Academic literature on the topic 'Scenic beauty estimation method'

Aesthetic values of the forest in northeastern Ontario were determined with the Scenic Beauty Estimation Method, which relates psychometric analysis with quantitative forest stand characteristics. Results indicate high agreement for scenic beauty between environmental groups and other public groups, but less agreement between either of these and resource managers. In predominently coniferous forests, hardwoods (especially aspen) contribute to scenic beauty, and respondents prefer mature open stands over younger and denser ones. Linking people's aesthetic evaluations to physical stand characteristics may provide valuable insights for forest management purposes. Key words: Forest aesthetics, user preferences, white pine, red pine, scenic beauty

Pematang tanggang has a lot of potential tourism resources. Hawever there is no sufficient information about the aspects supporting the area to be developed as a tourist destination. The aims of the study were to examine the potential and natural touristic attraction in pematang tanggang, and to calculate the beauty value of those potential. Direct observation and interview were employed as the data collection methods, accidental sampling was used as the respondent determined. Scenic beauty estimation and descriptive analysis were emplayed as data analysis method. The results of the study shows that the potential and the natural touristic attraction in Pematang Tanggang are; Tanggang waterfall, Payung waterfall, view to the Lampung bay , and wolf tree. Activities could be done are encamped, photography, bird watching, primate watching, and rock climbing. Based on the scenic beauty estimation method the value of potential and natural touristic attraction in Pematang Tanggang from the higest to the are; Tanggang waterfall (33), Payung waterfall (20), view to the Lampung bay (4), and wolf tree (0). Keywords : nature potential, Pematang Tanggang, scenic beauty estimation

The development of ​​ coastal areas in Denpasar City is no longer focused on one location in Sanur but rather prioritizes potential tourism areas such as the Ayung River Estuary in Kesiman Kertalangu Village. This area has a beautiful natural landscape which makes it a recreational destination for the surrounding community and several efforts have been made by the village government to make it desirable for tourists as observed in the evaluation of the beautiful landscape in Ayung river estuary to serve as an input for further planning of the area. This research was, therefore, conducted using a descriptive quantitative method and scenic beauty estimation for analysis. The results showed the high scenic beauty estimation category was on the west side of the Ayung River while the low category was in the coastal area to the north of the area. Moreover, the factors influencing the scenic beauty estimation value include vegetation, water elements, cleanliness, and the aesthetic form of hardscape/landscape elements.

The study was carried out to investigate the visual impact of using fruit trees in urban landscapes by applying the Scenic Beauty Estimation Method (SBE). Thirty students from the Faculty of Horticulture were asked to assign scenic beauty values to different landscapes with and without the presence of fruit trees in urban areas. The results show that fruit trees have positive influences on the aesthetic value of perceived landscape scenery.

Abstract This article presents the results of my research conducted in the rural park Borek, which is located in Gardzienice Drugie, Lublin province. The study was comprised of measuring the dendrological value of the park using the Rokosza method and determining the landscape’s aesthetic value using the scenic beauty estimation (SBE) method. In order to establish the dendrological and aesthetic values, the park was divided into four sections, which were then compared with each other. It has been shown earlier that results of the scenic beauty estimation method and the dendrological value are only weakly correlated when it comes to park landscapes. It is therefore advisable to test the value of parks, in both categories, dendrological and aesthetic. This approach could form the basis for the development of a new method to classify and evaluate park landscapes.

Merak Belantung village in Kalianda sub district of South Lampung regency is a village located in coastal area. This village has a big ecotourism potential especially in its mangrove ecosystem. Despite of Merak Belantung tourism resource potentials, no research has been conducted to study aspects supporting this area into mangrove tourism development, so that data and information about this village is too general. A tourism development of a particular area needs a deep study from various aspects. The objectives of this research were to find out potentials and attractiveness of mangrove tourism in Merak Belantung village and to estimate the values of beauty from these potentials so that this area could be developed into tourism area supporting natural preservation and improving people welfare around it. This research was conducted from April to Desember 2013. Data were collected with direct observations in the fields and direct interviews with respondents to give assessment to tourism beauty potentials. Data were analyzed using descriptive method and scenic beauty estimation (SBE). The results showed that potentials and attraction of mangrove tourism object in Merak Belantung village was the mangrove ecosystem, mangrove water flow, river downstream and beach, local dance art, and handy craft. Activities could be conducted were photography, swimming, bird watching, canoeing, mangrove walk and fishing. Mangrove potential and tourism attraction in Merak Belantung village based on scenic beauty estimation (SBE) were high with the following SBE values: beach was 42, mangrove water flow was 20, and mangrove downstream was 19.

This research was motivated by the diversity of natural and artificial resources in Cibodas Botanical Garden which has a visual quality of landscape beauty that becomes a tourist attraction. This study aims to determine the value of visual quality of tourist attractions in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The method used was a quantitative descriptive approach. Data obtained from observation and literature study and distributing questionnaires to respondents using a sample of 100 people using the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) method. The assessment was carried out on thirteen tourist attractions of Cibodas Botanical Garden which consisted of Decorative Garden Galleries, Sakura Gardens, Cibogo Waterfall, Ciismun Waterfall, Lumut and Amorphophalus Gardens, Greenhouses, Paku-pakuan Collection, Guest House, Rhododendron Garden, Medicinal Plants Collection, Liana Garden, Large Pond and Semar Pocket House. The total visual assessed was 26 landscapes. Based on the assessment obtained, it shows the tourist attraction landscape that gets the highest visual quality (SBE) value, namely Landscape 12 with a value of 100.53, which is included in the classification of "high visual quality" from the landscape of the Cibodas Botanical Garden Large Pool. A total of 22 landscapes categorized as high visual quality and 4 landscapes categorized as moderate visual quality. No landscape categorized as low visual quality. Thus, the Cibodas Botanical Garden Landscape has great strength in supporting its function as a conservation tourism object in Indonesia but it still needs some landscape arrangement in some spots. Keywords: Cibodas Botanical Garden, scenic beauty estimation, tourist attractions, visual quality

This research was motivated by the diversity of natural and artificial resources in Cibodas Botanical Garden which has a visual quality of landscape beauty that becomes a tourist attraction. This study aims to determine the value of visual quality of tourist attractions in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The method used was a quantitative descriptive approach. Data obtained from observation and literature study and distributing questionnaires to respondents using a sample of 100 people using the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) method. The assessment was carried out on thirteen tourist attractions of Cibodas Botanical Garden which consisted of Decorative Garden Galleries, Sakura Gardens, Cibogo Waterfall, Ciismun Waterfall, Lumut and Amorphophalus Gardens, Greenhouses, Paku-pakuan Collection, Guest House, Rhododendron Garden, Medicinal Plants Collection, Liana Garden, Large Pond and Semar Pocket House. The total visual assessed was 26 landscapes. Based on the assessment obtained, it shows the tourist attraction landscape that gets the highest visual quality (SBE) value, namely Landscape 12 with a value of 100.53, which is included in the classification of "high visual quality" from the landscape of the Cibodas Botanical Garden Large Pool. A total of 22 landscapes categorized as high visual quality and 4 landscapes categorized as moderate visual quality. No landscape categorized as low visual quality. Thus, the Cibodas Botanical Garden Landscape has great strength in supporting its function as a conservation tourism object in Indonesia but it still needs some landscape arrangement in some spots. Keywords: Cibodas Botanical Garden, scenic beauty estimation, tourist attractions, visual quality

The thesis deals with the influence of telecommunication transmitters on the aesthetic value of landscape. It uses both environmental and sociological approach. Subject of investigation is the relationship between the aesthetic stimulus (landscape) and the recipient (man). For the analysis, Scenic Beauty Estimation Method is used as a psychological procedure which measures aesthetic preferences and allows adequately assess how society perceives the presence of various types of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape, including the so-called camouflage. Analysis also includes a comparison of affected and unaffected groups. The aim of the thesis is to assess whether the perception of the presence of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape is negative. The thesis deals with hypothesis that "camouflages" reduce the negative perception of telecommunication transmitters in the landscape.

The overall objective of this study was to determine if remotely sensed data could be used to model scenic beauty. Terrestrial digital images from within forest stands located in Prince Edward Gallion State Forest near Farmville, Virginia were rated for their scenic beauty by a group of students to obtain scenic beauty estimates (SBEs). Since the inter-rater reliability was low for the SBEs, they were not used in the modeling efforts. Instead, stand parameters (collected on tenth acre plots) that have been used in scenic beauty prediction models, like mean diameter at breast height (dbh), were the dependent variables in regression analyses. A color-infrared aerial photograph from the National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) was scanned to achieve a pixel ground resolution of one meter. The digital aerial photograph was rectified and used as the remotely sensed data. Since the aerial photograph was taken in April, only conifer stands were used in the analyses. Summary statistics were obtained from a 23 by 23 window around plot locations in three images: the original image, a texture image created with the variance algorithm and a 7x7 window, and the first principal component image. The summary statistics were used as the independent variables in regression analyses. The mean texture digital number for the green band predicted the mean dbh of a plot with an R2 of 0.623. A maximum of 44.3 and 27.4 percent of the variability in trees per acre and basal area per acre, respectively, was explained by the models developed in this study. It seems unlikely that the remotely sensed forest stand variables would perform well as surrogates for field measurements used in scenic quality models.
Master of Science

There are some issues that have to be addressed for further understanding and improving scenic beauty management. First, the conventional model, preference rating based on fixed scene and direction, may not sufficiently reflect the reality of visual experience. Rather, visual and scenic preference is construed of a spatial experience. Second, the predictors are chosen based on measuring the composition of landscape features shown in the image. The measurement may not necessarily represent the contents of the physical environment. Third, judgements of scenic preference are complicated tasks. Simple linear regression analysis, with limited degree of freedom and some statistical constraints, may not represent the complexity of human judgments. An integrated model was developed by integrating the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) model (Terry, 1976), the geographic information system (GIS) and, the artificial neural network (ANN). The results suggested the integrated model might be utilized as an automatic scenic preference mechanism for policy making. Implications for future research are also suggested.

With recent advances in artificial intelligence, new methods are being developed that provide faster, and more consistent predictions for data in complex environments. In the field of landscape assessment, where an array of physical variables effect environmental perception, natural resource managers need tools to assist them in isolating the significant predictors critical for the protection and management of these resources. Recent studies that have utilized neural networks to assist in developing predictive models of scenic beauty that have typically utilized linear regression techniques have found limited success. The goal of this research is to compare NN's with linear regression models to determine their efficiency predictive capability for assessing near view scenic beauty in the Cedar City District of the Dixie National forest (DNF). Results of this study strongly conclude that neural networks are consistently better predictors of near view scenic beauty in spruce/fir dominated forests than hierarchical linear regression models.

碩士
國立中興大學
森林學系所
100
The purpose of is study was to combine Scenic Beauty Estimation（SBE）method and Contingent Valuation Method（CVM）to access landscape of species in plain plantation policy in order to realize people’s beauty preferences of species’ landscape ,the landscape preference factors were investigated in this . I used regression and correlation analysis to analyze the relationship between beauty score and landscape preference factors. The study area was at Kan-Chaio farm in Taiwan Sugar Corporation. A total of five tree species was used as landscape photos material, namely, Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus formosana, Elaeocarpus decipiens, Michelia compress and Cinnamomom camphora, respectively. Each species was divided into the vistas and close-range shooting, thus total of 10 photos was obtained. Totally, 239 valid questionnaires were obtained in National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts and National Chung-Hsing University. Analyses of the major items are as follows: 1. Calculating SBE value and willingness to pay（WIP）of each photo as the dependent variables and five independent variables, including three photos of physical factors: the grid area of straight tree, groundcover plants, and two forest state values: trees average under branch height, average Diameter Breast Height（DBH）. Using regression and correlation analysis found relationship between WTP and beauty preference. 2. Using Analysis of variance（ANOVA）and correlation analysis, measured the personal data and the aesthetics relations and influences. A total of seven independent variables were obtained, including gender, age, occupation, education level, personal monthly income, “Level of understanding of the policies of the plains afforestation incentive payments” and “Level of face of the principle of public welfare is willing to pay”. The last two variables were for policy and forest views. 3. Relationship between the personal characteristics of the subjects and funding willingness using analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The results of this study were described as follows: (1) The landscape species sort of Scenic beauty preference scores and WTP had a same trend. The top three were Cinnamomum camphora, Michelia compressa, Elaeocarpus decipiens, and last two were Fraxinus formosana, Zelkova serrata. There was a strong correlation between beauty preference scores and WTP（r=96.4%, p<.01）. (2) Photos of physical factors and the beauty preferences were both related by correlation analysis. The number of photos within trees and the beauty preferences was negatively correlated, but average DBH was positively correlated. Crooked tree, groundcover plants and WTP were negatively, but non-groundcover plants, average DBH , average under branch height were positively correlated. (3) Only slightly effects were found in the basic personal characteristics and the beauty preferences. Four variable items gender, age, personal monthly income and “Level of face of the principle of public welfare is willing to pay” were more influential. The last three item showed a positive correlation. (4) The explanation rate in beauty preference and WTP were 76.5% and 93.3%, respectively. The obtained results were as a reference implementation of the policy and landscape management planning.

碩士
國立中興大學
森林學系
85
This paper studies on the Scenic Beauty Estimation(SBE) model using in the forest recreation.It can understand visitors'' landscape preference for helping feature planning and management. The purpose of the study is to disscuss the landscape of Taiwan Red Cypress plantation on Ta-Hsueh-Shan Recreation Area by proceeding stand inventory, taking photographs, and the scenic quality being assessed by the group of students. The summary of the obtained results is as follows: (1)After T-test, One-Way ANOVA, and reliability analysis, it has no divergence between the groups on landscape preference. (2) By the correlation analysis, we can found the effective factors including stand density, physiographic factors, relative illumination, and crown cover. (3) A regression model, using aesthetic score as a dependent variable and plot measurement as an independent variable, was developed by the SPSS STEPWISE procedure. The finally selected regression equation is given as follows: SBE=1551.3518+2.0064X1-0.7669X2+558.1968X3 (F value = 29.2946,R?= 0.8887) X1: Basal area/ha X2: Elevation X3: Relative illumination The model was achieved high predictive power for the scenic quality of forest landscape. (4) Landscape quality can be through scenic beauty estimation to be rational and objective for quantifying scenic beauty evaluation. It can widely be applied in assessing forest scenic beauty. The results demonstrated the important of landscape management, so managers should pay more attention to maintain moderate stand density and relative illumination to creat more attractive forest landscape.

碩士
東海大學
景觀學系
85
Woodlands and mountains are precious resources in Taiwan. Theforest resources certainly mean a lot for all residents. It is partly becausethe abundant resources have been widely exploited recent years. A forest usually provides a place to go sightseeing or only for amusement. Virtually, most of people who visit a forest share the former reason. While people have opportunities to go sightseeing, they are trying to relax. Mostly, trails in a forest can provide this effect to people. Thus, trails have been always the most popular spots in forests in Taiwan. Walking along a trail, people could enjoy a nice atmosphere, a nice walk, and the fresh air. Since those trails are so highly emphasized, the condition of a trail become a very important task for the administration. If they want the tourists feel their sincerity in maintaining trails'' quality, undoubtedly, they have to try to keep them under a regular condition. However, landscape is part of amenity resources and though precious, it is uncountable. This essence makes the scheme of a forest a tough task to the administrators. They have to be prepared to understand both people''s likes and dislikes. Then, they could take it as a reference for either scheme or any possibility of land policy. Unfortunately, compare to other countries'' experiences, our forests are going to a worse situation as the number of tourists is rapidly increasing. Thus, this research also involves in a realm that concerns about that whether if we have certain educating program or specific knowledge of view design could do anything good for our forest resources. Taking documents relevant to Scenic Resources Evaluating Methods as references, this research ultimately used the Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE method) of Psychophysical Paradigm. Prognostication paradigm of trails'' scenic beauty was established both by the way of surveying tourists'' likes and evaluating constituents around this district. In addition, questionnaires are also used. By doing this, we could know that whether if subjects'' willingness of safeguarding the environment have any bond to their different social or economic backgrounds. By evaluating subjects'' different social and economic backgrounds and their common sense of forest resources, this research come to the result: 1. The aspect of scenic beauty a. Neither subjects'' different ages, nor gender reasons would make any significance to their favorite place along a trail in a forest. Yet, any reason of the list would show subjects'' diversities: different social backgrounds, different inhabiting places, different regular time to go outing per year, or different abilities of recognizing trees. 2. The subjects'' willingness of maintaining a forest''s quality a. Subject''s different social backgrounds, ages, inhabiting places, regular time for going outing, abilities of recognizing trees, would make their willingness different. Yet, gender reasons would not. b. The subjects'' ages, regular time for going outing, and their abilities of recognizing trees are plus relevant to what part they prefer along the trails. 3. The material and type of tracks The subjects would prefer the trail made of tortuous plank and is in a slope. 4. The research finds a regression prediction model when using 11 factors in it. And the predict ability of the model is pretty high (R2=0.85457) According to this research, the administrators should be aware of some facts in managing and administrating the scenic quality of artificial devices of a forest: 1. The green view of a trail is quite important. 2. It is worthy considering to implant increasingly of flowers on both sides of a trail. 3. The area of Meng-tsung Bamboo should be the first place to consider having a trail. 4. The greater trunk trees and weighty arbors should be considered to be implanted if any amusement park is planned. 5. Building trails may include artificial devices which are correspond to the whole environment. 【Key words】: Forest , SBE , Trails , Evaluating , Prediction model , Regression , Chitou

碩士
中華大學
建築與都市計畫學系碩士班
91
By the development of traffic technology, the travel time between every city is shortening. The scale of transportation economy makes people centralize in the city, and the city on the one hand is suffered the pressure with a large population, then on the other hand also faces the worsen problem of externality in environment quality. Consequently, the city residents are more active in promoting environment quality and raising the sprit level. The city residents increase the demand for leisure activities, and the government and non-government club planning the position for tourism, and promote the development the tourism business. The potential of development of tourism is with economic benefits, thus the purpose of the research is that apply the travel cost to estimate the tourism economic benefits. The area and nature resource in Taiwan is limited; consequently, it must to be careful to develop the tourism resources for gaining the maximum benefits. The scenic spot in Taiwan are lacking the complete evaluation plan, and most of environment resources are not deal with in market. Consequently, it needs to calculate by Non-Market Valuation Method to estimate the total social value or to evaluate the change of social welfare. The research focused on Nei-Wan, though the evaluation of tourism and make up relative researches with travel cost method, this research evaluate the Compensation Variation and Equivalent by using the traditional maxima the effect of customer and the distribution of time, travel times of travelers, the choice of travel location and the time of travel in Non-Market Valuation Method. Though the questionnaire, 267 sightseers’ dates are gathering to evaluate the indirect effect function. Analysis and compare the level and travel method of sightseers’ dates to offset focusing on total economic evaluation. Discuss the travel cost effect by main factors (educative level), and the influence factors. This research evidenced that the most important influence factor in sightseers travel is distance, and the evidence is the same as other references. To show the influence areas in each tourism positions, the research gathered that CV was 1486.02 dollars and EV was 1464.41 dollars. It showed that the tourism is will to spent 1475 dollars to Nei-Wan. This method can be applied other relative scenic resorts for different scenic resorts comparison, and be applied in different period of time for the present and the past comparison.