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Journal articles on the topic 'Scandinavian Realism'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Strömholm, Stig. "Scandinavian realism." European Review 2, no. 3 (July 1994): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001083.

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This is an account of the jurisprudence expounded by the Swedes Axel Hägerström, Wilhelm Lundstedt, Karl Olivecrona and the Dane Alf Ross. The characteristic features of this school of legal science are the firm rejection of idealism and conceptualism and a sociological approach to legal phenomena. Severe criticism has been directed against the way in which, particularly, Swedish Social Democrats made use of the tenets of Realism in justifying legislative measures in certain areas.

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2

Anton, Thomas J. "Scandinavian Realism." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 20, no. 3 (1995): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-20-3-739.

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3

Gruzdev, V. S. "Scandinavian legal Realism." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 2 (2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2021_2_61.

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4

Hayward, Keith J., and Steve Hall. "Through Scandinavia, Darkly: A Criminological Critique of Nordic Noir." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa044.

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Abstract Nordic noir is a popular crime genre associated with a region (Scandinavia), a narrative style (unpretentious/socially critical) and a particular aesthetic look (dark/foreboding). Renowned for its psychologically complex characterization and gloomy Mise-en-scène, and spanning best-selling crime fiction, film, and globally successful television drama, Nordic noir has mushroomed from regional niche market to international phenomenon in little more than a decade. A review of both popular and academic accounts of the genre suggest that much of Nordic noir’s appeal comes from its supposed ‘gritty’ or ‘realist’ account of Scandinavian society. This paper, however, adopts a different perspective. Drawing on cultural criminology, ultra-realism and Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, we argue that, rather than accurately reflecting the complex social and political problems currently confronting late modern Scandinavian welfare societies, Nordic noir has lost its grip on realism and any meaningful association with actual/established Scandinavian values. Instead, Nordic noir is now functioning as a displacement narrative, a form of cultural expression that allows artists, producers and their audiences to push the region’s social problems outside the realm even of the Imaginary.

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5

BJARUP, JES. "The Philosophy of Scandinavian Legal Realism." Ratio Juris 18, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.2005.00282.x.

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C. B. Bittar, Eduardo. "Consonances and Dissonances Between Legal Realisms." Undecidabilities and Law, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2184-9781_1_8.

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This paper is a comparative reflection of the models of Legal Realism in the Theory of Law, considering the North-American Legal Realism, the Scandinavian Legal Realism and the Brazilian Legal Realism. This article presents the Theory of Realistic Humanism within Legal Realism with the Critical Theory of Law.

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7

Naess, Harald. "Georg brandes and 19th century scandinavian realism." Neohelicon 15, no. 2 (September 1988): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02129079.

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Leiter, Brian. "WHAT IS A REALIST THEORY OF LAW?" REI - REVISTA ESTUDOS INSTITUCIONAIS 6, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21783/rei.v6i1.454.

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This essay offers a programmatic statement for a realist theory of law. Although I have been influenced by (and written about) the work of earlier American, Scandinavian, Italian and other legal realists, this is not an essay about what others have thought. This is an essay about what I take realism about law to mean and what its theoretical commitments are; I shall use other realists to sometimes illustrate the distinctive positions of a realist theory of law, but will make clear where I depart from them. A realist theory of law involves both a “realist” and a “naturalistic” perspective on law. Let me explain how I understand these perspectives.

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Brantly, Susan. "Nordic Modernism for Beginners." Humanities 7, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h7040090.

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This essay proposes a narrative of the Nordic countries’ relationship to modernism and other major literary trends of the late 19th and 20th centuries, that situates them in conjunction with the rest of Europe. “Masterpieces of Scandinavian Literature: the 20th Century” is a course that has been taught to American college students without expertise in literature or Scandinavia for three decades. This article describes the content and methodologies of the course and how Nordic modernisms are explained to this particular audience of beginners. Simple definitions of modernism and other related literary movements are provided. By focusing on this unified literary historical narrative and highlighting the pioneers of Scandinavian literature, the Nordic countries are presented as solid participants in European literary and cultural history. Further, the social realism of the Modern Breakthrough emerges as one of the Nordic countries distinct contributions to world literature.

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HOLTERMANN, JAKOB V. H., and MIKAEL RASK MADSEN. "European New Legal Realism and International Law: How to Make International Law Intelligible." Leiden Journal of International Law 28, no. 2 (April 24, 2015): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156515000047.

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AbstractInternational law remains in many ways a challenge to legal science. As in domestic law, the available options appear to be exhausted by either internal doctrinal approaches, or external approaches applying more general empirical methods from the social sciences. This article claims that, while these major positions obviously provide interesting insights, none of them manage to make international law intelligible in a broader sense. Instead, it argues for a European New Legal Realist approach to international law accommodating the so-called external and internal dimensions of law in a single more complex analysis which takes legal validity seriously but as a genuinely empirical object of study. This article constructs this position by identifying a distinctively European realist path which takes as its primary inspirations Weberian sociology of law and Alf Ross’ Scandinavian Legal Realism and combines them with insights originating from Bourdieusian sociology of law.

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Zestanakis, Panagiotis. "From Superman to Social Realism: Children’s Media and Scandinavian Childhood." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 39, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2018.1543240.

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12

Meteňkanyč, Olexij. "Alf Ross and his legal philosophy." Bratislava Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2018.2.2.116.

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The article has the ambition to present basic information of Alf Ross’s legal philosophy, focusing on his understanding of validity of law, concept of rights, coercion in law, as well as the purpose of the legal science from his point of view as a representative of Scandinavian Legal Realism. In addition, within the article principal facts concerning life of Alf Ross and also list of his most important publications are presented.

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Heywood, Colin. "Helle Strandgaard Jensen, From Superman to Social Realism: Children’s Media and Scandinavian Childhood." European History Quarterly 48, no. 2 (April 2018): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691418765637ak.

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Carty, A. "Scandinavian Realism and Phenomenological Approaches to Statehood and General Custom in International Law." European Journal of International Law 14, no. 4 (September 1, 2003): 817–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/14.4.817.

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Kokkola, Lydia. "From Superman to Social Realism: Children's Media and Scandinavian Childhood by Helle Jensen." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 43, no. 2 (2018): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chq.2018.0030.

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Lane, Jan-Erik. "What Does the Law Say?" Journal of Research in Philosophy and History 3, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jrph.v3n2p1.

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The killings of George Floyd and Rayshard Brooks raise the highly pertinent question: What is law in these cases? The more one reflects on the nature of the legal order in a well-ordered society, the closer one arrives at Justice Holmes’ statement: “The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law”. A similar approach to the question above was delivered by Dane Alf Ross (1899-1979), who expounded in a succinct form so called Scandinavian Law Realism.

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Pihlajamaki, Heikki. "Against Metaphysics in Law: The Historical Background of American and Scandinavian Legal Realism Compared." American Journal of Comparative Law 52, no. 2 (2004): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144458.

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Nel, Philip. "From Superman to Social Realism: Children’s Media and Scandinavian Childhood by Helle Strandgaard Jensen." Lion and the Unicorn 42, no. 1 (2018): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/uni.2018.0008.

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Junghans, Jennie Sejr. "From Superman to Social Realism: Children's Media and Scandinavian Childhood by Helle Strandgaard Jensen." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 11, no. 2 (2018): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.2018.0037.

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Tonkov, E. N. "Sources of law in «Russian legal realism»." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 11 (January 14, 2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.75.11.096-104.

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The article examines the sources of law in the discourse of Russian legal realism concept. A broad approach to the sources of law is justifi ed and the phenomena of the source and form of law as equal in meaning is considered. The author notes the pragmatization of Russian jurisprudence and insuffi ciency of paying attention only to the texts of normative legal acts. Interpretation of actions to comply with or violate regulatory requirements and criteria for evidence evaluation become more relevant in modern conditions, when the individual regulatory system of the law enforcement actor governs his actions, determines the essence and details of his decision. In order to actualize the pluralism of the source base special attention is paid to post-classical characteristics of modern law enforcement and the ideas of L. I. Petrazhitsky as the founder of the psychological theory of law. A broad understanding of the sources of law in the XXI century allows to identify current sources of regulation and re-evaluate the factors that oblige individuals to obey the will of others. According to the author, law should be considered as a result and method of real interaction of people, generating subjective rights and obligations, and as a form of communication that encourages a person to active realization of acceptable to him sources of law in a particular legal situation. Thе performed comparative analysis of legal realism in North American, Scandinavian and Russian societies allows us to consider legal realism as intermediary between law in books and practical human problems.

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Uusitalo, Jenna. "Scandinavian Legal Realism and the Challenge of Recognizing Emergency Medical Service as a Legal Norm." Bratislava Law Review 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2020.4.2.192.

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Emergency medical service (EMS) forms a sub-category of the internationally recognized right to health. However, despite the codification of the right to health in various human rights conventions which have been implemented in national legislation, EMS still seems to be regarded as an economic expense or a political decision rather than a legal norm or a human right. This paper evaluates the causes for such a misunderstanding, primarily through Scandinavian Legal Realism which emphasizes the social contextualization of law. Supplementary scholarly views, as well as a history of human rights, are also applied to support the main arguments. Essentially, the paper claims that the challenge of recognizing EMS as a legal norm is associated with the relatively abstract and impersonalized nature of emergency care.

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Eliasz, Katarzyna, and Marek Jakubiec. "The Vienna Circle and the Uppsala School as philosophical inspirations for the Scandinavian Legal Realism." Semina Scientiarum 15 (September 20, 2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/ss.1771.

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Kallenbach, Ulla. "The Disenchantment of the Wonderful - A Doll’s House and the Idealist Imagination." Nordic Theatre Studies 26, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v26i2.24311.

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During the course of the nineteenth century, the notion of imagination under- went a radical redefinition. From being the highest, divine, power of man to being subjected to a growing pathologization and degradation, the redefinition of imagination played a central role in the transition from idealism and roman- ticism to the emerging modernism and realism. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House (1879) may be read into this particular context with its ‘disenchantment’ of the ‘wonderful’ – a word which Georg Brandes termed the very keyword of romanticism. Focusing on the specific Scandinavian context, where idealist aesthetics continued to be particularly strong, I will examine A Doll’s House from the perspective of the contemporary spectator in the context of an on-going Nordic aesthetic dispute. The contemporary Scandinavian reviews will serve to bear evidence of this dispute. In the article, I analyse how the play thematizes imagination and employs recurrent references to idealist culture in order to disenchant the romantic imagination of the wonderful. The analysis will focus in particular on the representation of the characters of Nora and Helmer, but also comes to implicate the spectator of the play.

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Strang, Johan. "Scandinavian Legal Realism and Human Rights: Axel Hägerström, Alf Ross and the Persistent Attack on Natural Law." Nordic Journal of Human Rights 36, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2018.1522757.

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VASILYEVA, NATALIA S. "Legal Validity as a Psychological Fact: Uppsala School in an Intellectual Context of the Continental Legal Realism." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 14, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2019-14-4-vasilyeva.

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There are two traditions of determining the foundation of legal validity — metaphysical and anti-metaphysical. At the beginning of the 20th century the anti-metaphysical tradition was supplemented by psychological realism, which was developed in the framework of the Uppsala School and the psychological school of Leon Petrażycki. It is possible to trace the common line of reasoning on the problem of legal validity within Continental or psychological legal realism: from Petrażycki (and his students) and Axel Hägerström (and his students, including Alf Ross) to Enrico Pattaro. Psychological legal realism is an approach to law that can be characterized by 1) an orientation toward the study of law in the context of facts of psychophysical reality; 2) the idea of the psychological nature of law; 3) recognition of the authoritative-mystical nature and objectification of legal experiences; 4) the irreducibility of law to the behavioral aspect; etc.The term "Uppsala School of Legal Realism" denotes the theoretical legal position of scholars from Uppsala — Hagerström and his most faithful students, Anders Vilhelm Lundstedt and Karl Olivekrona — within the framework of a broader Scandinavian legal realism as part of the continental realistic tradition. The philosophical foundations of the Uppsala School of Legal Realism include: rejection of subjectivism and metaphysics, naturalism, non-cognitivism. This school paid special attention to questions on the possibility of scientific knowledge about law, the construction of a value-neutral theory, and the search for reliable methodological foundations for the science of law. The revolt against subjectivism and metaphysics led to the assertion that there is — and can be the subject of scientific knowledge — only one reality, namely spatio-temporal, psychophysical. Since legal concepts do not directly correspond to the facts of such a reality, they are considered as illusions and even magical formulas, which, however, are based on actual psychological facts and have an effect on people’s consciousness.In the framework of the Uppsala School from a realistic point of view law appears as a machinery of coercion, as a factual order based on the organized social force. Within that order the rules of law are independent imperatives and motives of behavior, which have a suggestive, binding effect on the consciousness and behavior of people. The validity of law is determined by the power of organized social coercion and is regarded as a complex phenomenon of the people’s inner world. As a complex psychical fact, legal validity is considered a psychological self-binding engendered by the physical coercion machinery in action and the influence of cultural, social and even biological factors.

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Lee, Gregory B. "Along the Road of Broad Realism: Qin Zhaoyang's World of Fiction. By Vibeke Børdhal. [London: Curzon Press, 1990. Scandinavian Monograph Series, No 59. 178 pp. £10.50.]." China Quarterly 136 (December 1993): 1020–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000032719.

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Mcclellan, T. M. "Vibeke Børdahl: Along the broad road of realism: Qin Zhaoyang's world of fiction. (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, no. 59.) [x], 178 pp. London: Curzon, 1990. £10.50." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55, no. 2 (June 1992): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00005085.

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Musäus, Thekla. "Suloisen etelän suojatit pohjoisen kuolemanmaisemassa." AVAIN - Kirjallisuudentutkimuksen aikakauslehti, no. 3 (October 2, 2016): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30665/av.66161.

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The Children of the Sweet South in the Northern Land of Death. On the Opposition of North and South in Russian Literature from Romanticism up to Socialist Realism The starting point of the article is the semiotic theory of culturally coherent “semio-spheres”. The analysis focusses on the changing pictures of the northern parts of the Russian cultural area – Siberia, Karelia, and, in the 19th century, also Finland – in the works of Russian writers from Romanticism into the middle of the 20th century. The traditional juxtaposition of ‘north’ and ‘south’ as cultural, climatic and emotional opposites in Romanticism was inspired in part by admiration for Scandinavian sagas and landscapes. The European idealisation of the South was still valid in the poems of the Russian Romanticism. Embedded into the pictures of a wild and untouched northern nature was the ideal of a simple, rural society and the romantic imagery of the lonesome hero. In the Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century ‘north’ became an emotional centre in opposition to a spoiled, western cultural centre. Nevertheless, the Russian and Ukrainian South continued to be a place of longing for the imprisoned or exiled heroes in the hostile North. In Soviet literature, the communist project to improve the social situation of the toiling masses around the world led to a missionary’s attitude toward the outskirts of the Soviet Union. Russian heroes did not only bring civilisation to the uneducated Northern aborigines but by cultivating the harsh land they also added more civilized Southern nature to the Northern landscape.

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Tao Liu, Tao. "Along the broad road of realism: Qin Zhaoyang's world of fiction. By Vibeke Børdahl. (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No. 59.) pp. x178, 18 figs. London, Curzon Press, 1990. £10.95." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2, no. 2 (July 1992): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300002893.

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Tonkov, Dmitrii E. "METHOD OF "SOCIAL WELFARE" OF VILHELM LUNDSTEDT." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2020-15-1-tonkov.

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Critical attitude of Axel Hägerström was enthusiastically carried by his follower Vilhelm Lundstedt, who, according to Scandinavian legal realism, sought to make jurisprudence a science based on verifiable facts. He sharply criticized any inclusion of metaphysics into law, especially considerations of justice. In V. Lundstedt’s opinion, law is an intricate machinery which is kept going by means of psychological impulses of man, his senses, instincts and emotions and which is controlled by legislation, administration of law, courts, administrative activities on the part of persons elected or appointed to fulfill certain functions in society and the application of some other measures of coercion. Traditional legal theories, including positivism and sociological jurisprudence, V. Lundstedt considered to be unscientific and completely irrational, based on ideological conceptions unrelated to verifiable facts. According to him, concepts of traditional jurisprudence do not correspond to the real world and exist only as feelings in our mind: these "false ideas" can only be used as "labels" denoting certain realities. However, V. Lundtstedt’s concept consisted not only of criticism but also offered constructive elements for improving jurisprudence and legal method in a more natural-scientific sense. Instead of the rejected ideologized "method of justice", that uses only different concepts of objectively non-existent justice, V. Lundstedt offers his "method of social welfare", that is understood as the encouragement in the best possible way of that which people in general actually strive to attain. According to this method the reason for the existence and operation of law is the satisfaction of social needs: law creates new and changes old legal relations for a social purpose, that is, for the benefit of society, or "social welfare". Despite V. Lundstedt’s rather extensive presentation and passionate defense of constructed method, it caused reasonable criticism regarding its originality, sufficient elaboration and coherence. Analysis of the content of the method of "social welfare" and its criticism in relation to utilitarianism, the falsity of the highlighted human strivings, insufficiency of the method in some judicial cases, as well as the impossibility of solving simultaneously theoretical and practical problems, raises doubts about the success of V. Lundstedt’s desirable "basic reshaping of legal thinking", but inspires for further researches in the field of law.

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Alexander, Gregory S. "Comparing the Two Legal Realisms-American and Scandinavian." American Journal of Comparative Law 50, no. 1 (2002): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/840832.

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Schmelzle, Michael, and Clifford Albrecht Bernd. "Poetic Realism in Scandinavia and Central Europe, 1820-1895." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 50, no. 2 (1996): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1348235.

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Pizer, John, and Clifford Albrecht Bernd. "Poetic Realism in Scandinavia and Central Europe, 1820-1895." South Central Review 13, no. 1 (1996): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3189932.

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Krobb, Florian, and Clifford Albrecht Bernd. "Poetic Realism in Scandinavia and Central Europe, 1820-1895." Modern Language Review 92, no. 2 (April 1997): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3734921.

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Sammons, Jeffrey L., and Clifford Albrecht Bernd. "Poetic Realism in Scandinavia and Central Europe 1820-1895." South Atlantic Review 61, no. 3 (1996): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3200899.

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Jiménez-Jáimez, Víctor. "The Unsuspected Circles. On the Late Recognition of Southern Iberian Neolithic and Chalcolithic Ditched Enclosures." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81 (June 10, 2015): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2015.5.

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Neolithic ditched enclosures appear to be widely distributed across Central and Western Europe, and from the Mediterranean area to Scandinavia. They have been known in areas of Europe for a long time, but particularly in the last 25 years studies on British, French, Central European, and Scandinavian ditched enclosures have flourished. In line with this, a number of international meetings occurred in the last three decades. In southern Iberia, by contrast, ditched enclosures only began to be known in the 1970s, and even then methodological deficiencies and lack of funding hampered their characterisation. As a consequence of this, Iberian Neolithic and Copper Age ditched enclosures were largely unknown outside Portugal and Spain. They were not represented in any of the international meetings above, nor included in any of the syntheses made about the topic. Not only that, for decades, Spanish and Portuguese archaeologists were not aware of the potential analogies themselves, and the research that was being carried out elsewhere in Europe had almost no influence on the way ditched enclosures were surveyed, excavated, and interpreted in the peninsula. The main objective of this article is to advance the recognition of the southern Iberian evidence by other European researchers and the integration of the Iberian conversation into the general discussion. The focus will be on how these sites have been studied by several generations of Iberian archaeologists, in an attempt to explain why it has taken Portuguese and Spanish archaeologists so long to realise that Iberian enclosures should not be understood in isolation.

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Duncan, S. "Theorising Differences in Patriarchy." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (August 1994): 1177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261177.

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The concept of patriarchy gives a necessary causal basis to the study of gender divisions and gender inequality. However, it has often been employed in a deterministic way, where variation is unexplained and agency is underplayed. This paper reviews Walby's reconceptualisation of six dimensions of patriarchy, based on a realist view of causation, which attempts to reintroduce empirical complexity and institutional variation into the concept. The author suggests that this reconceptualisation does not go far enough. Similarly, models of gendered welfare states, though descriptively quite detailed, are analytically weak. It is suggested that an integration of Walby's theory of patriarchy with Scandinavian ideas of the gender contract provides the best means of conceptualising difference in gender divisions.

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Olesen, Mikkel Runge. "To Balance or Not to Balance: How Denmark Almost Stayed out of NATO, 1948–1949." Journal of Cold War Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 63–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00818.

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This article proposes a theoretical model for understanding foreign policy formation and change, especially regarding alliances and what might be called “balancing” foreign policy behavior. The article combines a realist focus on power with the perceptions of actors based on their experiences and the lessons they draw from them. When uncertainty about threat level is high, the “lessons” that actors or groups draw from the past play an indispensable role in helping them make sense of the world. The model is applied to the case of Denmark's decision to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, which was arguably the most significant shift in Danish foreign policy of the twentieth century. The model explains why Danish officials decided to joined NATO only after the Scandinavian Defense Union had failed.

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Watson, Anna. "Norwegian Political Theatre in the 1970s: Breaking Away from the “Ibsen Tradition”." Nordic Theatre Studies 28, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v28i1.23972.

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The dominant theatre aesthetic in Norwegian theatre has been, and remains at large to be, psychological-realism and the bourgeois “living room drama”. In a Norwegian context this tradition is best represented by Henrik Ibsen’s dramas, staged at Nationaltheatret and Den Nasjonale Scene. However, throughout the 20th century there have been several attempts to break with the “Ibsen tradition”, especially among left-wing political and socially engaged theatre-makers and playwrights such as Gunvor Sartz, Olav Daalgard, and Nordahl Grieg in the 1930s, and Jens Bjørneboe and Odin Teatret in the 1960s. I argue that the clearest and most decisive break with Realism and the Aristotelian dramaturgy, in a Norwegian political theatre context, was made in the late 1970s, instigated by the independent theatre groups Perleporten Teatergruppe and Tramteatret. Their break did not only constitute an aesthetic and dramaturgical break, but also a break in organizational terms by breaking the hierarchy of the institutional theatre ‘machine’. Perleporten Teatergruppe and Tramteatret aimed at making a political, progressive theatre both in form and content. Perleporten and Tramteatret were both inspired by contemporaneous political and experimental theatre in Europe and Scandinavia as well as by the historical avant-garde experiments, and, for Tramteatret’s part, the workers' theatre movement from the 1920s and 30s in their search for a theatre that could express the social and political climate of the day. In this article, I will place Tramteatret and Perleporten Teatergruppe’s debut performances Deep Sea Thriller (1977) and Knoll og Tott (1975) within a historiographical and cultural-political context.

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Hill, H. Hamner. "H.L.A. Hart’s Hermeneutic Positivism: On Some Methodological Difficulties in The Concept of Law." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 3, no. 1 (January 1990): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900001077.

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Despite the tremendous literature that has sprung up concerning Hart’s The Concept of Law, one very important feature of the work has been somewhat overlooked: its methodological underpinnings. While Hart himself says The Concept of Law may “be regarded as an essay in descriptive sociology”, this claim has not received adequate philosophical examination. Though a dedicated philosophical positivist, the distinctive feature of Hart’s legal philosophy – the internal aspect of rules – requires a social science methodology that moves him in the direction of hermeneutics. In defending the importance of the internal aspect of rules against the predictive theory of Scandinavian Legal Realist Alf Ross, Hart argues that without the internal aspect, onejettisons something vital not only to the understanding of law but of any form of normative social structure. For the understanding of this the methodology of the empirical sciences is useless; what is needed is a ‘hermeneutic’ method which involves portraying rule-governed behaviour as it appears to its participants, who see it as conforming or failing to conform to certain standards.

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HANSEN, VALERIE, and HELEN WANG. "Introduction." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 23, no. 2 (April 2013): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186313000126.

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Most economists and historians today conceive of money in narrow terms – probably because they have grown up in the modern world and are used to our system of coins, paper notes, cheques and credit cards. Although economic historians are generally aware that some earlier societies (in Africa, Scandinavia and elsewhere) used other items as money, they do not usually pay much attention to these examples. Few realise that the government of China, governing an empire of some 60 million people during the Tang dynasty (618–907), implemented a complex financial system that recognised grain, coins and textiles as money. The government received taxes in coin and in kind, produced to specific standards (specific widths and lengths of textiles) that would then be redistributed, being used for official salaries and military expenses among other expenditures. Although some of the surviving evidence comes from the Silk Road sites of Turfan, Dunhuang and Khotan in northwest China (where the dry climate has preserved many documents and some actual examples of tax textiles), this multicurrency system was in use throughout the entire empire during the seventh to tenth centuries. At the time, Tang China was possibly the largest economy in the world, rivalled only by the Abbasid Empire (751–1258).

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Sankaran, Shankar, Anne Live Vaagaasar, and Michiel Christian Bekker. "Assignment of project team members to projects." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 13, no. 6 (September 19, 2019): 1381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-12-2018-0285.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how project managers, influence the assignment of project team members by directly assigning or specifying who they want or by indirectly using lateral influence strategies to secure the appropriate resources. This study is part of a wider study investigating the balance between vertical and horizontal leadership in projects in which nomination (or assignment) was identified as a key event contributing to balancing the leadership. It focuses specifically on the nomination or assignment event at the start of a project. Design/methodology/approach Based on the philosophy of critical realism, case studies were used to collect data through 70 semi-structured interviews in Australia, Scandinavia and South Africa. Interviews were conducted with senior managers, project managers and project team members. Two project team members who worked with the same project manager were interviewed to gather diverse views. The data were analyzed individually by researchers from each location using a coding method proposed by Miles et al. (2014). The researchers then jointly analyzed the findings to arrive at five common themes from that explained how team members were assigned in practice. Findings Despite the recognized need for project managers to form their own teams, this study found that project team members were often assigned by others. This was because project managers lacked authority to secure their resources. Therefore, they used lateral influence strategies to help with assigning project team members. The study identified five lateral influencing strategies adopted by project managers to assign team members: creating an image of competence; creating coalitions; taking a gamble; waiting for the right moment; and reasoning with facts. Two of these lateral influencing strategies were not identified in the previous literature on influencing strategies used in organizations. Research limitations/implications The findings should not be viewed as representative of the respective continents where the cases were studied. However, this study contributes to the literature on project management, illuminating how project teams are assigned and by whom and, specifically, the role that influence plays during this event of the balanced leadership theory. It also identifies the types of lateral influence strategies used by project managers when assigning team members to their projects. It provides a pathway to explore the use of lateral influencing strategies by project managers beyond the assignment process. Practical implications This study will help project managers to become aware of influencing strategies that they can use in practice while assigning team members to their projects. It will also highlight the importance of assigning the right resources to projects with a view to achieving balanced leadership. Originality/value This research is of value to organizations using projects to successfully deliver their strategies by assigning suitable resources to their projects.

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Drouin, Nathalie, Ralf Müller, Shankar Sankaran, and Anne Live Vaagaasar. "Balancing vertical and horizontal leadership in projects." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 11, no. 4 (September 3, 2018): 986–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-01-2018-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: to identify how horizontal leaders (within project teams) execute their leadership task in the context of balanced leadership; and to pinpoint scenarios that can occur when horizontal leaders are identified and empowered by the vertical leader (senior or project managers) and a project task is handed over to them to lead. This research is based on the concept of balanced leadership, which conceptualizes leadership as a dynamic, situation-dependent transition of leadership authority from a vertical leader (like a project manager) to a horizontal leader (a project team member) and back again, in order to contribute positively to a project’s success. Balanced leadership consists of five events (nomination, identification, empowerment, horizontal leadership and its governance, and transition). This paper focuses on the fourth event, and its specific aspect of leadership distribution between horizontal and vertical leader. This event begins when a team member(s) accepts the empowerment to assume the role of horizontal leader. This paper explicitly links the leadership style of the vertical leader based on Frame’s (1987) leadership styles and the nature of decisions taken by both the vertical and horizontal leaders to deliver the project. Design/methodology/approach The method used for this paper is the qualitative phase of a sequential mixed methods (qualitative-quantitative) study. Data were collected through case studies in four different countries, using a maximum variety sampling approach. Data collection was through interviews of vertical leaders (senior leaders who were often sponsors of projects or members of senior management or project managers) and horizontal leaders (team leaders or members) in a variety of industry sectors. Data analysis was done through initial coding and constant comparison to arrive at themes. Thematic analysis was used to gain knowledge about the split of leadership and decision-making authority between the horizontal and vertical leader(s). Findings The results show that for Canadian and Australian projects, a combination of autocratic and democratic leadership styles were used by vertical leaders. In the case of Scandinavian projects, a democratic leadership style has been observed. Linked to these leadership styles, the horizontal decision making is predominantly focused on technical decisions and to daily task decisions to deliver the project. Delegation occurs most of the time to one specific team member, but occasionally to several team members simultaneously, for them to work collaboratively on a given issue. Research limitations/implications The paper supports a deeper investigation into a leadership theory, by validating one particular event of the balanced leadership theory, which is based on Archer’s (1995) realist social theory. The findings from this paper will guide organizations to facilitate an effective approach to balancing the leadership roles between vertical and horizontal leaders in their projects. The findings can also be used to develop horizontal leaders to take up more responsibilities in projects. Originality/value The originality lies in the new leadership theory called balanced leadership, and its empirical validation. It is the first study on the leadership task distribution between vertical and horizontal leadership in projects. Its value is new insights, which allow practitioners to develop practices to find and empower the best possible leader at any given time in the project and academics to develop a more dynamic and, therefore, more realistic theory on leadership as it unfolds in projects.

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Grosvenor, Daniel P., and Kenneth S. Carslaw. "The decomposition of cloud–aerosol forcing in the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 15681–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15681-2020.

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Abstract. Climate variability in the North Atlantic influences processes such as hurricane activity and droughts. Global model simulations have identified aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs) as an important driver of sea surface temperature variability via surface aerosol forcing. However, ACIs are a major cause of uncertainty in climate forcing; therefore, caution is needed in interpreting the results from coarse-resolution, highly parameterized global models. Here, we separate and quantify the components of the surface shortwave effective radiative forcing (ERF) due to aerosol in the atmosphere-only version of the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) and evaluate the cloud properties and their radiative effects against observations. We focus on a northern region of the North Atlantic (NA) where stratocumulus clouds dominate (denoted the northern NA region) and a southern region where trade cumulus and broken stratocumulus dominate (southern NA region). Aerosol forcing was diagnosed using a pair of simulations in which the meteorology is approximately fixed via nudging to analysis; one simulation has pre-industrial (PI) and one has present-day (PD) aerosol emissions. This model does not include aerosol effects within the convective parameterization (but aerosol does affect the clouds associated with detrainment) and so it should be noted that the representation of aerosol forcing for convection is incomplete. Contributions to the surface ERF from changes in cloud fraction (fc), in-cloud liquid water path (LWPic) and droplet number concentration (Nd) were quantified. Over the northern NA region, increases in Nd and LWPic dominate the forcing. This is likely because the already-high fc there reduces the chances of further large increases in fc and allows cloud brightening to act over a larger region. Over the southern NA region, increases in fc dominate due to the suppression of rain by the additional aerosols. Aerosol-driven increases in macrophysical cloud properties (LWPic and fc) will rely on the response of the boundary layer parameterization, along with input from the cloud microphysics scheme, which are highly uncertain processes. Model grid boxes with low-altitude clouds present in both the PI and PD dominate the forcing in both regions. In the northern NA, the brightening of completely overcast low cloud scenes (100 % cloud cover, likely stratocumulus) contributes the most, whereas in the southern NA the creation of clouds with fc of around 20 % from clear skies in the PI was the largest single contributor, suggesting that trade cumulus clouds are created in response to increases in aerosol. The creation of near-overcast clouds was also important there. The correct spatial pattern, coverage and properties of clouds are important for determining the magnitude of aerosol forcing, so we also assess the realism of the modelled PD clouds against satellite observations. We find that the model reproduces the spatial pattern of all the observed cloud variables well but that there are biases. The shortwave top-of-the-atmosphere (SWTOA) flux is overestimated by 5.8 % in the northern NA region and 1.7 % in the southern NA, which we attribute mainly to positive biases in low-altitude fc. Nd is too low by −20.6 % in the northern NA and too high by 21.5 % in the southern NA but does not contribute greatly to the main SWTOA biases. Cloudy-sky liquid water path mainly shows biases north of Scandinavia that reach between 50 % and 100 % and dominate the SWTOA bias in that region. The large contribution to aerosol forcing in the UKESM1 model from highly uncertain macrophysical adjustments suggests that further targeted observations are needed to assess rain formation processes, how they depend on aerosols and the model response to precipitation in order to reduce uncertainty in climate projections.

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Robertson, Ritchie. "Reviews : Poetic Realism in Scandinavia and Central Europe, 1820-1895. By Clifford Albrecht Bernd. Studies in German Literature, Linguistics and Culture. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1995. Distributed by Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk. Pp. vi + 243. £40.00. The German Novella: Two Centuries of Criticism. By Siegfried Weing. Studies in German Literature, Linguistics and Culture: Literary Criticism in Perspective. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1994. Distributed by Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk. Pp. xii + 191 pp. £38.00." Journal of European Studies 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004724419502500220.

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Leiter, Brian. "What is a realist theory of law?" Iuris Dictio, May 16, 2020, 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18272/iu.v25i25.1631.

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This essay offers a programmatic statement for a realist theory of law. Although I have been influenced by (and written about) the work of earlier American, Scandinavian, Italian and other legal realists, this is not an essay about what others have thought. This is an essay about what I take realism about law to mean and what its theoretical commitments are; I shall use other realists to sometimes illustrate the distinctive positions of a realist theory of law, but will make clear where I depart from them.

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Widhe, Olle. "Helle Strandgaard Jensen, From Superman to Social Realism: Children’s Media and Scandinavian Childhood." Barnboken 41 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.14811/clr.v41i0.301.

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Bohlin, Anna. "The novel reconsidered: Emotions and anti‐realism in mid‐19th‐century Scandinavian literature." Nations and Nationalism, January 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nana.12698.

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Holtermann, Jakob v. H. "A Straw Man Revisited: Resettling the Score between H.L.A Hart and Scandinavian Legal Realism." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2859404.

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Holtermann, Jakob v. H. "Conspicuous Absence and Mistaken Presence - A Note on the Ambiguous Role of Scandinavian Legal Realism in Nordic Approaches to International Law." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2947692.

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