 2010, under revision) and comprising: an enriched set of differential interest operators at a fixed scale including the Laplacian operator, the determinant of the Hessian, the new Hessian feature strength measures I and II and the rescaled level curve curvature operator, as well as an enriched set of scale selection mechanisms including scale selection based on local extrema over scale, complementary post-smoothing after the computation of non-linear differential invariants and scale selection based on weighted averaging of scale values along feature trajectories over scale. A theoretical analysis of the sensitivity to affine image deformations is presented, and it is shown that the scale estimates obtained from the determinant of the Hessian operator are affine covariant for an anisotropic Gaussian blob model. Among the other purely second-order operators, the Hessian feature strength measure I has the lowest sensitivity to non-uniform scaling transformations, followed by the Laplacian operator and the Hessian feature strength measure II. The predictions from this theoretical analysis agree with experimental results of the repeatability properties of the different interest point detectors under affine and perspective transformations of real image data. A number of less complete results are derived for the level curve curvature operator.QC 20121003
Image descriptors and scale-space theory for spatial and spatio-temporal recognition
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Freihoefer, Adam T. "Linking field-scale phosphorus export to a watershed-scale model /." Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/freihoefer.pdf.
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Lindeberg, Tony. "Discrete Scale-Space Theory and the Scale-Space Primal Sketch." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys och datalogi, NADA, 1991. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58570.
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This thesis, within the subfield of computer science known as computer vision, deals with the use of scale-space analysis in early low-level processing of visual information. The main contributions comprise the following five subjects: The formulation of a scale-space theory for discrete signals. Previously, the scale-space concept has been expressed for continuous signals only. We propose that the canonical way to construct a scale-space for discrete signals is by convolution with a kernel called the discrete analogue of the Gaussian kernel, or equivalently by solving a semi-discretized version of the diffusion equation. Both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases are covered. An extensive analysis of discrete smoothing kernels is carried out for one-dimensional signals and the discrete scale-space properties of the most common discretizations to the continuous theory are analysed. A representation, called the scale-space primal sketch, which gives a formal description of the hierarchical relations between structures at different levels of scale. It is aimed at making information in the scale-space representation explicit. We give a theory for its construction and an algorithm for computing it. A theory for extracting significant image structures and determining the scales of these structures from this representation in a solely bottom-up data-driven way. Examples demonstrating how such qualitative information extracted from the scale-space primal sketch can be used for guiding and simplifying other early visual processes. Applications are given to edge detection, histogram analysis and classification based on local features. Among other possible applications one can mention perceptual grouping, texture analysis, stereo matching, model matching and motion. A detailed theoretical analysis of the evolution properties of critical points and blobs in scale-space, comprising drift velocity estimates under scale-space smoothing, a classification of the possible types of generic events at bifurcation situations and estimates of how the number of local extrema in a signal can be expected to decrease as function of the scale parameter. For two-dimensional signals the generic bifurcation events are annihilations and creations of extremum-saddle point pairs. Interpreted in terms of blobs, these transitions correspond to annihilations, merges, splits and creations. Experiments on different types of real imagery demonstrate that the proposed theory gives perceptually intuitive results.QC 20120119
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Amanullah, Ashraf. "Scale down models of mixing performance in large scale bioreactors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633068.
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Scale down models have been successfully developed and applied to the investigation of the effects of both dissolved oxygen and pH gradients, consequent of large scales of operation, on the biological performance of a culture of Bacillus subtilis. The strain used produces acetoin and butanediol as metabolites, and has been used as a model culture for mixing studies due to the unusual sensitivity of its product distribution to oxygen supply. It is a useful biological indicator of bioreactor performance. In addition, the sensitivity of metabolite production rates to pH has been exploited. Experiments using two different scale down models (two inter-connected stirred tanks and a stirred tank connected to a plug flow reactor) have been performed with the aim of simulating incomplete mixing with respect to oxygen supply. The effects of mean circulation time and the relative volumes of the compartments containing high and low dissolved oxygen concentrations, both in the ranges realistic of those found at large scales of operation, have been studied. For a given configuration, the biological response of the culture was consistent with the mixing conditions imposed. Similar trends (although significantly different in magnitude) in the biological performance of the culture in the two scale down models were found. Differences in performance between the two configurations have been explained in terms of the flow characteristics and oxygen availability in each system. The results presented also highlight the importance of the choice of the scale down model when studying the impact of large scale inhomogeneities on micro-organisms. The study shows that significant changes in biological performance are likely to occur upon scale up of this fermentation due to circulation of cells through oxygen deprived regions. These scale down experiments also indicate that both decreasing the mean circulation time and increasing the size of the well mixed impeller region should improve performance at the large scale. pH inhomogeneities can also occur in large scale fermenters near the addition point of acid or base for pH control as a consequence of poor bulk mixing. Frequent exposure of cells to such regions may affect microbial metabolism. Scale down experiments, under identical nonlimiting conditions of oxygen supply, have been used to simulate this phenomenon. It is shown that the effects of localised pH deviations from the bulk value on the biological performance of micro-organisms cannot be ignored for mixing times in bioreactors exceeding 60 seconds. Such effects of pH do not affect the growth of the culture. However, significant changes in product formation can be measured. Such scale down analysis may result in a better understanding of the effects of the physical environment on the biological performance of micro-organisms at different scales of operation, and help to produce a more rational approach to the design of bioreactors.
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Snyder, Erin R. "The female-to-male rape myths scale : initial scale development." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1409503.
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Numerous studies have looked at attitudes about sexual assault, or rape myths, but most of these studies have looked at sexual assault when victims are female and perpetrators are male. However, female-to-male rape does occur, and male victims experience negative consequences from the event. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a scale to measure acceptance of female-to-male rape myths. The investigation involved two separate phases that build on a pilot study in which a preliminary scale was developed. The first phase of the investigation identified male rape myths that are pertinent to female-to-male rape. The second phase developed the items of the scale from the rape myths identified in Phase 1 and evaluated the factor structure, reliability and validity of the scale. The Female-to-Male Rape Myths Scale (FMRM) consists of 30 items and was found to be a reliable and valid measure of female-to-male rape myth acceptance in Midwestern college students. The construct was found to be unifactorial with good internal consistency at .94. Scores on the FMRM correlated with scores on the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996), the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale (Herek, 1988), and the Male Rape Myths Scale (Kerr Melanson, 1999). Implications for future research and practical uses of the scale are discussed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Lynch, Kevin. "Micro-scale to meso-scale controls on aeolian foredune development." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444514.
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Cao, Chao. "First-principles and multi-scale modeling of nano-scale systems." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022835.
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Liu, Yongshe. "Geostatistical integration of linear coarse scale and fine scale data /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Davis, Ryan Z. "Design and Scale-Up of Production Scale Stirred Tank Fermentors." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/537.
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In the bio/pharmaceutical industry, fermentation is extremely important in pharmaceutical development, and in microbial research. However, new fermentor designs are needed to improve production and reduce costs of complex systems such as cultivation of mammalian cells and genetically engineered micro-organisms. Traditionally, stirred tank design is driven by the oxygen transfer capability needed to achieve cell growth. However, design methodologies available for stirred tank fermentors are insufficient and many times contain errors. The aim of this research is to improve the design of production scale stirred tank fermentors through the development of dimensionless correlations and by providing information on aspects of fermentor tanks that can aid in oxygen mass transfer. This was accomplished through four key areas. Empirical studies were used to quantify the mass transfer capabilities of several different reactors. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to assess the impact of certain baffle and impeller geometries. Correction schemes were developed and applied to the experimental data. Dimensionless correlations were created from corrected experimental data to act as a guide for future production scale fermentor design. The methods for correcting experimental data developed in this research have proven to be accurate and useful. Furthermore, the correlations found from the corrected experimental data in this study are of great benefit in the design of production scale stirred tank fermentors. However, when designing a stirred tank fermentor of a different size, further experimentation should be performed to refine the correlations presented.
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Stefanidis, Anthony. "Using scale space techniques to eliminate scale differences across images /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487848531365021.
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Suzuki, Eri. "Small-Scale Statistics and Large-Scale Coherence in Convective Turbulence." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202424.
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Du, Hang, and harrydu519@yahoo com au. "L.I.F.E long-scape." RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091105.123653.
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What was once begun as research called LIFE has become the key component of my master's project. The meaning of LIFE has been redefined by a new landscape language. Living, infrastructure, traffic, shopping and eating identify the most common scenarios that are an intrinsic part of our daily lives. These are not exempt from the problems and difficulties characteristic of large cities like Shanghai. Landscape no longer focuses only on building parks or squares. In my project it has its own definition that informs about how to create a sustainable space not only for public use but also for private use. The research into the different ways people live has assisted me in identifying the Longtang morphology -a living system that was very popular and successful in downtown Shanghai in the 30's. Longtang is a fast-disappearing architecture due to the urban expansion in older Shanghai. Nowadays people's living conditions have improved. The buildings are new and mostly high-rise, without the unique Longtang style- easy eating and shopping ¨C in the past and without the good neighborhood relationships and useful public space. However, Longtang's living style to some extent surpasses the modern high-rise living structure. This research acknowledges the success of LIFE as a balanced schema in Longtang. The space in a traditional Longtang is neither public nor private. Longtang residents concede and build on its spatial negotiations, as private space is very restricted. Transferring private space into public space is one of the most important rules people learn while living in the Longtang. And my research question concerning how Longtang urban morphology can be used as a tool in the development of Shanghai becomes my key point in studying the Longtang structure, especially the changeability of the Longtang space. The research also identified a need for public space in various scales. The provision of this space is not easy as Shanghai is a highly dense area. My project proposes the use of public space as private-testing the strategy at different scales.
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Schalau, Jeff, and Deborah Young. "Pinyon Needle Scale." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144793.
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2 pp.Other forest health publications
Pinyon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus) are very small (0.5 mm) sucking insects that feed on pinyon, singleleaf pinyon, and foxtail pines in the southwestern United States. These insects can be effectively controlled using an integrated approach which includes sanitation, supplemental irrigation, and pesticides.
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Schalau, Jeff. "Pinyon Needle Scale." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/239597.
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Brandi, Denis. "SCADA Lite View." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6583/.
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Díaz, Méndez Enrique. "Electroweak scale neutrinos." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Brooks, Byron, and Jameson K. Hirsch. "State Hope Scale." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5490.
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Burdzy, Donna. "Sacred Emotional Scale." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1395415876.
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Lee, Michelle. "Importance of patch scale vs. landscape scale on selected forest birds." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48491.pdf.
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McDevitt, Christopher J. "Multi-scale interaction of driftWave turbulence with large scale shear flows." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3291993.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 18, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-148).
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Reid, David T. "Large-scale simulations of intrinsic parameter fluctuations in nano-scale MOSFETs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1960/.
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Intrinsic parameter fluctuations have become a serious obstacle to the continued scaling of MOSFET devices, particularly in the sub-100 nm regime. The increase in intrinsic parameter fluctuations means that simulations on a statistical scale are necessary to capture device parameter distributions. In this work, large-scale simulations of samples of 100,000s of devices are carried out in order to accurately characterise statistical variability of the threshold voltage in a real 35 nm MOSFET. Simulations were performed for the two dominant sources of statistical variability – random discrete dopants (RDD) and line edge roughness (LER). In total ∼400,000 devices have been simulated, taking approximately 500,000 CPU hours (60 CPU years). The results reveal the true shape of the distribution of threshold voltage, which is shown to be positively skewed for random dopants and negatively skewed for line edge roughness. Through further statistical analysis and data mining, techniques for reconstructing the distributions of the threshold voltage are developed. By using these techniques, methods are demonstrated that allow statistical enhancement of random dopant and line edge roughness simulations, thereby reducing the computational expense necessary to accurately characterise their effects. The accuracy of these techniques is analysed and they are further verified against scaled and alternative device architectures. The combined effects of RDD and LER are also investigated and it is demonstrated that the statistical combination of the individual RDD and LER-induced distributions of threshold voltage closely matches that obtained from simulations. By applying the statistical enhancement techniques developed for RDD and LER, it is shown that the computational cost of characterising their effects can be reduced by 1–2 orders of magnitude.
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Ai, Jun. "Particle scale and bulk scale investigation of granular piles and silos." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4616.
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Granular materials are in abundance both in nature and in industry. They are of considerable interest to both the engineering and physics communities, due to their practical importance and many unsolved scientific challenges. This thesis is concerned with the “pressure dip” phenomenon underneath a granular pile (commonly known as the “sandpile problem”) which has attracted great attention in the past few decades. Underneath a sandpile that is formed by funnel feeding, a significant minimum (dip) in the vertical base pressure is often found below the apex where a maximum pressure is intuitively expected. Despite a large amount of work undertaken, a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon remains elusive. This thesis presents an extensive study investigating the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon and also its implications on pressures in silos. The study started with a laboratory test programme of conical mini iron pellet piles. The results confirmed that the pressure dip is a robust phenomenon. It was shown that, under certain deposition radius with uniform deposition across the deposition area, a dip emerges firstly in a ring shape when the radius of the formed pile is small and comparable to the deposition radius. With the increase of the pile radius upon further deposition, the dip ring gradually evolves to a central dip as the pressure at outer radius eventually overtakes that in the centre. The magnitude of the dip was found to be significantly affected by the deposition rate but almost unaffected by the deposition height.
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Gallagher, Timothy. "Towards multi-scale reacting fluid-structure interaction: micro-scale structural modeling." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53483.
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The fluid-structure interaction of reacting materials requires computational models capable of resolving the wide range of scales present in both the condensed phase energetic materials and the turbulent reacting gas phase. This effort is focused on the development of a micro-scale structural model designed to simulate heterogeneous energetic materials used for solid propellants and explosives. These two applications require a model that can track moving surfaces as the material burns, handle spontaneous formation of discontinuities such as cracks, model viscoelastic and viscoplastic materials, include finite-rate kinetics, and resolve both micro-scale features and macro-scale trends. Although a large set of computational models is applied to energetic materials, none meet all of these criteria. The Micro-Scale Dynamical Model serves as the basis for this work. The model is extended to add the capabilities required for energetic materials. Heterogeneous solid propellant burning simulations match experimental burn rate data and descriptions of material surface. Simulations of realistic heterogeneous plastic-bound explosives undergoing impact predict the formation of regions of localized heating called hotspots which may lead to detonation in the material. The location and intensity of these hotspots is found to vary with the material properties of the energetic crystal and binder and with the impact velocity. A statistical model of the hotspot peak temperatures for two frequently used energetic crystals indicates a linear relationship between the hotspot intensity and the impact velocity. This statistical model may be used to generate hotspot fields in macro-scale simulations incapable of resolving the micro-scale heating that occurs in heterogeneous explosives.
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Doppalapudi, Rajesh Babu. "Electrochemical reduction of munitions wastewater bench scale and pilot scale studies /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1004555095.
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Lee, Michelle (L Michelle) Carleton University Dissertation Biology. "Importance of patch scale vs. landscape scale on selected forest birds." Ottawa, 1999.
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Sinapova, Dima Svetoslavova. "A model for a very good scale and a bad scale." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1679376351&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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RODRIGUES, ANDRÉA JANNOTTI NOGUEIRA. "POSITIVITY SCALE (P-SCALE): INITIAL EVIDENCES OF VALIDITY FOR BRAZILIAN ADOLESCENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26540@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A Psicologia Positiva é um movimento caracterizado pelo estudo dos recursos positivos do funcionamento individual, social e organizacional, em conformidade com a visão segundo a qual indivíduos felizes e plenamente realizados tendem a administrar suas vidas de forma bem-sucedida, contribuindo efetivamente para comunidade e as demandas sociais. A Psicologia Positiva adota como missão central a investigação de potencialidades e qualidades humanas, tais como a resiliência, o otimismo, a esperança, o bem-estar, entre outras habilidades interpessoais indicativas da vida saudável. Dentro da visão da Psicologia Positiva, o construto Positividade vem sendo estudado como um compósito das características psicológicas satisfação de vida, autoestima e otimismo. Trata-se de uma tendência do ser humano em avaliar de modo positivo a realidade, as experiências pessoais e interpessoais e o futuro. O estudo das características psicológicas positivas de indivíduos em diferentes faixas etárias é importante pois permite compreender as forças e virtudes necessárias ao desenvolvimento saudável. Especificamente na adolescência, crenças positivas podem conduzir à adaptação bem-sucedida da infância à vida adulta. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar evidências iniciais de validade da Escala de Positividade (EP), para uma determinada amostra de adolescentes brasileiros – por considerar de grande importância a avaliação das características positivas no desenvolvimento dos adolescentes. Participaram desta pesquisa 398 adolescentes, com idades entre 11 e 19 anos, estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e Região Serrana (RJ). Seus responsáveis legais assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da aplicação presencial dos seguintes instrumentos: EP, MHI-5, Questionário Sociodemográfico, SDQ, HOPE, PANAS, EAR e LOT-R. Os resultados indicaram uma estrutura unifatorial, apresentada tanto na AFE como na AFC. Os resultados também apontaram correlações entre a EP e os demais instrumentos que avaliaram os construtos constitutivos e correlatos da Positividade. Em relação às características sociodemográficas, não foram encontradas fortes correlações entre os níveis de Positividade e a renda, sexo, tipo de escola ou localidade de moradia. Adolescentes mais novos, no entanto, apresentaram maiores níveis de Positividade do que os mais velhos.
Positive Psychology is a movement characterized by the study of positive resources of individual, social and organizational functioning, in accordance with the view that happy and fully realized individuals tend to manage their lives in a successful way, effectively contributing to the community and social demands. Positive Psychology adopts as its central mission the investigation of human potentialities and qualities, such as resilience, optimism, hope, well-being, among other interpersonal abilities indicative of a healthy life. From Positive Psychology s point of view, the construct Positivity has been studied as a composite of psychological characteristics life satisfaction, self-esteem and optimism. It is a human being inclination to evaluate reality, personal and interpersonal experiences and the future in a positive way. The study of positive psychological characteristics in individuals among different age groups is important since it allows us to comprehend the necessary forces and virtues for a healthy development. Specifically during adolescence, positive beliefs may lead to a well succeeded adaptation of infancy into adult life. This work intends to investigate initial evidences of the Positive Scale (P-Scale) validity, for a sample of Brazilian adolescents – due to the importance of evaluating positive characteristics for their development. The 398 adolescents (ages ranging from 11 to 19 years old) that took part in the research are students of both public and private schools of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Região Serrana (RJ). Their legal guardians signed a Free and Informed Consent Form. Data collection occurred through the application of the following instruments: PS, MHI-5, Sociodemographic Questionnaire, SDQ, HOPE, PANAS, EAR e LOT-R. Results indicated a unifactorial structure, presented both in AFE and AFC. Results revealed, among other evidences, correlations between P-Scale and the remaining instruments used for evaluating the constitutive and correlate Positivity constructs. Regarding sociodemographic characteristics, no strong correlations were found between Positivity levels and income, gender, school type or housing location. However, younger adolescents presented higher Positivity levels than older ones.
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Guha, Pritha. "On scale-scale curves for multivariate data based on rank regions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3659/.
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Quantile-quantile plots are in use to compare univariate distributions for a long time, but as there is no ordering in higher dimension, there is no straight forward generalisation of quantiles for the multivariate data and hence there is no visual tool which can be considered as a generalisation of quantile-quantile plots to compare multivariate distributions. In this work we have considered some notions of multivariate ranks, quantiles and data depths. Based on spatial rank, we have constructed central rank regions and some measures of scale. We proposed a scale-scale plot, which can be used to compare multivariate distributions. Under spherical symmetry, our scale curves have some nice closed form formula, however they are not equivariant under affine transformations. We discussed this issue with illustrations and proposed an affine equivariant version based on data-driven transformations. We established some characterisation results for the proposed affine equivariant scale curves under elliptic symmetry and used the fact to propose some visual test of location and scale in the family of elliptically symmetric distributions. Our proposed scale-scale plot is based on volume functionals of central rank region. We gave some asymptotic results regarding the distribution of the volume functional and constructed a test statistic based on the volume functional. We proposed some asymptotic results regarding the distribution of the test statistic and also studied the power of the proposed test of multivariate normality. As further applications to our scale-scale plots, we discuss the behaviour of our proposed scale-scale plots when the distribution is not elliptically symmetric with illustrations and study the power of the test of for skew elliptic and g and h distribution based on the previously defines test statistic. Among other application of the scale-scale plots, we propose a kurtosis plot, which can be used to study the peakedness and tail behaviour of the multivariate distributions, a visual test of location and scale.
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Kosoglu, Laura Marie. "Modeling Macro-scale Clay Behavior at Micro-scale Clay Particle Interfaces." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77350.
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Clay consolidation has generally been considered from a macro-scale perspective by measuring the macro-scale compression of a clay soil over time. Clay particles in consolidation tests experience shear and normal forces at the inter-particle level due to force applied to the soil at the macro-scale. These shear and normal forces cause the particles to slide at the micro-scale and produce macro-scale changes in soil volume and shape. By considering the inter-particle interactions at the micro-scale, the shear force - normal force - velocity relationship can be described by the Rate Process Theory (RPT). This research investigated the use of the RPT for analyzing sliding at individual clay particle contacts during secondary compression to describe macro-scale clay behavior.
The novel micro-scale friction experiments conducted in this research demonstrated that an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) can be used to obtain coefficient of friction (μ) measurements for montmorillonite. This method allows for the measurements to be performed over spatial scales of a few microns, can be done under dry conditions or a wide range of aqueous solutions, and requires no calibration beyond making a few microscopic measurements of the probe. Control tests of silica on mica (μ = 0.29 ± 0.02) agree with literature values where limits indicate one standard deviation.μ values for wet and dry sodium montmorillonite were determined to be 0.20 ± 0.03 and 0.72 ± 0.03, respectively.
The micro-scale AFM and macro-scale triaxial shear, ring shear, and direct shear experimental data ofμ as a function of sliding velocity were found to match well with those calculated using common RPT parameter values. The activation energy for the macro-scale triaxial shear and corresponding micro-scale friction regime experiments fall within the expected range for pure montmorillonite of 84–109 kJ/mol. Additionally, the micro-scale and macro-scale experimental results fall within the expected range for the number of bonds per unit of normal force of 10^7–10^9 bonds/N.
A discrete element method (DEM) model was developed to calculate thin, disk-shaped clay particle movement in three dimensions during compression using the RPT as a contact model. The DEM compression results were compared to macro-scale consolidation experiments conducted on the same reference clay as the micro-scale AFM experiments. The influences on the compression of the number of bonds at each clay contact per unit of normal contact force and the activation energy were quantified. Increasing the activation energy decreased the compression, as expected. Similarly, increasing the number of bonds per unit of normal force at the contacts decreased the compression, as expected. Realistic clay fabrics with varying particle sizes, particle size distributions, and aspect ratios led to a compression model with behavior similar to the macro-scale laboratory compression tests.
This research provides evidence of the close correspondence between macro-scale and micro-scaleμ measurements and contributes to multi-disciplinary understanding of factors that control friction between clay particles and deformation of clay masses. The results from this work can be applied to a wide range of time-dependent phenomena such as clay secondary compression, shear deformation, and fault dynamics behavior.Ph. D.
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Shalf, John Marshall. "Advanced System-Scale and Chip-Scale Interconnection Networks for Ultrascale Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36134.
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The path towards realizing next-generation petascale and exascale computing is increasingly dependent on building supercomputers with unprecedented numbers of processors. Given the rise of multicore processors, the number of network endpoints both on-chip and off-chip is growing exponentially, with systems in 2018 anticipated to contain thousands of processing elements on-chip and billions of processing elements system-wide. To prevent the interconnect from dominating the overall cost of future systems, there is a critical need for scalable interconnects that capture the communication requirements of target ultrascale applications. It is therefore essential to understand high-end application communication characteristics across a broad spectrum of computational methods, and utilize that insight to tailor interconnect designs to the specific requirements of the
underlying codes. This work makes several unique contributions towards attaining that goal. First, the communication traces for a number of high-end application communication requirements, whose computational methods include: finite-difference, lattice-Boltzmann, particle-in-cell, sparse linear algebra, particle mesh ewald, and FFT-based solvers.
This thesis presents an introduction to the fit-tree approach for designing network infrastructure that is tailored to application requirements. A fit-tree minimizes the component count of an interconnect without impacting application performance compared to a fully connected network. The last section introduces a methodology for reconfigurable networks to implement fit-tree solutions called Hybrid Flexibly Assignable Switch Topology (HFAST). HFAST uses both passive (circuit) and active (packet) commodity switch components in a unique way to dynamically reconfigure interconnect wiring to suit the topological requirements of scientific applications. Overall the exploration points to several promising directions for practically addressing both the on-chip and off-chip interconnect requirements of future ultrascale systems.Master of Science
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DOPPALAPUDI, RAJESH BABU. "ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF MUNITIONS WASTEWATER-BENCH SCALE AND PILOT SCALE STUDIES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1004555095.
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Bonis, Ioannis. "Optimisation and control methodologies for large-scale and multi-scale systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimisation-and-control-methodologies-for-largescale-and-multiscale-systems(6c4a4f13-ebae-4d9d-95b7-cca754968d47).html.
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Distributed parameter systems (DPS) comprise an important class of engineering systems ranging from "traditional" such as tubular reactors, to cutting edge processes such as nano-scale coatings. DPS have been studied extensively and significant advances have been noted, enabling their accurate simulation. To this end a variety of tools have been developed. However, extending these advances for systems design is not a trivial task . Rigorous design and operation policies entail systematic procedures for optimisation and control. These tasks are "upper-level" and utilize existing models and simulators. The higher the accuracy of the underlying models, the more the design procedure benefits. However, employing such models in the context of conventional algorithms may lead to inefficient formulations. The optimisation and control of DPS is a challenging task. These systems are typically discretised over a computational mesh, leading to large-scale problems. Handling the resulting large-scale systems may prove to be an intimidating task and requires special methodologies. Furthermore, it is often the case that the underlying physical phenomena span various temporal and spatial scales, thus complicating the analysis. Stiffness may also potentially be exhibited in the (nonlinear) models of such phenomena. The objective of this work is to design reliable and practical procedures for the optimisation and control of DPS. It has been observed in many systems of engineering interest that although they are described by infinite-dimensional Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) resulting in large discretisation problems, their behaviour has a finite number of significant components , as a result of their dissipative nature. This property has been exploited in various systematic model reduction techniques. Of key importance in this work is the identification of a low-dimensional dominant subspace for the system. This subspace is heuristically found to correspond to part of the eigenspectrum of the system and can therefore be identified efficiently using iterative matrix-free techniques. In this light, only low-dimensional Jacobians and Hessian matrices are involved in the formulation of the proposed algorithms, which are projections of the original matrices onto appropriate low-dimensional subspaces, computed efficiently with directional perturbations.The optimisation algorithm presented employs a 2-step projection scheme, firstly onto the dominant subspace of the system (corresponding to the right-most eigenvalues of the linearised system) and secondly onto the subspace of decision variables. This algorithm is inspired by reduced Hessian Sequential Quadratic Programming methods and therefore locates a local optimum of the nonlinear programming problem given by solving a sequence of reduced quadratic programming (QP) subproblems . This optimisation algorithm is appropriate for systems with a relatively small number of decision variables. Inequality constraints can be accommodated following a penalty-based strategy which aggregates all constraints using an appropriate function , or by employing a partial reduction technique in which only equality constraints are considered for the reduction and the inequalities are linearised and passed on to the QP subproblem . The control algorithm presented is based on the online adaptive construction of low-order linear models used in the context of a linear Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm , in which the discrete-time state-space model is recomputed at every sampling time in a receding horizon fashion. Successive linearisation around the current state on the closed-loop trajectory is combined with model reduction, resulting in an efficient procedure for the computation of reduced linearised models, projected onto the dominant subspace of the system. In this case, this subspace corresponds to the eigenvalues of largest magnitude of the discretised dynamical system. Control actions are computed from low-order QP problems solved efficiently online.The optimisation and control algorithms presented may employ input/output simulators (such as commercial packages) extending their use to upper-level tasks. They are also suitable for systems governed by microscopic rules, the equations of which do not exist in closed form. Illustrative case studies are presented, based on tubular reactor models, which exhibit rich parametric behaviour.
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Tao, Chen-Wei. "Development of restaurant service sabotage scale." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36211.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Hospitality Management and Dietetics
Junehee Kwon
Service sabotage refers to employees' deliberate actions that negatively affect service, functional quality, employee-customer rapport, and company performance. Almost all frontline employees in the hospitality industry have witnessed service sabotage behaviors, and 85% admitted to engaging in such misbehaviors. Despite the prevalence and profound impact of service sabotage, it has been a challenge for researchers to measure the construct and understand specific and contextualized restaurant service sabotage behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation was to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure restaurant service sabotage. A mixed methods research design was applied. A qualitative study was conducted to explore prevalent restaurant service sabotage behaviors and to generate an item pool for the initial scale, followed by two quantitative studies with two different groups of non-managerial frontline employees in full-service restaurants to refine and validate the scale. Guided by critical incident technique, 243 critical incidents were derived from the in-depth interviews (n = 26). Of those, 28 explicit types of restaurant service sabotage behaviors were identified and further categorized into three behavioral groups: targeting customers, colleagues, and restaurants. In conjunction with scale items extracted from related measures, an initial instrument consisting of 39 items was developed and administered to an online restaurant employee panel by hiring a professional research firm. A total of 419 usable responses were collected and analyzed using principal axis factoring with a promax rotation. Results revealed a 13-item scale with three dominant factors. To validate the scale, 463 usable responses were gathered for data analyses. Results of the confirmatory factor analyses indicated a good model fit of the three-factor model, Chi-square/df=3.15, GFI=.96, CFI=.97, NFI=.95, and RMSEA=.07 while reducing the scale items from 13 to 10 and supporting the scale's dimensionality. Tests for validating construct validity were all fully supported. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were all greater than .70, showing internal consistency of the scale. This psychometrically valid and conceptually sound scale may be applied in future restaurant service sabotage research and may stimulate additional studies to advance the theory and explore the criterion network. Implications, limitations, and direction for future research are discussed.
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Yeoh, Terence Eng Siong. "Validation Of The Facet Satisfaction Scale (Fss): An Evaluative Approach To Assessing Facet Job Satisfaction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103414/.
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Job satisfaction has, and continues to be an important construct of interest to researchers and practitioners alike. However, conflicting operational definitions and inconsistent measurement systems have reduced the efficacy of the construct in predicting important job-related outcomes for organizations and their employees. The Facet Satisfaction Scale (FSS) was designed to overcome these deficiencies by creating a facet-based measure that assesses job satisfaction in accordance with recent definitions of the construct. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted on both the complete and shortened version of the scale. The FSS exhibited evidence of reliability (ranging from .52 to .93 for the shortened FSS, and .53 to .96 for the complete FSS). Evidence of scale validity was also obtained through the use of construct, content, and criterion-related validity measures. Implications of the study on future research on job satisfaction are discussed.
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Chen, Qinglin. "Investigation of the effects of subgrid-scale turbulence on resolvable-scale statistics." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1175016121/.
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Wong, Julia C. (Julia Cheuk-Yi). "Designing user-centered IoT solutions for small-scale and mid-scale farmers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118490.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 117-123).
The UN predicts that by the year 2030, the global water demand will outstrip supply by 40%. In face of the global water crisis, it is crucial to increase irrigation efficiency in agriculture, which currently consumes 70% of the global freshwater supply. Studies have shown that using precision agricultural technology to control irrigation can reduce water consumption by as much as 20% and increase crop yield by up to 30% in developing countries. Such technologies, however, are inaccessible to millions of small-scale farmers who need them the most because of their prohibitive costs and design intended for large-scale farming businesses. To address this technological gap, social enterprise SoilSense delivers affordable and robust IoT soil sensor systems to small-scale farmers, empowering them to irrigate more efficiently by providing data on when and where to irrigate based on soil measurements. This study analyzes existing literature on irrigation and soil sensor technology and applies a human-centered design approach to understand the needs of an underserved user group: smallscale and medium-scale avocado farmers. By engaging these farmers and subject matter experts in the field, key insights are drawn on the nuances of avocado cultivation, challenges in irrigation and water management, and the use of technology and data analytics in farming. This user research highlights the small-scale and medium-scale farmers' pain points and their vision for how technology could improve their operations. In addition to informing the iterative design of the SoilSense system prototype and business model, this study also endeavors to help address the global water crisis through continuous innovation and advancement in IoT agricultural technology.
by Julia C. Wong.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Muhammad, Imran. "Colorizing Grey Scale Images." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-6181.
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The purpose of this thesis is to develop a working methodology to color a grey scale image. This thesis is based on approach of using a colored reference image. Coloring grey scale images has no exact solution till date and all available methods are based on approximation. This technique of using a color reference image for approximating color information in grey scale image is among most modern techniques.Method developed here in this paper is better than existing methods of approximation of color information addition in grey scale images in brightness, sharpness, color shade gradients and distribution of colors over objects.Color and grey scale images are analyzed for statistical and textural features. This analysis is done only on basis of luminance value in images. These features are then segmented and segments of color and grey scale images are mapped on basis of distances of segments from origin. Then chromatic values are transferred between these matched segments from color image to grey scale image.Technique proposed in this paper uses better mechanism of mapping clusters and mapping colors between segments, resulting in notable improvement in existing techniques in this category.
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O'Mahony, Kevin. "Large scale plasmid production /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3320.
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