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Journal articles on the topic 'Scandian'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Raudsepp, Mati, Allan C. Turnock, and Frank C. Hawthorne. "Powder Diffraction Data for Synthetic Pargasite, Scandian Pargasite and Their Fluorine Analogues: NaCa2Mg4(Al,Sc)Si6Al2O22(OH,F)2." Powder Diffraction 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600016316.

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AbstractIndexed X-ray powder diffraction data and crystal data are reported for: synthetic pargasite (P: NaCa2Mg4AlSi6Al2O22(OH)2), fluor-pargasite (FP: NaCa2Mg4AlSi6Al2O22F2), scandian pargasite (SP: NaCa2Mg4.4Sc0.6Si6Al2O22(OH)2) and scandian fluor-pargasite (SFP: NaCa2Mg4.2Sc0.8Si6Al2O22F2).

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2

Galuskina, I. O. "A natural scandian garnet." American Mineralogist 90, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1981.

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3

STRACHAN, R. A., and J. A. EVANS. "Structural setting and U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Glen Scaddle Metagabbro: evidence for polyphase Scandian ductile deformation in the Caledonides of northern Scotland." Geological Magazine 145, no. 3 (March 6, 2008): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808004500.

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AbstractWithin the Scottish Caledonides, the Glen Scaddle Metagabbro was intruded into the Moine Supergroup of the Northern Highland Terrane after Grampian D2 folding and prior to regional D3 and D4 upright folding and amphibolite-facies metamorphism. A U–Pb zircon age of 426 ± 3 Ma obtained from the metagabbro is interpreted to date emplacement. D3–D4 folding is constrained to have occurred during the Scandian orogenic event. In contrast, polyphase folding and regional metamorphism of the Dalradian Supergroup southeast of the Great Glen Fault is entirely Grampian. These differences are consistent with published tectonic models that invoke a minimum of 700 km of post-Scandian sinistral displacements across the Great Glen Fault to juxtapose the Grampian and Northern Highland terranes.

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4

Gee, D. G. "The Scandinavian Caledonides - basement involvement in Scandian thrusting." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 113, no. 2-3 (September 10, 1991): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899109453867.

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5

Clayhills, Tom. "On the occurrence of the genus Hyperaspis (Col. Coccinellidae) in Fenno-Scandian countries." Entomologica Fennica 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84051.

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The distribution of the species of Hyperaspis occurring in northern Europe, H. pseudopustulata and H. inexpectata is discussed and the confusion concerning H. reppensis based on old traditional determinations in our countries is straightened out. H. reppensis does not occur in northern Europe. H. concolor is reported from Sweden as new for the Fenno-Scandian countries.

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6

Mako, Calvin A., Richard D. Law, Mark J. Caddick, J. Ryan Thigpen, Kyle T. Ashley, John Cottle, and Andrew Kylander-Clark. "Thermal evolution of the Scandian hinterland, Naver nappe, northern Scotland." Journal of the Geological Society 176, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-224.

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7

Gee, David G. "Chapter 23 Swedish Caledonides: key components of an early–middle Paleozoic Himalaya-type collisional orogen." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 50, no. 1 (2020): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m50-2019-20.

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AbstractCaledonian collision of continents Laurentia and Baltica, with at least 1000 km of lateral shortening, dominates the bedrock along the northern margins of the North Atlantic Ocean. Scandian (Silurian–Devonian) underthrusting of Laurentia by Baltica resulted in stacking of the main orogenic wedge and its migration onto the platform edge of Baltica. Complementary thrust sheets, exposed in northeastern Greenland, telescoped the Laurentian continental margin. The Swedish part of the Caledonides, comprising the foreland segment along the central half of this mountain belt, includes the key components of: (1) the Baltoscandian inner margin, including Ordovician and Silurian foreland basins; (2) the Neoproterozoic extended outer margin dominated by mafic magma and continent–ocean transition zone; (3) Iapetus oceanic terranes; and (4) evidence that substantial parts of the outermmost Baltoscandian margin experienced deep subduction and high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphism during late Cambrian–Ordovician accretion. This evidence, integrated with the Norwegian Caledonides, defines an orogenic pro-wedge comparable to that in the Himalaya today. Orthogonal Scandian collision, lasting for about 60 million years (c. 440–380 Ma), involved late Silurian–Early Devonian HP/UHP metamorphism of the underthrusting Baltoscandian basement. By the Middle Devonian, the hinterland was experiencing orogen-parallel folding and axial extension, accompanying exhumation, while the orogenic pro-wedge continued to migrate eastwards on to the platform.

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8

Gee, D. G. "Thrust tectonics in the Scandes - upper crustal extension during Scandian compression." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 110, no. 4 (December 1988): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035898809452682.

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9

Fletcher, T. P., A. K. Higgins, and J. S. Peel. "A Balto-Scandian Middle Cambrian fauna from Peary Land, North Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 137 (December 31, 1988): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v137.8010.

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The first record of Middle Cambrian faunas of 'Atlantic' affinity from the Franklinian basin sequence of North Greenland was made by Poulsen (1969) who noted that previously described Greenland faunas were of 'Pacific' type. Field work by the Geological Survey of Greenland during the last decade has established that 'Atlantic' faunas are widespread in more outer shelfsequences along the northern coast of North Greenland while the 'Pacific' faunas occur within inner shelfsequences more to the south, near the margin of the Inland Ice. North Greenland preserves both faunas in dose geographical juxtaposition in only slightly tectonised geological settings. Thus, alatest Middle Cambrian trilobite fauna described by Robison (in press) from the Holm Dal Formation in an area some 40 km south of the presently discussed locality (and more inner shelf) includes a mixture of polymeroids characteristic of the Cedaria Zone of North America and agnostoids characteristic of the Lejopyge laevigata Zone of the Swedish standard zonation.

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10

Spencer, B. M., J. R. Thigpen, R. D. Law, C. A. Mako, C. S. McDonald, K. V. Hodges, and K. T. Ashley. "Rapid cooling during late-stage orogenesis and implications for the collapse of the Scandian retrowedge, northern Scotland." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): jgs2020–022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-022.

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New 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological and deformation temperature analyses in the Scandian (c. 435–420 Ma) orogenic retrowedge of northern Scotland demonstrate accelerated cooling during late syn- to post-orogenic exhumation of the high-grade orogenic core. Initial cooling rates of 10–30°C myr−1 immediately following peak orogenesis transitioned to rapid rates of 45–90°C myr−1 during final exhumation of the Naver thrust sheet in the orogenic core. The flanking ductile thrust sheets exhibit a similar, albeit less pronounced, acceleration of cooling, with rates increasing by c. 150–300% following peak orogenesis. Closer to the foreland, the Moine thrust sheet did not experience increased cooling rates. Calculated unroofing rates of 3.75 mm a−1 in the high-grade Naver thrust sheet suggest increasing, rapid exhumation in the orogenic core during a presumed collapse phase of orogenesis. This is contrary to the expectation of decreasing erosional efficiency as topography is diminished and is interpreted to suggest that unroofing of the Scottish Caledonides may have been partially enhanced by upper crustal extensional deformation during ductile flow of the infrastructure of the orogenic core. Similar processes have been interpreted in the East Greenland Caledonides, which form the northern extension of the Scandian retrowedge.Supplementary material:40Ar/39Ar analytical data for muscovite (Supplementary Data Table 1), 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for amphibole (Supplementary Data Table 2), and electron microprobe analytical data for amphibole samples (Supplementary Data Table 3) is available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5087057

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11

Strachan, R. A., G. I. Alsop, J. Ramezani, R. E. Frazer, I. M. Burns, and R. E. Holdsworth. "Patterns of Silurian deformation and magmatism during sinistral oblique convergence, northern Scottish Caledonides." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 893–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-039.

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Regional ductile thrusting and syn-kinematic granitic magmatism within the Caledonides of northern Scotland occurred within a sinistrally oblique convergent tectonic setting during the Silurian closure of the Iapetus Ocean. The highest thrust nappes are dominated by structures of probable Grampian (Ordovician) age, and Scandian (Silurian) deformation dominates the underlying thrust nappes. Deformation was overall foreland-propagating but the nappe stack was modified by out-of-sequence thrusting and probable synchronous development of thrusts at different structural levels. Localized dextrally transpressive deformation is related to an inferred lateral ramp located offshore. New U–Pb zircon ages from syn-tectonic granites indicate that the internal Naver Thrust was active between c. 432 and c. 426 Ma. This is consistent with other data sets that indicate that contractional deformation and high-grade metamorphism, and by implication displacements in the Moine Thrust Zone, may have lasted until c. 420–415 Ma. The synchroneity of thrusting and strike-slip movements along the Great Glen Fault implies that partitioning of transpressional strain occurred above a regional basal decollement. The short duration of the Scandian orogen in Scotland (c. 437–415 Ma?) is consistent with only moderate crustal thickening and a location on the periphery of the main Laurentia–Baltica collision further north.Supplementary material: Details of analytical procedures, complete U-Pb isotopic data and methods of U-Pb age calculation and error reporting are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4962251

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12

ANDERSON, M. W., A. J. BARKER, D. G. BENNETT, and R. D. DALLMEYER. "A tectonic model for Scandian terrane accretion in the northern Scandinavian Caledonides." Journal of the Geological Society 149, no. 5 (September 1992): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.5.0727.

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13

Sigurdsson, Thorir. "Could a mathematics student have prevented the collapse of the Atlanto-Scandian herring?" Teaching Mathematics and its Applications: An International Journal of the IMA 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/teamat/hri027.

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14

Albrecht, L. "Pre‐Scandian structures in the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC), Swedish Caledonides of Lapland." GFF 118, sup004 (October 1996): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899609546298.

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15

Essex, Richard M., and L. Peter Gromet. "U-Pb dating of prograde and retrograde titanite growth during the Scandian orogeny." Geology 28, no. 5 (May 2000): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0419:updopa>2.3.co;2.

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16

Essex, Richard M., and L. Peter Gromet. "U-Pb dating of prograde and retrograde titanite growth during the Scandian orogeny." Geology 28, no. 5 (2000): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<419:udopar>2.0.co;2.

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17

Robinson, Peter, R. J. Tracy, D. S. Santallier, P. G. Andreasson, and J. I. Gil-Ibarguchi. "Scandian-Acadian-Caledonian sensu strictu metamorphism in the age range 430–360 Ma." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 38, no. 1 (1988): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1988.038.01.29.

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18

KENDRICK, M. A., E. A. EIDE, D. ROBERTS, and P. T. OSMUNDSEN. "The Middle to Late Devonian Høybakken detachment, central Norway: 40Ar–39Ar evidence for prolonged late/post-Scandian extension and uplift." Geological Magazine 141, no. 3 (May 2004): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756803008811.

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The regionally significant 0.5–2 km thick Høybakken detachment in central Norway bounds the southern margin of the Central Norway Basement Window and exhibits a well-developed top-to-the-WSW fabric characteristic of late Scandian, Devonian ductile extension. 40Ar–39Ar data obtained from hornblende, mica and K-feldspar mineral separates of rocks collected in a transect through the Høybakken detachment yield well-defined plateau and isochron mineral ages. Early Devonian exhumation and cooling of the Høybakken detachment footwall is recorded by hornblende ages of ∼ 400 Ma and mica ages of ∼ 390 Ma. The mylonitic fabric overlying the footwall records younger Middle Devonian mica crystallization ages of 384–381 Ma that are among the youngest extensional ductile fabrics dated in the Caledonides and suggest prolonged extensional activity on the Høybakken detachment. After inferred cessation of ductile extension at 381 Ma, the rate of uplift and cooling was reduced, and the footwall records Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous K-feldspar ages of 371–356 Ma. Prolonged extensional activity at Høybakken is compatible with recent U–Pb ages of deformed titanite crystals and established Rb–Sr ages of white mica in shear-related pegmatites, both from the southwestern part of the Fosen Peninsula, and 40Ar–39Ar ages of syn-tectonic mica overgrowth from the adjacent Hitra–Snåsa Fault. Together, these ages suggest the onset of ductile extension soon after ∼ 401 Ma, and with the Middle Devonian crystallization ages determined here, suggest that ductile extension on the Høybakken detachment had a duration of 11–20 Ma. The youngest age of 320 Ma was obtained from a K-feldspar in a cataclastic granite of the Høybakken detachment's hangingwall and is considered to date a phase of post-Scandian brittle deformation that overprinted the mylonitic shear fabric.

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19

Moelo, Y., Y. Lulzac, O. Rouer, P. Palvadeau, E. Gloaguen, and P. Leone. "SCANDIUM MINERALOGY: PRETULITE WITH SCANDIAN ZIRCON AND XENOTIME-(Y) WITHIN AN APATITE-RICH OOLITIC IRONSTONE FROM SAINT-AUBIN-DES-CHATEAUX, ARMORICAN MASSIF, FRANCE." Canadian Mineralogist 40, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 1657–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.6.1657.

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20

Bergst�l, S., and G. Juve. "Scandian ixiolite, pyrochlore and bazzite in granite pegmatite in terdal, Telemark, Norway. A contribution to the mineralogy and geochemistry of scandium and tin." Mineralogy and Petrology 38, no. 4 (July 1988): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01167090.

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21

Klingberg, Jenny, Mats P. Björkman, Gunilla Pihl Karlsson, and Håkan Pleijel. "Observations of Ground-level Ozone and NO2in Northernmost Sweden, Including the Scandian Mountain Range." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 38, no. 8 (December 2009): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-38.8.448.

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22

Boyle, A. P. "A model for stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions at Sulitjelma, central Scandes." Geological Magazine 124, no. 5 (September 1987): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800017039.

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AbstractThe relationship between disposition of metamorphic isograds and early strain history is examined for the Sulitjelma Fold Nappe of the central Scandes. Evidence for stratigraphic inversion and the widespread inversion of the garnet isograd is reviewed, and new evidence for the nature of early Scandian deformation is presented. A two-stage model is presented which explains the inversions by (i) an initial phase of horizontal compression resulting in crustal thickening by vertical stretching during closure of a marginal basin, followed by (ii) continued horizontal compression and crustal thickening by eastward-directed nappe emplacement. The emplacement of the Sulitjelma Fold Nappe during the latter phase of progressive simple-shear-dominated deformation was accompanied by the development of sheath fold geometries and the overturning of isotherms to produce the widespread inversion of the garnet isograd.

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23

Jørstad, K. E., G. Dahle, and O. I. Paulsen. "Genetic Comparison Between Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) and a Norwegian Fjord Stock of Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, S1 (December 19, 1994): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-309.

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Genetic studies on populations of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) in Norwegian seawaters have revealed a number of genetically distinct fjord populations. One population in Balsfjord in northern Norway was nearly fixed for several alleles that were very rare in the Atlanto-Scandian herring stock. A comparison with a sample of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) from British Columbia demonstrated that these alleles were identical to the more common alleles in this species. Genetic distance estimates based on six polymorphic loci demonstrated that Balsfjord herring were more similar to Pacific herring. Balsfjord and Pacific herring were also similar in vertebrae number and spawning behaviour. Restriction fragment analyses of mitochondrial DNA using five restriction enzymes revealed distinct clones that separated different herring groups. Nucleotide sequence divergence among groups was small.

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24

Tucker, R. D. "Thrusting and Extension in the Scandian Hinterland, Norway: New U-Pb Ages and Tectonostratigraphic Evidence." American Journal of Science 304, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 477–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.6.477.

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25

Tucker, R. D. "Thrusting and Extension in the Scandian Hinterland, Norway: New U-Pb Ages and Tectonostratigraphic Evidence." American Journal of Science 306, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.306.1.66.

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26

Slagstad, Trond, and Christopher L. Kirkland. "Timing of collision initiation and location of the Scandian orogenic suture in the Scandinavian Caledonides." Terra Nova 30, no. 3 (February 11, 2018): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ter.12324.

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27

Kirkland, C. L., J. S. Daly, and M. J. Whitehouse. "Early Silurian magmatism and the Scandian evolution of the Kalak Nappe Complex, Finnmark, Arctic Norway." Journal of the Geological Society 162, no. 6 (December 2005): 985–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-124.

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28

Emmett, Trevor F. "The provenance of pre-Scandian continental flakes within the Caledonide Orogen of south-central Norway." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 112, no. 1 (1996): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.112.01.19.

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29

Cerny, P., and R. Chapman. "EXSOLUTION AND BREAKDOWN OF SCANDIAN AND TUNGSTENIAN Nb Ta Ti Fe Mn PHASES IN NIOBIAN RUTILE." Canadian Mineralogist 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.1.93.

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30

Carswell, D. A., H. L. M. van Roermund, and D. F. Wiggers de Vries. "Scandian Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism of Proterozoic Basement Rocks on Fjørtoft and Otrøy, Western Gneiss Region, Norway." International Geology Review 48, no. 11 (November 2006): 957–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.48.11.957.

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31

Turan, Cemal, Gary R. Carvalho, and Jarle Mork. "Molecular Genetic Analysis of Atlanto-Scandian Herring (Clupea Harengus) Populations Using Allozymes and Mitochondrial Dna Markers." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 1 (February 1998): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540004008x.

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Allozymes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) in genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex (ND 5/6 genes) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to investigate the spatial genetic structure of Atlanto-Scandian herring (Clupea harengus). Samples (sample size=46–50/site) comprised Icelandic summer spawners, Norwegian spring spawners, and two fjord populations, Balsfjord and Trondheimsfjord, on the Norwegian coast. Fifty enzymes were assayed, and samples were routinely examined at 18 enzymes comprising 28 putative allozyme loci. Significant genetic differentiation (P < 0.001) was detected between Trondheimsfjord herring and all other samples, with apparent genetic homogeneity among remaining samples, including the Balsfjord; a region shown previously to contain an allozymically distinct population. Herring from the Balsfjord were shown allozymically to represent the Norwegian spring spawning group, suggesting the presence of two stocks, a deeper resident spawning (Balsfjord) and a shallower, non-native feeding population (Norwegian spring spawning). Variation at the ND5/6 genes using six restriction enzymes revealed 96 composite haplotypes in 196 fish. Mean haplotype diversity was high (0.92), though nucleotide divergence between samples was small (highest=0.00029, between Trondheimsfjord and Balsfjord samples; lowest=0.00003, between Icelandic summer and Balsfjord samples). Monte-Carlo %2 analysis of haplotype frequencies revealed no significant geographic heterogeneity among samples, thus revealing a discordant pattern of genetic differentiation produced by allozymes and mtDNA markers. The detection of a genetically divergent population in deeper waters of the Trondheimsfjord supports the existence of distinct deep-water resident populations in the Norwegian fjords.

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32

Ferguson-Cradler, Gregory. "Fisheries’ collapse and the making of a global event, 1950s–1970s." Journal of Global History 13, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022818000219.

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AbstractThis article analyses three fisheries crises in the post-war world – the Far East Asian Kamchatka salmon in the late 1950s, the north Atlantic Atlanto-Scandian herring of the late 1960s, and the Peruvian anchoveta of the early 1970s – to understand how each instance came to be understood as a ‘collapse’ in widely differing contexts and institutional settings, and how these crises led to changes in practices of natural resource administration and in politico-economic structures of the fishing industry. Fishery collapses were broadly understood as state failures and, in response, individual states increasingly claimed sovereignty over fish stocks and the responsibility to administer their exploitation. Collapses thus became events critical in the remaking of management regimes. Furthermore, the concept of a fisheries collapse was reconfigured in the 1970s into a global issue, representing the possible future threat of depletion of the oceans on a planetary scale.

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33

Churchill, Robin. "Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea: Survey for 2014." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30, no. 4 (November 23, 2015): 585–653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341372.

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This is the latest in a series of annual surveys reviewing dispute settlement in the law of the sea, both under the un Convention on the Law of the Sea and outside the framework of the Convention. The main development during 2014 was the delivery of four judgments—two by the International Court of Justice (one concerning maritime boundary delimitation between Peru and Chile, the other the Whaling case between Australia and Japan); one by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, concerning the arrest and detention of a Panamanian vessel by Guinea-Bissau; and one by an Annex vii arbitral tribunal, concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary between Bangladesh and India. In addition, the dispute between Denmark (in respect of the Faroe Islands) and the European Union over the management of a shared stock of Atlanto-Scandian herring was settled; and judicial proceedings in three new cases (all concerning maritime boundary delimitation) were initiated. These and other developments are reviewed in detail.

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34

LINDROOS, MARKO. "SHARING THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATION IN THE NORWEGIAN SPRING-SPAWNING HERRING FISHERY." International Game Theory Review 06, no. 01 (March 2004): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021919890400006x.

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The purpose of this paper is to study the sharing of cooperative benefits between the potential fishing nations of Norwegian spring-spawning (or Atlanto-Scandian) herring (NSSH). I study a three-player coalitional game where Shapley value is used as a solution concept. The results show that full cooperation is a stable solution of the game, that is, no country finds it optimal to leave the grand coalition. However, it is further shown how full cooperation may become unstable under biological uncertainty. Therefore, I propose a simple mechanism to alleviate the problem. The instability created by biological uncertainty can be significantly reduced when simple modified cooperative strategies are applied. By introducing a safe minimum biological level for the fish stock (SMBL) below which no harvesting takes place and also changing gear selectivities, instability reduces a great deal. However, a safe minimum economic level (SMEL) when there may be perfect stability is shown to be higher than the SMBL.

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35

Bennett, Gordon F., Deborah Squires-Parsons, Pirkko Siikamaki, Esa Huhta, Klas Allander, and Lars Hillstrom. "A Comparison of the Blood Parasites of Three Fenno-Scandian Populations of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca." Journal of Avian Biology 26, no. 1 (March 1995): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677210.

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36

LESLIE, A. G., and A. P. NUTMAN. "Evidence for Neoproterozoic orogenesis and early high temperature Scandian deformation events in the southern East Greenland Caledonides." Geological Magazine 140, no. 3 (May 2003): 309–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756803007593.

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Integrated field structural studies and SHRIMP U–Pb zircon and monazite dating have been undertaken in Renland, west of Scoresby Sund district in the southern part of the East Greenland Caledonides. Southwest Renland is dominated by metasedimentary rocks correlated with the Krummedal supracrustal succession of East Greenland and which on Renland were intruded by augen granites. Krummedal psammite from Renland yielded a spectrum of Mesoproterozoic to Palaeoproterozoic detrital U–Pb zircon dates, the youngest of which indicate deposition of the psammite occurred c. 1000 Ma ago, thus post-dating Grenvillian continent–continent collision in North American Laurentia. These Krummedal metasediments were deformed into regional nappe-scale folds prior to metamorphism, crustal anatexis and genesis of augen granites; an example of the latter has been dated at 915±18 Ma (U–Pb zircon). This demonstrates early Neoproterozoic high-temperature tectono-metamorphism affecting rocks within the southern East Greenland Caledonides, broadly contemporaneous with similar rocks farther north in East Greenland and with Sveconorwegian events on Baltica. Still in southwestern Renland, a later thermal event led to development of uppermost amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic assemblages, veins and patches of in situ garnetiferous melt-bearing neosome in both metasediments (432±6 Ma, U–Pb zircon) and in the augen granites, and contemporaneous biotite-bearing granite sheets in top-down-to-the-E extensional shear zones (434±5 Ma, U–Pb zircon). Monazites from southwestern Renland record Caledonian thermal events as late as 410−400 Ma. In contrast, southeastern Renland is dominated by quartzofeldspathic migmatites with a strongly Caledonian signature but enclosing relicts of augen granite and retrogressed granulite facies psammitic and pelitic metasediment. There is also a sequence of Caledonian granitoid intrusions. Two samples from a hypersthene monzonite intrusion yielded U–Pb zircon dates of 424±8 Ma and 424±6 Ma. This pluton shows the marginal effects of the regional migmatization and was intruded early in the sequence of granitoid emplacement. An amphibolite facies migmatite, textural evidence from which suggests that it had never hosted granulite facies assemblages, records zircon growth at 423±6 Ma, and closure of monazite by 402±10 Ma. High grade metamorphism, and the protracted sequence of granitoid emplacement and still younger thermal events which together span the period between 430 and 400 Ma may, in part, reflect complicated lithospheric dynamics associated with subduction outboard of the Laurentian margin. Crustal segments carrying the relict evidence of Neoproterozoic and early Caledonian events must then quickly have been thrust northwestwards in foreland-propagating, northwesterly directed thrusts over Cambro-Ordovician platformal sequences on the Laurentian margin. This records the final closure of Iapetus, encroachment of Baltica and continent–continent collision from late Llandovery times (425–430 Ma).

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ANDERSEN, TORGEIR B., HENRY N. BERRY, DANIEL R. LUX, and ARILD ANDRESEN. "The tectonic significance of pre-Scandian 40Ar/39Ar phengite cooling ages in the Caledonides of western Norway." Journal of the Geological Society 155, no. 2 (March 1998): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.2.0297.

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38

Greiling, Reinhard O., Zvi Garfunkel, and Ebbe Zachrisson. "The orogenic wedge in the central Scandinavian Caledonides: Scandian structural evolution and possible influence on the foreland basin." GFF 120, no. 2 (June 1998): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899801202181.

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39

Bingen, B. "Zircon Growth During Fluid Induced Caledonian/Scandian Eclogite-facies Metamorphism of the Lindås Nappe, Caledonides of W Norway." Mineralogical Magazine 62A, no. 1 (1998): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1998.62a.1.86.

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40

CHAUVET, A., J. R. KIENAST, J. L. PINARDON, and M. BRUNEL. "Petrological constraints and PT path of Devonian collapse tectonics within the Scandian mountain belt (Western Gneiss Region, Norway)." Journal of the Geological Society 149, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.3.0383.

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41

Hollocher, K., P. Robinson, E. Walsh, and M. P. Terry. "The Neoproterozoic Ottfjallet dike swarm of the Middle Allochthon, traced geochemically into the Scandian Hinterland, Western Gneiss Region, Norway." American Journal of Science 307, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 901–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/06.2007.02.

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42

Heidelbach, Florian, and Michael P. Terry. "Inherited Fabric in an Omphacite Symplectite: Reconstruction of Plastic Deformation under Ultra-High Pressure Conditions." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 4 (May 13, 2013): 942–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001451.

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AbstractWe investigated an eclogitic gneiss from the Western Gneiss Region in Norway, which underwent subduction as part of Baltica lithosphere beneath Laurentia during the Scandian orogeny. Petrologic data indicate that the eclogite was deformed plastically at about 4 GPa and 800°C producing a strong macroscopic foliation and lineation. Whereas garnet remained largely stable during the retrograde uplift, omphacite was transformed statically into a symplectite consisting of lamellar diopside and plagioclase with more equant grains of hornblende and orthopyroxene. Measurements of the crystallographic preferred orientation with electron backscatter diffraction show that diopside and hornblende, as well as orthopyroxene, have a systematic orientation relationship with the macroscopic fabric, as well as the (presumed) orientation of the host omphacite. The orientation relationship between the chain silicates is very sharp with the crystallographic forms {100}, {010}, and ⟨001⟩ being parallel. Their bulk texture shows a maximum of ⟨001⟩ parallel to the lineation and girdles of {010} and {110} perpendicular to the lineation with maxima subparallel to the foliation corresponding to an L-type texture of the original omphacite and indicating constrictional strain with an additional component of pure shear/simple shear component.

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43

Jung, Sejin, Takafumi Yamamoto, Jun-ichi Ando, and Haemyeong Jung. "Dislocation Creep of Olivine and Amphibole in Amphibole Peridotites from Åheim, Norway." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11091018.

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Amphibole peridotite samples from Åheim, Norway, were analyzed to understand the deformation mechanism and microstructural evolution of olivine and amphibole through the Scandian Orogeny and subsequent exhumation process. Three Åheim amphibole peridotite samples were selected for detailed microstructural analysis. The Åheim amphibole peridotites exhibit porphyroclastic texture, abundant subgrain boundaries in olivine, and the evidence of localized shear deformation in the tremolite-rich layer. Two different types of olivine lattice preferred orientations (LPOs) were observed: B- and A-type LPOs. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that most subgrain boundaries in olivine consist of dislocations with a (001)[100] slip system. The subgrain boundaries in olivine may have resulted from the deformation of olivine with moderate water content. In addition, TEM observations using a thickness-fringe method showed that the free dislocations of olivine with the (010)[100] slip system were dominant in the peridotites. Our data suggest that the subgrain boundaries and free dislocations in olivine represent a product of later-stage deformation associated with the exhumation process. EBSD mapping of the tremolite-rich layer revealed intracrystalline plasticity in amphibole, which can be interpreted as the activation of the (100)[001] slip system.

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Johansson, Leif. "Mega-lenses and Scandian deformation in the basement in the northern part of Western Gneiss Region, Vestranden, central Norwegian Caledonides." Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 108, no. 3 (September 1986): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035898609454708.

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45

Lundmark, Anders Mattias, Lars Eivind Augland, and Audun Dalene Bjerga. "Timing of strain partitioning and magmatism in the Scottish Scandian collision, evidence from the high Ba–Sr Orkney granite complex." Scottish Journal of Geology 55, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg2018-001.

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46

Jung, Sejin, Haemyeong Jung, and Håkon Austrheim. "Microstructural Evolution of Amphibole Peridotites in Åheim, Norway, and the Implications for Seismic Anisotropy in the Mantle Wedge." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040345.

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The microstructure of amphibole peridotites from Åheim, Norway were analyzed to understand the evolution of the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine throughout the Scandian Orogeny and its implication for the seismic anisotropy of the subduction zone. The Åheim peridotites had a porphyroclastic texture and some samples contained an abundant amount of hydrous minerals such as tremolite. Detailed microstructural analysis on the Åheim peridotites revealed multiple stages of deformation. The coarse grains showed an A-type LPO of olivine, which can be interpreted as the initial stage of deformation. The spinel-bearing samples showed a mixture of B-type and C-type LPOs of olivine, which is considered to represent the deformation under water-rich conditions. The recrystallized fine-grained olivine displays a B-type LPO, which can be interpreted as the final stage of deformation. Microstructures and water content of olivine indicate that the dominant deformation mechanism of olivine showing a B-type LPO is a dislocation creep under water-rich condition. The observation of the B-type LPO of olivine is important for an interpretation of trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge. The calculated seismic anisotropy of the tremolite showed that tremolite can contribute to the trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge.

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47

Gee, David G., and Michael B. Stephens. "Chapter 19 Regional context and tectonostratigraphic framework of the early–middle Paleozoic Caledonide orogen, northwestern Sweden." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 50, no. 1 (2020): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m50-2017-21.

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AbstractThe Scandian mountains in northwestern Sweden are dominated by the eastern part of the Scandinavian Caledonides, an orogen that terminated during the middle Paleozoic with Himalayan-style collision of the ancient continents of Baltica and Laurentia. In this foreland region, far-transported higher allochthons from an exotic continental margin (Rödingsfjället Nappe Complex) and underlying mostly oceanic-arc basin character (Köli Nappe Complex) were emplaced at least 700 km onto the Baltoscandian margin of Baltica. The thrust sheets below the Iapetus Ocean terranes were derived from the transition zone to Baltica (Seve Nappe Complex), comprising mainly siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks, hosting abundant metamorphosed c. 600 Ma mafic intrusions. They preserve evidence of subduction (eclogites, garnet peridotites and microdiamonds in host paragneisses), starting in the late Cambrian; exhumation continued through the Ordovician. Underlying allochthons derived from the outer margin of Baltica are less-metamorphosed Neoproterozoic sandstone-dominated successions, also intruded by Ediacaran dolerite dykes (Särv Nappes); they are located tectonically above similar-aged metasandstone and basement slices, devoid of dykes (Offerdal and Tännäs Augen Gneiss nappes and equivalents). Lowermost allochthons (Jämtlandian Nappes and equivalents), from the inner Baltoscandian margin, provide evidence of Cryogenian rifting, Ediacaran–Cambrian drifting and platformal sedimentation, followed by foreland basin development in the Ordovician and Silurian.

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Gee, David G., and Michael B. Stephens. "Chapter 20 Lower thrust sheets in the Caledonide orogen, Sweden: Cryogenian–Silurian sedimentary successions and underlying, imbricated, crystalline basement." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 50, no. 1 (2020): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m50-2018-7.

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AbstractThe Jämtlandian Nappes and their equivalents further north, belonging to the lower thrust sheets in the Caledonide orogen of Sweden, comprise a mega-duplex of Cryogenian–Silurian sedimentary rocks sandwiched between structurally higher allochthons and a basal décollement. Further west towards the hinterland, crystalline basement is increasingly involved in this thrusting, imbricate stacking occurring beneath the décollement in antiformal windows. The sedimentary successions were derived from the Cryogenian rifted margin of Baltica, the Ediacaran–Cambrian drifted margin, and Ordovician and Silurian foreland basins. During the Early–Late Ordovician (Floian–Sandbian), hinterland-derived turbidites were deposited in response to early Caledonian accretion of subducted complexes belonging to the outermost margin of Baltica, now preserved in the higher allochthons. Following a quiescent period during the Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) and early part of the Llandovery, collision of Laurentia and Baltica reactivated the foreland basins, with flysch and molasse deposition during the Llandovery–Wenlock. Collisional shortening during this Scandian orogenic episode continued into the Devonian. High- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP/UHP) metamorphism accompanied Baltica's underthrusting of Laurentia in the deep hinterland, and prominent basement-cored antiforms developed towards the foreland during the advance of the orogenic wedge over the foreland basin onto the Baltoscandian platform.

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Thigpen, J. R., R. D. Law, C. L. Loehn, R. A. Strachan, R. J. Tracy, G. E. Lloyd, B. L. Roth, and S. J. Brown. "Thermal structure and tectonic evolution of the Scandian orogenic wedge, Scottish Caledonides: integrating geothermometry, deformation temperatures and conceptual kinematic-thermal models." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 31, no. 8 (August 19, 2013): 813–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12046.

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50

Kirkland, C. L., J. S. Daly, and M. J. Whitehouse. "Granitic magmatism of Grenvillian and late Neoproterozoic age in Finnmark, Arctic Norway—Constraining pre-Scandian deformation in the Kalak Nappe Complex." Precambrian Research 145, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.11.012.

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