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Journal articles on the topic 'Scale-up studies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Makwana, Vinit D., G. Sivalingam, and Suketu M. Vakil. "Catalyst Evaluation and Scale-up Studies for Polyethylene Production." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 5, no. 1 (2014): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcea.2014.v5.341.

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2

Bromberg, L., P. Titus, and C. Bolton. "Ignitor Scale-Up Studies (DIGNITOR)." Fusion Technology 19, no. 3P2A (May 1991): 1160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst91-a29500.

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3

Chubak, Jessica, Onchee Yu, Diana S. M. Buist, Heidi S. Wirtz, and Denise M. Boudreau. "Time Scale in Follow-up Studies." Epidemiology 24, no. 4 (July 2013): 628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3182961708.

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4

He, Y. L., C. J. Lim, and J. R. Grace. "Scale-up studies of spouted beds." Chemical Engineering Science 52, no. 2 (January 1997): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(96)00378-8.

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&NA;. "Time Scale in Follow-up Studies." Epidemiology 25, no. 6 (November 2014): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000191.

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6

Kanai, Toshitaka, and Jiro Shimizu. "Studies on scale-up of tubular film extrusion. II. The scale-up rule." Sen'i Gakkaishi 41, no. 5 (1985): T179—T188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.41.5_t179.

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7

Nienow, Alvin W., Mikkel Nordkvist, and Christopher A. Boulton. "Scale-down/scale-up studies leading to improved commercial beer fermentation." Biotechnology Journal 6, no. 8 (July 11, 2011): 911–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201000414.

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8

Kanai, Toshitaka, Masakatsu Kimura, and Yuji Asano. "Studies On Scale-Up of Tubular Film Extrusion." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 2, no. 3 (July 1986): 224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875608798600200306.

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Aikawa, Shouhei, Naomi Fujita, Hidetoshi Myojo, Takashi Hayashi, and Tadatsugu Tanino. "Scale-Up Studies on High Shear Wet Granulation Process from Mini-Scale to Commercial Scale." Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 56, no. 10 (2008): 1431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.56.1431.

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Fanelli, Anthony J., Satyajit Verma, Ted Engelmann, and Joan V. Burlew. "Scale-up studies on an alumina aerogel catalyst support." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 30, no. 1 (January 1991): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00049a019.

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Mukesh, D., M. V. Joshi, D. V. Durve, and K. N. Phalke. "Scale-Up Studies on Styrene−Butyl Methacrylate Copolymerization Reaction." Organic Process Research & Development 1, no. 2 (March 1997): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op960023r.

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12

Dhanya, R., K. S. Suganthi, and K. S. Rajan. "Studies on Scale-up of Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles." Asian Journal of Chemistry 26, no. 14 (2014): 4273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.16100.

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Blacker, A. John, and Peter Thompson. "ChemInform Abstract: Scale-up Studies in Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation." ChemInform 42, no. 31 (July 7, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201131241.

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14

Darekar, Mayur, K. K. Singh, S. Mukhopadhyay, and K. T. Shenoy. "Single-stage micro-scale extraction: Studies with single microbore tubes and scale-up." Separation and Purification Technology 158 (January 2016): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.11.041.

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15

Nienow, Alvin William. "Scale-Up Considerations Based on Studies at the Bench Scale in Stirred Bioreactors." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 42, no. 11 (2009): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.08we317.

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16

DOANE, M. A. "The Close-Up: Scale and Detail in the Cinema." differences 14, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-14-3-89.

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17

Tsaoulidis, Dimitrios, Milan Mamtora, Marta Mayals Gañet, Eduardo Garciadiego-Ortega, and Panagiota Angeli. "Scale-Up Studies for Co/Ni Separations in Intensified Reactors." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121106.

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In this paper, the effect of the scalability of small-scale devices on the separation of Co(II) from a binary Co(II)/Ni(II) mixture in a nitric acid solution by an organic Cyanex 272/TBP/kerosene (Exxsol D80) phase is studied. In particular, circular channels with diameters of 1, 2, and 3.2 mm are considered. The results were compared against those from a confined impinging-jets (CIJ) cell with a main channel diameter of 3.2 mm. The effects of total flowrate, residence time, Cyanex 272 concentration, and flowrate ratio on the mass transfer performance were investigated. It was found that at increased channel size, the throughputs were also increased but the extraction percentages remained the same. Higher extraction percentages were obtained by using the CIJ configuration at short residence times. However, for longer residence times, the mass transfer coefficients were similar and capillary channels should be preferred over the CIJ because of the ease of separation of the two phases at the end of the unit. The overall mass transfer coefficients ranged between 0.02 and 0.14 s−1 for the capillary channels during plug flow and between 0.05 and 0.45 s−1 for the CIJ cells during dispersed flow.

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18

Gerlach, Arne, and Thomas Geller. "Scale-Up Studies for the Asymmetric Juliá–Colonna Epoxidation Reaction." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 346, no. 910 (August 2004): 1247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.200404079.

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19

Kee, Joan. "What Scale Affords Us: Sizing the World Up through Scale." ARTMargins 3, no. 2 (June 2014): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00079.

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In the 1990s, contemporary art's “global turn” was vividly demonstrated by artists whose works directly reflected upon their experiences of moving across vast geographical distances. Coinciding with a multidisciplinary crisis over globalization as expressed through different approaches to the question of scale, the ambivalence towards the global turn's expansionism was vividly taken up by the large number of Asian artists whose rise to international prominence was enabled by this “turn.” Artists like Suh Do-Ho, Naoya Hatakeyama, and Danh Vo engaged with scale not simply as metonymical reflections of the world, but as a means of responding to those systems, standards, and hierarchies whose own assumptions about scale were mobilized to put things in their proper, but not always rightful, place.

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20

Long, Robert B., and James G. Speight. "Studies in petroleum composition. 2. Scale-up studies for separating heavy feedstocks by adsorption." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 28, no. 10 (October 1989): 1503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00094a012.

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21

Assirelli, Melissa, Suat Peng Lee, and Alvin W. Nienow. "Further Studies of Micromixing: Scale-Up, Baffling and Feed Pipe Backmixing." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 44, no. 11 (2011): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.11we042.

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22

Maksimowski, Paweł, Agnieszka Fabijańska, and Joanna Adamiak. "Tetraacetyl-dibenzyl-hexaazaisowurtzitane Nitrosation - Studies on Scale-up Synthesis of HNIW." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200900057.

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23

Nikakhtari, H., W. Song, M. Nemati, and G. A. Hill. "Oxygen mass transfer and scale-up studies in baffled roller bioreactors." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 37, no. 2 (June 11, 2013): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-013-0985-4.

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24

Bujalski, W., A. W. Nienow, G. M. Petch, and D. Gray. "Scale-up studies for osmotic priming and drying of carrot seeds." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 48 (January 1991): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(91)80022-7.

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25

Mahler, Nicole, Sebastian Tschirren, Stefan Pflügl, and Christoph Herwig. "Optimized bioreactor setup for scale-up studies of extreme halophilic cultures." Biochemical Engineering Journal 130 (February 2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2017.11.006.

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26

Tsaoulidis, Dimitrios, Milan Mamtora, Miguel Pineda, Eric S. Fraga, and Panagiota Angeli. "Experimental and CFD scale-up studies for intensified actinide/lanthanide separations." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 164 (July 2021): 108355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108355.

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27

Nastaj, Andrzej, and Krzysztof Wilczyński. "Optimization and Scale-Up for Polymer Extrusion." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101547.

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A review paper is presented on optimization and scale-up for polymer extrusion, both single screw and twin screw extrusion. Optimization consists in obtaining a multidimensional space of process output variables (response surface) on the basis of an appropriate set of input data and searching for extreme values in this space. Scaling consists in changing the scale of the process according to specific criteria, that is, changing the process while maintaining the scaling parameters at a level that is as close to the reference process parameters as possible. It consists in minimizing the differences between the parameters characterizing the reference process and the resulting process. This may be obtained by using optimization techniques leading to the minimization of discrepancies between the parameters of scaled processes. In the paper, it was stated that optimization and scale-up based on process simulation are more effective than those based on experimentation which is time consuming and expensive. The state-of-the-art on extrusion process modeling which is the basis of optimization and scale-up has been presented. Various optimization techniques have been discussed, and the Genetic Algorithms have been identified as powerful and very efficient. Optimization and scale-up based on the process simulation using Genetic Algorithms have been broadly reviewed and discussed. It was concluded that, up to date, there is a lack of optimization studies on the counter-rotating twin screw extrusion, although the global models of this process are known. There is also a lack of process simulation-based scaling-up studies, both on the counter-rotating twin screw extrusion and on the starve fed single screw extrusion. Finally, development perspectives in this field have been discussed.

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28

Harrar, J. E., R. Quong, L. P. Rigdon, and R. R. McGuire. "Scale‐Up Studies of the Electrosynthesis of Dinitrogen Pentoxide in Nitric Acid." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 144, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 2032–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837739.

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29

LaHurd, Debbie A. "Simplified Models for Use in Electrochemical Reactor Scale‐Up and System Studies." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 132, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 473C—477C. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2113732.

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30

Chartrain, M., L. Katz, C. Taylor, J. Zhang, T. Brix, P. Salmon, and R. Greasham. "Physostigmine production byStreptomyces griseofuscus NRRL 5324: Process development and scale-up studies." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 15, no. 5 (November 1995): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01569967.

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31

Veenanadig, N. K., M. K. Gowthaman, and N. G. K. Karanth. "Scale up studies for the production of biosurfactant in packed column bioreactor." Bioprocess Engineering 22, no. 2 (February 9, 2000): 0095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004490050017.

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32

Ozturk, I., M. Turan, and A. H. Idris. "Scale-up and biomass hold-up characteristics of biological fluidized bed reactors." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0779.

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This paper presents a comprehensive study results on scale-up and biomass hold-up characteristics of biological fluidized bed reactors (BFBR). The overall objective of this study was to establish and test some basic design criteria for the scaling-up or scaling-down of anaerobic fluidized bed reactors. A 12.5 1 laboratory-scale fluidized bed was designed and constructed based on a geometrically similar 70 1 pilot scale fluidized bed and the process performances were compared. Biomass hold up characteristics of the BFBRs were also investigated during the experimental studies. A general expression was developed for predicting the biological fludized bed porosities. Using this expression, both the local and overall fluidized bed porosities could be predicted depending on biofilm thickness, expansion coefficient, media diameter and density. The validity of this expression was tested with the data from this study.

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33

Piccinno, Fabiano, Roland Hischier, Stefan Seeger, and Claudia Som. "From laboratory to industrial scale: a scale-up framework for chemical processes in life cycle assessment studies." Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (November 2016): 1085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.164.

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34

Tchelepi, H. A., L. J. Durlofsky, W. H. Chen, A. Bernath, and M. C. H. Chien. "Practical Use of Scale Up and Parallel Reservoir Simulation Technologies in Field Studies." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (August 1, 1999): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57475-pa.

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Summary Scale up and parallel reservoir simulation represent two distinct approaches for the simulation of highly detailed geological or geostatistical reservoir models. In this paper, we discuss the complementary use of these two approaches for practical, large scale reservoir simulation problems. We first review our recently developed approaches for upscaling and parallel reservoir simulation. Then, several practical large scale modeling problems, which include simulations of multiple realizations of a waterflood pattern element, a four well sector model, and a large, 130 well segment model, are addressed. It is shown that, for the pattern waterflood model, significantly coarsened models provide reliable results for many aspects of the reservoir flow. However, the simulation of at least some of the fine scale geostatistical realizations, accomplished using our parallel reservoir simulation technology, is useful in determining the appropriate level of scale up. For models with a large number of wells, the upscaled models can lose accuracy as the grid is coarsened. In these cases, although field-wide performance can still be predicted with reasonable accuracy, parallel reservoir simulation is required to maintain sufficiently refined models capable of accurate flow results on a well by well basis. Finally, some issues concerning the use of highly detailed models in practical simulation studies are discussed. Introduction Reservoir description and flow modeling capabilities continue to benefit from advances in computing hardware and software technologies. However, the level of detail typically included in reservoir characterizations continues to exceed the capabilities of traditional reservoir flow simulators by a significant margin. This resolution gap, due to the much larger computational requirements of flow simulation, has driven the development of two specific technologies: scale up and parallel reservoir simulation. These two technologies represent very distinct approaches—scale up methods attempt to coarsen the simulation model to fit the hardware, while parallel reservoir simulation technology attempts to extend computing capabilities to accommodate the detailed model. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss ways in which to utilize these two technologies in a complementary fashion for the solution of practical large scale reservoir simulation problems. Toward this end, we first discuss our previously developed capabilities for scale up1,2 and parallel reservoir simulation.3 Next, the two technologies are applied to several reservoirs represented via highly detailed (i.e., on the order of 1 million cells) geostatistical models. Various production scenarios are considered. It will be shown how the direct simulation of the highly detailed models (using parallel reservoir simulation technology on an IBM SP) can be used to assess and guide the scale up procedure and to establish the appropriate level of coarsening allowable. We will show that, once this level is established, upscaled models can be used to evaluate multiple geostatistical realizations. We additionally apply the detailed simulation results to develop general guidelines for the degree of scale up allowable for various types of simulation models; e.g., pattern, sector and large segment models. Our general conclusion is that our scale up technology, as currently used, is quite reliable when sufficient refinement is maintained in the coarsened model. We show that when many wells are to be simulated, the upscaled models can begin to lose accuracy, particularly when well by well production is considered. This is due in part to the fact that, in the coarse models, wells are separated by very few grid blocks, and degradation in accuracy results. There have been many previous studies directed toward the development of parallel reservoir simulation technology and many studies aimed at the development of scale up techniques. To our knowledge, this is the first effort that considers the complementary use of both. Here we will very briefly review the recent literature on both parallel reservoir simulation and upscaling techniques. For more complete discussions of previous work, refer to Refs. 1-3. Traditional techniques for upscaling rely on the use of pseudorelative permeabilities. Although often applied in practice, the use of pseudorelative permeabilities can lead to inaccuracies in some cases.4,5 This is largely due to the high degree of process dependency inherent in the pseudorelative permeability approach; i.e., pseudorelative permeability curves are really only appropriate for the conditions for which they are generated. The deficiencies in the traditional pseudorelative permeability methodology have motivated work in several areas. This includes the generation of more robust pseudorelative permeabilities,6,7 the use of higher moments of the fine scale variables,5 and the nonuniform coarsening approach applied in this study (discussed in Nonuniform Coarsening Method for Scale Up). Generalizations of the nonuniform coarsening approach described in Refs. 1 and 2 have also been presented.8,9 Parallel reservoir simulation is an area of active research. Recent publications emphasize the development of scalable algorithms designed to run efficiently on a variety of parallel platforms.10–13 Most recent implementations involve distributed memory platforms such as a cluster of workstations. The typical size of a simulation model run in parallel is on the order of 1 (or a few) million grid blocks, though results for a 16.5 million cell model have been reported.11 Most parallel implementations are based on message passing techniques such as the message passing interface standard (MPI). Several of the parallel simulation algorithms, including our own, are based on a multilevel domain decomposition approach. This entails communication between domains in a manner analogous to that used in standard domain decomposition approaches.

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35

Gupta, Krishna Kant, Anshul Nigam, Sharmili Jagtap, and Ramadas Krishna. "Scale-up and inhibitory studies on productivity of lipase from Acinetobacter radioresistens PR8." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 124, no. 2 (August 2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.005.

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36

Taylor, Mike, Zhen Chen, Christina Crossley, Simona Baicu, Elizabeth Greene, Lia Campbell, Kelvin Brockbank, Greg Fahy, and Yoed Rabin. "Vitreous tissue cryopreservation using blood vessel models and cryomacroscopy for scale-up studies." Cryobiology 80 (February 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.10.028.

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37

TANIGUCHI, Makoto. "A Critical Review of Global Studies on Groundwater. Scale-up of groundwater studies in time and space." Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 13, no. 6 (2000): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.13.476.

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38

Thackeray, Stephen J. "Casting your network wide: a plea to scale-up phenological research." Biology Letters 12, no. 6 (June 2016): 20160181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0181.

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Accumulating scientific evidence has demonstrated widespread shifts in the biological seasons. These shifts may modify seasonal interspecific interactions, with consequent impacts upon reproductive success and survival. However, current understanding of these impacts is based upon a limited number of studies that adopt a simplified ‘bottom-up’ food-chain paradigm, at a local scale. I argue that there is much insight to be gained by widening the scope of phenological studies to incorporate food-web interactions and landscape-scale processes across a diversity of ecosystem types, with the ultimate goal of developing a generic understanding of the systems most vulnerable to synchrony effects in the future. I propose that co-location of predator and prey phenological monitoring at sentinel sites, acting as research platforms for detailed food-web studies, experimentation and match-up with earth observation data, would be an important first step in this endeavour.

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van Baten, J. M., and R. Krishna. "Scale up studies on partitioned bubble column reactors with the aid of CFD simulations." Catalysis Today 79-80 (April 2003): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(03)00008-7.

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40

Brewaeys, A. "How to care for the children? The need for large scale follow-up studies." Human Reproduction 13, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 2347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.9.2347.

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41

Gupta, Smita, Mousumi Chakraborty, and Z. V. P. Murthy. "Removal of Mercury by Emulsion Liquid Membranes: Studies on Emulsion Stability and Scale Up." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (November 14, 2013): 1733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2013.767205.

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42

Wagle, Aseem R., Yogini M. Dixit, and Babu V. Vakil. "Scale Up Studies for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by a Bacillus flexus Strain with Industrial Potential." Indian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 3 (May 3, 2019): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-019-00807-z.

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Wei, Hong-yuan. "Computer-aided design and scale-up of crystallization processes: Integrating approaches and case studies." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, no. 10 (October 2010): 1377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.07.020.

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44

Tissot, Stéphanie, Mohamed Farhat, David L. Hacker, Tibor Anderlei, Markus Kühner, Christos Comninellis, and Florian Wurm. "Determination of a scale-up factor from mixing time studies in orbitally shaken bioreactors." Biochemical Engineering Journal 52, no. 2-3 (November 2010): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2010.08.005.

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45

El-Gelil, Doaa Mohamed Abd, and Mohamed Gamal Ahmed. "Extending dew-point temperature scale up to +50 °C." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 9 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2018017.

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Extension of dew-point temperature scale has been performed using a two-temperature (2-T), constant pressure humidity generator that is developed for the first time by the National Institute of Standard (NIS) in order to extend the calibration capabilities to the high dew-point temperature range at NIS. It relies on the saturation of a stream of gas flowing over a water surface maintained at constant, well-known, temperature. In this paper, primary realization of dew-point temperature scale in a dew-point temperature range up to +50 °C was performed to extend calibration capabilities and to improve the uncertainties of the dew-point temperature scale realization. Several experiments were carried out in order to characterize the generator. Characterization comprises studies of the saturator efficiency, temperature stability and a comparison with a calibrated chilled-mirror hygrometer. The results of the efficiency tests showed good performance of the generator. For uncertainty of measurements, a thorough analysis was also described representing estimations of contributions for all the sources that possibly affect measurements.

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Tan, Wei Han, Siewhui Chong, Hsu-Wei Fang, Kuan-Lun Pan, Mardawani Mohamad, Jun Wei Lim, Timm Joyce Tiong, Yi Jing Chan, Chao-Ming Huang, and Thomas Chung-Kuang Yang. "Microbial Fuel Cell Technology—A Critical Review on Scale-Up Issues." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060985.

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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has attracted a great amount of attention due to its potential for organic and inorganic waste treatment concomitant with power generation. It is thus seen as a clean energy alternative. Modifications and innovations have been conducted on standalone and hybrid/coupled MFC systems to improve the power output to meet the end goal, namely, commercialization and implementation into existing wastewater treatment plants. As the energy generated is inversely proportional to the size of the reactor, the stacking method has been proven to boost the power output from MFC. In recent years, stacked or scale-up MFCs have also been used as a power source to provide off-grid energy, as well as for in situ assessments. These scale-up studies, however, encountered various challenges, such as cell voltage reversal. This review paper explores recent scale-up studies, identifies trends and challenges, and provides a framework for current and future research.

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Gray, Samantha M., Heather A. McKay, Lindsay Nettlefold, Douglas Race, Heather M. Macdonald, Patti-Jean Naylor, and Joanie Sims-Gould. "Physical activity is good for older adults—but is programme implementation being overlooked? A systematic review of intervention studies that reported frameworks or measures of implementation." British Journal of Sports Medicine 55, no. 2 (October 7, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102465.

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ObjectiveTo examine older adult physical activity (PA) intervention studies that evaluated implementation and/or scale-up. Research question 1: What implementation and/or scale-up indicators (specific, observable and measurable characteristics that show the progress of implementation) were reported? Research question 2: What implementation and/or scale-up frameworks were reported? Research question 3: Did studies evaluate the relationship between implementation or scale-up of the intervention and individual level health/behaviour outcomes? If yes, how?DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPublications from electronic databases and hand searches (2000 to December 2019).Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesAny PA intervention studies with community-dwelling older adult participants (mean age ≥60 years). Required indicators: (a) Must report amount of PA as an outcome, with validated self-report or objective measures, and (b) Must have reported at least one implementation or scale-up framework and/or one implementation or scale-up indicator.Results137 studies were included for research question 1, 11 for question 2 and 22 for question 3. 137 studies reported an implementation indicator: 14 unique indicators. None were specified as indicators for scale-up evaluation. 11 studies were guided by an implementation or scale-up framework. 22 studies described a relationship between an implementation indicator and an individual-level health outcome.ConclusionThere is need for implementation research that extends beyond analysis at the individual level, includes clearly defined indicators and provides a guiding framework to support PA initiatives in older adults. Such implementation studies should evaluate factors in the broader context (eg,political, environmental) that influence scale-up.PROSPERO registrationCRD42018091839

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Stamatelatou, K., N. Giantsiou, V. Diamantis, C. Alexandridis, A. Alexandridis, and A. Aivasidis. "Biogas production from cheese whey wastewater: laboratory- and full-scale studies." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 6 (January 21, 2014): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.029.

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A two-phase system for biogas production from cheese whey wastewater (CWW) was designed, set up and operated at laboratory and full scale for a whole cheese production season (8–9 months). The high efficiency and stability of the laboratory-scale system was demonstrated under various organic loading rates (OLRs) reaching 13 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) L−1d−1 and producing up to 9 L L−1d−1 of biogas (approximately 55% in methane). The COD removal was above 95% and the pH was maintained above 6.3 without any chemical addition. The full-scale system was operated at lower OLRs than its normal capacity, following the good response and high stability in disturbances of the laboratory-scale unit.

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Banerjee, Munmun, Ranjan Kumar Basu, and Sudip Kumar Das. "Cr(VI) adsorption by a green adsorbent walnut shell: Adsorption studies, regeneration studies, scale-up design and economic feasibility." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 116 (May 2018): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.037.

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Thomas, Jaime, Thomas D. Cook, Alice Klein, Prentice Starkey, and Lydia DeFlorio. "The Sequential Scale-Up of an Evidence-Based Intervention: A Case Study." Evaluation Review 42, no. 3 (June 2018): 318–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x18786818.

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Policy makers face dilemmas when choosing a policy, program, or practice to implement. Researchers in education, public health, and other fields have proposed a sequential approach to identifying interventions worthy of broader adoption, involving pilot, efficacy, effectiveness, and scale-up studies. In this article, we examine a scale-up of an early math intervention to the state level, using a cluster randomized controlled trial. The intervention, Pre-K Mathematics, has produced robust positive effects on children’s math ability in prior pilot, efficacy, and effectiveness studies. In the current study, we ask if it remains effective at a larger scale in a heterogeneous collection of pre-K programs that plausibly represent all low-income families with a child of pre-K age who live in California. We find that Pre-K Mathematics remains effective at the state level, with positive and statistically significant effects (effect size on the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort Mathematics Assessment = .30, p < .01). In addition, we develop a framework of the dimensions of scale-up to explain why effect sizes might decrease as scale increases. Using this framework, we compare the causal estimates from the present study to those from earlier, smaller studies. Consistent with our framework, we find that effect sizes have decreased over time. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our study for how we think about the external validity of causal relationships.

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