Journal articles: 'Scalenus'

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Golden, Nyoman, Ali Shahab, Tjokorda Gde Bagus Mahadewa, Putu Eka Mardhika, Steven Awyono, Made Bhuwana Putra, and Marthinson Tombeng. "Scalenus Syndrome: A Literature Review." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, F (January 9, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5571.

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Scalenus syndrome is often diagnosed as thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). We performed literature searching reporting scalenus syndrome and we narratively describe the finding in this review. Scalenus syndrome is a unique clinical entity and commonly occurred. This syndrome can be classified into neurogenic TOS (nTOS) on the interscalene triangle, which also related to myofascial pain syndrome. There are three factors that contribute to scalenus syndrome, which are congenital anomaly, trauma, traumatic myositis, and hypertrophy of scalenus anterior muscle. The symptoms of scalenus syndrome can be divided into two types, which are neurologic and vascular symptoms. The neurologic manifestation can originate from the somatic and sympathetic nervous system. There is microscopic evidence of inflammation, hypertrophy, degeneration, and fibrosis of scalenus anterior muscle in scalenus syndrome cases. Scalenus syndrome can be treated surgically or conservatively. Non-surgical or conservative treatment can be applied to mild scalenus syndrome, especially nTOS, in the initial phase. Surgical management should be performed in persistent symptoms of nTOS or involving subclavian artery manifesting as arterial TOS (aTOS). Scalenus syndrome has quite similar clinical manifestation as nTOS and aTOS. However, this clinical syndrome should be considered as different entity because of different pathophysiology compared to TOS. Scalenus syndrome is caused by dynamic pathology of anterior scalenus muscle.

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Baltopoulos, Panagiotis, Charalampos Tsintzos, George Prionas, and Maria Tsironi. "Exercise-Induced Scalenus Syndrome." American Journal of Sports Medicine 36, no. 2 (January 19, 2008): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507312166.

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Background Thoracic outlet syndrome is described as a group of distinct disorders producing signs and symptoms attributed to compression of nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic outlet region. Purpose To describe the exercise-induced scalenus anticus syndrome attributed to the anterior scalenus hypertrophy as a thoracic outlet syndrome underlying mechanism and to give recommendations for a safe and effective surgical treatment. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twelve young professional athletes admitted for thoracic outlet syndrome (8 cases of neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome, 4 cases of mixed neurologic and vascular thoracic outlet syndrome) who reported numbness, tingling, early fatigue, muscle weakness, and pain were enrolled in the study. Scalenus hypertrophy was suspected to be the causative factor. Scalenectomy was performed in all cases. Results All patients had moderate to severe hypertrophy of the anterior scalenus muscle. Scalenectomy was performed, and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Full activity was quickly achieved, and no recurrence of symptoms was documented. Conclusion Surgical intervention for scalenus anticus syndrome can allow an athlete to return to full activity and improve quality of life. Surgical intervention seems to be the treatment of choice in terms of restoring quality of life and physical activity.

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Natsis, Konstantinos, Trifon Totlis, Matthaios Didagelos, George Tsakotos, Konstantinos Vlassis, and Panagiotis Skandalakis. "Scalenus Minimus Muscle: Overestimated or Not? An Anatomical Study." American Surgeon 79, no. 4 (April 2013): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481307900425.

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The wide range of scalenus minimus muscle incidence reported in the literature along with the plethora of fibromuscular structures that may appear in the interscalene triangle, having various terminologies, were the reasons to conduct the present study questioning the reported high incidence of this supernumerary scalene muscle. Seventy-three Greek cadavers were dissected and examined for the presence of a scalenus minimus muscle. It was found unilaterally in three of 73 (4.11%) cadavers studied. The literature review, concerning its incidence, revealed a wide range between 7.8 and 71.7 per cent, which cannot be attributed only to racial variation. Thus, there is a matter whether other variations of the scalene muscles are considered as a true scalenus minimus muscle. Recognition of this muscle is important not only for anatomists, but also has clinical significance for the diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome. Surgeons performing scalenectomy and anesthesiologists during interscalene brachial plexus block should keep in mind the anatomical variations of this region.

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Tokiyoshi, Akinari, Masahiro Koizumi, Katsushi Kawai, Satoru Honma, Katsumasa Takagi, and Kodo Kodama. "Scalenus muscles in macaque monkeys." Anatomical Science International 79, no. 1 (March 2004): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073x.2004.00063.x.

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Ko, Yun Dam, Soo In Yun, Dahye Ryoo, Myung Eun Chung, and Jihye Park. "Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided and Non-guided Botulinum Toxin Injection Into Neck Muscles Involved in Cervical Dystonia: A Cadaveric Study." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 44, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.19211.

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Objective To compare the accuracy of ultrasound-guided and non-guided botulinum toxin injections into the neck muscles involved in cervical dystonia.Methods Two physicians examined six muscles (sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, scalenus anterior, and scalenus medius) from six fresh cadavers. Each physician injected ultrasound-guided and non-guided injections to each side of the cadaver’s neck muscles, respectively. Each physician then dissected the other physician’s injected muscle to identify the injection results. For each injection technique, different colored dyes were used. Dissection was performed to identify the results of the injections. The muscles were divided into two groups based on the difficulty of access: sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles (group A) and the levator scapulae, splenius capitis, scalenus anterior, and scalenus medius muscles (group B).Results The ultrasound-guided and non-guided injection accuracies of the group B muscles were 95.8% and 54.2%, respectively (p<0.001), while the ultrasound-guided and non-guided injection accuracies of the group A muscles were 100% and 79.2%, respectively (p<0.05).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections into inaccessible neck muscles provide a higher degree of accuracy than non-guided injections. It may also be desirable to consider performing ultrasound-guided injections into accessible neck muscles.

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Todesco, Alban, Xavier Benoit D’Journo, Dominique Fabre, and David Boulate. "Extrapleural cervico-manubriotomy and clavicular swing for the management of a mesenchymal tumour of the middle scalenus: an adapted anterior thoracic inlet approach." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 33, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivab078.

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Abstract Surgical approach for resection of tumours involving the thoracic inlet has largely been developed in the context of lung cancer of the superior sulcus. Therefore, initial anterior approaches included a thoracotomy associated with a longitudinal cervicotomy. Here, we describe a variation of the previously described anterior surgical approaches of the thoracic inlet that we performed for the resection of a primary mesenchymal tumour of the left middle scalenus muscle secreting fibroblast growth factor-23 responsible for tumour-induced osteomalacia. This approach allowed a safe control of the great vessels phrenic nerve and brachial plexus as well as a comfortable access to the middle scalenus muscle through an L-shaped incision with a cervico-manubriotomy without thoracotomy. The tumour was resected entirely with the middle scalenus. After 3 months of follow-up, the symptoms resolved entirely.

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Garden, A. L. "Myogenic and scalp signals evoked by midinspiratory airway occlusion." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.422.

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A somatosensory potential that is evoked by transient added inspiratory load has previously been described (Davenport PW, Friedman WA, Thompson FJ, and Franzen O. J Appl Physiol60: 1843–1848, 1986). This evoked potential is novel because it arises in response to a stimulus that also evokes a muscle response, and so this potential could contain myogenic components. The present study was undertaken to define the relationship between the scalp response and other physiological responses that are evoked by airway occlusion. Evoked signals were recorded from the scalp, scalenus anterior, masseter, and electrooculogram. Responses to a 200-ms midinspiratory occlusion were recorded in 12 healthy volunteers. Evoked responses were reliably recorded at C3-CZ and C4-CZ and from the skin overlying the scalenus anterior in 11 of these subjects. The onset latencies were 15.7 ± 3.1 at C3-CZ, 15.9 ± 2.1 at C4-CZ, and 17.6 ± 5.5 ms at scalenus anterior. In nine subjects, the masseter response appeared to coincide with the mouth pressure trace, and this was interpreted as movement artifact. No consistent electrooculogram or frontal electroencephalogram response was recorded. Because of the similarity in onset latency at C3-CZ, C4-CZ, and scalenus anterior, it was concluded that the myogenic signal may contribute to the scalp response and should be viewed as a potential source of artifact in experiments of this nature.

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MURAKAMI, Takuro, Sayoko HITOMI, Tohru SATO, Da Xun PIAO, Aiji OHTSUKA, and Takehito TAGUCHI. "Artery ascending between the scalenus anterior and medius muscles." Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) 108, no. 3-6 (1996): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4044/joma1947.108.3-6_145.

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Tsimkhes, I. "Cervical ribs and their surgical treatment. H. Jacobsohn (Arch, f. Klin. Chirurg. Bd. 161. H. 3)." Kazan medical journal 32, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80414.

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Uemura, Mamoru, Akimichi Takemura, and Fumihiko Suwa. "Bilateral subclavian arteries passing in front of the scalenus anterior muscles." Anatomical Science International 82, no. 3 (September 2007): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-073x.2006.00162.x.

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Collins, Robert M., Jasvanti Bhana, Jonathan S. Patricios, Andre Du Plessis, Martin Veller, Donovan Schultz, and Dina C. Janse van Rensburg. "Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in a Patient With Absent Scalenus Anterior Muscle." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 24, no. 3 (May 2014): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000006.

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Bertolucci, Lawrence. "Speculative Explanation of Scalenus Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndrome after TMJ Arthroplasty." CRANIO® 7, no. 4 (October 1989): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08869634.1989.11746269.

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YAMAMOTO, Chugo. "Typological interrelationships of the human scalenus muscles, brachial plexus and subclavian artery." Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) 104, no. 3-4 (1992): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4044/joma1947.104.3-4_205.

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A, Perumal, Shanthi K. C., and Srinivasan K. R. "SCALENUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE WITH TWO HEADS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATION IN THE BRANCHES OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY: A RARE PRESENTATION." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 1.2 (February 5, 2018): 4939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.512.

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INUZUKA, Norihisa. "A Case of the Scalenus Anterior Muscle Passing Behind the Left Subclavian Artery." Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 66, no. 5 (1989): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2535/ofaj1936.66.5_229.

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MH, Tsugane, Murakami G, and Yasuda M. "A Case of the Scalenus Anterior Muscle Lying Behind the Fifth Cervical Nerve Root." Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 75, no. 2-3 (1998): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2535/ofaj1936.75.2-3_111.

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ISHIMARU, Keisou, Tadasu MATSUMOTO, Tadashi YANO, and Toshinori YUKIMACHI. "Effect of Acupuncture to Scalenus Muscle on Plethysmograms during the Allen's and Wright's Tests." Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) 41, no. 4 (1991): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3777/jjsam.41.366.

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Choi, Yoon Ji, Sung Uk Choi, Hye Won Shin, Hye Won Lee, Hae Ja Lim, and Seong Ho Chang. "Chest Pain Caused by the Trigger Points in the Scalenus Muscle - A case report -." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 53, no. 5 (2007): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.2007.53.5.680.

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Katirji, Bashar, and Russell W. Hardy. "Classic neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in a competitive swimmer: A true scalenus anticus syndrome." Muscle & Nerve 18, no. 2 (February 1995): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880180213.

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Nishijima, Michiharu, Takuya Akai, Naoya Kuwayama, Jun-Ichi Nakada, Susumu Furuichi, and Akira Takaku. "Vertigo caused by scalenus anterior compression of the subclavian artery: A report of two cases." British Journal of Neurosurgery 4, no. 2 (January 1990): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02688699008992713.

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Hirota, Kaoruko, Kohei Nishimoto, Taro Okazaki, Tomoaki Daitoku, and Yorihisa Orita. "A Case of Kirschner’s Wire Migrating into the Scalenus Anterior Muscle following Right Clavicular Osteosynthesis." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 113, no. 3 (2020): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.113.193.

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Xu, Lei, Yudong Gu, Jianguang Xu, Sen Lin, Liang Chen, and Jiuzhou Lu. "CONTRALATERAL C7 TRANSFER VIA THE PRESPINAL AND RETROPHARYNGEAL ROUTE TO REPAIR BRACHIAL PLEXUS ROOT AVULSION." Neurosurgery 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000324729.03588.ba.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate a shorter and safer route for contralateral C7 transfer. METHODS Eight male patients were treated from December 2005 to November 2006. Their ages ranged from 22 to 43 years (average, 30 yr). Five patients had total brachial plexus avulsion. The operative delay was from 2 to 6 months (mean, 4 mo). The bilateral scalenus anterior muscles were transected before a prespinal and retropharyngeal tunnel was made. The contralateral C7 nerve root was used to repair the upper trunk or the infraclavicular lateral cord and posterior cord of the injured side via this route, with the use of direct neurorrhaphy or nerve grafting. RESULTS The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root was 4.67 ± 0.52 cm in the first five patients. The nerve graft was 6.25 ± 0.35 cm long for repairing supraclavicular brachial plexus and 8.56 ± 0.45 cm long for repairing infraclavicular brachial plexus. The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root averaged 6.85 cm in the last three patients, two of whom had direct neurorrhaphy to the C5 and six residual nerve roots; in the other patient, a nerve graft 3 cm in length was used. Transient contralateral sensory symptoms were reported in most patients. In all cases, shoulder abduction and elbow flexion recovered by 12 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION Transection of the bilateral scalenus muscles can reduce the length of the nerve graft and allow the C7 nerve to be transferred more smoothly and safely through the prespinal and retropharyngeal route; this method also favors nerve regeneration and functional recovery.

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Doshi, Piyush Bhupendra, and Yogesh Chimanbhai Bhatt. "Passage through the carotid sheath: An alternative path to the pre-spinal route for direct repair of contralateral C7 to the lower trunk in total brachial plexus root avulsion injury." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 49, no. 02 (May 2016): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.191327.

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ABSTRACT Context: In surgical management of global brachial plexus injuries, direct repair of contralateral C7 (cC7) to the anterior division of the lower trunk, can produce good extrinsic finger flexion. The pitfalls associated with the pre-spinal passage have, perhaps, proved to be a deterrent for using this technique routinely. Aims: The aim of this study is to demonstrate an alternative to pre-spinal route for cC7 transfer in brachial plexus avulsion injuries. Methods: We noted that the mobilised lower trunk, which reaches the level of the scalenus anterior by passage deep to the clavicle, can be brought to the suprasternal notch when brought out from below the clavicle. This area was dissected in two cadavres, and safe passage was found through the carotid sheath with the common carotid artery medially and the internal jugular vein with the vagus nerve laterally. The cC7 root dissected medial to the scalenus anterior muscle can be directly transferred along this path to the subcutaneous plane at the suprasternal notch. This study allowed us to execute a direct repair in ten clinical cases of global brachial plexus injuries. In each case, the passage was prepared rapidly and uneventfully. The repair was technically simple and could be performed comfortably using suitable fine suture materials. In none of these cases, did we need to shorten the humerus. Results: The clinical outcome of this technique is awaited. Conclusions: We advocate carotid sheath route to approximate the cC7 to the injured lower trunk in global palsies, as the risks associated with the pre-spinal route can be readily avoided.

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Takenaga, Tetsuya, Satoshi Takeuchi, Hideki Murakami, Katsumasa Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshida. "Throwing can Increase the Stiffness of the Scalene Muscle." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00402.

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Objectives: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) has been reported as a set of symptoms due to the compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels in the region of the thoracic outlet1. As a type of TOS, scalenus anticus syndrome involves the compression of the brachial nerves as they pass through the interval surrounded by the anterior and middle scalene muscles, and the first rib bone or cervical rib2. Recently, exercise-induced TOS is becoming more common in athletes, especially for those who perform repetitive overhead and hyperabduction maneuvers with upper limbs, such as baseball players. However, the effect of throwing on the stiffness of the scalene muscles is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantitatively measure the stiffness of the scalene muscles using real-time shear wave elastography (SWE). The stiffness of scalene muscles was hypothesized to increase for the throwing side of baseball players. Methods: Thirty college baseball players (age range 19 to 21 years) were included for this study. Ultrasonic SWE with a 2-10 MHz linear array probe transducer (Aixplorer; SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France) was used to assess the stiffness of the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Each participant was sited. The measurements were performed in two arm positions; 1) adducted and neutral rotation of the shoulder 2)90 degree of abduction and external rotation of shoulder with elbow flexed to simulate a clinical examination known as Roos test3. In both of the arm positions, the transducer was positioned just superior to the clavicular bone, parallel to its axis. Transducer was moved superiorly and tilted to visualize the superior surfaces of the anterior and middle scalene muscles parallel to the surface of the fifth cervical nerve simultaneously (Figure 1A). In this position, shear wave elastography was performed to measure the elasticity of each scalene muscle as its stiffness. Each muscle was divided into superior and deep areas. In both areas of each muscle, three 3mm-diameter circles were set to measure the elasticities of the scalene muscles and its averaged data in each area was defined as each stiffness (Figure 1B). A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the elasticity of superior and deep areas in anterior and middle scalene muscles in throwing and non-throwing side. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: For the throwing side, higher stiffness was found in the deep part of the middle scalene muscle compared to the superior and deep parts of the anterior scalene muscle with an adducted and neutrally rotated shoulder (p=0.0433). Moreover, the muscle stiffness was significantly higher in the superior and deep part of the middle scalene muscle than in the superior and deep parts of anterior scalene muscle in an abducted and externally rotated position of shoulder (p =0.00187). Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the anterior and middle scalene muscles for the non-throwing side in both arm positions. Conclusion: In professional athletes with TOS who experienced surgical treatment, moderate to severe hypertrophy of the anterior scalenus muscles has been reported to be found4. Meanwhile, although the stiffness of the scalene muscles can be also related to the compression on the brachial plexus and on subclavian vessels in the region of the thoracic outlet, its quantitative measurements in the scalene muscles has not been reported. In this study, at throwing side, the muscle stiffness significantly increased in the superior area of middle scalene muscle in throwing side. While no contribution was identified in the scalene muscles at non-throwing side. As a result, repeat throwing motion can increase the stiffness of the middle scalene muscle. As a result, the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery could be compressed at the interscalene triangle. Throwing athletes with TOS should be treated, considering the stiffness of the middle scalene muscle, even conservative or surgical treatment. Our study was the first study to evaluate the effects of throwing on the stiffness of the scalene muscles in throwing athletes. Repetitive throwing motion can affect the stiffness of middle scalene muscle. Reduction of the middle scalene muscle should be considered to treat throwing athlete who has TOS. [Figure: see text]

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Kindl, Radek P., Krunal Patel, and Rikin A. Trivedi. "Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Approach for Excision of C8 Nerve Root Schwannoma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video." Operative Neurosurgery 16, no. 5 (August 8, 2018): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opy209.

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Abstract Brachial plexus tumors are uncommon lesions in young adults. The majority of these are benign peripheral sheath tumors. In this 3-dimensional video, we present a case of a 19-yr-old female who presented to the neurosurgical outpatients with an anterior neck lump. It has been present for months, causing occasional numbness and paraesthesia in the distribution of the left ring finger. There was no objective weakness in finger flexion with normal long flexors reflexes. The cervical spine and supraclavicular brachial plexus were investigated with a magnetic resonance imaging (Gadolinium) scan (Figure 1). It demonstrated 30 × 20 × 20 mm lesion adjacent to the C8 nerve arising from the neural foramen, however, mostly occupying the space lateral to it. The patient was consented for resection of the tumor. This was done via the supraclavicular brachial plexus approach. The brachial plexus nerves were macroscopically demonstrated lateral to the anterior scalene muscle. The intraoperative electrophysiology was used to directly stimulate the nerves, which aided in accurate tracking during the dissection. The tumor was exposed after tracing the C8 nerve deep and medial to the anterior scalene muscle. It was resected down to the foramen, reaching the level of the epidural venous plexus, while C8 was spared. The patient recovered with no neurological deficit. The histopathology confirmed grade 1 schwannoma. Subsequently, there was no radiological follow-up performed. This case demonstrates the surgical dissection of supraclavicular brachial plexus in 3-dimensions while describing the unusual dissection medial to scalenus anterior muscle.

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Skevington, Jeffrey H. "Revision of Australian Clistoabdominalis (Diptera : Pipunculidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 15, no. 5 (2001): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it00038.

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The 29 Australian species of Clistoabdominalis Skevington are revised and a phylogenetic analysis is presented. The following 23 new species are proposed: Clistoabdominalis ancylus, C. angelikae, C. capillifascis, C. carnatistylus, C. collessi, C. colophus, C. condylostylus, C. danielsi, C. dasymelus, C. digitatus, C. exallus, C. gaban, C. gremialis, C. lambkinae, C. lingulatus, C. mathiesoni, C. nutatus, C. octiparvus, C. scalenus, C. scintillatus, C. tasmanicus, C. tharra, and C. yeatesi. Pipunculus picrodes Perkins is proposed as a junior synonym of C. trochanteratus (Becker). Diagnoses and an illustrated key to species are provided. A summary of host records for all Australian species of Pipunculidae is presented to clarify confusion in the literature. Pipunculidae are documented hilltopping for the first time. This mating strategy is used by many species of Clistoabdominalis and patterns of hilltopping within the genus are examined.

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Fruh, Jean M. "Fracture of the First Rib in a Collegiate Soccer Player." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2, no. 3 (August 1993): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2.3.196.

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This paper discusses the case of an 18-year-old collegiate soccer player who developed right shoulder and scapular pain following a preseason practice session. Initial evaluation revealed tenderness of the right trapezius muscle but no swelling, deformity, loss of range of motion, or neurological signs. Subsequent radiographic examination revealed a fracture of the first rib. Although uncommon in sports, a nontraumatic fracture of the first rib may result from a sudden violent contraction of the scalenus anterior muscle. Symptoms of a first rib fracture include an acute, knifelike pain in the anterior neck, a dull ache in the shoulder or scapular region, a “snapping” sensation in the shoulder, and possible neurological symptoms due to involvement of the brachial plexus. Proper care includes application of ice, use of a sling for immobilization, and careful attention to the possibility of complications. Rehabilitation consists of a gradual range of motion and strengthening program.

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Weiske, Nadine, H. Baumbach, and T. Bürger. "Treatment of venous thoracic inlet syndrome – Specialties in athletes." Phlebologie 49, no. 01 (June 3, 2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0892-8151.

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AbstractThoracic inlet syndrome (TIS), also known as Paget-Schroetter syndrome, is a relatively rare form of thoracic outlet syndrome. It is considered to be a consequence of compression and repetitive injury of the subclavian vein between the first ribs and the overlying clavicle, the scalenus anterior muscle, subclavius muscle and costoclavicular ligament. While relatively uncommon, this condition is probably the most frequently encountered vascular disorder in the young, healthy, competitive athlete. Although the treatment options to be considered for TIS are similar for all patients, competitive athletes often present special circumstances that need to be taken into account in the decision-making process. With early recognition, proper treatment with early thrombolysis, anticoagulation, surgical decompression and rehabilitation, most athletes can return to previous levels of performance within several months. There were 184 patients treated due to compression syndrome of the upper thoracic outlet between 2013–2016. We will report on the therapy and disease management of 5 professional athletes with TIS. In addition to the report, we are presenting the results of a relevant literature search.

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Uemura, Mamoru, Akimichi Takemura, Daisuke Ehara, Hidehito Yasumitsu, Yoshiyuki Ohnishi, and Fumihiko Suwa. "Comparative study of the ramification patterns of the subclavian branches as the subclavian artery passes in front or behind the scalenus anterior muscle." Anatomical Science International 85, no. 3 (February 18, 2010): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-010-0072-8.

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Martinez-Merinero, Patricia, Susana Nuñez-Nagy, Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa, Ruben Fernandez-Matias, Daniel Pecos-Martin, and Tomas Gallego-Izquierdo. "Relationship between Forward Head Posture and Tissue Mechanosensitivity: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030634.

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The relationship between forward head posture (FHP) and neck pain is not clear. FHP could possibly increase the mechanosensitivity of cervical tissues, which could lead to the development of pain depending on the adaptation capability of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of FHP in the mechanosensitivity of articular, muscular, and neural tissues related to the cervical spine. The pressure pain threshold was bilaterally measured in different muscles and nerves and the second cervical vertebrae. The cervical spine’s range of movement was also examined. The measurements were obtained from people with (n = 32) and without (n = 64) FHP. The analyses included a 2-by-2 mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction, and point-biserial correlation coefficients. Subjects with FHP showed a less pressure pain threshold (PPT) in all locations except for the upper trapezius and scalenus medius muscles. They also showed less extension and right-rotation range of motion. There was no association between FHP, neck pain, disability, and headache. Nevertheless, more research is needed to evaluate the relationship between FHP, tissue mechanosensitivity, and neck pain.

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Arregui, Marina, Emily M. Singleton, Pedro Saavedra, D. Ann Pabst, Michael J. Moore, Eva Sierra, Miguel A. Rivero, et al. "Myoglobin Concentration and Oxygen Stores in Different Functional Muscle Groups from Three Small Cetacean Species." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020451.

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Compared with terrestrial mammals, marine mammals possess increased muscle myoglobin concentrations (Mb concentration, g Mb · 100g−1 muscle), enhancing their onboard oxygen (O2) stores and their aerobic dive limit. Although myoglobin is not homogeneously distributed, cetacean muscle O2 stores have been often determined by measuring Mb concentration from a single muscle sample (longissimus dorsi) and multiplying that value by the animal’s locomotor muscle or total muscle mass. This study serves to determine the accuracy of previous cetacean muscle O2 stores calculations. For that, body muscles from three delphinid species: Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Stenella frontalis, were dissected and weighed. Mb concentration was calculated from six muscles/muscle groups (epaxial, hypaxial and rectus abdominis; mastohumeralis; sternohyoideus; and dorsal scalenus), each representative of different functional groups (locomotion powering swimming, pectoral fin movement, feeding and respiration, respectively). Results demonstrated that the Mb concentration was heterogeneously distributed, being significantly higher in locomotor muscles. Locomotor muscles were the major contributors to total muscle O2 stores (mean 92.8%) due to their high Mb concentration and large muscle masses. Compared to this method, previous studies assuming homogenous Mb concentration distribution likely underestimated total muscle O2 stores by 10% when only considering locomotor muscles and overestimated them by 13% when total muscle mass was considered.

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Akbar, Roby Rahmadi, Muh Thohar Arifin, and Nana Rochana. "Efek Posisi Orthopneic Terhadap Fungsi Pernafasan: Systematic Review." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 13, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.48144/jiks.v13i2.252.

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Gangguan fungsi pernafasan merupakan masalah yang sering muncul pada pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK). Posisi orthopneic adalah intervensi nonfarmakologi yang dapat diberikan pada pasien PPOK. Akan tetapi, sejauh ini belum cukup bukti tentang pengaruh posisi orthopneic terhadap fungsi pernafasan karena outcome yang berbeda-beda. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh posisi orthopneic terhadap fungsi pernafasan pada pasien PPOK. Kriteria inklusi pada review ini adalah: studi eksperimental, pasien dewasa dengan PPOK derajat sedang sampai berat. Adapun keriteria ekslusi adalah pasien PPOK dengan ventilator dan penelitian pada orang sehat. Pencarian literatur menggunakan sistem database EBSCO, SCOPUS, Pubmed, SinceDirect dan Google Scholar dari tahun 2008 sampai 2019, berbahasa Inggris dan Indonesia. Hasil analisis 8 artikel didapatkan bahwa posisi orthopnneic efektif dalam meringankan atau menurunkan sensasi dispnea pada pasien PPOK dengan rata-rata penurunan (mean pre= 21,87 dan mean post= 20,80), memaksimalkan fungsi otot aksesoris pernafasan (Sternocleidomastoideus dan Scalenus) (SCM: USit= 4.80 dan SitAs= 7,92) dan (sc : USit= 9.44 dan SitAs= 15,29), meningkatkan volume tidal (NP = 0,7+0,2) dan (WAHS =0,8+0,3)(Kim et al., 2012) dan meningkatkan nilai APE 27,48% + 14,04%(Ritianingsih et al., 2011). meningatkan nilai maksimal inspirasi (64 ± 22 cmH2O with arm bracing versus 54 ± 24 cmH2O without arm bracing; P= 0.0001). dan maksimal ekspirasi (104 ± 37 cmH2O with arm bracing versus 92 ± 37 cmH2O without arm bracing; p = 0.0001). Gangguan utama pada pasien PPOK adalah proses ekspirasi yang memanjang akibat adanya obstruksi. Posisi orthopneic memaksimalkan fungsi otot aksesoris pernafasan, sehingga proses inspirasi dan ekspirasi menjadi maksimal. Kata kunci: Fungsi Pernafasan, Posisi Orthopneic, PPOK. Orthopneic Position Effects on Respiratory Function: Systematic Review Abstract. Impaired respiratory function is a problem that often arises in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The orthopneic position is a non-pharmacological intervention that can be given to COPD patients. However, so far there is not enough evidence about the effect of orthopneic position on respiratory function due to different outcomes. This study aims to determine the effect of orthopneic position on respiratory function in COPD patients. The inclusion criteria for this review are: experimental studies, adult patients with moderate to severe COPD. The exclusion criteria are COPD patients with ventilators and studies in healthy people. A literature search using the EBSCO, SCOPUS, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar database systems from 2008 to 2019, in English and Indonesian. The results of the analysis of 8 articles found that the orthopneic position is effective in relieving or decreasing dyspnea sensation in COPD patients with a mean decrease (mean pre = 21.87 and mean post = 20.80), maximizing the function of respiratory accessory muscles (Sternocleidomastoideus and Scalenus) ( SCM: USit = 4.80 and SitAs = 7.92) and (sc: USit = 9.44 and SitAs = 15.29), increasing the tidal volume (NP = 0.7 + 0.2) and (WAHS = 0.8 + 0 , 3) 7 and increase the APE value 27.48% + 14.04% 5. increase the maximum inspiration value (64 ± 22 cmH2O with arm bracing versus 54 ± 24 cmH2O without arm bracing; P = 0.0001). and maximal expiration (104 ± 37 cmH2O with arm bracing versus 92 ± 37 cmH2O without arm bracing; p = 0.0001). The main disorder in COPD patients is the process of expiration which is prolonged due to obstruction. The orthopneic position maximizes the function of respiratory accessory muscles so that the process of inspiration and expiration is maximized. Keywords: COPD, Orthopneic Position, Respiratory Function.

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Fazan, Valéria Paula Sassoli, André de Souza Amadeu, Adilson L. Caleffi, and Omar Andrade Rodrigues Filho. "Brachial plexus variations in its formation and main branches." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 18, suppl 5 (2003): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502003001200006.

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PURPOSE: The brachial plexus has a complex anatomical structure since its origin in the neck throughout its course in the axillary region. It also has close relationship to important anatomic structures what makes it an easy target of a sort of variations and provides its clinical and surgical importance. The aims of the present study were to describe the brachial plexus anatomical variations in origin and respective branches, and to correlate these variations with sex, color of the subjects and side of the body. METHODS: Twenty-seven adult cadavers separated into sex and color had their brachial plexuses evaluated on the right and left sides. RESULTS: Our results are extensive and describe a large number of variations, including some that have not been reported in the literature. Our results showed that the phrenic nerve had a complete origin from the plexus in 20% of the cases. In this way, a lesion of the brachial plexus roots could result in diaphragm palsy. It is not usual that the long thoracic nerve pierces the scalenus medius muscle but it occurred in 63% of our cases. Another observation was that the posterior cord was formed by the posterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks in 9%. In these cases, the axillary and the radial nerves may not receive fibers from C7 and C8, as usually described. CONCLUSION: Finally, the plexuses studied did not show that sex, color or side of the body had much if any influence upon the presence of variations.

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Conley, Michael S., Michael H. Stone, Michael Nimmons, and Gary A. Dudley. "Resistance training and human cervical muscle recruitment plasticity." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 2105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2105.

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Conley, Michael S., Michael H. Stone, Michael Nimmons, and Gary A. Dudley. Resistance training and human cervical muscle recruitment plasticity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 2105–2111, 1997.—This study examined cervical neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training. The ResX group performed conventional resistance training plus head-extension exercise. Another group performed only conventional resistance training, and the control group performed no resistance exercise. Muscle use during head extension was determined by quantifying shifts in T2 in serial-transaxial magnetic resonance images of the neck. ResX was the only group that showed a training effect. Training decreased ( P < 0.05) the cross-sectional area (CSA) of cervical muscle used to perform submaximal head extension by 31%. This reflected a decrease ( P < 0.05) in relative use of the splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and semispinalis cervicis and multifidus muscles by about one-third; their percentage of CSA showing contrast shift was reduced from 60 to 40% on average. This same exercise evoked no contrast shift in the levator scapulae, longissimus capitis and cervicis, and scalenus medius and anterior muscles posttraining, yet 20% or more of their CSA was engaged pretraining. The relative CSA of cervical musculature that was used to perform maximal head extension was increased ( P < 0.05) 16% by training. The findings suggest functional redundancy of neck musculature that can be modified by training; submaximal tasks can be performed despite cessation of recruitment of individual muscles, yet recruitment can be increased for maximal efforts. These results also suggest that neuromuscular adaptations to training require a specific cervical exercise

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Thomson, D. B., G. E. Loeb, and F. J. Richmond. "Effect of neck posture on the activation of feline neck muscles during voluntary head turns." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 2004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.2004.

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1. To determine whether neck posture affects the usage of neck muscles during a specific motor task, we recorded the electromyographic (EMG) patterns of neck muscles in four cats, which made horizontal, head-turning movements to fixate eccentrically placed targets. In some trials, the cervical column was oriented vertically whereas in other trials, the cervical column was oriented more horizontally. 2. During horizontal head movements, five muscles (obliquus capitis inferior, splenius, levator scapulae, complexus, and biventer cervicis) displayed activation patterns that were consistent from cat to cat and did not change when the cats adopted a different neck posture. Most of these muscles are large, superficial muscles that attach to the skull and span many cervical joints. 3. Posturally dependent patterns of activation were observed in five other neck muscles (semispinalis cervicis, longissimus capitis, levator scapulae ventralis, scalenus anterior, and obliquus capitis superior). Most of these muscles lie deeper and more laterally within the neck musculature and generally span fewer cervical joints than the muscles that displayed invariant patterns of activation. 4. These results suggest that the set of invariantly activated muscles may compose part of a basic motor program that is triggered during head movements in the horizontal plane. This motor program appears to be modified by the selective activation of ancillary muscles, which are recruited in a manner related to the neck posture. The deep positioning of the ancillary muscles may permit them to regulate the mobility of the cervical column and to adjust the net muscular force applied across the neck to the skull. Organizing the motor output in this manner might simplify the task of computing the appropriate patterns of neck-muscle activation.

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Prates Júnior, A., L. Vasques, and L. Bordoni. "Anatomical variations of the phrenic nerve: an actualized review." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 01 (January 2015): 053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.070114.

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Abstract Introduction: The phrenic nerve normally arises from ventral rami of C3, C4 and C5. It emerges laterally to the superior portion oflateral border of scalenus anterior muscle and presents a descendent course between subclavian artery and vein. It crosses anterior to internal thoracic artery and descends through the mediastinum, until the diaphragm muscle, to supply it with motor and sensitive fibers. Matherials and Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted, based on anatomy, neuroanatomy and surgical anatomy textbooks, published in Brazil and abroad, as well as a review of scientific articles, published over the last 20 years, available on research databases PubMed, Scielo, LILACS and MEDLINE, from keywords phrenic nerve, variation and anomaly. Results: Variations of the phrenic nerve are frequent, but they are not often discussed. Thus, we aimed to conduct an actualized review over the subject. Regarding the variations in the origin of the phrenic nerve, textbooks vaguely inform that it is mainly formed by C4, but the recent cadaveric studies pointed the segments C4 and C5 as the most common origin. About the variations in its course, the most described is its passage anterior to the subclavian vein, before reaching the thorax. However, the presence of accessory phrenic nerve represents the greatestvariation, mostly arising from nerve to subclavian. There are few reports in literature about the complications associated to these variations, but some are suggested, as the possibility of causing its damage during the puncture of the subclavian vein, when the nerve descends anterior to it, which may lead to a hemidiaphragmatic paresis. When variations are present, even simple procedures may cause injuries. Conclusion: Therefore it is fundamental to know the normal anatomy and the possible variations of the phrenic nerve, in order to perform safe procedures in its topography, as well as to enable a timely recognition of complications.

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Guerstein, G. R., M. V. Guler, G. L. Williams, R. A. Fensome, and J. O. Chiesa. "Middle Palaeogene dinoflagellate cysts from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments." Journal of Micropalaeontology 27, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.27.1.75.

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Abstract. Palynological data from four surface sections in northern Tierra del Fuego, southern Argentina, provide a biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental framework for the lower member of the La Despedida Formation and the Cabo Peña Formation in their type areas. Selected dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) events indicate that the age of the lower member of the La Despedida Formation is Middle Eocene and that of the Cabo Peña Formation is Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene. The age assigned to the La Despedida Formation agrees with determinations based on calcareous microfossils, but there is a potential discrepancy regarding the Cabo Peña Formation. According to recent stratigraphic studies, the Cabo Domingo Group, which includes the Cabo Peña Formation, is Late Eocene–Miocene in age. The palynomorph assemblages from the lower member of the La Despedida Formation contain the endemic ‘Transantarctic Flora’, which reflects marginal marine conditions. The maximum abundance of Enneadocysta spp. reflects more open-sea conditions and a warming event during the late Middle Eocene. The lower part of the Cabo Peña Formation has a high ratio of dinocysts to sporomorphs and an abundance of Nematosphaeropsis lemniscata, Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata and Impagidinium spp., suggesting an oceanic to outer neritic environment. Abundant Gelatia inflata and protoperidiniacean cysts indicate cool surface waters rich in dissolved nutrients. These cold-water markers may reflect the development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, an important event in the transition from a greenhouse to an icehouse climate mode. Toward the top of the sections, the lower ratios of dinocysts to sporomorphs, as well as the composition of the dinocyst assemblages, reflect a neritic rather than an oceanic setting. This palynological change may be due to eustatic sea-level lowering caused by cooling during the latest Eocene–earliest Oligocene. A new species, Spiniferites scalenus, is described and the new combination Lingulodinium echinatum proposed; an emendation for the latter species is also proposed.

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Koizumi, Masahiro. "Two mammalian species in which the intercostal nerves innervate the serratus anterior or scalenus muscles together with the cervical nerves: an important clue to clarify the homology of cervico-thoracic trunk muscles in mammals." Anatomical Science International 94, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-019-00487-1.

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Thompson, Mallori. "The Scales of Reproductive Justice: Casey’s Failure to Rebalance Liberty Interests in the Racially Disparate State of Maternal Medicine." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 26.1 (2020): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.26.1.scales.

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Despite the maternal medicine crisis in the U.S., especially for Black women, legislatures are challenging constitutional abortion doctrine and forcing women to interact with a system that may cost them their lives. This Article proposes that because of abysmal maternal mortality rates and the arbitrary nature of most abortion restrictions, the right to choose an abortion is embedded in our Fourteenth Amendment right to not be arbitrarily deprived of life by the State. This Article is a call to abortion advocates to begin submitting state maternal mortality data when challenging abortion restrictions. The call for attention to life was central to the holding in Roe v. Wade and is central to rebalancing the scales of reproductive justice.

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Frank, Douglas K., Eugene Wenk, Jordan C. Stern, and Ron D. Gottlieb. "86 A Cadaveric Study of the Motor Nerves to the Levator Scapulae." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 113, no. 2 (August 1995): P184—P185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(05)80962-3.

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Objective: Avoiding injury to the motor nerves of the levator scapulae muscle during neck dissection surgery should reduce postoperative shoulder dysfunction. Understanding the surgical anatomic relationships of these motor nerves is imperative for reducing this morbidity. This study was undertaken to elucidate this relevant anatomy, because the surgical and anatomic literature lack adequate description. Methods: Cervical (C3, C4) and brachial (C5 via dorsal scapular nerve) plexi contributions of the levator scapulae were assessed with respect to posterior triangle landmarks in 37 human cadaveric necks. Results: An average of approximately two (actual 1.92) nerves from the cervical plexus (range, one to four nerves) emerged from beneath the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid to innervate the levator scapulae. The two most superior cervical plexus contributions to the levator scapulae emerged from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid on average 21.94 mm and 25.68 mm, respectively, caudal to the emergence of cranial nerve XI. These same cervical plexus nerves on average emerged from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid 10.32 mm and 14.64 mm, respectively, caudal to the punctum nervosum. An average of approximately two (actual, 1.94) nerves from the cervical plexus (range, one to three nerves) crossed the anterior border of the levator scapulae to either innervate this muscle on its superficial surface or just at its anterior border. Cervical plexus contributions crossed the anterior border of the levator scapulae in a superior to inferior progression. The two most superior contributions crossed the anterior border of the levator scapulae on average 15.03 mm. and 21.50 mm. respectively inferior to this muscle's intersection with the sternocleidomastoid. In any given neck specimen, cervical plexus nerves emerging from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid in route to the levator scapulae could branch or come together, which explains the difference in the average number of nerves that crossed the anterior border of the levator scapulae compared with the average number that emerged from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid. On average, the dorsal scapular nerve after piercing scalenus medius crossed deep to the anterior border of the levator scapulae 43.23 mm inferior to this muscle's intersection with the sternocleidomastoid. All innervation to the levator was deep to the prevertebral fascia. Among study parameters, statistically significant ( p <0.05) differences were not encountered between right and left necks. Conclusions: The levator scapulae receives predictable motor supply from the cervical and brachial plexi. Our data elucidate surgical anatomy useful to head and neck surgeons.

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De Troyer, A., M. Cappello, and J. F. Brichant. "Do canine scalene and sternomastoid muscles play a role in breathing?" Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.242.

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To assess the respiratory function of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in the dog, we studied the effect of graded increases in inspiratory airflow resistance and single-breath airway occlusion on the electrical activity of these muscles in 18 supine anesthetized spontaneously breathing animals. The sternomastoids never showed any activity, and the scalenes showed some inspiratory activity during occlusion in only two animals. The adoption of the prone position and bilateral cervical vagotomy did not affect this pattern. Hypercapnia also did not elicit any sternomastoid activity and induced scalene inspiratory activity during occlusion in only four of nine animals. On microscopic examination, however, both muscles were found to contain large numbers of spindles, suggesting that they have the capacity to respond to stretch. In addition, with increases in inspiratory resistance, both the sternum and ribs were displaced in the caudal direction. As a result, the scalenes demonstrated a gradual inspiratory lengthening and the normal inspiratory lengthening of the sternomastoids was accentuated. Additional studies in three unanesthetized animals showed consistent activity in the scalene and sternomastoid muscles during movements of the trunk and neck but no activity during breathing, including occluded breathing. These observations thus indicate that the alpha-motoneurons of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in the dog have very small central respiratory drive potentials with respect to their critical firing threshold. In this animal, these muscles do not have a significant respiratory function.

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Kuppelwieser, Volker G., Aleksa-Carina Putinas, and Marina Bastounis. "Toward Application and Testing of Measurement Scales and an Example." Sociological Methods & Research 48, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 326–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124117701486.

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Extending the discussion on replication in sociology and psychology, this article focuses on the adaption of scales in research. Drawing on a recently published scale, we highlight several validity issues in the scale’s composition and development. Using data from two empirical studies, we subsequently show how scales can be tested and adapted. In doing so, this article provides a blueprint for scale testing and helps avoid the use of inappropriate scales in research.

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Licul, Roberto, Tatjana Matteoni, and Martina Močenić. "Procjena rizika od pada: pregled skala za evaluaciju rizika." Journal of Applied Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24141/3/1/8.

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Starkel, Leszek. "Space and time scales in geomorphology." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplement Volumes 115 (July 1, 1999): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfgsuppl/115/1999/19.

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Jung, Dawoon, Jaegeuk Kim, Jin-Soo Kim, and Joonwon Lee. "ScaleFFS." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 5, no. 1 (October 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1404880.1404889.

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Weitzenhoffer, Andre M. "Scales, Scales and More Scales." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 44, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2002.10403481.

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Shen, Zhiyuan, Thomas R. Neil, Daniel Robert, Bruce W. Drinkwater, and Marc W. Holderied. "Biomechanics of a moth scale at ultrasonic frequencies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 48 (November 12, 2018): 12200–12205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810025115.

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The wings of moths and butterflies are densely covered in scales that exhibit intricate shapes and sculptured nanostructures. While certain butterfly scales create nanoscale photonic effects, moth scales show different nanostructures suggesting different functionality. Here we investigate moth-scale vibrodynamics to understand their role in creating acoustic camouflage against bat echolocation, where scales on wings provide ultrasound absorber functionality. For this, individual scales can be considered as building blocks with adapted biomechanical properties at ultrasonic frequencies. The 3D nanostructure of a full Bunaea alcinoe moth forewing scale was characterized using confocal microscopy. Structurally, this scale is double layered and endowed with different perforation rates on the upper and lower laminae, which are interconnected by trabeculae pillars. From these observations a parameterized model of the scale’s nanostructure was formed and its effective elastic stiffness matrix extracted. Macroscale numerical modeling of scale vibrodynamics showed close qualitative and quantitative agreement with scanning laser Doppler vibrometry measurement of this scale’s oscillations, suggesting that the governing biomechanics have been captured accurately. Importantly, this scale of B. alcinoe exhibits its first three resonances in the typical echolocation frequency range of bats, suggesting it has evolved as a resonant absorber. Damping coefficients of the moth-scale resonator and ultrasonic absorption of a scaled wing were estimated using numerical modeling. The calculated absorption coefficient of 0.50 agrees with the published maximum acoustic effect of wing scaling. Understanding scale vibroacoustic behavior helps create macroscopic structures with the capacity for broadband acoustic camouflage.

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Leung, Juliana Y., and Sanjay Srinivasan. "Analysis of Uncertainty Introduced by Scaleup of Reservoir Attributes and Flow Response in Heterogeneous Reservoirs." SPE Journal 16, no. 03 (June 16, 2011): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/145678-pa.

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Summary Reservoir heterogeneities occur over a wide range of length scales, and their interaction with various transport mechanisms controls the performance of subsurface flow and transport processes. Modeling these processes at large scales requires proper scaleup of petrophysical properties that are autocorrelated or heterogeneously distributed in space, and analyzing their interaction with underlying transport mechanisms. A method is proposed to investigate and quantify the uncertainty in reservoir models introduced by scaleup. It is demonstrated that when the volume support of the measurement is smaller than the representative elementary volume (REV) scale of the attribute to be modeled, there is uncertainty in the conditioning data because of scaleup and that uncertainty has to be propagated to spatial models for the attribute. This important consideration is demonstrated for mapping total porosity for a carbonate reservoir in the Gulf of Mexico. The results demonstrate that in most cases, the uncertainty distributions obtained by accounting for the scaleup procedure successfully characterize the variability in the actual core and log data observed along new wells. Conventional reservoir models considering the well data as "hard" conditioning data fail to predict the "true" values. Following this discussion on scaling of reservoir attributes, a conceptual understanding of the scaling characteristics of flow responses such as recovery factor (RF) is provided, in terms of the mean and variance of RF at different length scales. Finally, a new technique is presented to systematically quantify the scaling characteristics of transport processes by accounting for subscale heterogeneities and their interaction with various transport mechanisms based on the volume averaging approach. The objective is to provide a tool for understanding the scaling relationships for RF using detailed fine-scale compositional reservoir simulations over a subdomain of the reservoir.

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Riccardi, A. C., and N. Sabattini. "Supposed coleoid remains reinterpreted as fish scales." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1985, no. 11 (December 4, 1985): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1985/1985/700.

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Hohenegger, Cathy, Peter Brockhaus, and Christoph Schär. "Towards climate simulations at cloud-resolving scales." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17, no. 4 (August 25, 2008): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0303.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scalenus'

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