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Journal articles on the topic 'Scheduled tribes in India'
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Raj, Arjita, Sahel MD Delabul Hossain, and Arpita Raj. "Legal Pluralism: A Case Study on Autonomous Socio-Political and Judicial System in Santal Society." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10551ecst.
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The aim of this study is to determine how legal pluralism exists in Santal society and how their self-governing socio-political and judicial system, eminently known as Manjhi-Pargana or Marehor, exercises power over the society exclusively with the coexistence of the national legal system. Legal pluralism is the coexistence of two or multiple legal systems within a specific area. The Santal, one of the largest indigenous tribes of Eastern India, often mentions themselves as HorHopan meaning children of mankind. The Montage-Chelmsford report of 1918 remarked them as backward areas. Around 1935, Santals are recognized as backward tribes in India and are scheduled as tribes. In post-independent era under the Fifth and Sixth schedule of the Constitution, they have been described as people of ‘scheduled areas.’ The Indian Constitution has tried to build up the bridge between the Indian administrative system and the Santal society and has allowed them to enjoy the legal pluralism system.
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Singh, Prabhat K. "Adivasis in Assam Issues and Concent." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 13, no. 2 (July 2013): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1301300216.
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Adivasis of Assam, whose forefathers had migrated to Assam Tea Gardens in search of their food and livelihood as the labourers, today, they are popularly known as Tea Tribes. These tea tribes are not enlisted in the list of Scheduled tribes by the Assam government, though; their brethrens are scheduled tribes in Chotanagpur of central India. Surprisingly, the Scheduled tribes of Assam also do net recognize them as the tribe; and their agony and apathy often results into conflict and bloodshed. This paper deals with the background of Adivasis in Assam in the first part, and the second part deals with the Socio-economic situation of Adivasis of Assam. In the third part, a discussion on the concept of tribe as understanding the tribe has been done, and finally some issues and concern for Adivasis have been discussed.
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Reddy, Dr B. Ananda. "Displacement, Rehabilitation and Human Rights Regarding Scheduled castes & Scheduled Tribes in India." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2014/177.
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Mehta, Shreya, Zaid Khan, Syed Danish, Abhay Ankur, Natasha Nupur, and Dr Arpita Mitra. "Atrocities Against The Schedule Caste In India." Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Review 03, no. 04 (2022): 01–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/ajmrr.2022.3401.
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Atrocities against Schedule caste is the scope and subject matter of this paper. Moreover, in this paper we will be discussing in detail the atrocities against the scheduled caste in India with special reference to the type, causes for the crimes and the impact it has on the people of the scheduled caste and tribes. The atrocities against these marginalized castes can be traced back by their historical background which depicts the emergence of crime and ill treatment against these castes which is too painful to be forgotten. The critical analysis of the crime rate against the schedule caste across the decade made us acknowledge the fact that even after achieving freedom in 1947, India is still captured by the clutches of brutal caste system due to which the atrocities have been suffered by these schedule caste and tribe in the era of modernity and technological development. Even the legislative support provided in the Indian Constitution and various special laws for schedule caste by various jurist have not been able to prevent them the way they should be due to various lacuna in the implementation procedure as well as lacuna in the administration system. This paper further elaborates the research methodology and findings of various research work.
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Raju, Ericharla, and S. Radha Krishna. "UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME AND 10 KGS RICE NEED A PERSON TO INDIAN PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HUNGER PROBLEM OF SCHEDULED TRIBE IN RURAL ANDHRA PRADESH." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12214.
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Universal Basic Income and 10 kgs Rice need a person to Indian People with Special Reference to Hunger Problem of Scheduled Tribe in Rural Andhra Pradesh & Dr. ERICHARLA RAJU, UGC Dr.S.Radha Krishna Post Doctoral Research Associate (5years) (Double PDF), Dept of Economics, Acharya Nagarjuana University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Dr. ERICHARLA RAJU ABSTRACT India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world next to Africa. For centuries they lived a life of geographical isolation. In India primitive tribes have lived for thousands of years in forests and hills without any type of contacts with centers of civilization. There is a need for integrating them into the main stream of the society as rightful members, failing which, the ethnic division would persist and deepen, which is dangerous for the very existence of human sanity. Indian population consists of 8 per cent of tribal population in the country. Present article discuss about the hunger problem of scheduled tribe in rural Andhra Pradesh. The presents article examined the an analysis of agriculture status of scheduled tribes in India with special reference to agriculture status of scheduled tribes in Andhra Pradesh rural, in my research Out of per 1000 distribution of rural scheduled tribes’ households do not possess land the 101 households in India. Out of per 1000 distribution of Rural households of different social groups do not possess the land 83 households in all India. Out of per 1000 distribution of rural households of scheduled tribes do not have land 372 household in all rural India. Out of per 1000 distribution of rural households of different social groups do not have land 454 household in all rural India. In my research, Out of 459 respondents majority of 94.6% (434) respondents do not possess the land, and another 5.4% (25) respondents possess the land. Maximum value of the land of one acre of respondents is 5,50,000/- and the minimum value of the land of one acre of respondents is 90,000 /-. The minimum spent the money on Fertilizers and other inputs to one acre is 1900/-, the maximum spent the money on Fertilizers and other inputs to one acre is 12000/-.The maximum total cost of one acre is 60000/-, the minimum total cost of one acre of the respondents is 4900/- . The maximum one acre products value is 40,000/-, the minimum one acre production value of the respondents is 9000/-. The maximum total profit of products is 30,000/-, minimum total profit of production of respondents is 4970 /-. The maximum total loss by products is 55,000/-, the minimum total loss of the respondents by products is 13200/-. Out of 12 respondents majority of 83.2(10) are having the cows, and 16.7 %( 2) are having the buffalos. The maximum value of the animals is 90,000/-, the minimum value of the animals is 23000/-.
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Corbridge, Stuart. "Competing Inequalities: The Scheduled Tribes and the Reservations System in India's Jharkhand." Journal of Asian Studies 59, no. 1 (February 2000): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658584.
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This paper reports on the economic and political consequences of reserving government and public-sector jobs for members of the Scheduled Tribes in the Indian State of Bihar. It also contributes to a more general debate on the system of compensatory discrimination that has existed in India since the 1940s, and which was made tangible for middle class Indians by the decision of the government of V. P. Singh (1989–90) to adopt some of the recommendations of the Second Backward Classes Commission (1979–80: chairman B. P. Mandal). The Mandal Commission report advised that a system of reserved jobs in central government could usefully be extended from the Scheduled Castes and Tribes of India (roughly 15 and 7.5 percent of the population, respectively) to embrace a broader collection of Socially and Economically Backward Classes.1 In August 1990 V. P. Singh found it expedient to act upon Mandal's suggestion that up to 49.5 percent of all jobs in central government services and public undertakings should be reserved for the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
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Rao, V. Srinivasa, and Boya Sree Manasa. "The Plight of Tribal Livelihood in the Context of Globalisation." Geographical Analysis 8, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v8i2.4.
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Most of the scheduled tribes live in rural areas, and their livelihood mainly depends on agriculture and forest. Forest and forest-based products remain as their primary resource subsistence. Their pattern of shifting cultivation replaced with settle farming. After the introduction of globalisation, the Indian economy opened its exports and imports to the global market. In the process, the intervention of non-tribal community to the tribal regions has become as one of the problematic policy issues to the traditional tribal communities. The traditional livelihood practices of the scheduled tribes in India affected due to extraction of natural resources. The state controls most of the natural resources that existed in the tribal regions without the consent of the local community. In the context of globalisation and its trajectories across the tribal regions, the current paper discusses how globalisation affects the traditional livelihood practices of the scheduled tribes in India. Keywords: Tribal; Globalization; Forest
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Soren, Chunuram. "RESERVATION IN INDIA: RHETORIC AND REALITY." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 07 (July 31, 2021): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13149.
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Reservation is always contentious and sentimental issue and raises many concerns of the people. The policy of reservation and safeguards provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes has adversely affected the unity and solidarity of the nation. Reservation in India is all about reserving access to seats in the government jobs, educational institutions and even legislatures to certain sections of the population. The reservation can also be seen as positive discrimination. Reservation in India is a government policy, backed by the Indian Constitution. Part XVI deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and state legislature. The need for reservation can be looked from legal and socio-cultural perspective. The act of reservation is reserving seats in educational institutions, certain places of employment for certain castes and classes of society which are considered backward, those being the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes. Reservation is an effective measure to end the oppressive discrimination. Reservation facilitates empowerment and social harmony for all in the segments.
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Behera, Satrughan, Atish Kumar Dash, and Rathi Kanta Kumbhar. "Disparities in the Health and Well-being of Scheduled Tribes and Non-Scheduled Tribes Populations in India." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v12i1.6742.
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This paper examines the persistent disparities between the Scheduled Tribes (STs) of India and the rest of the population in health and well-being. Despite worldwide progress in healthcare and social development, ST communities struggle with persistent challenges hindering their overall welfare. Through desk research and a systematic literature review of tribal health disparities in India, this study discusses the various aspects that lead to these disparities and provides a comprehensive set of policy recommendations. It becomes clear that closing these gaps in health and well-being requires an integrated strategy that includes poverty alleviation, improved educational access, strengthened infrastructure for health care, and the preservation of tribal cultural heritage. Taking insights from several sources, this article emphasises the urgency of the matter. It highlights the need for concerted efforts to achieve equitable health outcomes for ST communities, not only in India but also in similar contexts worldwide.
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ML, Doreraj, and Gangadhar MR. "Demographic Profile of Tribal Population of Kodagu District, Karnataka." Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.4218.2.
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India has several socially disadvantaged communities and Scheduled Tribes are the most deprived ones. In Census 2011 the Government of India identified 10,42,81,034 citizens as Scheduled Tribes constituting 8.6% of the total population of the India (As per 2001 Census, it was 8.2% of the total population of India). In India, each state is practically equivalent to a country with its own specific socio-economic level, different ethnic groups, food habits, health infrastructures and communication facilities. Kodagu is one such district located on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats in Karnataka and is home to many communities with diverse ethnic origins, and tribes such as the Yeravas, Kurubas and Kudiyas, who are of hunter-gatherers of forest origin. The present study focuses on the socio demographic and economic conditions of the Yerava, Jenu Kuruba and Malekudiya tribes. There have been changes especially in the social and economic life of these tribal people though, differences were found in their social, demographic and economic conditions.
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Kumar, Jaya, and Palaniyammal. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED TRIBES IN KALRAYAN HILLS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 3SE (March 31, 2016): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i3se.2016.2773.
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Social and economic justice, equality of status and opportunities and cultural and educational status are insured by the Constitution of India for all citizens and also provide enriched provisions for scheduled caste and tribes. This paper addresses the socio economic status of the scheduled tribes in kalrayan hills Salem district Tamilnadu (India). The majority of the household occupations are Agriculture. Cultivation is the primary occupation participated by the most heads of the sample households. Income from cultivation support majority of the sample population. More than 83 percent of the agriculture has from income around below Rs 5000-10000 level. Even daily wage labours are present in the sample population. There is a need to put more attention on educational aspects of scheduled tribes, where this only can motivate them for future life
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Hariharan, R. "Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Tamilnadu State." Journal of Global Economy, Business and Finance 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2024): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jgebf.2024.06(06).06.
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Background: Scheduled Tribe are the oldest inhabitants of their native place. Economically and technologically they are still backward. Their language, culture, beliefs and customs are different. In India there are 427 main tribal communities living and Tamilnadu accounts for 36(Rao, 1993). In Tamilnadu, majority of the tribes were illiteracy, ignorance. There is no proper awareness about the government welfare schemes. They are dominated, exploited and controlled by their mainstream in the living area and occupational area. In this context this paper addresses the “Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Tribes: A Study of Tamilnadu State”. Data and Method: The paper uses the secondary data from the Census India 2001 & 2011 and Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India, 2013and other research studies and carries out the cross classification analysis to realise its objectives. Conclusion: Majority of the tribal people live in below poverty line in Tamil Nadu. The result of the study shows that the educational, employment and economic conditions of the tribal people of Tamil Nadu are very poor in the present situation. Therefore, the state of Tamil Nadu needs to pay special attention to the problems of the indigenous people and improve their education, employment and economic status. Already, Aboriginal people have been given special reservations in education and employment. This is very low compared to the growing tribal population. Hence, it is the duty of the state to secure social and economic justice for the tribal people.
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Shariff, Abusaleh, Tarujyoti Buragohain, and P. K. Ghosh. "State of Life of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India." Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 43, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2001): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2001/v43/i1-2/115846.
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Geetha K, Kanniammal C, and Kanmani S. "Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes among economically backward tribes, Tamilnadu, India." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4361.
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India has the second largest concentration of tribal population in the world. Indian tribes constitute around 8.3% of nation’s total population. To assess the prevalence of Prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among tribal population of Kancheepuram district. Cross sectional study design, Multi stage cluster sampling technique was used, house to house data collection was done for 85 irula tribal people. The Irula are a Scheduled tribe that lives in northern Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiri Hills. They are sort of like a cross between tribals and ordinary southern Indians. structured questionnaire were used to assess demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification, marital status, family status, occupation, monthly salary and religion). Measurements taken were height, weight, and blood sugar by finger prick method with glucometer. Above 140 to 199 mg/dl considered as prediabetes and 200mg/dl is considered as diabetes. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among tribes were 49.4%, 25.9%, poor literacy, poverty and substance abuse makes the tribes more prone to prediabetes and diabetes.
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Guha, Ayan. "Recent debate on landmark anti-caste legislation in India." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 19, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229118814467.
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The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was enacted to prevent atrocities against the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). It prescribed penalties that are more stringent than the corresponding offences under the Indian Penal Code and other laws. Despite flaws in implementation, this Act has provided the SCs and STs with some sense of security. But it is often alleged that this law is frequently misused. A recent Supreme Court order has attempted to introduce some procedural safeguards to curb the misuse of this Act. But many, particularly the Dalit groups, believe that in doing so the Supreme Court has ended up diluting this landmark legislation. In this context, this article analyses the recent judicial pronouncement and presents the arguments for and against it.
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Devarapalli, SV Siddhardh Kumar, Sudha Kallakuri, Abdul Salam, and PallabK Maulik. "Mental health research on scheduled tribes in India." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (2020): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_136_19.
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Mistri, Avijit, and Sudarshan Singh Sardar. "Tribal Migration in Indian Censuses: A Neglected and Litigated Area." Migration Letters 20, no. 2 (March 5, 2023): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v20i2.2828.
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Tribe and caste migration in Indian Censuses did not get proper attention during the colonial as well as post-independence periods. Censuses in the post-independence period have followed a conservative approach to enumerating tribes, castes and religions. The migration data on Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs) have been presented since the 2001 Census, but its scope is limited. The enumeration of inter-state migration of STs is entangled in legislative jargon. When tribes in India have dipped into severe poverty and unemployment, forcefully alienated from forests and hills, confronted development-induced displacement, and migrated by distress driven to the urban centres in distant places in search of jobs. When the demand for independent territory or statehood, such as Nagalim, Zale’n-gam and many others, consolidating the tribal inhabited areas bifurcated into three to four neighbouring states leads to insurgency and mass cross-border movement of ethnic groups. The presumption of ST migration within the jurisdiction of the State/UT of enumeration in the Censuses during the post-independence period is delusive and very irrational. The study provides insight into such limitations of Census data on tribal migration, legislative jargon and politics involved with it. It also discusses the nature of provided data on tribal migration.
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Mistri, Avijit, and Sudarshan Singh Sardar. "Tribal Migration in Indian Censuses: A Neglected and Litigated Area." Migration Letters 20, no. 2 (March 22, 2023): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20i2.2828.
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Tribe and caste migration in Indian Censuses did not get proper attention during the colonial as well as post-independence periods. Censuses in the post-independence period have followed a conservative approach to enumerating tribes, castes and religions. The migration data on Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs) have been presented since the 2001 Census, but its scope is limited. The enumeration of inter-state migration of STs is entangled in legislative jargon. When tribes in India have dipped into severe poverty and unemployment, forcefully alienated from forests and hills, confronted development-induced displacement, and migrated by distress driven to the urban centres in distant places in search of jobs. When the demand for independent territory or statehood, such as Nagalim, Zale’n-gam and many others, consolidating the tribal inhabited areas bifurcated into three to four neighbouring states leads to insurgency and mass cross-border movement of ethnic groups. The presumption of ST migration within the jurisdiction of the State/UT of enumeration in the Censuses during the post-independence period is delusive and very irrational. The study provides insight into such limitations of Census data on tribal migration, legislative jargon and politics involved with it. It also discusses the nature of provided data on tribal migration.
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Sahgal, Rishika. "Strengthening Democracy in India through Participation Rights." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 53, no. 4 (2020): 468–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-2020-4-468.
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This paper is contextualised around the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 in India, which recognises both individual and community rights of the Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers relating to forest land and forest produce. The Forest Rights Act, along with the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996, also recognises decision-making power of the Scheduled Tribes to make decisions regarding claims on forest land. The paper argues that the recognition of such participation rights, broadly understood as the right to participate in specific decisions that impact our other rights, can be an important means for strengthening democracy in India. This creates space for oppressed communities who may face exclusion in other institutions, to directly participate in decisions involving their substantive rights. It holds the potential to deepen a deliberative version of democracy, creating space for discussion and deliberation within communities while deciding questions regarding their rights, rather than a version of democracy based on interest-bargaining and power-play. Participation rights may also serve as an important tool for oppressed people to secure their substantive rights, such as the right to forest land. The paper therefore contributes to wider debates around democracy and rights. It explores what we understand by ‘democracy’, advocating for a deliberative view of democracy. It explores how democracy relates to rights, both participation rights and substantive rights. Lastly, it evaluates the design of existing participation rights - the Forest Rights Act and the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 - to examine whether these are designed to deepen deliberative democracy and secure substantive rights. It concludes that existing participation rights are flawed, but there is potential to interpret these in a manner that strengthens deliberative democracy, and the ability of participation right to secure substantive rights to forests, by relying on the Indian Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in Orissa Mining Corporation.
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Dr. Partha Protim Borthakur. "The Paradox Of Indigeneity And Question Of Identity Of The Adivasi Community Of Assam." Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture 38 (December 15, 2023): 607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/9byk5053.
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The Adivasi in India and Assam are traditionally known as the first people or indigenous people since pre-historic (stone) age migrating in different periods of time from different regions. However, Adivasi were among the first group of people to arrive in India before any other communities such as the Aryans, Dravidians, and Mongolians etc. The schedule tribe’s status for the Adivasi in Assam which has been a longstanding struggle in India offers certain rights –based legal benefits in the form of political representation, reservation and socio-economic subsidies. The most common perception against granting Schedule Tribes status to the Adivasi in Assam is their migratory history, however, in the tea gardens the fact that they came into the state as indentured labourers to work and their contribution to the economy of the state of Assam has been substantial. The Adivasi of Assam, branded as the Tea Garden Tribes, generally prefer to be called as Tea Tribes. Embracing Adivasi nomenclature is a deliberate move on the part of the tea tribes to assert their tribal identity as also to represent their collective demand for indigenous rights, including the recognition for achieving the status of ‘Schedule Tribe’. The paper is a modest attempt to address this debate.
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Raghavendra R. H. "Literacy and Health Status of Scheduled Castes in India." Contemporary Voice of Dalit 12, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19898449.
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There is much discussion on the issue of reservation and its impact on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It is essential to know how far the socially marginalized group of Scheduled Castes lag behind the other sections of the Indian population with respect to human development. The present article has made an attempt to assess the different human development factors like literacy and health status of the Scheduled Caste population in India. For this purpose, secondary data have been collected. The population- and literacy-related information has been obtained from the Census 2011 Report and health-related information has been collected from the National Family Health Survey-2015–2016 (NFHS -2015–2016). This study depicts the SCs population’s literacy status, sex ratio, child sex ratio and other health-related aspects. Also, the study compares the Scheduled Caste population status with that of other population categories.
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Ambagudia, Jagannath. "Scheduled Tribes, Reserved Constituencies and Political Reservation in India." Journal of Social Inclusion Studies 5, no. 1 (June 2019): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2394481119847015.
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Scheduled Tribes (STs, indigenous people) are one of the most marginalised communities in the political sphere. Political marginalisation of STs due to historical injustices has compelled the Indian state to explore alternative means to ensure adequate representation for them by adopting a political reservation system. Political reservation has, therefore, become their primary means of political empowerment, wherein it has ensured the redistribution of political resources in favour of the marginalised communities. Against this backdrop, the article explores the location of tribal communities in the colonial political system and the reasons for their disproportionate representation, the nature and dynamics of ST reserved constituency and the effects of political reservation on these communities. Further, the article concludes by suggesting that the political reservation system has brought both hope and despair among the STs.
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Ambagudia, Jagannath. "Scheduled Tribes and the Politics of Inclusion in India." Asian Social Work and Policy Review 5, no. 1 (February 2011): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-1411.2010.00047.x.
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Youdle, Alison, Beryl A. D'Souza Vali, Nathan John, and Pam Anderson. "Factors Associated with Continued Jogini Practice in Telanaga, India." Christian Journal for Global Health 10, no. 2 (October 30, 2023): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v10i2.769.
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The Jogini, or Devadasi, system sees young girls “married” to a deity after which she is seen as the property of the village and required to perform religious duties and often sexual favours, typically without payment or freedom of choice. There is a paucity of published research on the factors which make women vulnerable to this exploitation and the factors which increase the likelihood that they are able to extricate themselves from it. This is a population study of 657 women who had previously been dedicated as Joginis living in 10 villages in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana, South India. The primary outcome of interest was whether the women were practicing as a Jogini at the time of the survey. Data was analyzed using a mixed effect logistic regression test to determine possible determinants of practicing status. Four factors were found to be significantly associated with continued Jogini practice: 1) being a person with a disability, 2) reason for dedication given as family tradition of other Joginis in the family, 3) poverty in the family of origin, and 4) living in a village with more than ten percent of the population belonging to a scheduled tribe. One factor significantly negatively associated with continued practice was having one or more male children. Analysis of the demographic data for these women confirmed the previously known fact that the exploitation in the form of the Jogini system disproportionately affects those who are already vulnerable in society — those from scheduled castes (SC) and tribes (ST), other backward castes (OBC), the disabled, the uneducated, and the poor. Between them, SCs, STs, and OBCs make up the non-forward castes, i.e., those who are socially disadvantaged. The scheduled castes, formally known as untouchables, are the lowest of the Indian castes. Scheduled tribes are tribal people, not part of any organized religion. Other backward castes are those between the forward castes and the scheduled castes in terms of social order.
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Arya, Vikas, Andrew Page, Rakhi Dandona, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Peter Mayer, and Gregory Armstrong. "The Geographic Heterogeneity of Suicide Rates in India by Religion, Caste, Tribe, and Other Backward Classes." Crisis 40, no. 5 (September 2019): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000574.
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Abstract. Background: Caste, tribal, and religious associations, which are perhaps the most important aspects of personal and social lives in India, have been neglected in Indian suicide research. Aim: To investigate suicide rates in India by religion, caste, tribe, and other backward classes over the period 2014–2015. Method: This study acquired unpublished suicide data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) for 2014 and 2015 including caste, tribal, and religious associations of suicide cases. National and state-specific suicide rates (2014–2015) were then calculated for Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and other religious groups and for scheduled caste (SC), scheduled tribe (ST), and other backward classes (OBC). Results: The findings show higher suicide rates among Christian and other religious groups compared with Hindus and higher suicide rates among general populations compared with SC, ST, and OBC populations. However, the results varied among different regions highlighting the substantial geographical heterogeneity of suicide rates across India by caste and religion. Limitations: The suicide rates presented might be an underestimation of the true rates. Conclusion: Given the heterogeneity of minority/majority status by religion, caste, tribes, and OBC in different states, further investigation of the relationship between minority status and suicide is warranted.
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Kumar, Ajit. "Union Budget 2021 and Economic Growth: Inclusion and Exclusion in Emerging India." International Journal of Community and Social Development 4, no. 1 (March 2022): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25166026221079434.
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This note contextualises the ‘choice’ India exercised in her Union Budget 2021. This budget stressed on privatisation and economic growth. As the Indian social structure evolved historically, it came to comprise several communities excluded from mainstream life. Independent India evolved a development trajectory that combined democratic structures with participative decision-making processes buttressed by constitutional provisions in the form of quotas/reservations in legislatures, education and jobs. This trajectory succeeded in forming an elite section from some of the Scheduled Caste (SC) and Other Backward Classes (OBC) communities and from them a techno-managerial elite has emerged who could professionally find a place in the expanding private sector. But the Indian development trajectory has failed in case of the Scheduled Tribes (STs)/indigenous peoples or First Nations category. This failure means that the historical mission of the Indian development trajectory is yet incomplete.
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S, Bala Krishnan, and S. Sudharsan. "A Situation Analysis of Higher Secondary Tribal Residential Schools in Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India." Asian Social Work Journal 5, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/aswj.v5i2.135.
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Education for tribal communities has become one of the prime focuses which is taken into account as an integral a part of socio-economic development of Schedule Tribes in Asian country. Within the recent years, there has been some improvement in providing the education for the tribal communities. The implementation of Government Tribal Residential Schools has an important role to play in raising literacy rate. With regard to the literacy rate of the tribes in Tamil Nadu is 54.34 percent. As 83.08 per cent of the tribal survives in hilly/rural areas and 16.91 per cent of them live in urban (town) areas. (2011 Census). The status of Education in Tamil Nadu for Scheduled Tribe is worser than other states of the country. Tamil Nadu is ranked third compared to all over literacy rate. In case of ST (41.53%) still it is lower than the general sections(73.57%) of the society. The socio-economic backwardness, lack of good education facility and asymmetrical structure of the society are the reasons for being lower caste of ST. The objective of the study is to understand the impact of the Tribal residential school, set up within the tribal area of Jawadhi a hilly area in the District Tiruvannamalai. And also, the challenges faced by the students in the school. Data was collected through Interview and observation. This study intends to evaluate the Tribal Residential School with the objective to find whether the design of programme is appropriate to meet the stated objectives, whether there is any impact in decreasing the dropout rates of STs. Moreover, it will also reveal about the efficacy with which the mechanism of education promotion is pending in the process of implementation and the need for the efficient mechanism to develop it for the empowerment of tribes. The main objective of residential schools for Scheduled Tribes (STs) students is to provide quality education to tribal students. The study suggests, to follow the guidelines that indicate the organizational structure, Manpower and Educational expertise for the Tribal welfare Department. All these tribal residential school should have separate budget plan for infrastructure, recurring, non-recurring expenditure every year and it should be included in the annual work plan & budget.
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MEDHI, SHAPNA. "Conservation Induced Marginalisation: The Case of Two Tribal Communities of Assam, India." International Review of Social Research 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.48154/irsr.2019.0019.
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In India, the indigenous people designated as the scheduled tribes (STs) by the Indian constitution have been dependent on forests for their survival. However, with the declaration of protected areas, the conservation plans have mostly overlooked the dependence of these tribes on nature. This paper looks into the adverse impact of conservation on two tribes, the Karbi and Mising, residing on the areas adjacent to the Kaziranga National Park (KNP) of Assam, India. It points out that the case of KNP shows a marked deviation regarding support for conservation by the marginalised communities inspite of hardships. It shows how conservation efforts have further aggravated their conditions. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews with respondents of two villages – a Karbi village and Mising village located on the fringes of the KNP. This paper also takes a cursory glance on the community related initiatives undertaken on the fringes of the KNP for the betterment of the socio-economic conditions.
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MEDHI, SHAPNA. "Conservation Induced Marginalisation: The Case of Two Tribal Communities of Assam, India." International Review of Social Research 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.48154/irsr.2019.0019.
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In India, the indigenous people designated as the scheduled tribes (STs) by the Indian constitution have been dependent on forests for their survival. However, with the declaration of protected areas, the conservation plans have mostly overlooked the dependence of these tribes on nature. This paper looks into the adverse impact of conservation on two tribes, the Karbi and Mising, residing on the areas adjacent to the Kaziranga National Park (KNP) of Assam, India. It points out that the case of KNP shows a marked deviation regarding support for conservation by the marginalised communities inspite of hardships. It shows how conservation efforts have further aggravated their conditions. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews with respondents of two villages – a Karbi village and Mising village located on the fringes of the KNP. This paper also takes a cursory glance on the community related initiatives undertaken on the fringes of the KNP for the betterment of the socio-economic conditions.
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Mandal, Prakas Kumar, Tuphan Kanti Dolai, Soma Mandal, Tamanash Mondal, and Suman Kumar Maji. "Screening for hemoglobinopathies in a socially disadvantaged population from a rural district of West Bengal, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 4430. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205319.
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Background: Detection of traits/carriers plays an important role in preventing the birth of a thalassemic child. West Bengal, one of the eastern states in India is the home to a bulk of socially challenged population including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes among others. The present study aimed to detect the prevalence of different hemoglobinopathies in a socially challenged district of West Bengal.Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study thalassemia detection camps were organized at the community level over a period of four years. Venous blood samples were subjected to complete hemogram and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In few difficult cases samples were sent to the reference laboratory for molecular characterization. The prevalence of heterozygous, homozygous or compound heterozygous states of different thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies across various respondent groups (e.g. children, premarital, postmarital and antenatal) and existing caste categories (scheduled tribes, scheduled caste and general) were analyzed.Results: We analyzed a total of 114,606 HPLC reports; 18681 (16.30%), 15438 (13.47%) and 80487 (70.23%) cases belonged to scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and general category respectively. Out of 114,606 cases, 11,001 (9.6%) had revealed abnormal hemoglobins; beta thalassaemia trait was the most common (6.63%; n=7602) across all subgroup analysis. Among others, HbE trait, sickle cell trait and HbD trait were detected in 1788 (1.56%), 1362 (1.18%) and 126 (0.11%) cases respectively.Conclusions: Beta thalassaemia trait and HbE trait are the common haemoglobin variants in this rural district of West Bengal. The prevalence of sickle gene revealed in the present study is much less than previous studies in the locality.
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Chakraborty, Soumyajit, and Alok K. Bohara. "The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market." Indian Journal of Human Development 15, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 252–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030211029634.
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Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.
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Baa, Sital. "Problem of Drop out among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India: An analysis on the basis of Secondary Data." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 4 (April 5, 2024): 1006–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24215132111.
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Sarkar, Pran Krishna. "Scheduled tribes (ST) students: Challenge & development." Brazilian Journal of Science 2, no. 10 (May 20, 2023): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v2i10.373.
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High School education for ST students is seen as one of the most emerging policy issues of contemporary India. Teachers engaged in teaching of ST student’s face unique set of challenges, which are emerged primarily from the unique cultural patterns of Bedia and Santal community. This study was conducted in the native area of Nadia district of west Bengal. Interview of the teachers was conducted in order to get valuable data for understanding the research problem. Data was subjected to rigorous of content analysis to unveil the major themes and patterns in the interview data. The study identified that the issue with teaching ST students lies in their inability to adapt in normal school conditions. The study also reveals that there are large gaps between school culture and family culture of children, creating a situation of cultural mismatch, resulting into creating discipline problems, management problems and poor responsiveness of Bedia and Santal students towards academic activities.
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Sharma, H. R. "Distribution of Landholdings in Rural India: A Comparative Study of Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Non-Scheduled Caste and Tribes." Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 40, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/1998/v40/i2/115925.
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Sunita Yadav and Dr. Ganesh Dubey. "A Critical Study Of Right To Equality Under Indian Constitution With Judicial Decision." Legal Research Development: An International Refereed e-Journal 1, no. II (December 30, 2016): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v1n2.05.
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For writing this research paper null hypothecation are taken and critical approach and study done. In this present scenario Right to Equality under Indian Constitution are given Art. 14 to 18.Every person is equal under Indian Constitution and he should be treated equally and non-discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, race, place of birth. But state government can make special provision for women and children, scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and backward classes. In Indian constitution there is some provision for upliftment for Scheduled tribe, scheduled caste, backward classes, women and children so there is flexibility in Right to Equality provision. This is very important articles of Indian Constitution.
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Jain, Harish C., and C. S. Venkata Ratnam. "Affirmative Action in Employment for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in India." International Journal of Manpower 15, no. 7 (October 1994): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437729410068008.
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Thirupathi, L. "PEOPLES PERCEPTION ON WORKING OF PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM -A CASE STUDY OF KARIMNAGAR DISTRICTIN THE TELANGANA STATE OF INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13902.
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My study is intended to analyse how Peoples perception is very important because of the 73rd constitutional amendment act that was introduced to ensure political participation of underprivileged groups like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Women through the reservation of provisions in Panchayati Raj System at grassroots level democracy. In this context, the peoples perception of working of Panchayati Raj institutions in Karimnagar district plays a very crucial role to reveal the actual ground realities thereof and to what extent they accomplished the above-mentioned objectives. several policy initiatives have been taken for effective implementation of reservation policy in Panchayati Raj in the district. The present research work also focussed on the political backwardness of scheduled castes, scheduled Tribe leadership in Panchayati Raj Institutions at the Panchayati level. It also reveals peoples perception to the conscious understanding that people have of public functionaries and official issues in the society and realistically based on their understanding level in the given context on a particular aspect.
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Maity, Bipasha. "Comparing Health Outcomes Across Scheduled Tribes and Castes in India." World Development 96 (August 2017): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.005.
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Mitra, Aparna. "The status of women among the scheduled tribes in India." Journal of Socio-Economics 37, no. 3 (June 2008): 1202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.077.
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Kumar, Deepak, Bhanu Pratap, and Archana Aggarwal. "Affirmative Action in Government Jobs in India: Did the Job Reservation Policy Benefit Disadvantaged Groups?" Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619871588.
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In this study we use the India Human Development Survey (2011–2012) data and Logit model analysis to investigate how far the affirmative action policy has helped in increasing the chances of representation of eligible individuals from scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes in government jobs in India. Analysis of the data reveals that the reservation policy in government jobs in India has helped in increasing the chances of representation of people from these groups because they have a higher probability of representation in government jobs than upper caste (unreserved) individuals after controlling for individual and household characteristics.
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Dash, S. S. "Nutritional Status Assessment among Adult Santals of East Singhbhum District in Jharkhand State, India." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8994.
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Currently, malnutrition and undernutrition are comprehensible health issues for adults in India. This condition also affects children. The prevalence of such situations developed in India is primarily due to socio-economic variation, especially in the case of socio-economically disadvantaged communities like Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs) over others. For the last two to three decades, there has been no inspiring progress regarding the nutritional status of such a population. Studies on the assessment of nutritional status among both male and female Santals are almost lacking, hence the importance of conducting such a study. The present study tries to determine nutritional status prevalence among Santal adults in East Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India. It was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out in tribal areas of East Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India. A total of 211 adult (male = 101 and female = 110) schedule tribes (Santals) aged over 20 years in those village areas (Bela, Malua, Dighi Mura, Majhipara, Teghori and Raj bandh) were included in this study. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were the major indicators used here to assess the studied participants' nutritional status. It was observed that most young adults, age group 20-40 years, are mainly affected. Further study revealed that 5.9 % of males, 8.1 % of females, and 7.1% of the total population were suffering from Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), and 52.5 % of males, 58.1 % of females and 55.5 % of the total population became overweight. The overall sex-combined prevalence of undernutrition was 7.1%. The prevalence of undernutrition was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (8.1%) in females compared to males (5.9%). Nutritional status assessment through MUAC also revealed more or less similar results. It may be suggested that nearly three fourth of the population (69.67 %) was nutritionally normal, whereas the rest (30.33 %) was found to be underweight and malnourished. So, from this study, it may be concluded that females were in the more concerning situation for undernutrition according to MUAC and overweight according to BMI.
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Prasad, Shiw Balak. "Riservation Policy: Sources for Achieving the Social Justice in India." World Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 4 (September 11, 2019): p424. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v6n4p424.
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In a democratic form of Government all citizens of the country are equal before the law of land. There is no scope of differences in any stage of life between them. Although natural discrimination may be possible, but politically and legally all should be equal. Discrimination on one or more of these factors became normal feathers particular in the third world countries of Africa and Asia. Really this social discrimination reflects in political rights and economic opportunities of the people so that the question of social justice became very important.In India, there has been so many social, economic and educational discrimination among the people from the very beginning. Weaker sections of the people have been deprived their rights. They are living like animal even today. So, Framers of the constitution of India include the provisions of reservation in the constitution of some posts of Government services to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes for their upliftment. Actually, these reservation policies were implemented for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes only at the time of implementation of the constitution. After very long time, the then prime minister Late V.P. Singh had implemented 27 percent reservation to other backward classes for gaining of Social Justice. But due to conspiracy and the upper castes the conditions of reamy layer were imposed by the supreme court of India. Thus this paper will disclose all secrets in this countex.
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Ramakrishnappa, Dr V. "Exclusion of Scheduled Tribes in Access to Digital Services in India: Bottlenecks and the Way Forward." East African Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management 5, no. 9 (October 21, 2022): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjebm.2022.v05i09.001.
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The digital India initiative was launched in 2015 with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. Digital India strives to bring inclusive growth and bridge the digital divide by leveraging technology solutions that are low cost, developmental, and transformative and designed to empower ordinary Indians. However, digital services are not being uniformly distributed and accessible to all segments of the society. Some communities, the Scheduled Tribes (STs) in particular-face considerable obstacles in accessing digital services and are either completely or partially excluded. ‘Exclusion’ in the socio-political context may be defined as the process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full participation in the society in which they live. The ST population represents one of the most economically backward and socially excluded groups in India. As per 2011 Census, ST population constitute 8.6% of the total population of the India. They generally live in remote areas mainly forests, hills and inaccessible areas and speak a different language. The tribes have been confined to low status and are often physically and socially isolated. The process of social exclusion in STs are closely associated with the factors like geographical isolation, high level of poverty, low level of education, economical exclusion, socio-cultural exclusion, socially least awareness, miss out government services and welfare programmes, less exposure in society, etc,. In this backdrop, the present paper is to analyse major issues and challenges faced by Indian tribal community in access to digital services and digital platforms.
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Barman, Subhash. "Socio-Economic Status of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes in India." Contemporary Voice of Dalit 2, no. 1 (January 2009): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974354520090109.
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Sharma, G. Amarjit. "Living Unofficially as Tribe in Hills of Manipur." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 11, no. 1 (January 2011): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1101100102.
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The official enumeration of tribes as the Schedule Tribes (ST) in India, which is vaguely defined, appears to encompass all the tribes. However, there are upcoming demands for such recognition as ST. In Manipur where tribe has been co-existed with political formations like ethno-nationalism and taken synonymous with hills as tribal areas such demand for recognition gets complex. Here tribe despite the fact of its co-existence with ethno-nationalism cannot be assumed as social stage towards the latter. Rather, ethno-nationalism, for certain tribal group, creates condition of living without able to be included in the official list of tribes.
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Middleton, Townsend. "Scheduling tribes." Focaal 2013, no. 65 (March 1, 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2013.650102.
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Venturing into an ethnography of government anthropologists themselves, this article interrogates the bureaucratic inner workings and actual agents of today's “ethnographic state." By engaging with the civil servants who verify India's Scheduled Tribes, I explore the politics of “tribal“ recognition from the inside out. This perspective lends timely insight into the logistical, political, and epistemological difficulties integral to the functioning-and current crisis-of India's affirmative action system. Weighing the demands of “tribal“ recognition through those that arguably know them best-government anthropologists themselves- this study examines the human dimension (and dilemmas) of the Indian state and its affirmative action system for Scheduled Tribes.
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Bharati, Premananda, Suparna Shome, Suman Chakrabarty, Susmita Bharati, and Manoranjan Pal. "Burden of Anemia and its Socioeconomic Determinants among Adolescent Girls in India." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30, no. 3 (September 2009): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650903000302.
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Background Anemia is still one of India's major public health problems, especially among adolescent girls. Objective To investigate the severity and distribution of anemia among Indian adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years and its association with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors. Methods The study used data from the District Level Household Survey, round II, 2002–04, conducted under the Reproductive and Child Health Project. Data were collected on hemoglobin along with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors of the households. The survey covered rural and urban areas of 35 states or union territories. Data from 177,670 adolescent girls were analyzed. Results The highest prevalence of anemia (99.9%) was observed in Jharkhand in eastern India. The prevalence in the northeastern states was relatively low. The highest prevalence rates were observed among older girls (15 to 19 years), illiterate girls living in rural areas, girls in illiterate households, girls from households with a low standard of living, non-Christian girls, girls from Scheduled Tribes, girls living in west India, and married girls. The highest percentages of girls with normal hemoglobin were reported among Christian Scheduled Tribes (39.4%) and among girls in northeastern India (40.1%). Analysis by binary ordered logistic regression showed that anemia status did not depend on urban or rural residence or on age. Conclusions Enhancement of the economic status of families, especially poor families, is a prerequisite to the amelioration of anemia among adolescent girls. The level of education of the girls is also a major factor.
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Anandakumar, S., and G. Ramakrishnan. "பழங்குடிகளும் பொது வெளிச்சமூகமும் - ஓர் பார்வை." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i3.3641.
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India has one of the largest concentrations of tribal population in the world after Africa. The Tribal areas of India are mostly sheltered and remote, as a result of it a very little is known about their conditions and problems. The tribes are more compared not only in relation to the general population, but also compared with scheduled caste, the other acknowledged backward social group with constitutional protection. Tamil Nadu is one of the major states of the southern zone in India, consists of important tribal groups. The tribal areas of Tamil Nadu can be broadly divided into two major geographical dimensions such as the eastern coastal line and the mountainous regions of the north and west. The average elevation of the Eastern Ghats is 2000 feet and the highest peak is 6000 feet. This range is not continuous in Tamil Nadu. The Indian Sub-continent, in the Indian geographical area of Tamil Nadu covers about 1, 30,000 sq kms, representing nearly four percent of the total geographical area. There are more than 40 different tribes in Tamil Nadu. Scholars believe that most languages are closely related to Tamil and belong to the Dravidian language family.
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Akkiraju, Venkata Soujanya. "A Comparative Study of Maternal and Child Health Indicators of Tribal and Non-Tribal Areas of Selected States in India." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20221203.
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The tribal populations in India continue to experience lack of infrastructure; development facilities and services, health challenges like malnutrition, child mortality and Malaria are disproportionately high in these areas. Health indicators of Schedule Tribes continue to fare lower than the general population due to many such challenges. This article attempts to compare the status of (selected) Maternal and Child Health (MCH) indicators of the tribal dominated areas and the non-tribal areas in the states of Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Jharkhand. This study was carried out utilizing the secondary data from public domains. Data on performance of 8 indicators, for approximately 155 districts of the 5 mentioned states was tabulated, which we have used to derive the average performances for scheduled and non-scheduled areas. The study used the MCH data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5 conducted in 2019-2020 and HMIS data of the year 2020. The scheduled (tribal) areas show higher percentage of Infant Mortality Rates, Maternal Mortality Rates and Still Birth Rates compared to the non-scheduled (non-tribal) areas, whereas the proportions for Female Literacy, completion of 4 ANC checkups and Institutional Births remain almost similar between the scheduled and non-scheduled areas. The proportion of mothers who consumed iron-folic acid tablets for 180 days during pregnancy remained low in scheduled areas. Considerable differences were observed in the performance of scheduled and non-scheduled areas of the selected states, on different selected indicators. Key words: Tribal Health, Indigenous health, Maternal and Child Health, Scheduled areas.
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Marchang, Reimeingam. "Land, Agriculture and Livelihood of Scheduled Tribes in North-East India." Journal of Land and Rural Studies 6, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024917732905.
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Land is collectively owned and governed by the community among the Scheduled Tribe (ST) in the north-eastern region. As a result, households without land were less prominent among the ST households, than all-social groups, particularly in the ST-population-dominated states. Private land ownership has also evolved in recent times. Land is the basic resources and agriculture, especially shifting cultivation, is the primary means of livelihood for majority of them. ST households mostly cultivated a small and medium size of land rendering to a subsistence economy. Recently, a gradual relinquish from the dependence of agriculture for employment and livelihood is evident. Concurrently, agricultural income has significantly declined. Ironically, the region continues to produce inadequate food grains production that is insufficient to cater the rapidly growing population. Economy of STs revolves around a subsistence agricultural economy. Nevertheless, ST means of livelihood has converged towards diversified modern market-oriented employment and economy.