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Journal articles on the topic 'Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Vobornik, Dušan, and Slavenka Vobornik. "Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 20, 2008): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2008.3000.

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An average human eye can see details down to 0,07 mm in size. The ability to see smaller details of the matter is correlated with the development of the science and the comprehension of the nature. Today’s science needs eyes for the nano-world. Examples are easily found in biology and medical sciences. There is a great need to determine shape, size, chemical composition, molecular structure and dynamic properties of nano-structures. To do this, microscopes with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution are required. Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) is a new step in the evolution of microscopy. The conventional, lens-based microscopes have their resolution limited by diffraction. SNOM is not subject to this limitation and can offer up to 70 times better resolution.

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2

ITO, Shinzaburo, and Hiroyuki AOKI. "Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy : SNOM." Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 41, no. 5 (2005): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.41.170.

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3

Pohl, D. W., U. Ch Fischer, and U. T. Dürig. "Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)." Journal of Microscopy 152, no. 3 (December 1988): 853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1988.tb01458.x.

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4

Cricenti, A. "Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)." physica status solidi (c) 5, no. 8 (June 2008): 2615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200779106.

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5

Pfeffer, M., P. Lambelet, and F. Marquis Weible. "Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM): Biomedical Applications." Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 41, s1 (1996): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmte.1996.41.s1.282.

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6

Vobornik, D., G. Margaritondo, J. S. Sanghera, P. Thielen, I. D. Aggarwal, B. Ivanov, N. H. Tolk, et al. "Spectroscopic infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR-SNOM)." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 401, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.02.057.

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7

Hermann, Richard J., and Michael J. Gordon. "Nanoscale Optical Microscopy and Spectroscopy Using Near-Field Probes." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-084150.

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Light-matter interactions can provide a wealth of detailed information about the structural, electronic, optical, and chemical properties of materials through various excitation and scattering processes that occur over different length, energy, and timescales. Unfortunately, the wavelike nature of light limits the achievable spatial resolution for interrogation and imaging of materials to roughly λ/2 because of diffraction. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) breaks this diffraction limit by coupling light to nanostructures that are specifically designed to manipulate, enhance, and/or extract optical signals from very small regions of space. Progress in the SNOM field over the past 30 years has led to the development of many methods to optically characterize materials at lateral spatial resolutions well below 100 nm. We review these exciting developments and demonstrate how SNOM is truly extending optical imaging and spectroscopy to the nanoscale.

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Wang, Haomin, Jiahan Li, James H. Edgar, and Xiaoji G. Xu. "Three-dimensional near-field analysis through peak force scattering-type near-field optical microscopy." Nanoscale 12, no. 3 (2020): 1817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08417g.

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9

Schoenmaker, J., M. Pojar, A. D. Barra-Barrera, A. C. Seabra, and A. D. Santos. "Chemical Etching Tip Processing for Magneto-Optical Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 11, S03 (December 2005): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927605050798.

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Nanoscale resolution in microscopy characterization has become crucial for state-of-the-art science and technology. We have developed a Magneto-optical Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (MO-SNOM), and it has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to study local magnetic properties [1,2]. One of the critical steps in producing a reliable instrument and consistent images is the fabrication of the microscope tip. This work presents concepts and results on tip processing by chemical etching on FS-SN-3224 optical fibers from 3M. The quality of the tips produced was tested on magnetic multilayers presenting exchange-bias coupling.

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Sekatskii, S. K., K. Dukenbayev, M. Mensi, A. G. Mikhaylov, E. Rostova, A. Smirnov, N. Suriyamurthy, and G. Dietler. "Single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer scanning near-field optical microscopy: potentials and challenges." Faraday Discussions 184 (2015): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00097a.

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A few years ago, single molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (FRET SNOM) images were demonstrated using CdSe semiconductor nanocrystal–dye molecules as donor–acceptor pairs. Corresponding experiments reveal the necessity to exploit much more photostable fluorescent centers for such an imaging technique to become a practically used tool. Here we report the results of our experiments attempting to use nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in nanodiamond (ND) crystals, which are claimed to be extremely photostable, for FRET SNOM. All attempts were unsuccessful, and as a plausible explanation we propose the absence (instability) of NV centers lying close enough to the ND border. We also report improvements in SNOM construction that are necessary for single molecule FRET SNOM imaging. In particular, we present the first topographical images of single strand DNA molecules obtained with fiber-based SNOM. The prospects of using rare earth ions in crystals, which are known to be extremely photostable, for single molecule FRET SNOM at room temperature and quantum informatics at liquid helium temperatures, where FRET is a coherent process, are also discussed.

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11

Wiecha, Matthias M., Rohit Kapoor, Alexander V. Chernyadiev, Kęstutis Ikamas, Alvydas Lisauskas, and Hartmut G. Roskos. "Antenna-coupled field-effect transistors as detectors for terahertz near-field microscopy." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 6 (2021): 1717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00928h.

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We report the successful implementation of antenna-coupled terahertz field-effect transistors (TeraFETs) as homodyne detectors in a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) operating with radiation at 246.5 GHz.

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12

Vobornik, Dušan, Giorgio Margaritondo, Slavenka Vobornik, Peter Thielen, Renato Generosi, Norman Tolk, and Antononio Cricenti. "Very high resolution chemical imaging with Infrared Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (IR-SNOM)." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 20, 2004): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3407.

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In this paper we present chemically highly resolved images obtained with Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) coupled with an Infrared (IR) Free Electron Laser (FEL) at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA. Main principles governing SNOM imaging as well as essential components of the experimental setup are described. Chemically resolved images showing the distribution of different phases within the boron-nitride films are presented. Universal character of the experiment and its huge potential applications in biophysics and medical sciences domain are illustrated with highly resolved SNOM images of pancreatic cells.

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13

PERFETTI, PAOLO, A. CRICENTI, and R. GENEROSI. "SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY APPLIED TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 04 (August 2000): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0000049x.

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A brief description of the scanning probe microscopies is given, with particular attention to atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near field optical microscopy (SNOM). We show examples of AFM used in friction mode and in topographic mode. The basic principles of SNOM are also presented, together with images obtained on artificial diamond films and on neuron networks.

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14

Kaupp, Gerd. "Scanning near-field optical microscopy on rough surfaces: Applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine." International Journal of Photoenergy 2006 (2006): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijp/2006/69878.

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Shear-force apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) with very sharp uncoated tapered waveguides relies on the unexpected enhancement of reflection in the shear-force gap. It is the technique for obtaining chemical (materials) contrast in the optical image of “real world” surfaces that are rough and very rough without topographical artifacts, and it is by far less complicated than other SNOM techniques that can only be used for very flat surfaces. The experimental use of the new photophysical effect is described. The applications of the new technique are manifold. Important mechanistic questions in solid-state chemistry (oxidation, diazotization, photodimerization, surface hydration, hydrolysis) are answered with respect to simultaneous AFM (atomic force microscopy) and detailed crystal packing. Prehistoric petrified bacteria and concomitant pyrite inclusions are also investigated with local RAMAN SNOM. Polymer beads and unstained biological objects (rabbit heart, shrimp eye) allow for nanoscopic analysis of cell organelles. Similarly, human teeth and a cancerous tissue are analyzed. Bladder cancer tissue is clearly differentiated from healthy tissue without staining and this opens a new highly promising diagnostic tool for precancer diagnosis. Industrial applications are demonstrated at the corrosion behavior of dental alloys (withdrawal of a widely used alloy, harmless substitutes), improvement of paper glazing, behavior of blood bags upon storage, quality assessment of metal particle preparations for surface enhanced RAMAN spectroscopy, and determination of diffusion coefficient and light fastness in textile fiber dyeing. The latter applications include fluorescence SNOM. Local fluorescence SNOM is also used in the study of partly aggregating dye nanoparticles within resin/varnish preparations. Unexpected new insights are obtained in all of the various fields that cannot be obtained by other techniques.

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15

Lacoste, Th, Th Huser, R. Prioli, and H. Heinzelmann. "Contrast enhancement using polarization-modulation scanning near-field optical microscopy (PM-SNOM)." Ultramicroscopy 71, no. 1-4 (March 1998): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3991(97)00093-4.

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16

Hausmann, Michael, Bodo Liebe, Birgit Perner, Martin Jerratsch, Karl-Otto Greulich, and Harry Scherthan. "Imaging of human meiotic chromosomes by scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)." Micron 34, no. 8 (December 2003): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-4328(03)00021-0.

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17

Cho, Kikuo, Yasushi Ohfuti, and Kiyoshi Arima. "Study of Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) by Nonlocal Response Theory." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 34, S1 (January 1, 1995): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.34s1.267.

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18

Kaupp, Gerd, Andreas Herrmann, and Michael Haak. "Artifacts in scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) due to deficient tips." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 12, no. 11 (November 1999): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1395(199911)12:11<797::aid-poc204>3.0.co;2-s.

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19

Németh, Gergely, Dániel Datz, Áron Pekker, Takeshi Saito, Oleg Domanov, Hidetsugu Shiozawa, Sándor Lenk, Béla Pécz, Pál Koppa, and Katalin Kamarás. "Near-field infrared microscopy of nanometer-sized nickel clusters inside single-walled carbon nanotubes." RSC Advances 9, no. 59 (2019): 34120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07089c.

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20

NIITSUMA, JUN-ICHI, TORU FUJIMURA, TADASHI ITOH, HITOSHI KASAI, SHUJI OKADA, HIDETOSHI OIKAWA, and HACHIRO NAKANISHI. "SCANNING NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL MICROSPECTROSCOPY OF SINGLE PERYLENE MICROCRYSTALS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 28n30 (December 10, 2001): 3901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201008950.

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Perylene microcrystals are known to show characteristic change in the exciton fluorescence spectra depending on the crystal size less than about 200nm. However, the origin of the size-dependence is not yet clear. In this work, we have studied on individual microcrystals by a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). The samples were prepared by a modified technique based on reprecipitation method. As a result, we could successfully measure the topographic and fluorescence images of perylene microcrystals with the size of ~200nm by SNOM at room temperature. In the fluorescence spectra of the single microcrystals, free and self-trapped exciton bands were successfully observed but they did not show any critical difference from that of the bulk crystals. Some possibility of environmental difference is discussed.

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21

Ito, Kenchi, Toshimichi Shintani, Sumio Hosaka, and Masaru Muranishi. "A Cavity-SNOM (Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy) Head Using a Laser Diode." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 6B (June 30, 1998): 3759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.3759.

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22

Bagdinova, Anna N., Evgeny I. Demikhov, Nataliya G. Borisenko, Sergei M. Tolokonnikov, Gennadii V. Mishakov, and Andrei V. Sharkov. "Periodic structures on liquid-phase smectic A, nematic and isotropic free surfaces." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (January 30, 2018): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.34.

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The free boundary of smectic A (SmA), nematic and isotropic liquid phases were studied using a polarized optical microscope, an interferometric surface structure analyzer (ISSA), an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). Images of the SmA phase free surface obtained by the polarized microscope and ISSA are in good correlation and show a well-known focal domain structure. The new periodic stripe structure was observed by scanning near-field optical microscopy on the surface of the smectic A, nematic and isotropic phases. The properties of this periodic structure are similar to the charged liquid helium surface and can be explained by nonlinear electrostatic instabilities previously described.

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23

Ryu, Meguya, Reo Honda, Aina Reich, Adrian Cernescu, Jing-Liang Li, Jingwen Hu, Saulius Juodkazis, and Junko Morikawa. "Near-Field IR Orientational Spectroscopy of Silk." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193991.

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Orientational dependence of the IR absorbing amide bands of silk is demonstrated from two orthogonal longitudinal and transverse microtome slices with a thickness of only ∼100 nm. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) which preferentially probes orientation perpendicular to the sample’s surface was used. Spatial resolution of the silk–epoxy boundary was ∼100 nm resolution, while the spectra were collected by a ∼10 nm tip. Ratio of the absorbance of the amide-II C-N at 1512 cm − 1 and amide-I C=O β -sheets at 1628 cm − 1 showed sensitivity of SNOM to the molecular orientation. SNOM characterisation is complimentary to the far-field absorbance which is sensitive to the in-plane polarisation. Volumes with cross sections smaller than 100 nm can be characterised for molecular orientation. A method of absorbance measurements at four angles of the slice cut orientation, which is equivalent to the four polarisation angles absorbance measurement, is proposed.

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24

Hosaka, Sumio, Hirokazu Koyabu, Yusuke Aramomi, Hayato Sone, You Yin, Eiji Sato, and Kenji Tochigi. "Prototype of Illumination-Collection Mode Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy with Gold Inner-Coated Aperture-Less Pyramidal Probe." Key Engineering Materials 459 (December 2010): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.459.129.

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We have prototyped illumination-collection mode scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) and near-field Raman spectroscopy (NFRS) with gold inner-covered aperture-less pyramidal probe in order to study the possibility to detect optical images, and Raman spectrum and Raman peak shift for stress distribution in Si device with high resolution of about 10 nm.

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25

Miwa, H., X. D. Gong, A. Hashimoto, and A. Yamamoto. "Nanoscale photoluminescence mapping for MOVPE InN films using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 7, no. 3 (January 2006): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2006.01.003.

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26

Bulat, Katarzyna, Anna Rygula, Ewelina Szafraniec, Yukihiro Ozaki, and Malgorzata Baranska. "Live endothelial cells imaged by Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM): capabilities and challenges." Journal of Biophotonics 10, no. 6-7 (August 22, 2016): 928–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201600081.

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27

Raval, M., D. Klenerman, T. Rayment, Y. Korchev, and M. Lab. "Development of a Combined Scanning Ion-Conductance and Nearfield Optical Microscope to Image Living Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600018201.

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It is important to be able to image biological samples in a manner that is non-invasive and allows the sample to retain its functionality during imaging.A member of the SPM (scanning probe microscopy) family, SNOM (scanning near-field optical microscopy), has emerged as a technique that allows optical and topographic imaging of biological samples whilst satisfying the above stated criteria. The basic operating principle of SNOM is as follows. Light is coupled down a fibre-optic probe with an output aperture of sub-wavelength dimensions. The probe is then scanned over the sample surface from a distance that is approximately equal to the size of its aperture. By this apparently simple arrangement, the diffraction limit posed by conventional optical microscopy is overcome and simultaneous generation of optical and topographic images of sub-wavelength resolution is made possible. Spatial resolution values of lOOnm in air and 60nm in liquid[1,2] are achievable with SNOM.

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Mehdi Aghaei, Sadegh, Navid Yasrebi, and Bizhan Rashidian. "Characterization of Line Nanopatterns on Positive Photoresist Produced by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/936876.

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Line nanopatterns are produced on the positive photoresist by scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). A laser diode with a wavelength of 450 nm and a power of 250 mW as the light source and an aluminum coated nanoprobe with a 70 nm aperture at the tip apex have been employed. A neutral density filter has been used to control the exposure power of the photoresist. It is found that the changes induced by light in the photoresist can be detected byin situshear force microscopy (ShFM), before the development of the photoresist. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the developed photoresist have been used to optimize the scanning speed and the power required for exposure, in order to minimize the final line width. It is shown that nanometric lines with a minimum width of 33 nm can be achieved with a scanning speed of 75 µm/s and a laser power of 113 mW. It is also revealed that the overexposure of the photoresist by continuous wave laser generated heat can be prevented by means of proper photoresist selection. In addition, the effects of multiple exposures of nanopatterns on their width and depth are investigated.

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29

Fujihira, M., H. Monobe, N. Yamamoto, H. Muramatsu, N. Chiba, K. Nakajima, and T. Ataka. "Scanning near-field optical microscopy of fluorescent polystyrene spheres with a combined SNOM and AFM." Ultramicroscopy 61, no. 1-4 (December 1995): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(95)00146-8.

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30

Namboodiri, Mahesh, Tahirzeb Khan, Khadga Karki, Mehdi Mohammad Kazemi, Sidhant Bom, Günter Flachenecker, Vinu Namboodiri, and Arnulf Materny. "Nonlinear spectroscopy in the near-field: time resolved spectroscopy and subwavelength resolution non-invasive imaging." Nanophotonics 3, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2014): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0044.

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AbstractThe combination of near-field microscopy along with nonlinear optical spectroscopic techniques is presented here. The scanning near-field imaging technique can be integrated with nonlinear spectroscopic techniques to improve spatial and axial resolution of the images. Additionally, ultrafast dynamics can be probed down to nano-scale dimension. The review shows some examples for this combination, which resulted in an exciton map and vibrational contrast images with sub-wavelength resolution. Results of two-color femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe experiments using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) on thin films of the organic semiconductor 3,4,9,10 Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) are presented. While nonlinear Raman techniques have been used to obtain highly resolved images in combination with near-field microscopy, the use of femtosecond laser pulses in electronic resonance still constitutes a big challenge. Here, we present our first results on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) with femtosecond laser pulses detected in the near-field using SNOM. We demonstrate that highly spatially resolved images can be obtained from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nano-structures where the fs-CARS process was in resonance with the P3HT absorption and with characteristic P3HT vibrational modes without destruction of the samples. Sub-diffraction limited lateral resolution is achieved. Especially the height resolution clearly surpasses that obtained with standard microCARS. These results will be the basis for future investigations of mode-selective dynamics in the near-field.

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31

Esmann, Martin, Simon F. Becker, Bernard B. da Cunha, Jens H. Brauer, Ralf Vogelgesang, Petra Groß, and Christoph Lienau. "k-space imaging of the eigenmodes of sharp gold tapers for scanning near-field optical microscopy." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 4 (October 2, 2013): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.4.67.

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We investigate the radiation patterns of sharp conical gold tapers, which were designed as adiabatic nanofocusing probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). Field calculations show that only the lowest order eigenmode of such a taper can reach the very apex and thus induce the generation of strongly enhanced near-field signals. Higher-order modes are coupled into the far field at finite distances from the apex. Here, we demonstrate experimentally how to distinguish and separate between the lowest and higher-order eigenmodes of such a metallic taper by filtering in the spatial frequency domain. Our approach has the potential to considerably improve the signal-to-background ratio in spectroscopic experiments at the nanoscale.

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32

Berneschi, Simone, Andrea Barucci, Francesco Baldini, Franco Cosi, Franco Quercioli, Stefano Pelli, Giancarlo C. Righini, et al. "Optical Fibre Micro/Nano Tips as Fluorescence-Based Sensors and Interrogation Probes." Optics 1, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 213–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt1020017.

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Optical fibre micro/nano tips (OFTs), defined here as tapered fibres with a waist diameter ranging from a few microns to tens of nanometres and different tip angles (i.e., from tens of degrees to fractions of degrees), represent extremely versatile tools that have attracted growing interest during these last decades in many areas of photonics. The field of applications can range from physical and chemical/biochemical sensing—also at the intracellular levels—to the development of near-field probes for microscope imaging (i.e., scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)) and optical interrogation systems, up to optical devices for trapping and manipulating microparticles (i.e., optical tweezers). All these applications rely on the ability to fabricate OFTs, tailoring some of their features according to the requirements determined by the specific application. In this review, starting from a short overview of the main fabrication methods used for the realisation of these optical micro/nano structures, the focus will be concentrated on some of their intriguing applications such as the development of label-based chemical/biochemical sensors and the implementation of SNOM probes for interrogating optical devices, including whispering gallery mode microcavities.

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33

Ming, Tang, OuYang-Min, Cai Sheng-Min, Xue Zeng-Quan, and Liu Zhong-Fan. "Observation of Nanometer-sized Structures Using a Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope(SNOM)." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 13, no. 07 (1997): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19970720.

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34

Nakajima, Ken, Ruggero Micheletto, Keita Mitsui, Takashi Isoshima, Masahiko Hara, Tatsuo Wada, Hiroyuki Sasabe, and Wolfgang Knoll. "Development of a Hybrid Scanning Near-field Optical/Tunneling Microscope (SNOM/STM) System." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, Part 1, No. 6B (June 30, 1999): 3949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.38.3949.

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35

Jazi, R., T. P. L. Ung, P. Maso, G. Colas Des Francs, M. Nasilowski, B. Dubertret, J. P. Hermier, X. Quélin, and S. Buil. "Measuring the orientation of a single CdSe/CdS nanocrystal at the end of a near-field tip for the realization of a versatile active SNOM probe." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 24 (2018): 16444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02147c.

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36

Tománek, Pavel, Pavel Dobis, Markéta Benešová, and Lubomír Grmela. "Near-Field Study of Carrier Dynamics in InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots Grown on InGaAs Layers." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.151.

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InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) with ordered structure, due to their peculiar properties, open new way to design novel semiconductor devices such as single-electron transistors or highly parallel computing architectures. The lateral quantum dot alignment achieved during the selfassembly process is not well understood heretofore. The reason is, that quantum structures areusually small and studied at low temperatures. Conversely, the Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) allows study nanometer details in the non-offensive manner, in the room temperature with high spatial and temporal resolution. The first results of near-field optical study on aligned QDs are presented.

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37

LIU, DAN, WEIHUA ZHANG, XING ZHU, LI CAO, BINGSUO ZOU, and ZEBO ZHANG. "PHOTOLUMINESCENCE EMITTING PROPERTIES OF SINGLE ZnO NANOWIRE STUDIED BY SCANNING NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL MICROSCOPE." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 09 (April 10, 2007): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984907013067.

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Scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) was employed to investigate the room temperature photoluminescence (PL) of single ZnO nanowires with different radii excited by 325 nm laser. Two-dimensional distribution of their PL intensity is provided for the analysis of intensity decay from emission source. It is found that the PL intensity at both ends of each ZnO nanowire (end emission) was much stronger than that at the sides of the wire (side emission). Further investigation indicates that the quality of end emission depends on the diameters of the wires. Some of the ZnO nanowires with special diameters emit stronger light, and the shape of the light is close to Gauss beam. In addition, the Gauss shape light can diffuse longer distance than what the side emission does, typically in the range of a few micrometers. It is a sign of the fact that special guided modes of the PL light are formed in the nanowires. The calculation results predicate that the special guiding mode strongly relies on the diameters of the ZnO nanowires. The good directional property and high intensity of the end emission have many potential applications, including optical switch and microanalysis. It has been shown that SNOM can provide direct evidence of light emission properties from single nanowires, and hence provide the clue of increasing light efficiency and the improvement of light-propagating mode.

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Ezugwu, Sabastine, Hanyang Ye, and Giovanni Fanchini. "Three-dimensional scanning near field optical microscopy (3D-SNOM) imaging of random arrays of copper nanoparticles: implications for plasmonic solar cell enhancement." Nanoscale 7, no. 1 (2015): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr05094k.

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A 3D-SNOM imaging technique is used to design plasmonically enhanced organic solar cells with a threefold increase in photoconversion efficiency by the application of a 200 nm SiO₂ spacer between an array of Cu nanoparticles and the active layer.

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Smith, Caroline I., Michele R. F. Siggel-King, James Ingham, Paul Harrison, David S. Martin, Andrea Varro, D. Mark Pritchard, Mark Surman, Steve Barrett, and Peter Weightman. "Application of a quantum cascade laser aperture scanning near-field optical microscope to the study of a cancer cell." Analyst 143, no. 24 (2018): 5912–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an01183d.

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Tegegne, Zerihun Gedeb, Carlos Viana, Marc D. Rosales, Julien Schiellein, Jean-Luc Polleux, Marjorie Grzeskowiak, Elodie Richalot, and Catherine Algani. "An 850 nm SiGe/Si HPT with a 4.12 GHz maximum optical transition frequency and 0.805A/W responsivity." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715001531.

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A 10 × 10 μm2SiGe heterojunction bipolar photo-transistor (HPT) is fabricated using a commercial technological process of 80 GHz SiGe bipolar transistors (HBT). Its technology and structure are first briefly described. Its optimal opto-microwave dynamic performance is then analyzed versus voltage biasing conditions for opto-microwave continuous wave measurements. The optimal biasing points are then chosen in order to maximize the optical transition frequency (fTopt) and the opto-microwave responsivity of the HPT. An opto-microwave scanning near-field optical microscopy (OM-SNOM) is performed using these optimum bias conditions to localize the region of the SiGe HPT with highest frequency response. The OM-SNOM results are key to extract the optical coupling of the probe to the HPT (of 32.3%) and thus the absolute responsivity of the HPT. The effect of the substrate is also observed as it limits the extraction of the intrinsic HPT performance. A maximum optical transition frequency of 4.12 GHz and an absolute low frequency opto-microwave responsivity of 0.805A/W are extracted at 850 nm.

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Wolf, J. F., P. E. Hillner, R. Bilewicz, P. Kölsch, and J. P. Rabe. "Novel scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM)/scanning confocal optical microscope based on normal force distance regulation and bent etched fiber tips." Review of Scientific Instruments 70, no. 6 (June 1999): 2751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149840.

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Ye, Fan, Juan M. Merlo, Michael J. Burns, and Michael J. Naughton. "Optical and electrical mappings of surface plasmon cavity modes." Nanophotonics 3, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2014): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0038.

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AbstractPlasmonics is a rapidly expanding field, founded in physics but now with a growing number of applications in biology (biosensing), nanophotonics, photovoltaics, optical engineering and advanced information technology. Appearing as charge density oscillations along a metal surface, excited by electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light), plasmons can propagate as surface plasmon polaritons, or can be confined as standing waves along an appropriately-prepared surface. Here, we review the latter manifestation, both their origins and the manners in which they are detected, the latter dominated by near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM/SNOM). We include discussion of the “plasmonic halo” effect recently observed by the authors, wherein cavity-confined plasmons are able to modulate optical transmission through step-gap nanostructures, yielding a novel form of color (wavelength) selection.

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43

Andolfi, Laura, Alice Battistella, Michele Zanetti, Marco Lazzarino, Lorella Pascolo, Federico Romano, and Giuseppe Ricci. "Scanning Probe Microscopies: Imaging and Biomechanics in Reproductive Medicine Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083823.

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Basic and translational research in reproductive medicine can provide new insights with the application of scanning probe microscopies, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). These microscopies, which provide images with spatial resolution well beyond the optical resolution limit, enable users to achieve detailed descriptions of cell topography, inner cellular structure organization, and arrangements of single or cluster membrane proteins. A peculiar characteristic of AFM operating in force spectroscopy mode is its inherent ability to measure the interaction forces between single proteins or cells, and to quantify the mechanical properties (i.e., elasticity, viscoelasticity, and viscosity) of cells and tissues. The knowledge of the cell ultrastructure, the macromolecule organization, the protein dynamics, the investigation of biological interaction forces, and the quantification of biomechanical features can be essential clues for identifying the molecular mechanisms that govern responses in living cells. This review highlights the main findings achieved by the use of AFM and SNOM in assisted reproductive research, such as the description of gamete morphology; the quantification of mechanical properties of gametes; the role of forces in embryo development; the significance of investigating single-molecule interaction forces; the characterization of disorders of the reproductive system; and the visualization of molecular organization. New perspectives of analysis opened up by applying these techniques and the translational impacts on reproductive medicine are discussed.

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Nagy, P., A. Jenei, A. K. Kirsch, J. Szollosi, S. Damjanovich, and T. M. Jovin. "Activation-dependent clustering of the erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase detected by scanning near-field optical microscopy." Journal of Cell Science 112, no. 11 (June 1, 1999): 1733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.112.11.1733.

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ErbB2 (HER2, Neu), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase family, is often overexpressed in breast cancer and other malignancies. ErbB2 homodimerizes but also presents as a common auxiliary subunit of the EGF and heregulin receptors (erbB1 or EGFR; and erbB3-4, respectively), with which it heteroassociates. ErbB2 is generally regarded as an orphan (ligand-less) receptor with a very potent kinase domain activated either via its associated partners or constitutively as a consequence of discrete mutations. It follows that the extent and regulation of its cell surface interactions are of central importance. We have studied the large-scale association pattern of erbB2 in quiescent and activated cells labeled with fluorescent anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibodies using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). ErbB2 was found to be concentrated in irregular membrane patches with a mean diameter of approx. 0.5 microm in nonactivated SKBR3 and MDA453 human breast tumor cells. The average number of erbB2 proteins in a single cluster on nonactivated SKBR3 cells was about 10(3). Activation of SKBR3 cells with EGF, heregulin as well as a partially agonistic anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibody led to an increase in the mean cluster diameter to 0.6-0.9 microm, irrespective of the ligand. The EGF-induced increase in the erbB2 cluster size was inhibited by the EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD153035. The average size of erbB2 clusters on the erbB2-transfected line of CHO cells (CB2) was similar to that of activated SKBR3 cells, a finding correlated with the increased base-line tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB2 in cells expressing only erbB2. We conclude that an increase in cluster size may constitute a general phenomenon in the activation of erbB2.

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Bazylewski, Paul, Sabastine Ezugwu, and Giovanni Fanchini. "A Review of Three-Dimensional Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (3D-SNOM) and Its Applications in Nanoscale Light Management." Applied Sciences 7, no. 10 (September 22, 2017): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app7100973.

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Harder, Alexander, Mareike Dieding, Volker Walhorn, Sven Degenhard, Andreas Brodehl, Christina Wege, Hendrik Milting, and Dario Anselmetti. "Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy of sparsely labeled tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament desmin." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 4 (September 11, 2013): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.4.60.

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Both fluorescence imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are highly versatile and extensively used in applications ranging from nanotechnology to life sciences. In fluorescence microscopy luminescent dyes serve as position markers. Moreover, they can be used as active reporters of their local vicinity. The dipolar coupling of the tip with the incident light and the fluorophore give rise to a local field and fluorescence enhancement. AFM topographic imaging allows for resolutions down to the atomic scale. It can be operated in vacuum, under ambient conditions and in liquids. This makes it ideal for the investigation of a wide range of different samples. Furthermore an illuminated AFM cantilever tip apex exposes strongly confined non-propagating electromagnetic fields that can serve as a coupling agent for single dye molecules. Thus, combining both techniques by means of apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy (aSNOM) enables concurrent high resolution topography and fluorescence imaging. Commonly, among the various (apertureless) SNOM approaches metallic or metallized probes are used. Here, we report on our custom-built aSNOM setup, which uses commercially available monolithic silicon AFM cantilevers. The field enhancement confined to the tip apex facilitates an optical resolution down to 20 nm. Furthermore, the use of standard mass-produced AFM cantilevers spares elaborate probe production or modification processes. We investigated tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament protein desmin. Both are mixed complexes of building blocks, which are fluorescently labeled to a low degree. The simultaneous recording of topography and fluorescence data allows for the exact localization of distinct building blocks within the superordinate structures.

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Dziomba, Th, Th Sulzbach, O. Ohlsson, Ch Lehrer, L. Frey, and H. U. Danzebrink. "Ion beam-treated silicon probes operated in transmission and cross-polarized reflection mode near-infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy (NIR-SNOM)." Surface and Interface Analysis 27, no. 5-6 (May 1999): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199905/06)27:5/6<486::aid-sia498>3.0.co;2-6.

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Namboodiri, Mahesh, Tahir Zeb Khan, Sidhant Bom, Günter Flachenecker, and Arnulf Materny. "Scanning near-field optical coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscopy (SNOM-CARS) with femtosecond laser pulses in vibrational and electronic resonance." Optics Express 21, no. 1 (January 9, 2013): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.000918.

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49

Cho, Kikuo, Yasushi Ohfuti, and Kiyoshi Arima. "Theory of resonant SNOM (scanning near-field optical microscopy): breakdown of the electric dipole selection rule in the reflection mode." Surface Science 363, no. 1-3 (August 1996): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(96)00164-1.

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50

Wang, Yuhong, Kecheng Zhao, Fangjin Li, Qi Gao, and King Wai Chiu Lai. "Recent advances in characterizing the “bee” structures and asphaltene particles in asphalt binders." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 13, no. 6 (November 2020): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-6008-3.

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AbstractThe microscopic surface features of asphalt binders are extensively reported in existing literature, but relatively fewer studies are performed on the morphology of asphaltene microstructures and cross-examination between the surface features and asphaltenes. This paper reports the findings of investigating six types of asphalt binders at the nanoscale, assisted with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The surface features of the asphalt binders were examined by using AFM before and after being repetitively peeled by a tape. Variations in infrared (IR) absorbance at the wavenumber around 1700 cm−1, which corresponds to ketones, were examined by using an infrared s-SNOM instrument (scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope). Thin films of asphalt binders were examined by using STEM, and separate asphaltene particles were cross-examined by using both STEM and AFM. In addition, connections between the microstructures and binder’s physicochemical properties were evaluated. The use of both microscopy techniques provide comprehensive and complementary information on the microscopic nature of asphalt binders. It was found that the dynamic viscosities of asphalt binders are predominantly determined by the zero shear viscosity of the corresponding maltenes and asphaltene content. Limited samples also suggest that the unique bee structures are likely related to the growth of asphaltene content during asphalt binder aging process, but more asphalt binders from different crude sources are needed to verify this finding.

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